Conventional Navigation Practice

Air Navigation
The main goal of this practice is to get familiar with the onboard systems that are related to Air Navigation, namely
the Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS), which consists basically of the Primary Flight Display (PFD) and the
Navigation Display (ND).
This practice has two parts:
1. General introduction to the cockpit. Identification of the main instruments and understanding about how to use the
autopilot
2. Pairs of students will fly an instrument departure from LEXJ (SID), an arrival (STAR) to the same aerodrome
followed by a non-precision VOR approach, associated missed approach procedure and finally, a precision ILS
approach and landing. All of it using conventional navigation.

Instrument description

Name and shortly explain what do the following indications mean

Figure 1: Primary Flight Display and Navigation Display

Figure 2: Master Control Panel

1

QNH
Flight Director
Auto Throttle
IAS / Mach Selector
Flaps
Autobrakes
Navaids (Shift + 4) CRS HDG selectors
LVL CHG
Selected Cleared Altitude
Transponder
FS Recorder

Set
ON
ON
165 kts
5 (F7 three times)
RTO
According to SID
ON - Green
FL100 at the MCP
Code entered & TA/RA
Start recording

Table 3: Before Take Off Checklist

Local LEXJ flight

Description of the mission: You will depart from LEXJ runway 29 using the BLV3R departure up to FL100. Once
over BLV, maintain your heading for one minute and then turn left back to BLV (waterdrop maneuver), in order to leave
BLV through the BLV3E arrival for runway 29 LEXJ. After crossing BLV for the second time you should leave FL100
down to the minimum altitude for each flight leg. Perform a straight-in VOR approach for runway 29 from IAF AMPUR.
Remember to follow both, the lateral and vertical paths indicated on the VOR approach chart. Once at the MAPt, if
you cant see de runway, perform the missed approach procedure according to the published maneuver. Once over SNR,
consider it to be your new IAF for new approach. This time, perform an ILS approach for runway 29.
One of you is going to be the Pilot Flying (PF) while the other one is going to be the Pilot Not Flying (PNF). The
role of the PF is to constantly check and monitor the flight displays as well as to use the keyboard and joystick for take
off and the mouse for autopilot selection. The PNF must check the navigation charts together with the PF and help him
with whatever he needs, in real life he would also be encharged of the communications with ATC. During the exercise the
PNF is encharged of writing down all the required flight values.
Place your aircraft at LEXJ runway 29 (El Mundo / Ir al aeropuerto), connect the FSRealWX and within the weather
values (El Mundo / Meteorologa / Personalizar ) just check only that you change your visibility to 1 nautical mile. All the
other weather values (wind, clouds, QNH, etc) will be the actual METAR values for LEXJ providing these are favourable
for runway 29. Once you have all the weather loaded and set for the mission, close FSRealWX so you dont get constant
weather updates that may change your visibility again.
Before doing anything else, open your FMC (shift + 3) and go to SETUP AIRCRAFT DISPLAYS Page 9/9
and set Weight Units to KG (not LBS). Returning to MENU FS ACTIONS PAYLOAD, introduce the values you
want for your mission (personal choice) and write them down in the table below. Units should be metric tons for payload
and aircraft weights while fuel is expressed in kilograms. Now go to MENU FS ACTIONS FUEL and load your
aircraft with 2500 Kg in each wing tank, and 0 Kg in the center tank (we are not going to enter into any detail on Fuel
Computation during this Lab due to lack of time).
First Class PAX

Coach Class PAX

FWD Cargo [KG]

AFT Cargo [KG]

Zero Fuel Weight (ZFW)

Fuel Weight (FW)

Take Off Weight (TOW)

Table 1: Payload and weights data

For a proper vertical navigation, QNH and QNE selection, fill in the following table with the details that define the
transition layer. Write down also the temperature deviation with respect to ISA at the airport. Assume LEXJ is at sea
level, compute the ISA temperature deviation. You can find the Transition Altitude for LEXJ in the SID chart. For the
QNH of the day and assuming a decay of 1mb every 30ft, calculate the minimum available Transition Level.
QNH [mb]

ISA DEV [C]

Transition Altitude [ft]

Transition Level [FL]

Table 2: Particular atmosphere details

Prepare now for the aircraft for departure. Comply with the Before Take Off checklist procedure.
Take into account that with these MCP parameter selection, you will climb up to your selected FL at 165kts. Once
you are airborne and have enough speed, you will have to speed up the plane by selecting higher values for the speed
(never more than 250kts). When you feel youre ready for departure, start your chronometer and press the screw button
and rotate at 145 kts (seat angle never greater than 15 degrees). Engage the autopilot Master Button as soon as possible.
2

Autopilot - Master
Gear
Flaps
LVL CHG and HDG SEL
Autobrake

On - Green
Up
As required
Engaged
Off

Table 4: After Take Off Checklist

Do not forget: GEAR UP (press G in your keyboard) as soon as you have positive variometer indication and flaps up
little by little (pressing F6). You should have your aircraft totally clean (gear and flaps up) when reaching 200 KIAS.
At 2000ft AGL, go through the After Take Off checklist.
When passing your Transition Altitude, remember to change from QNH to QNE. Monitor that you are complying with
all the SID speed/altitude restrictions.
Go through the whole navigation exercise and when reaching BLV, remember to do a waterdrop maneuver, maintaining
your heading for one minute after BLV and then turning left back to BLV. After overflying BLV for the second time,
on your way to NURVI, start your descent according to the STAR procedure. During the approach it is very
important not to go below the published minimum altitudes for each point. It is very important to control the energy of
the aircraft (too high and too fast approaches will be unstable, so pay constant attention to your altitude and speed).
The following checklists define the conditions you should have when overflying each of the different approach points,
and will help you configure the aircraft for each of the two approaches you will make (as already said, expect to make
a MAP when reaching the MAPt in the Non Precision Approach because of lack of visual contact with the runway). In
order to perform the Go Around (if necessary), increase the speed up to 180 KIAS, climb up to 4000 ft and maintain
runway heading towards SNR, set gear up and flaps 5 as soon as the aircraft starts climbing. When you finish the
assignment, do not forget to stop the FS Recorder, change the format of the file into .txt and send it to
you through Gmail or Google Drive so you can treat it at home.
210 Kts
QNE -> QNH at TL
5
Monitored
2 or 3
Selected from the chart

IAS
Altimeter
Flaps
Navaid Frequencies
Autobrake
Minima [ft]

Table 5: IAF Checklist

180 Kts
15

IAS
Flaps

Table 6: IF Checklist
145 Kts
Down & 40
Prepared for Go Around
Prepared for Go Around

IAS
Landing Gear & Flaps
Selected Heading
Selected MCP Altitude

Table 7: FAF or FAP Checklist

AIP
ESPAA

AD 2 - LEXJ SID 1.3

16-OCT-14
SANTANDER AD

SALIDAS NORMALIZADAS POR INSTRUMENTOS (SID)

STANDARD INSTRUMENTS DEPARTURES (SID)

PISTA 11

RUNWAY 11

SALIDA CALCE DOS JULIETT (CALCE2J).

Subir en rumbo de pista directo a LORTU. Virar a la izquierda para
seguir R-103 SNR (R-284 BLV) directo a CALCE.
Pendiente mnima de ascenso 6,0% hasta alcanzar FL75.

CALCE TWO JULIETT DEPARTURE (CALCE2J).

Climb on runway heading direct to LORTU. Turn left to follow R-103
SNR (R-284 BLV) direct to CALCE.
6.0% minimum climb gradient to reach FL75.

SALIDA OBETO UNO DELTA (OBETO1D).

Subir en rumbo de pista directo a LORTU. Virar a la izquierda para
seguir R-085 SNR directo a cruzar DVOR/DME SNR a 5000 ft o superior. Proceder por R-277 SNR directo a OBETO.
Pendiente mnima de ascenso 5,0% hasta alcanzar 6000 ft.

OBETO ONE DELTA DEPARTURE (OBETO1D).

Climb on runway heading direct to LORTU. Turn left to follow R-085
SNR direct to cross DVOR/DME SNR at 5000 ft or above. Proceed
on R-277 SNR direct to OBETO.
5.0% minimum climb gradient to reach 6000 ft.

SALIDA TITAN CUATRO BRAVO (TITAN4B).

Subir en rumbo de pista directo a LORTU. Virar a la izquierda para
seguir R-063 SNR directo a cruzar DVOR/DME SNR a 5000 ft o superior. Proceder por R-188 SNR directo a cruzar KURUK a 6000 ft o
superior. Directo a TITAN.
Pendiente mnima de ascenso 5,0% hasta alcanzar FL75.

TITAN FOUR BRAVO DEPARTURE (TITAN4B).

Climb on runway heading direct to LORTU. Turn left to follow R-063
SNR direct to cross DVOR/DME SNR at 5000 ft or above. Proceed
on R-188 SNR direct to cross KURUK at 6000 ft or above. Direct to
TITAN.
5.0% minimum climb gradient to reach FL75.

SALIDA TITAN TRES CHARLIE (TITAN3C).

Subir en rumbo de pista directo a LORTU. Virar a la derecha para
seguir arco 11.0 DME SNR hasta R-174 SNR. Virar a la izquierda para interceptar y seguir R-188 SNR directo a cruzar KURUK a 6000 ft
o superior. Directo a TITAN.
Pendiente mnima de ascenso 6,2% hasta alcanzar FL75.

TITAN THREE CHARLIE DEPARTURE (TITAN3C).

Climb on runway heading direct to LORTU. Turn right to follow arc
11.0 DME SNR to R-174 SNR. Turn left to intercept and follow
R-188 SNR direct to cross KURUK at 6000 ft or above. Direct to
TITAN.
6.2% minimum climb gradient to reach FL75.

SALIDA VADOX UNO BRAVO (VADOX1B).

Subir en rumbo de pista hasta 7.0 DME SNR. Virar a la izquierda para seguir arco 9.0 DME SNR hasta R-011 SNR. Virar a la derecha para interceptar y seguir R-358 SNR directo a VADOX.
Pendiente mnima de ascenso 5,0% hasta alcanzar 5000 ft.

VADOX ONE BRAVO DEPARTURE (VADOX1B).

Climb on runway heading to 7.0 DME SNR. Turn left to follow arc
9.0 DME SNR to R-011 SNR. Turn right to intercept and follow
R-358 SNR direct to VADOX.
5.0% minimum climb gradient to reach 5000 ft.

SALIDA XORNA UNO BRAVO (XORNA1B).

Subir en rumbo de pista hasta 7.0 DME SNR. Virar a la izquierda para
seguir arco 9.0 DME SNR hasta R-057 SNR. Virar a la derecha hasta
interceptar y seguir R-044 SNR directo a IDKER. Directo a XORNA.
Pendiente mnima de ascenso 5,0% hasta alcanzar 5000 ft.

XORNA ONE BRAVO DEPARTURE (XORNA1B).

Climb on runway heading to 7.0 DME SNR. Turn left to follow arc
9.0 DME SNR to R-057 SNR. Turn right to intercept and follow
R-044 SNR direct to IDKER. Direct to XORNA.
5.0% minimum climb gradient to reach 5000 ft.

PISTA 29

RUNWAY 29

SALIDA BILBAO TRES ROMEO (BLV3R).

Subir directo a DVOR/DME SNR. Virar a la derecha (IAS MAX en viraje 215 kt) a rumbo magntico 125 hasta interceptar y seguir
R-072 SNR hasta 17.6 DME SNR. Virar a la derecha para interceptar
y seguir R-302 BLV directo a KUTEL. Directo a DVOR/DME BLV.
Pendiente mnima de ascenso 5,0% hasta alcanzar 5000 ft.

BILBAO THREE ROMEO DEPARTURE (BLV3R).

Climb direct to DVOR/DME SNR. Turn right (turning IAS MAX 215 kt)
to magnetic heading 125 to intercept and follow R-072 SNR to 17.6
DME SNR. Turn right to intercept and follow R-302 BLV
direct to KUTEL. Direct to DVOR/DME BLV.
5.0% minimum climb gradient to reach 5000 ft.

SALIDA OBETO UNO CHARLIE (OBETO1C).

Subir directo a DVOR/DME SNR. Proceder por R-277 SNR directo a
cruzar OBETO a FL80 o superior.
Pendiente mnima de ascenso 6,0% hasta alcanzar FL75.

OBETO ONE CHARLIE DEPARTURE (OBETO1C).

Climb direct to DVOR/DME SNR. Proceed on R-277 SNR direct to
cross OBETO at FL80 or above.
6.0% minimum climb gradient to reach FL75.

SALIDA TITAN TRES ALPHA (TITAN3A).

Subir directo a DVOR/DME SNR. Proceder por R-292 SNR hasta
7.0 DME SNR. Virar a la izquierda para seguir arco 9.0 DME SNR
hasta R-201 SNR. Virar a la derecha para interceptar y seguir R-188
SNR directo a cruzar KURUK a 6000 ft o superior. Directo a TITAN.
Pendiente mnima de ascenso 5,0% hasta alcanzar FL75.

TITAN THREE ALPHA DEPARTURE (TITAN3A).

Climb direct to DVOR/DME SNR. Proceed on R-292 SNR to 7.0
DME SNR. Turn left to follow arc 9.0 DME SNR to R-201 SNR.
Turn right to intercept and follow R-188 SNR direct to cross
KURUK at 6000 ft or above. Direct to TITAN.
5.0% minimum climb gradient to reach FL75.

SALIDA VADOX UNO ALPHA (VADOX1A).

Subir directo a DVOR/DME SNR. Proceder por R-358 SNR directo a
VADOX.
Pendiente mnima de ascenso 5,0% hasta alcanzar FL75.

VADOX ONE ALPHA DEPARTURE (VADOX1A).

Climb direct to DVOR/DME SNR. Proceed on R-358 SNR direct to
VADOX.
5.0% minimum climb gradient to reach FL75.

SALIDA XORNA UNO ALPHA (XORNA1A).

Subir directo a DVOR/DME SNR. Virar a la derecha (IAS MAX en
viraje 215 kt) a rumbo magntico 125 hasta interceptar y seguir
R-044 SNR directo a IDKER. Directo a XORNA.
Pendiente mnima de ascenso 5,0% hasta alcanzar 5000 ft.

XORNA ONE ALPHA DEPARTURE (XORNA1A).

Climb direct to DVOR/DME SNR. Turn right (turning IAS MAX 215 kt)
to magnetic heading 125 to intercept and follow R-044 SNR direct to
IDKER. Direct to XORNA.
5.0% minimum climb gradient to reach 5000 ft.

AIS-ESPAA

AMDT 255/14

AIP
ESPAA

AD 2 - LEXJ STAR 1.3

WEF 18-OCT-12
SANTANDER AD

LLEGADAS NORMALIZADAS POR INSTRUMENTOS (STAR)

STANDARD INSTRUMENT ARRIVALS (STAR)

PISTA 11

RUNWAY 11

LLEGADA BILBAO UNO GOLF (BLV1G)

Trfico procedente de: G-23, N-867 y R-42.
DVOR/DME BLV, CALCE, DVOR/DME SNR (IAF)

BILBAO ONE GOLF ARRIVAL (BLV1G)

Traffic arriving from: G-23, N-867 and R-42.
DVOR/DME BLV, CALCE, DVOR/DME SNR (IAF)

LLEGADA EMANU UNO GOLF (EMANU1G)

Trfico procedente de: R-753
EMANU, MOSCO, DVOR/DME SNR (IAF)

EMANU ONE GOLF ARRIVAL (EMANU1G)

Traffic arriving from: R-753
EMANU, MOSCO, DVOR/DME SNR (IAF)

LLEGADA MOSCO DOS GOLF (MOSCO2G)

Trfico procedente de: R-753
MOSCO, ARCO 13.0 DME SNR, KURUK, ARCO 13.0 DME SNR,
NORAY (IAF)

MOSCO TWO GOLF ARRIVAL (MOSCO2G)

Traffic arriving from: R-753
MOSCO, ARC 13.0 DME SNR, KURUK, ARC 13.0 DME SNR,
NORAY (IAF)

LLEGADA OBETO UNO GOLF (OBETO1G)

Trfico procedente de: R-42
OBETO, DVOR/DME SNR (IAF)

OBETO ONE GOLF ARRIVAL (OBETO1G)

Traffic arriving from: R-42
OBETO, DVOR/DME SNR (IAF)

LLEGADA OBETO UNO HOTEL (OBETO1H)

Trfico procedente de: R-42
OBETO, KOLAX, NORAY (IAF)

OBETO ONE HOTEL ARRIVAL (OBETO1H)

Traffic arriving from: R-42
OBETO, KOLAX, NORAY (IAF)

LLEGADA VADOX UNO GOLF (VADOX1G)

Trfico procedente de: R-753
VADOX, DVOR/DME SNR (IAF)

VADOX ONE GOLF ARRIVAL (VADOX1G)

Traffic arriving from: R-753
VADOX, DVOR/DME SNR (IAF)

LLEGADA VADOX UNO HOTEL (VADOX1H)

Trfico procedente de: R-753
VADOX, ARCO 13.0 DME SNR, NORAY (IAF)

VADOX ONE HOTEL ARRIVAL (VADOX1H)

Traffic arriving from: R-753
VADOX, ARC 13.0 DME SNR, NORAY (IAF)

LLEGADA XORNA UNO GOLF (XORNA1G)

Trfico procedente de: B-42
XORNA, IDKER, DVOR/DME SNR (IAF)

XORNA ONE GOLF ARRIVAL (XORNA1G)

Traffic arriving from: B-42
XORNA, IDKER, DVOR/DME SNR (IAF)

LLEGADA XORNA UNO HOTEL (XORNA1H)

Trfico procedente de: B-42
XORNA, IDKER, ARCO 13.0 DME SNR, NORAY (IAF)

XORNA ONE HOTEL ARRIVAL (XORNA1H)

Traffic arriving from: B-42
XORNA, IDKER, ARC 13.0 DME SNR, NORAY (IAF)

PISTA 29

RUNWAY 29

LLEGADA BILBAO TRES ECHO (BLV3E)

Trfico procedente de: G-23, N-867 y R-42.
DVOR/DME BLV, NURVI, AMPUR (IAF), SORPO (IAF)

BILBAO THREE ECHO ARRIVAL (BLV3E)

Traffic arriving from: G-23, N-867 and R-42.
DVOR/DME BLV, NURVI, AMPUR (IAF), SORPO (IAF)

LLEGADA CALCE DOS ECHO (CALCE2E)

Trfico procedente de: R-42
CALCE, AMPUR (IAF), SORPO (IAF)

CALCE TWO ECHO ARRIVAL (CALCE2E)

Traffic arriving from: R-42
CALCE, AMPUR (IAF), SORPO (IAF)

LLEGADA EMANU DOS ECHO (EMANU2E)

Trfico procedente de: R-753
EMANU, MOSCO, DVOR/DME SNR (IAF), SORPO (IAF)

EMANU TWO ECHO ARRIVAL (EMANU2E)

Traffic arriving from: R-753
EMANU, MOSCO, DVOR/DME SNR (IAF), SORPO (IAF)

LLEGADA EMANU TRES FOXTROT (EMANU3F)

Trfico procedente de: R-753
EMANU, ARCO 24.0 DME SNR, VAMIS, ARCO 24.0 DME SNR,
AMPUR (IAF), SORPO (IAF)

EMANU THREE FOXTROT ARRIVAL (EMANU3F)

Traffic arriving from: R-753
EMANU, ARC 24.0 DME SNR, VAMIS, ARC 24.0 DME SNR,
AMPUR (IAF), SORPO (IAF)

LLEGADA OBETO UNO ALPHA (OBETO1A)

Trfico procedente de: R-42
OBETO, DVOR/DME SNR (IAF), SORPO (IAF)

OBETO ONE ALPHA ARRIVAL (OBETO1A)

Traffic arriving from: R-42
OBETO, DVOR/DME SNR (IAF), SORPO (IAF)

LLEGADA ROLES UNO ECHO (ROLES1E)

Trfico procedente de: H-210
ROLES, R-135 SNR / 26.0 DME SNR, ARCO 24.0 DME SNR,
AMPUR (IAF), SORPO (IAF)

ROLES ONE ECHO ARRIVAL (ROLES1E)

Traffic arriving from: H-210
ROLES, R-135 SNR / 26.0 DME SNR, ARC 24.0 DME SNR,
AMPUR (IAF), SORPO (IAF)

LLEGADA VADOX UNO ECHO (VADOX1E)

Trfico procedente de: R-753
VADOX, DVOR/DME SNR (IAF), SORPO (IAF)

VADOX ONE ECHO ARRIVAL (VADOX1E)

Traffic arriving from: R-753
VADOX, DVOR/DME SNR (IAF), SORPO (IAF)

LLEGADA VADOX DOS FOXTROT (VADOX2F)

Trfico procedente de: R-753
VADOX, IDKER, R-305 BLV / 22.5 DME SNR, KUTEL, ARCO 24.0
DME SNR, AMPUR (IAF), SORPO (IAF)

VADOX TWO FOXTROT ARRIVAL (VADOX2F)

Traffic arriving from: R-753
VADOX, IDKER, R-305 BLV /22.5 DME SNR, KUTEL, ARC 24.0
DME SNR, AMPUR (IAF), SORPO (IAF)

AIS-ESPAA

AIRAC AMDT 10/12

Assignment

The .txt file you have recorded contains all the basic information of your flight, placed in different columns, you will read
the variables that characterize the behaviour of your aircraft for each exact moment. With this information, make a
report in which you include:
1. Description of all the instruments that are labeled on Section 1
2. Specify the weights and weather conditions under which you performed your flight
3. Lateral nominal trajectory (procedures) versus real flown trajectory - show how good you stuck to the procedure by
plotting both trajectories on the same figure
4. Total distance and elapsed time for each of the different procedures covered along the flight
5. Vertical profile versus minimum required vertical altitudes for those phases of the flight in which they are determined,
particularly the Approach Maneuvers. Did you fly below the minimums?
6. Fuel Flow (in kg/s) for each instant of the flight and total fuel burnt along the mission. For this, take into account
that the recorder gathers the % of fuel in the tank, with a total tank capacity of 3919 Kg of fuel per tank (right or
left wing)
7. IAS, TAS and GS evolution along time
8. For the waterdrop maneuver at BLV, compute the instant and average turning radius of your trajectory using
Differential Geometry
9. After overflying BLV for the first time, you maintained your heading for 60 seconds. How many nautical miles did
you drift with respect to the position you should have flown to in the absence of wind?
10. EXTRA1 - Considering thrust was non-existent for the instants in which engines, during the descent phase, were at
a N1 rate of 35% or below, flaps & spoilers being retracted (aircraft was clean). Considering the mass of the aircraft
at each particular time, compute the points you may get of the cL = cL () and cD = cD (cL ) curves of the aircraft.
L
ratio at each particular gliding instant while the aircraft remained clean. Assume S = 91 m2 .
Estimate the D

1 On

voluntary basis, for extra points in the assignment

10