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ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF MULTI STOREYED BUILDINGS

V.M.RAJAN,M.E.(Struct),FIE,
Former CE/Civil/TANGEDCO
******
Classification of Structures:
Structures are classified as Low rise, Medium rise or High rise
depending upon the heights and or number of storeys.
Classification

As per Bombay

As per English
authors

Buiding upto 52 (5
Upto 6 storeys
Storeys)
Above 52 and upto 80
Medium rise
6 to 9 storeys
(upto 7 Storeys)
High rise
Anything above 7 storeys
Above 9 storeys
High rise building is defined differently by different bodies. As per Emporis
standards a multi- storey structure between 35 to 100m tall , or a
building of unknown height from 12 to 39 floors is termed as High rise.
As per building code of Hydrabad/ India a high rise building is one with
four floors or one 15m or more in height. As per International Standards
Low rise means upto 30 storeys, Medium rise are 31 to 59 storeys and
High rise buildings are above 60 storeys. In general Building Height
between 23m to 150m is called as High rise Building and above 150m
height is called as Skyscrappers.
Low rise

Various types of systems adopted for RCC buildings:


System
Framed structure
Frame with Shear walls
Framed Tube
Tube in Tube
Multicell framed tube
Modular tubes

No. of storeys
20
35
50
60
80
120

Types of building Frames :


There are four types of building frame systems. They are
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

Single Bay Single storey


Single Bay Multi storey
Multi Bay Single storey
Multi Bay Multi storey. In addition to above the building may
have cantilever on either side of frame.

Structural design:
The Structural Design involves the following stages:
1. Structural Planning 2. Estimation of loads 3. Analysis of structure 4.
Design of Structural elements such as Slab, Staircase, Beams, Columns
and Foundation.
5. Drawing, detailing and preparation of schedules.
1. Structural Planning :
The planning of Multi storeyed buildings is generally such that they
are in blocks arranged according to the site conditions and other utility
considerations. The blocks are normally 15m to 18m in width. This width
can be divided into 3 equal panels or 2 equal panels on both sides of a
central corridor or 2 unequal panels on both sides of a central corridor. On
analysis it is found that a frame with 3 equal panels is most economical.
The Office buildings have so far been designed on the pattern of a
central corridor and rooms on both sides. The rooms on one side of the
corridor are for officers. These need not be more than 4.80m in depth.
Rooms on other side are for sections. The depth of these rooms can vary
from 7 to 9m. The width of corridor need not be more than 2.50m.
The central corridor with two equal panels on either side found to
uneconomical and also affects natural light and ventilation. The current
trend is to provide large halls with glazed or light weight partitions on one

end forming cabins for officers. This arrangement provides better check
on the staff and also maintains ideal light and ventilations.
Squares and rectangular shapes are the least expensive. In case of
Tripods and Tees, cost will be more compared to the cost of rectangular
plan shape.
For substantial economy to be achieved in the structural design of a
building a correct choice of structural system is more important than
designing accurately only the critical sections of members forming a
building.
The structural planning of a building involves determination of the
following:
(i) Choice of form of the structure
(ii) Positioning and orientation of columns
(ii0 Positioning of Beams
(iv) Positioning of slabs
(i) Choice of form of the structure:
The form of the structure is decided based on consideration of
functional requirements such as un obstructed area, head-room and also
from economy consideration and aesthetics. It is the need of the day that
the structure must have a pleasing look. The selection of an appropriate
type and form of structure is most important for design of any type of
structure. It must satisfy the purpose for which it is to be constructed.
Suppose if a Cinema balcony floor is to be constructed, it must be
unobstructed by providing supporting columns at ends only and not by
series of columns at closer interval so that the persons siting beneath the
balcony can see the picture clearly without getting obstructions due to
intermediate columns. Similarly if any Community hall or an assembly hall
is to be constructed, columns should be avoided inside the hall, as it
makes the functional utility of obstructing clear vision and usable space. It
should be clear that one should bearing this functional aspect while
choosing the form of structure. The type of structure also involves types of
material used in the construction. One has to decide whether the material
used should be a Steel structure or RCC structure or Prestressed concrete
structure or a Cable stayed Tension structure. After deciding the form and
the system, the designer is required to select material appropriate to the
form. The properties of the available materials may be required to be

transported, then perhaps cost of the construction may be high and may
require change in the form selected.
All these aspects are inter-linked and final decision is to be taken
considering its function, utility, aesthetics and cost or even alternative
proposals if required to be worked out to arrive at a final decision.
Once the structural system is finalized, the layout is prepared. In fact,
both depend on each other. The structural systems are adopted by using
preliminary layout of the building. Then final layout is prepared. The
architectural arrangements may be complicated, the structural layout
should be as simple as possible, uniformity, simplicity and symmetry shall
be observed. Unsymmetrical planning induce torsion in the building and
should be taken care while designing. The columns should have constant
cross- section atleast up to four storeys to have economy in the formwork.
Each column should be effectively tied in both the directions by beams.
Internal columns are tied in X direction (column bending about Y axis) by
slabs. This may be allowed for low rise buildings up to four storeys, of
course by providing secondary beam at floor levels and effective beam
ties at ground level and at terrace level. In multi storeyed buildings, slab
ties should not be allowed and all the columns must be tied in both the
directions effectively by beams.
The structural plan will show the following information:
(i) Positions of columns, beams, stairs and spanning of slabs.
(ii) Centre to centre dimensions between beams and columns i.e the span
length of
slabs and beams.
(iii) Marking of Slabs, beams and columns using any
standardized/established
method.
(ii) Positioning and orientation of Columns:

(i) Normally the positions of the columns are shown by Architect in his
plans .
(ii) Columns should generally and preferably be located at or near corners
and
intersection /junction of walls (at beam- beam junctions).
(iii) If the site restrictions make it obligatory to locate column footings
within the
property line the column may be shifted inside along a cross wall to
accommodate footings within the property line . Alternatively
trapezoidal
footing, eccentric footing can also be adopted. In residential
buildings,
generally columns should be located at 3 to 4m.c/c to avoid large
spans for
beams. This will also control deflection and cracking .
(iv) While fixing the columns orientation care should be taken that it does
not
change architectural elevation. This can be achieved by keeping the
column
orientations and side restrictions as proposed in plans by the Architect
.
(v) As far as possible, column projection/s outside the walls should be
avoided,
unless Architects plans show contrary or same is required as
structural
requirement.
(vi) Columns should not obstruct door and window position/s shown in the
Architects plans.
(vii) As far as possible, column should be so positioned, that continuous
frames
from one end to the other end of building in both X and Y directions
are
available. This will increase the global stiffness of the building against
horizontal forces.

(viii) When the locations of two columns are near to each other (for e.g.
the corner
of the building and intersection of the walls), then as for as possible
only one
column should be provided .
(ix) As far as possible, column should not be closer than 2.5m.c/c to
avoid stripped
/combined /continuous footings. Generally the maximum distance
between two
column should not be more than 10.0 m.c/c. Spans of 4 to 6.0m give
normal
sizes of beams. Forr Residential Building
Maximum Columns
spacing shall be
between 3m to 4.0m only.
(x) Columns should be normally provided around staircases and lift wells.
(xi) Preferably overhead water tank should rest on the columns as shown
in the
Architects plan. The height of water tank should be up to 2.0m.
(xii) Twin columns of equal size are desirable at expansion joints from
aesthetic
point of view .
(xiii) As far as possible every column must be connected (tied) in both
directions
with beams at each floor level, so as to avoid buckling due to
slenderness
effects.
(xiv) As far as possible column supported on beam (Floating column)
should be
avoided.
(xv) When columns along with connecting beams from a frame, the
columns
should be so orientated that as far as possible the larger dimension
of the
column is perpendicular to the major axis of bending. By this
arrangement
column section and the reinforcement are utilized to the best
structural
advantage.
(xvi) Orientation of columns: In case of square or circular columns there
would have

been no problem regarding orientation. Normally circular columns


are
provided outside the building for aesthetic point of view. But in case
of
rectangular columns the designer must have sufficient knowledge
regarding
orientation of the columns. The orientation of the columns mainly
depends
upon two factors. They are (i) Structural point of view (ii) Functional
point of
view. For Structural point of view, a column is oriented in such a
manner
that the depth of column is in the plane of the maximum bending.
But
sometimes a column oriented to suit the structural requirement
may offset
inside the room and may cause inconvenience for the user. In such
cases the
designer can orient the column so as to merge into the wall,
provided that
the column must have sufficient strength in the plane of maximum
bending.
This can be made possible by arranging the longitudinal steel at the
faces in
the plane of bending.
Three thumb rules to be followed in clumn layout are as follows:
1. Size of the Columns
2. Distance between Columns
3. Alignment of columns
Thumb rule no.1
Size of the columns
The size of the columns depends on the total load on the columns. There
are axial loads and lateral loads. Large beam spans induce bending
moment not only in the beams, but also in columns which are pulled by
the stresses in the beams. It is highly recommend every structural
designer learn some softwares like STAAD Pro or ETABS for design of high
rise Buildings. The thumb rules are for general designing in very small
projects.

For this general thumb rule, we will assume a structure of G+1


floors high, using standard 6 walls.
Minimum size of an RCC column should not be less than 9x 9 (230mm x
230mm) with 4 bars of 12 MM Fe500 Steel.
Nowadays many of the Structural Engineers use minimum of 9 x 12
(230 mm x 300mm) with 6 bars of 12 MM Fe500 steel. You can never go
wrong with strong columns. It is recommend use minimum mix of M25
grade concrete for High rise Buildings. Also it is suggested to use of 8 MM
stirrups at a distance of 150 MM center to center throughout the length of
column.
This setup of 9 x 12 RCC columns is safe for G+1 Floors. There are a lot
of other considerations, but this is just a thumb rule.
Practical column sizes used for centering point of view are 9 x 9 (230
x230mm), 9 x 12 (230 x 300mm), 9 x 15 (230 x 380mm), 9 x 18
(230 x 460mm) and so on.
Thumb rule no.2
Distance between the columns
Try to maintain equal distance between the centers of two columns.
Always plan a column layout on a grid. For the above column setup, a
span of up to 5 meters is quite safe. One can use beams of size 9 X 12
(230 MM x 300MM) with a slab thickness of 5 (125 MM) cast in M20
concrete for spans up to 5m. There are other considerations like
secondary and tertiary spans, point loads and wall loads which have to be
considered. It is complicated, but thumb rules can work if the structure is
simple. It is always recommended to use structural design software like
ETABS or Staad Pro for
complicated structural arrangement. For
Residential building column spacing may not more than 4.50m Centre to
centre.
In a beam of up to 5 meters length, secondary spans of up to 4 meters,
wall loads of up to 8 kN per running meter, one can use steel as below.

Top Steel 2 bars of 12 MM


Crank bars 2 bars of 12 MM, cranked at an angle of 45 at a
distance of L/4 at both ends of a simply supported beam
Bottom Steel 3 bars of 12 MM.

This configuration can change depending on a lot of factors.

If larger barrier free distances are required then going for larger column
size is to be used.
The size of the columns increase because of two factors:
1. Increase in the distance between two columns (This increases the
dimensions of
the columns as well the depth of the beam.)
2.

Height of the building (Increase in the number of floors is directly


proportional to
the dimensions of the columns.

Thumb rule no.3


Alignment of Columns
A rectangular grid is to be made for placing the columns. This helps in
avoiding
mistakes and placing in columns can be done in the right way. Placing of
columns
depend completely on the plan. A planner has a very important role. A grid
column
placement is always preferred

in order to reduce point loads and

unnecessary
complications while construction. This reduces the cost of construction as
well as time
required for construction. Beams which have continuity with other simply
supported
beams

have reduced bending moments, and thus require less steel and

concrete depth
to be safe .Columns have to be connected with each other for smooth
transfer of loads.

An experienced planner will keep such things in mind when planning the
structure.
The columns can preferably be arranged in two different fashions:
1.

In a straight line with the help of a grid

2.

In a circular fashion for circular buildings.

Zigzag arrangement of columns is an absolutely wrong way of working out


Structural
design. It should be remembered that when columns are erected, beams are
laid
connecting the columns.
The Zigzag column placement causes three major issues:
1.

Unbalanced load transfer

2.

Problems in wall construction

3.

Problems in laying beams

If these three thumb rules are followed by Civil Engineering and


Architecture
students, implementation
prevented.

of

wrong

Structural

design

can

be

(iii) Positioning and orientation of Beams:


1. Layout of beams shall be done first. The layout of beams are often
controlled by positions of columns and the architectural considerations.
The beams are normally provided over the columns, under the walls and
under heavy concentrated loads to avoid these loads directly coming on
slabs.
2. When the centre to centre distance between the intersection of walls, the
spacing between two columns is governed by limitations of spans of
supported beams, because of spacing of columns, decides the span of the
beam.
3. In general, maximum span of beams carrying live loads up to 4 KN / m 2
may be limited to the following values:

Support
Conditio
n

Simply supported

Fixed/Continuous

Cantilever

Section
Max.
span
m

Rectangul

Flange

Rectangula

Flange

Rectangul

Flange

ar

ar

in

6.0

10.0

8.0

12.0

3.0

5.0

4. As far as possible depth of beam greater than 1.0 m should be avoided


from consideration of controlling deflection, cracking and economy point
of view.
5. Beams shall be provided for supporting staircase flights at floor levels and
at mid landing levels.
6. Beams should be positioned so as to restrict the slab thickness to 150
mm, satisfying the deflection criteria. To achieve this, secondary beams
shall be provided where necessary.
7. As far as possible, Cantilever beams should not be projected from beams,
to avoid torsion.
8. Generally we come across with the situation that there is a gap between
the floor level beam and beam supporting the chajja. Here the depth of
floor beam shall be so chosen that it can support chajja also. However if
depth so required is large

(distance between floor beam bottom and

lintel top, greater than 30 cm) provide separate beam.


9. Beams of equal depths shall be provided on both side of the expansion
joint from aesthetical point of view.
10.

To get the required minimum head room, the following alternatives

can be tried.
Reduce the beam depth without violating deflection criteria and
maximum of steel
criteria for beams.
In case there is a wall, over the beam without any opening inverted
beam may be
provided in consultation with Architect.
11.

Where secondary beam are proposed to reduce the slab thickness

and to

form a grid of beams, the secondary beams shall preferably be provided


of
lesser depth than the depth of supporting beams so that main
reinforcement of
secondary beams shall always pass above the main beams.
12.

In toilet block provide minimum number of secondary beams so

that
casting slabs and beam will be simple. No secondary beam condition
would
be ideal.
13.

Beams which are required to give a planer look from the underside

shall be
provided as inverted beams, e.g. canopies. Alternatively hidden beams
inside the slab having the same depth as thickness of slab may be
adopted.
Such hidden beams can be provided in toilet blocks, under partition wall
etc., where a cluster of beams can be avoided.
(iv) Positioning of Slab:
One-way or two way slab details can be obtained from aspect ratio
L/B=2
Aspect Ratio
Where

If

L / B

Longer Span

is > 2

=
B

= Shorter Span

then slab is designed as one way slab .

If L / B is < 2 then slab is designed as two way slab.

1.

For one way slab design, there could be serious of long beams with
spacing approximately between 3m to 5m.

2.

For two way slabs, cross beams shall be provided so that the smaller
span of two way panel lies between 4m to 6m.

3.

One way slab is found to be economical for spans up to 3.5m.

4.

Two way slab can be adopted for shorter spans above 3.0m.

5.

However as per design practice slabs up to 2.5m spans may be


designed as one way slabs. Canopy, Chajja, balcony slabs are generally
provided as cantilever slabs.

6.

As two way slabs are not economical for short spans, in practice,
even though a slab may be supported on all four sides, still it is
designed as one ways slab transferring load only in one direction. Care
should be taken to provide minimum steel at top across the short edge
support to avoid the cracks to be developed at top along short edge
support.

7.

The maximum practical thickness for residential / office / public


buildings is 200mm while minimum is 100mm.

8.

The maximum and minimum spans, which decided the spacing of


beams, are governed by loading and limiting thickness as given below:-

Supported
condition

Live Load =

5 KN / m

Cantilever

Simply
supported

Fixed /
continuous

Slab type

One
way

Two
way

One
way

Two
way

One
way

Two
way

Maximum span in
meters

1.50

2.0

3.50

4.50

4.50

6.0

9.Types of slabs:Slabs are classified based on whether the slab is supported on four edges
or not. If the slab is supported on four edges, check the aspect ratio ly/lx.
If ly/lx is < 2 it is Two way slab. If ly/lx is >2, it is one way slab. For two
way slab, there are 9 edge conditions. In two way slab, the main
reinforcement is provided in two directions. In one way slab, the main
reinforcement is provided in one direction only. For slab not supported on
four edges, they are classified as follows:(i) If the slab is supported on 3 edges all around, the slab is designed as
one way
slab along lx or ly spanning in two opposite direction.

(ii) If the slab is supported on two opposite edges, then the slab is
designed as one
way slab, based on spanning lx or ly span as the case may be.

(iii) If the slab is supported on two adjacent edges, the slab may be
designed as
cantilever slab spanning along short direction lx.

(v)

If the slab is supported on one edge only, then slab may be


designed as
cantilever slab spanning along lx.

10. W.C. slab is generally made sloping or sunk by about 50 cm below


general
floor level for Indian type water closet. Slabs for toilet block and Nahani

slab are generally sunk by 20 cm. below general floor level.


11. Stair case waist slab shall be generally one way slab.
12. Loft slabs over toilets are generally supported on partition walls of
toilet and
W.C. Loft load should be considered while designing the beams
supporting these
walls.
13. Flat slabs may be found economical for spans of 6.0 to 9.0m
(V) Marking of Slabs, beams and columns using any
standardized/established method.
The key framing plan showing the arrangements of beams and
dispositioning of columns with horizontal and vertical axis. The key
framing plan is to be prepared to a convenient scale and two axes
marked, one side with alphabets A,B,C etc., and the other with numbers.
Normally a multistoreyed building may have the same key framing plan

for all floors provided the intended use of various floors are identical in
nature. If the dispositioning of columns and arrangements of beams vary
to different floors or the usage of floors vary for different floors, a separate
key framing plan

has to be prepared for each floor. The level of each

floor with respect to the first floor level is to be marked on each key
framing plan (key framing plan / floor 2 and level at 3500). Grid Reference
scheme as per IS 5525 with slight modification is adopted in practice. The
marking of Frame components as Per IS 5525 is as detailed below:
Before starting the structural design of R.C. frame components, it is
always

necessary

to

mark

or

designate

them

first

to

facilitate

identification, listing and scheduling.


In this scheme of marking, starting from the column at the bottom left
corner, series of imaginary horizontal grid lines passing through each
column are marked as A-A, B-B, C-C etc., and vertical grid lines passing
through each column are marked as 1-1, .2-2, 3-3 are shown in figure.

The

columns are designated as Cij

in which suffix i and j refer to

horizontal (ith) and vertical (jth) grid lines intersecting at the column.
Thus, the column at x is marked as C D3. Beams are marked as BM1,BM2
etc., serially starting from the top left corner and proceeding downwards
and then rightwards (bay wise) sequentially. Slabs are designated serially
as Sb1, Sb2 starting from panel in top left corner, proceeding vertically
downwards bay wise and rightwards. This scheme is partially followed in
practice. Scheme of marking columns in this way is very common, but
that for beams and slabs is not very much favoured (especially writing
suffixes m and b to mark beam and slab respectively, is considered to be
superfluous).

(to be continued)

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