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EFFECT OF CORIANDER SATIVUM, PIPER BETEL (BETEL LEAF) AND AZADIRACHTA INDICA
(NEEM) ON HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERES AGAINST CESTODE
PARASITES OF CAPRA HIRCUS
*Dama L.B., *Chandarki M.S. Jawale C. S. and Varade M.B.
*Department of Zoology, D. B. F. Dayanand College of Arts and Science, Solapur 413002, India.
**Department of Zoology, HPT Arts and RYK Science College, Nashik-422005, India.
(Corresponding Author Dama L.B. E-mail: damalaxmikant@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT
The aim of the research was to obtain the effect of medicinal plants on the control of experimental multiple cestodes
infection as an antihelminthic of Gastro intestinal tract in Capra hircus, and their effect on body weight gain and
hematological parameter changes due to this parasitic infection.Helminths are the important cause of reducing the
body weight and producing the diseases. The experiment was conducted for a period of 28days to study the effect
of Coriander sativum.( 100mg/kg bwt.), Piper betel (100mg/kg bwt.), and Azadirachta indica (100mg/kg bwt.),
against the gastrointestinal cestodes in goat. The effect of coriander, betel leaf and neem on some hematological
parameters (TEC, Hb, PCV, and TLC) and clinical parameters (body weight) were also observed. 24 goats which
were naturally parasitized were divided randomly into group of four and each group consisting of six (6) goats.
Goats of Group A were treated orally with the leaves of coriander. Group B was treated orally with the leaves of
betel leaf. Group C was treated orally with the leaves of neem and Group D was kept as infected control. Fecal
samples, body weight, hematological parameters were examined before treatment and on 3rd, 10th, 17th, and 28th
day. After treatment with coriander and neem leaves the total erythrocyte count (TEC) , hemoglobin (Hb), content
and packed cell volume (PCV) were gradually increased significantly (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05) and conversely the
total leukocyte count (TLC) were decreased significantly (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05). On the other hand TEC, Hb,
PCV, were gradually increased on 3rd day and 10th day in betel leaf treatment but decreased on 17 th and 28th day.
Conversely the TLC were decreased on day 3rd and day 10th in betel leaf treatment but increased significantly on
17th and 28th day. The body weight was also increased in Coriander, Neem, and Betel leaf treated goats on the other
hand body weight was significantly decreased in untreated control group. The present study reveals that leaves of
Coriander and Neem were moderately effective and Betel leaf was less effective against the gastrointestinal
cestodes in goats.
KEY WORDS: Betel leaf, Capra hircus, Cestodes, Coriander, Goat, Neem leaves,
INTRODUCTION
Gastrointestinal parasites in ruminant animals such as cattle, sheep and goats cause significant production losses to
the farming communities throughout the world. Parasitism is an important limiting factor that is responsible for the
deteriorating the health and productivity of livestock. Control of parasitic diseases has been mainly based on regular
antihelmintic treatment. However as these are very expensive livestock producers are not interested to use these
antihelmintics. Development of antihelmintic resistance in helminthes reported in a number of countries
(Jackson,1993;Sanyal, 1996; Rolfe1997;Van Wyk.et al., 1997; Waller, 1997) gives a clear indication that control
programmed based on their use are not sustainable. Medicinal plants have served through ages, as a constant source
of medicaments for the exposure of a variety of diseases. The plants are known to provide a rich source of botanical
antihelmintics, antibacterial and insecticides. (Satyavati et al., 1976; Lewis and Elvin-Lewis, 1977). A number of
medicinal plants have been used to treat parasitic infections in man and animals (Nadkarni; 1954; Chopra et al., 1956,
1958; Said 1969; Akhtar, 2000). Goats are considered to be an important livestock in both the developing and
developed countries around the world, particularly in developing countries, where they play a key role in small scale
farming. However goats are easily affected by many diseases in developing countries because of poor hygienic
conditions and inadequate management. Internal parasitism, especially helminthiasis, is one of the most serious
diseases and extensive research is needed to reduce and/or control internal parasites. Many currently available
therapeutic compounds are plant derived and/or synthetic analogues derived from those compounds (Farnsworth et al
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1985). For these reasons interest in the screening of medicinal plants for their anthelmintic activity has remained of
great scientific interest despite extensive use of synthetic chemicals in modern clinical practices all over the world
(Akthar et al, 2000).The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of coriander, betel , and neem leaf
against gastrointestinal cestodes on basis of fecal egg count on hematological parameters (TEC, Hb, PCV and TLC)
and clinical parameters (body weight) were also determined in this study.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The research was carried out during the period from 1 st October 2012 to 28th October 2012. Thirty goats
approximately of about 2-3 years were selected for the study expecting to be suffering from natural gastrointestinal
cestode infection and were labeled by the number tag. The egg count by the floating method (Rahman et al., 1996)
for the examination of the fecal sample for gastro intestinal cestode eggs were carried out a week prior to
commencement of treatment. On the basis of fecal sample examination results, 24 goats infected with gastrointestinal
cestodes were selected for the study and these were randomly divided into group of 4 (four), each group consisting of
6 (six) goats.
GROUP A: Treated orally with the leaves of Coriander (100 mg/kg bwt.)
GROUP B: Treated orally with the leaves of Betel (100 mg /kg bwt.)
GROUP C: Treated orally with the leaves of Neem (100mg/kg bwt.)
GROUP D: Used as untreated control group.
The fecal samples from all groups were examined by the egg counting Mc Master Method as described by Soulsby
(1986) before the treatment i.e. (day 0) and post treatment at 3rd, 10th, 17th, and 28th day. Eggs per gram of feces were
recorded. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of each goat at different time intervals. Various
hematological parameters (TEC, Hb, PCV, and TLC) were measured following the method of Coffin (1953). To
determine the body weight gain or loss of treated and untreated control groups the main body weight was taken on
day 0 (pretreatment) and on 3rd, 10th, 17th, and 28th day of experimental period. Collected data were statistically
analyzed between normal and treated values by using computer statistical package programmed.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the efficacy of coriander leaves, betel leaves, and neem leaves against gastrointestinal cestodes in goats
were shown in Table 1
Table 1 Effect of Coriander, Betel leaf and Neem on Gastrointestinal cestodes of Capra hircus.
Group

Treatment

Coriander

Betel leaf

Neem

Control

Pretreatment
0 day
3rd day
EPG
EPG
EPG
Mean MeanSD
Increase/
SD
Decreased
(%)
289.60
153.40
47.03(-)
7.07
7.07**
265.80
3.54
342.40
1.41
246.20
19.29

228.60
7.07**
324.40
7.07**
265.60
22.08**

14.00(-)
5.26(-)
7.88(+)

Post-treatment
17th day
EPG
EPG
EPG
Increase/
MeanSD
Increase/
Decreased
Decreased
(%)
(%)
46.27(-)
168.50
41.82(-)
7.07**

10th day
EPG
MeanSD

155.60
7.07**
229.80
7.07**
328.80
0.00**
274.40
11.31**

13.54(-)
3.97(-)
11.45(+)

242.30
1.41**
334.20
0.00**
295.80
16.20**

8.84(-)
2.39(-)
20.15(+)

28th day
EPG
EPG
MeanSD
Increase/
Decreased
(%)
180.70
37.60(-)
7.07**
248.70
8.37**
340.70
7.07**
320.70
24.49**

6.43(-)
0.50(-)

30.26(+)

The above values represent the mean standard deviation (SD) of capra hircus (goat)
** = Significant at 1 percent level (P < 0.01)
* = Significant at 5 percent level (P < 0.05)
+ =Increase
=Decrease

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A significant (p < 0.01) reduction of EPG counts were found on 3 rd , 10th , 17th , and 28th day following coriander,
betel leaf and neem treated goats of group A, B, and C, respectively. Whereas, the EPG count of untreated control
group (D) were significantly (p < 0.01) increased up to last day of experimental period. In conformity to the present
findings, Amin et al. (2008) reported that neem (10% water extract of leaves) reduced significantly (p < 0.01) EPG
count 62.23%, 65.77%, 56.70%, and 48.05% on 3 rd, 10th, 17th, and 28th day, respectively in cattle. Rahman (2002)
found the effects of water extract of neem, betel leaf and jute leaves were 62%, 58% and 42%, respectively in goat on
21st day post treatment.
The results of the effect of coriander betel leaf and neem on different hematological parameters are shown in Table 2.
Coriander and betel leaf significantly (P<0.01 and p<0.05) increased total erythrocyte count (TEC) in goats of group
A and B, respectively. On day 3rd and day 10th TEC was increased significantly (p<0.01 and p<0.05) in neem treated
goats of group C. On 17th and 28th day, the TEC was decreased significantly (p<0.01) following neem treatment. The
hemoglobin (Hb) content in goats treated with coriander and betel leaf of group A and B increased significantly
(p<0.01 and p<0.05). Hb content was increased on day 3 rd and day 10th in goats of group c treated with neem leaves.
On 17th and 28th day, the Hb content were decreased significantly (p<0.01) following neem leaf treatment.
Table 2 - Changes in hematological parameters after treatment with Coriander Betel leaf and Neem treatment.
Coriander leaves
treatment
(Group A)

Betel leaves
treatment (Group B)

Neem leaves treatment

(Group C)

Untreated infected
control (Group D)

TEC (million/cu.mm.)
Hb content (gm %)
PCV (%)
TLC(thousand/cu.mm)
Day 3

8.560.09
8.971.15
30.832.32
10.281.27

8.990.56
9.600.89
32.001.41
9.430.88

9.020.57
9.900.77
32.331.37
9.220.91

9.310.71
10.431.14
33.171.94
9.111.16

TEC (million/cu.mm.)
Hb content (gm%)
PCV (%)
TLC(thousand/cu.mm)
Day 10

8.60**0.93
9.131.03
31.171.94
10.18*1.26

9.02*0.58
9.73*0.92
32.331.03
9.38*0.84

9.04*0.56
9.93070
32.501.38
9.13**0.89

9.24**0.67
10.20**1.13
32.67*1.75
9.19*1.14

TEC (million/cu.mm.)
Hb content (gm%)
PCV (%)
TLC(thousand/cu.mm)

8.84**0.89
9.80**1.06
32.00**1.21
10.1**1.21

9.13**0.59
10.17*0.94
33.00*0.63
9.27**0.80

9.08**0.56
10.030.06
33.17*1.17
9.05**0.92

9.06**0.67
9.05**1.01
32.00*1.67
9.48**1.12

Day 17
TEC (million/cu.mm.)
Hb content (gm%)
PCV (%)
TLC(thousand/cu.mm)
Day 28

9.00**0.87
10.33**0.99
32.67**1.63
9.82**1.20

9.34*0.65
10.63**0.90
33.33**1.03
9.18**0.79

8.99**0.56
9.70**0.65
32.160.72
9.28**0.90

8.88**0.64
8.60**0.65
30.83**2.04
9.79**1.11

TEC (million/cu.mm.)
Hb content (gm%)
PCV(%)
TLC(thousand/cu.mm)

9.11**0.86
10.93**0.99
32.83**1.47
9.72**1.19

9.36**0.65
11.07**0.939
33.67**0.82
9.11**0.74

8.89**0.58
33**0.78
31.501.05
9.38**0.92

8.640.59
8.13**0.48
30.33**1.75
10.08**1.04

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Days after treatment

Day 0

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Whereas coriander and betel leaf increased significantly (p<0.01 and p<0.05) packed cell volume (PCV) in goats of
group A and B, respectively.PCV was increased significantly (p<0.05) on day 3 and day 10 in neem treated goats of
group C. On 17th and 28th day, the PCV was decreased following neem treatment. Conversely, coriander and betel
decreased significantly (p<0.01 and p<0.05) total leukocyte count (TLC) in goats of group A and B, respectively.
TLC was decreased significantly (p<0.01) on day 3 and day 10 in neem treated goats of group C. On 17 th and 28th
day, the TLC was increased significantly (p<0.01) following neem treatment. The effects of coriander, betel leaf and
neem on body weight in goats are shown in Table 3. Coriander, betel leaf and neem significantly (p<0.01 and p<0.05)
increased body weight in goats of group A, B and C, respectively. It may be concluded that the leaves of coriander
were moderately effective and betel leaf and neem were relatively less effective against the gastrointestinal cestode
infections in goats.
Table- 3 Effect of coriander Betel leaf and Neem on body weight (Kg) in goat
Treatment
Pre-treatment
Post-treatment
Group
0 day
3rd Day
10th Day
17th Day
Coriander
15.92 0.71
16.000.00**
16.26 0.71*
16.05 0.89*
A

28th Day
16.020.00**

Betel leaf

15.86 0.00

15.96 0.71**

16.10 0.11*

16.35 2.12*

16.15 0.07

Neem

16.24 0.00

16.37 0.21**

16.40 0.28*

16.400.00*

16.30 0.71*

Control

16.46 1.22

15.95 1.48**

15.83 2.12*

15.21 0.71*

15.10 1.41**

The above values represent the mean standard deviation (SD) of Capra hircus (goat)
** = Significant at 1 percent level (P < 0.01)
* = Significant at 5 percent level (P < 0.05)
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