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STUDENT PROJECT

STUDIUM GENERALE AND HUMANIORA


SGD 7( B CLASS /ENGLISH CLASS )

CREATED BY :
Pt.Yunita Primasari (1102005102)
Febriyani Laurus (1102005109)
Cok Istri Sadwitri Pemayun (1102005111)
Tasa Riszkia (1102005112)
Aretha Aprillya K (1102005113)
Nila Pebriyan Suharto (1102005116)
Brilliana Firly Ariesti (1102005117)
Sharon Jessica Stephen (1102005214)
Norhara Binti Noorsha Kamal (1102005215)
Ravinniya Sandrasegar (1102005216)
Dasheni Sathievel (1102005217)

FACULTY OF MEDICINE

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

STUDENT PROJECT 1
GROUP DYNAMICS LEARNING

Case 1

While you are in a serious discussion, there are three students constantly refrain from
taking part in the discussion, what will you do?
Answer

We persuade them to be active, to share their opinions, and to give feedbacks, actually
take a part in the group discussion.
Give them support and chances to give their opinion.
Case 2

There are about 2 students seriously talking each other in your group. What is your
opinion in this case?
Answer

It is not allow, it is bad to do in a group discussion while the discussion is beginning


because the group wont be a dynamic group and some of the members of the groups
may not know the information of the discussion (the case, the information in the
process, and the result of the discussion)
Case 3

You are leading a discussion. Trying to solve a problem, there are 2 members take most
of the time in arguing. Whats your opinion?
Answer

It is not allow, its also bad to do in a discussion group because the others do not have
any chance to share their opinions, their views, and their ideas. Actually, the result will
be subjective, not as the expectation from some of the members of the group.

STUDENT PROJECT 2
INFORMATION ACCESS
Try to find scientific article from the internet that have correlation with hypertension or
diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are common diseases that coexist at a greater
frequency than chance alone would predict. Hypertension in the diabetic individual
markedly increases the risk and accelerates the course of cardiac disease, peripheral
vascular disease, stroke, retinopathy, and nephropathy. Our understanding of the factors
that markedly increase the frequency of hypertension in the diabetic individual remains
incomplete.
Diabetic nephropathy is an important factor involved in the development of
hypertension in diabetics, particularly type I patients. However, the etiology of
hypertension in the majority of diabetic patients cannot be explained by underlying renal
disease and remains "essential" in nature. The hallmark of hypertension in type I and
type II diabetics appears to be increased peripheral vascular resistance. Increased
exchangeable sodium may also play a role in the pathogenesis of blood pressure in
diabetics. There is increasing evidence that insulin resistance/hyperinsulinemia may play
a key role in the pathogenesis of hypertension in both subtle and overt abnormalities of
carbohydrate metabolism. Population studies suggest that elevated insulin levels, which
often occurs in type II diabetes mellitus, is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular
disease. Other cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic individuals include abnormalities of
lipid metabolism, platelet function, and clotting factors. The goal of antihypertensive
therapy in the patient with coexistent diabetes is to reduce the inordinate cardiovascular
risk as well as lowering blood pressure.

STUDENT PROJECT 3
INDEPENDENT LEARNING IN MEDICAL EDUCATION
Please Read the article PRINCIPLE OF ADULT LEARNING
a. Make summary of that article in your own words after reading the article
b. If you learn with deep approach and self-directed method, consider the
aspects of the article that you must search or discuss with your group members
a. Adult is the time that people starts to understand well about everything. After they
have gotten the basic of themself, theyll try to explore their mindset. Learning is one of
the basic of life necessary. Because from learning we can know about everything that
needed. But there are some different between Child Learning and Adult Learning. If we
study in college (university), absolutely we use adult learning. Adult can explore
themself and they use independent learning (self-directed learning). Adult Learning is
relatively new area for study.
There are the principles of Adult Learning :

Self-directed, adult learning must consist of the process that studying ourself.
We must improve our mind to try solve the problem. Adult have capability to
respon the problem ourself. They think and share their idea to the others. The
Lecturer just be the fasilitator and giving the oppurtunities to the student. Finally,
adult must give the actualization and participate to achive the goal of their
learning.

Life Experience and Knowledge. Adult use both of them to try solve the
problem. They accumulate many kinds of their experience and knowledge then
connect them with the problem in Adult Learning. They also can relate concept of
theories with the experience.

Goal-oriented. In the adult learning always have goal. We must know the goal
and the goal must achive in the end of session.

Relevancy-oriented, adult must have relevant idea and must responsible if they
share the idea and give the reason.

Practical. Beside understanding about the concept or theory, adult have to be


able to practice in real fact. They can work with their teamwork.

Respect. Adult respect to the others. They cant force their argument, because
adult must give oppurtunities to the others members.
So, the key are:

Learner need to know :


What, why, how
Self concept of the learner (self directed and autonomous)
Prior Experienceof the learner resources => mental models

Readiness to learn (life related and development task)


Orientation to learning (Problem centered, contextual)
Motivation to learn (internal, personal pay off, intrinsic value)

The important things that we must have to improve our adult learning :

Social relationships: make the best friend in the group and build the best
relationship each other
External expectations: give the recommendations of someone with formal
authorithy

Social welfare: Preparation for giving service and improve the ability of
comunicate participation

Personal advancement: To reach the best and high position so secure


profesional advancement

Escape/Stimulation: Have the good condition to make our pysics and psycology
fresh and fun.

Cognitive interest: Learning because we feel interesting and important

There are four critical elements of learning that must be addressed to ensure that
participants learn

Motivation.
If the participant dont recognize and understand about the information or case.
The instructor only give assit and sign to make them spirit and learn more abaout
the case or information. But, we must always concentrate and focus with our
motivation to study hard.
Reinforcement
Instructors encourage the correct modes of behaviour and performance. They use
the reinforcement to maintain consistent, positive behaviour.
Retention
The participants must retain. The instructors are not finished their information,
but the student must make finishing of their own information to achive their
purpose.
Transference
Transfer is the important things because its the result of training. It is ability to
use the information taught in new setting.

b. Considering the aspects the article that we must search or discuss with our group
members that we must search and dicuss is GOAL-ORIENTED and the way to reach it:
We think about the Relationship of the Principals of Adult Learning, and the focus is
reach the goal. For the first we must arrange the goal of our group in Independent/Adult
learning. If we finish to make it, so we try to achive the goal-oriented. But the
orientation must be relevant. Because if its not relevant we cant achieve it. The selfdirected is one of method to acieve them and by using our expererince and knowledge.
But we must respect with the others experince and knowledge. And its very important to
prove it. Not only using a theorybut also doing a practice.

STUDENT PROJECT 4
THE NEW UNDERGRADUATE COMPETENCE-BASED CURRICULUM OF
UDAYANA UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF MEDICINE

Relationship : doctor / physicians must know and understand the patients


condition, we have to know the familys patient finance condition too. Because as a
doctor we have to help people to increase their healthy condition and we have to do our
job by our heart. Its not only about the money and money always ( money oriented ).
We must have good communication to all the patient, familys patient, public, the other
doctor and all of the person wo work with us. Why we must have good communication
with our patient? Its because by know each other, the patient will give us trust and they
will be more cheerfull than before, by give them support and always be there for them
they will feel closer than before, i can make the patient condition better as soon as
possible.
Moral : doctor have to do their job with carrying and grow moral value in their
heart. As our old former, hippocrates. He swear that he would do his job with always
carried moral value all the time. He wouldnt cure people if he didn;t know certainly
about that disease, he would bring that people to the person who had better knowledge
than him, he also swear that he wouldnt use his ability to harm and harassed other
people. He only want to do his job to help other people who in pain and only intend to
decrease their pain. He wont use his knowledge and ability to break the law and
inappropiate with his culture also his religion.
Habits of mind : as a physicians who study about medical science and human
condition which all this kowledge can changing in anytime and always changing as
changing times, we must have an open minded mindset, we have to apply lifelong
learning in our life, we have to always up to date with all of the information in medical
and technology science so we can examine and try to cure people effectively with
minimum cost and risk.

STUDENT PROJECT 5
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE AND MEDICINE
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE AND MEDICINE
1. Scientific method is a process of scientist to arrange a world representation which
accurate in science projects.
The procedur of scientific method are:
- Scientific studies
- First observation
- Identifying a problem
- Formulate hypotheses
- Doing some experiments
- Conclude that experiments
2. Medicine is true science because in medicine has already contain three aspects
such as:
- Ontology: based on medicines facts which is science of concrete
- Epistemology: medicine based on knowledge and assessed through processes
of reasoning and logic.
- Axiology: use of medicine, quality and results include ethics and norms that
contain in it.

STUDENT PROJECT 6 AND 9


THINKING SKILL, SCIENTIFIC REASONING, AND ACADEMIC
READING
Instruction: Find the correct answer and provide your argument(s) for your choice of
answer to each of the following items of questions.
SCIENTIFIC REASONING
1. (D) Deduction-induction. Because logicians make an important distinction
patterns of reasoning.
2. (C) Deduction. Because in the following sequence of statements refer from the
general statement to specific statement.
3. (C) Valid and true. Because we know that in the following sequence of statements
is a deduction so it has the following property is if the premises are true, then the
conclusion must be true too. So the nature of reasoning is valid and true.
4. (D) Inductive. Because the main idea and the conclusion in the last sentence of
paragraph.
5. (C) The UN is only a basic assumption considered to be true. Because the essence
of David Humes problem is pro-inductive and key issue of Humes problem is in
concept of probability.

6. (C) Inductive. Because the main idea and the conclusion in the last sentence of
paragraph.
7. (A) Valid and true. Because in deductive reasoning or deductive inference has a
true premies and conclusion. And because its true, so the inference must be valid
too.
8. (B) Inductive. Because the main idea and the conclusion in the last sentence of
paragraph.
GENERAL THINKING
1. (A) Logical inconsistency. Because in the reference explained that the major
errors are partialism that consist of the scale, egocentricity, and arrogance and
coceit. The second has a initial judgment that consist of advesary thingking and
ego involvement.
2. (C) Initial judgment. Because this is a second major source of error in thinking
and one which is actively encouraged in formal education. It occurs at all levels of
thinking, even among the most brilliant people. The thinker makes an initial
judgment as to whether he/she likes or dislike the proposal.
CRITICAL THINKING
1. (D) In general I dislike lectures where the teachers state their opinions but rarely
or never try to give any reasons at all. Because this statement indicate tendency
critical thinking. The statement so critically and has a strong disposition
2. (C) Cognitive and affective abbilities. Because in the critical thinking we must
have Cognitive: the knowledge component and we can learn and practice it.
Affective: result of our practice, in the behaviour from our feeling.
3. (A) Interpretation. Because we can get the keyword of this question that the
mean of interpretation
is to comprehend and express the meaning or
significance of a wide variety of experiences, situations, data, events, judgments,
coventions, beliefs, rules, procedures, or criteria
4. (C) Analysis. Because in the sentence we get the keywords are breaking down a
concept or idea and identifying their interrelationship that same with the experts
of analysis is to identify the intended and actual inferential relationships among
statements, questions, concepts, descriptions, or other forms of representation
intended to express belief, judgment, experiences, reasons, informations, or
opinions
5. (E) Evaluation. Because the task of the evaluation is to approve or refuse an
opinions that is critical or not. So if we connected with the question, we get the
keyword to judge or appraises the merit that indicated the experts define
evaluation.
6. (B) Inference. Because the keyword in the sentence same with the inference
definitation is means to identify and secure elements needed to draw reasonable
conclusions;to form conjectures and hypotheses; to consider relevant information
and to educe the consequences flowing from data, statements, principles,
evidence, judgments, beliefs, opinions, concepts, descriptions, questions, or other
forms the representation
7. (E) Self-regulation. Because the experts define self regulation to mean selfconsciously to monitor ones cognitive activities, so the component of the
cognitive skills is called self-regulation.

8. (C) Their attitude toward critical thinking. Because we know that the definition of
attitude is way of thinking or behaving. So with using their critical thinking skills,
they motivated to point out their behavior and their thinking about something.
9. (A) Inquisitiveness. Because the sentence explain how he/she evaluate the
lecture has been come. He/she doesnt just accept this material but also often to
seek further information and clarification about an important idea, so it can
indicate to inquisitiveness and critical.

STUDENT PROJECT 7
BASIC PRINCIPALS OF COMMUNICATION
1. The purpose of communicating is to deliver a message or a task to
another person. The message should be delivered correctly so that
misunderstanding does not occur. Normally the message is deliver from
the speaker to the receiver. The message should be understood not only
by the speaker but also the receiver. They should share the same
message. By delivering the message correctly it will create a correct
reaction by the receiver. For an example, we being a doctor have to have
good communicating skills, so that we could identify their illness and help
to cure it.
2. There are four component of communication, which are communicator,
receiver, media, and feedback. Communicator is the person who delivers
the message or the task to another person. Receiver is the person who
receives the message or task from the communicator. Media is where the
message is delivered to the public. Finally is feedback. Feedback is done
to know whether the message that is delivered is correct.
3. The scheme of communication process is between to people which are
the communicator and the receiver. The communicator will have a
message which is known as encoding. Wherelse, when the receiver
receives the message is known as decoding. And this process occursvisa
versa.
4. The possible sources of problem during communication is listening. It is
the major factor of problems during communication. For an example, the
communicator delivers the correct message to the receiver, but the
receiver did not hear to the message properly, definitely the message
they both share is different. This can cause major problem aspecially in
the line of medical. Another problem could be because of the
communicator. For an example, if the communicator does not use the
simpler way to deliver is message, the receiver will not be able to
understand the message. Therefore, communication skills are not only
skills needed to deliver a message.

STUDENT PROJECT 9
HISTORY OF MEDICINE
Medical discoveries
1.

Human anatomy (challenge)


Was dicovered by Belgian physician, Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564). He corrected
millennia-old established but erroneous medical theories of Hippocrates (ca. 460
BC-ca. 370 BC) and Galen (ca. AD 129-200) through human cadaver dissection.
Vesalius provided fairly detailed illustrations and discussions of the musculosketetal
system, cardiovascular system, nerves and internal organs.
The impact for medical future is drastically transformed the subject of anatomy to
whole new level, particularly in the present technological advanced age when
devices such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed Axial
Tomography Scanners (CAT Scans) have made it possible for researchers to
examine the organs of both living and dead people. Examination and study about
human body become more spesific and accurate.

2.

Penicillin (Chance)
Discovered by Alexander Fleming and then Howard Florey and Boris Chain isolate
and purify the compound, producing the first antibiotic.
Fleming's discovery comes completely by accident when he notices that mold has
killed a bacteria sample in a petri dish that is languishing under a pile in his lab's
sink.
Fleming isolates a sample of the mold and identifies it as
Penicillium notatum. With controlled experimentation, Florey and Chain later find
the compound cures mice with bacterial infections.
Penicillin has an amazing strength in destroying many of the bacteria that have
plagued mankind for thousands of years.

3.

X-rays (Chance)
Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovers X-rays as he conducts experiments with
the radiation from cathode rays (electrons). The X-rays are able to penetrate
opaque black paper wrapped around a cathode ray tube, causing a nearby table to
glow with florescence. His discovery revolutionizes physics and medicine, earning
him the first-ever Nobel Prize for physics in 1901.
Of course by the discovery of Xrays, our examination become easier and more
accurate. We could know whats inside our body, usually bones. By then we could
easily cure the patients disease.

4.

Cholesterol mechanism (Charge)

Brown and Goldstein were awarded the Nobel prize in 1985 for their discovery of
the LDL-cholesterol receptor and its role in the control of cholesterol metabolism.
The existence of an LDL receptor was confirmed when Brown and Goldstein
radiolabeled LDL with 125I and incubated it with normal and familial
hypercholesterolemial fibroblasts. As reported in the JBC Classic reprinted here,
their studies showed that normal cells had high affinity binding sites for 125I-LDL
whereas familial hypercholesterolemial cells did not. Binding of LDL to the high
affinity membrane receptor sites suppressed the synthesis of 3-hydroxy-3methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and also facilitated the degradation of LDL
when it was present at low concentrations. Cells from subjects with familial
hypercholesterolemia not only lacked the binding sites but were also resistant to
suppression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity by LDL
and were deficient in high affinity degradation of LDL.
Much of our current understanding of the impact of cholesterol on cardiovascular
disease follows from their work. For example atherosklerosis and heart attacks
prevention.
5.

Blood circulation (Challenge)


William Harvey discovers that blood circulates through the body and names the
heart as the organ responsible for pumping the blood. His groundbreaking
work, Anatomical Essay on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals, published
in 1628, lays the groundwork for modern physiology. Harvey was an English
physician who was the first to describe accurately how blood was pumped around
the body by the heart. Harvey's experiments involved both direct dissection and
physiological experiments on animals.
This discovery of course made us understand about how blood circulate in our
body. The organs, the way, the disease, etc about our blood circulation.

6.

Vaccination (Charge)
Edward Jenner, an English country doctor, performs the first vaccination against
smallpox after discovering that inoculation with cowpox provides immunity.

Jenner formulated his theory after noticing that patients who work with cattle and
had come into contact with cowpox never came down with smallpox when an
epidemic ravaged the countryside in 1788. Jenner's work represented the first
scientific attempt to control an infectious disease by the deliberate use of
vaccination.
When Jenner tried his first vaccinations, the way microbes cause infectious
diseases was not understood and he did not know about the immune system. We
now understand how vaccination works. Pathogens are microbes that cause
disease. These can be viruses, like smallpox, or bacteria. If a small amount of the
weakened, or inactive microbe is introduced into the body it stimulates the immune
system to produce antibodies to fight off the disease. The immune system
remembers the microbe and can defend the body against any live form of the
microbe that it may encounter in the future. The person is said to be immune to

the disease. Until now, vaccination used to help people prevent themselves from
any diseases.
7.

Vitamins (charge)
The value of certain foods in maintaining health was recognized long before the
first vitamins were actually identified.
In 1906 the British biochemist Frederick Hopkins demonstrated that foods
contained necessary "accessory factors" in addition to proteins, carbohydrates,
fats, minerals, and water. In 1911 the Polish chemist Casimir Funk discovered that
the anti-beriberi substance in unpolished rice was an amine (a type of nitrogencontaining compound), so Funk proposed that it be named vitamine--for "vital
amine." This term soon came to be applied to the accessory factors in general. It
was later discovered that many vitamins do not contain amines at all. Because of
its widespread use, Funk's term continued to be applied, but the final letter e was
dropped. In 1912 Hopkins and Funk advanced the vitamin hypothesis of deficiency,
a theory that postulates that the absence of sufficient amounts of a particular
vitamin in a system may lead to certain diseases. During the early 1900s, through
experiments in which animals were deprived of certain types of foods, scientists
succeeded in isolating and identifying the various vitamins recognized today.
Vitamin help to keep our body healthy and prevent ourselves from getting some
diseases.

STUDENT PROJECT 10-14


THE ROLE OF BIOMEDICAL SCINCE
Case 1
Based on the symptoms and signs showed by the patient in Case 1, he has been
diagnosed with Type1 diabetes, which is also known as diabetes mellitus. This is such
based on the history of the patients drastic weight loss and is further supported by the
occurrence of a necrotic wound on his toe. The departments that are responsible for the
management of this patient are the internal medicine department, biochemistry
department, pharmacology department and the clinical science.
Clinical science is involved as it is the science used by the doctor in his private practice to
diagnose the patients illness and offer him proper treatment. Besides the above, allied
sciences is involved in the process of handling this patient because by the use of
communication and psychological science, the doctor is able to interact with the patient
and attend to his ailment in the best way the doctor can. Thus, I my opinion, the
management of a patient lie on the shoulders of many departments. Therefore, it is
important that all components of biomedical science (BMS) to collaborate and work
together towards the best interest of the patient that is seeking medical attention.

CASE 2
The patient in this case happens to be a woman complaining of stomach pain
(squeezing) on her lower abdomen. She is then diagnosed with provocated abortion.
Thus, the medical science involved in the management of this patient is first and

foremost, the Obstetrics and Gynaecology department. This is because it is crucial that
the patient is confirmed of her pregnancy as well as the duration her gestation in order
to ensure her safety. Apart from that, the other medical science involved is the
biochemical and pharmacology department. The doctors attending should have a clear
picture of her internal condition and attend to her in the best way possible. In order to
do that, biochemical department plays the role of presenting the necessary laboratory
reports while the pharmacology department takes charge of providing the drugs and
treatments that are needed to attend to the woman. The effective collaboration between
the medical sciences fields mentioned above are important to ensure proper care is given
to the patient.

CASE 3
The severity in Case 3 should be taken into close consideration. As such, the biomedical
science involved is the pharmacology department, clinical biochemistry department and
the phychological department.

STUDENT PROJECT 15
THE ROLE OF ALLIED SCIENCES IN MEDICAL PRACTICE
CASE 3.
A mother with 2 children found unconscious in the bathroom by her husband. A
container of mosquitoes repellant was found by her side. She was brought to the primary
care center by her husband. On history taking revealed that she was accusing her
husband had another woman and they were fighting about it. On physical examkination
found she was unconscious, bubbling from her mouth that smell like mosquito repellant.
She was diagnose with intoxication and suicide attempt. Gastric lavage procedure was
perform and antidote was given. She was survive and subsequently consulted tp
psychiatry department.
Discuss about case above on each SGD associated with biomedical, clinical, and allied
sciences!
Why we must think holistically for all cases we faced?
According to allied science, what do you want to know more about this patient in case
above?
Please writedown your discussion with your group!
ANSWER
First, why we as a physician have to think holistically for all cases we faced?
Thats because as a doctor we have to look people as a whole completely human being.
We have to upholding all aspect that peoples needs, psycologically, physical, and social
life from the patient and we have to see that as a whole not in seperate parts. By think
holistically to all cases that we faced we can get more specific information from our

patient that can support our diagnose so we can give the best advice and solution to
their problem ( physically and psycologically ).
Second, according to allied science we need to know more about their social life,
their environment, their habit, their psycological condition, their marriage conditin, the
physical condition ( the reproduction system ), their sex life, their life style, their
economic and education condition. Se we can know how the problem can came up to
their life( the accusing by the patient for her husband ), is that make their couple
relationship or their marriage relationship is in a trouble or not, then we have to now
their lifestyle and their habit. Is that can cause the earlier problem? Their economic
condition or psycologically or physical condition of the petient can make the earlier
problem? After we know the truth we can overcome the problem by curing the source of
the main problem, we can give the patient advice to see the psychiatry consultant to
overcome their mariiage problem or if it cause by her physically condition ( reproduction
system or sex condition ) we can give them a medicine and proper treartment to
overcome their problem. And before we give them advice we better know their education
level or condition and also their norm ( environment or cultural norm and religious
norm ) so our advice can work properly and effectively to the patient. But over all we
have to respect any decision they have made to choose the treatment or medicine to
overcome their problem.

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