11/21/2016

OpeninginSlabandBeam

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OpeninginSlabandBeam

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Most reinforced concrete
members
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indeterminate because they
are part of monolithic
structure, i.e., in this form of
building construction, slabs
are cast monolithically with a
beamand
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framing that carries the floor
load to columns. A beam is a
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materials.
Reinforced concrete beams
are nonhomogeneous in that
they are made of two entirely different materials. A flexural member should
suffer a axial compression force less than Ag fc/10. The member must be at
least 10 in wide and its clear span should be least 4 times the effective depth
andthewidthtodepthratioshouldbeatleast0.3.

FoundationRepair Slab
Mat/RaftFoundation Slabs are used to furnish a flat and useful surface in reinforced concrete

construction. It is broad, flat plate, usually horizontal, with top and bottom

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surfaces parallel or nearly so. It may be supported by reinforced concrete
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beams, by masonry or reinforced concrete walls, by structural steel members,

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FoundationonExpansive Slabs in which the deflected surface is predominantly cylindrical is called one
soil way slabs spanning in the direction of curvature. This condition arises when
Underpinning slabsaresupportedontwooppositesides,andthosesupportedonallfoursides

with the longer span greater than twice the shorter span and also in cantilever
slabs. In many cases, rectangular slabs are of such proportions and are
Earthquake& supported in such a way that twoway action results. when loaded, such slabs
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bendintoadishedsurfacei.e.,ananypointtheslabiscurvedinbothprincipal
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Concrete slabs may in some cases be carried directly by columns, without the
use of beams or girders. Such slabs are called flat plates. In some cases, to
Readymixedconcrete reduce the stresses due to shear and negative bending around columns, a
Compaction thickened slab region in the vicinity of column and flared column tops are
Pavement incorporated.Suchconstructioniscalledflatslabconstruction.
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OccurrenceofOpening
ASTM Slabs

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E a r t h q u a k e In almost all constructions, slab system include openings. These may be of

substantialsize,asrequiredbystairwaysandelevatorsshafts,ortheymaybe
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of smaller dimensions, like those needed to accommodate heating, plumbing,
Destruction andventilatingrisers,floorandroofdrains,andaccesshatches.
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Thesemayoccurwhenopeninginslabspassthroughtheeffectiveflangewidth
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CodesRecommendationforPlacementofOpening
Slabs
As far as possible, opening in slabs should be located in zones where shear
stresses are small and bending moment are below maximum. However, small
opening for pipe sleeves etc. can be made anywhere in slab. In case of slabs
supporteddirectlybycolumns,fromstructuralviewpoint,theyarebestlocated
wellawayfromthecolumns,preferablyintheareacommontotheslabmiddle
strips. Opening of any size may be provided in slab systems if shown by
analysis that the design strength is at least equal to the required strength and
that specified limits on deflection meets. For strength the strip method is
appropriate.

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CodeRequirements
13.5.1 Opening of any size are permitted in slabs if analysis shows that both
strengthanddeflectionareacceptable.
13.5.2 In lieu of special analysis as required by 13.5.1 opening may be
providedinslabsystemswithoutbeamsonlyinaccordancewiththefollowing.
13.5.2.1 Opening of any size may be located in the area common to
intersectingmiddlestrips.
13.5.2.2 In area common to intersecting column strips, not more than 1/8 the
widthofcolumnstripineitherspanshallbeinterruptedbyopenings.
13.5.2.3Intheareacommontoonecolumnstripandonemiddlestrip,opening
sizeislimitedto1/4thewidthofcolumnstripineitherspan.
Beams
Inregionsofsmallshear,asnearthemiddleofabeamspan,ahorizontalpipe
sleeveisnotserious.Elsewhere,shearstrengthmustbecloselywatchedandin
manyplacesbendingstrengthaswell.
StripMethodtoanalyzeOpening
The strip method was first developed by Hillerborg, and later Wood and Armer
analyzed the method critically and performed test on slabs designed by this
method. They found that a design made by the strip method and reinforced
exactlyaccordingtomomentsfound,wasanexactsolution.
The strip method is the simplest one for slabs on simple supports, but
continuity can be handled on a basis similar to limit design. The most difficult
slabs for this method are slabs supported on columns. For such a case,
Hillerborg developed the advanced strip method, using a rectangular element
carryingloadintwodirectionstoasupportatonecorneroftheelement.
Theequilibriumequationforslabsis

Allelementsofthisequation,exceptw,followstheTimoshenkosnotation.
i.e.,MxandMy=bendingmomentaboutrespectivedirections.
Mxy=twistingmoment.
andw=loadperunitareaonslab.
Hillerborg designs the slab to make Mxy unnecessary, that is he assumes Mxy
= 0 and than apportions the load to Mx/x and My/y, usually at a
particular spot wholly to one or to the other. This particular apportionment is
moreofaconveniencethananecessity,however,loadsinaparticularareaare
assign to particular slab strips and continuity of the resulting moments and
shear must be carefully maintained. Apparent discontinuity in torque or

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deflection may be disregarded, but a discontinuity in moment or shear is not
permitted. Both elastic and plastic analysis concepts are permissible in
evaluatingmomentsonstrips.

Thesuitabilityofthemethodforslabswithopeningisastrongpointinitsfavor.
This method have been using for many years by designers, designing by their
feel for the way the load has most apt to be transferred to the supports. As
slabs are normally considerably underreinforced, it is possible to use certain
strips near the opening as small beam simply by increasing the local
reinforcement. If the opening is so large that even extra slab steel is
inadequatetocareforthemoment,arealbeamisneededaroundoneormore
sidesoftheopening,quiteprobablyspanningtotheedgebeams.Theassumed
beam strips are drawn as dotted around the opening and the point of
inflection as suggested by Wood and Hillerborg are added on the slab. Then
differentmomentfordifferentstripiscalculated.Depthcanbefixedfromloads
(moment and shear). The reinforcement should be arranged in bends

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OpeninginSlabandBeam
correspondingtothestripsused,thiscalculationissimple.
Defection at service load must be considered in checking serviceability. In any
actualdesigntheserviceloadisavailable,anditshouldbeonthesafesideto
usethestripserviceloadmomentswithEIbasedon
thecrackedsection.
TreatmentforOpening
Larger opening should be framed by beams to restore, as nearly as possible,
the continuity of the slab. The beams should be designed to carry a portion of
the floor load, in addition to loads directly applied by partition walls, elevator
support beams, stair slabs etc. But, in case of flat plate construction, opening
nearcolumnrenderdifficulties.
EffectsonStrengthandTreatment
Slabs
The effect of openings on the shear strength as well as flexure action (in case
of large opening) of slab must be investigate carefully. The effect becomes
severe when the openings are within the column strip areas of slabs or within
middle strip areas when the opening are closer than 10 times the slab
thickness(10h)fromacolumn,measuredradial.
Toaccountforreductionofshearstrength,itisconsideredthataportionofthe
critical section b0 is ineffective which is enclosed by straight lines projecting
from the column centroid to the edges of the opening. If two much resisting
perimeterislost,thedesignermustbesureadequatetowwaybendingisreally
present otherwise the lower shear permitted in beams become the limiting
valuesfortheslab.
For slabs with shear reinforcement, the ineffective portion of the perimeter b0
isonehalfofthatwithoutshearreinforcement.Onehalffactorisinterpretedto
applyequallytoshearheadreinforcementandbarorwirereinforcement.

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CodeRecommendation
13.5.2.4 Where opening in slabs are located at a distance less than 10 times
theslabthicknessfromaconcentratedloadorreactionareaorwhenopeningin
slabs are located within column strip, the critical sections shall be modified as
follows:
1)Forslabswithoutshearhead,thatpartoftheperimeterofthecriticalsection
that is enclosed by straight lines projecting from the centroid of the column,
concentratedloadorreactionareaandtangenttotheboundariesoftheopening
shallbeconsideredineffective.
2) for slabs with shearheads, the ineffective portion of the perimeter shall be
onehalfthatdefinedin(1)above.

Beams
Large opening in beams are particularly weakening. They destroy beam action
andforcethereducedsectiontoactsuchasaVierendeeltruss(atrusswithout
diagonals).Insuchatrusstheaveragebendingmomentoverthelengthofthe
opening is resisted by axial compression one chord and tension in the other,
with these two forming a couple in the case of pure flexure. Where shear is
present the change in the moment over the length of the opening superimpose
areversedbendingresistanceineachchord,thetotalofthefourendmoments
onthechordsequalingtheexternalsheartimesthelengthoftheopening.How
theshearandthesereversemomentsaresharedbythechordsdependsonthe
relativechordstiffness.
Thickeningofedgeofopening
In case of larger openings, the edge of the slab around the opening may be
thickenedtoenablethemtobehaveliketrimmerbeamsfortakingupadditional
moments and forces. If opening reduce a critical design section for moment,
mustbemaintainedbyprovidingextradepthtooffsetthereducedwidth.
FunctionofSteel
Thesteelsusedaroundopeningtiethefreeendsofthebarswhicharetrimmed
to form opening. It also serve as reinforcement to make the opening stable
against deformation or any other types of failure. This bars take care of the
lossofsteelinaslabonaccountofformingopening.Diagonalbarsprovidedin
cornercontrolthecrackingthatwillalmostinevitablyoccurthere.
SteelRequirement
Slabs
With regard to flexural requirements, the total amount of steel required by
calculation must be provided, regardless of opening. Any steel interrupted by
holes should be matched with an equivalent amount of supplementary
reinforcementoneithersides,properlappedtotransferstressbybond.
If minor cracking at the corners of an opening is objectionable, it is always
advisable to add one or two diagonal bars at each corner, especially at large
openings. Bars are always desirable around Window and door opening in
concretewallslabs,becausesuchreinforcementhelpstotakecareofshrinkage

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stresses.
CodeRequirement

Slab
13.5.2.1 In case of opening in intersecting middle strips, total amount of
reinforcementrequiredforthepanelwithoutopeningismaintained.
13.5.2.2 In case of opening in intersecting column strips, an amount of
reinforcement equivalent to that interrupted by an opening shall be added on
thesidesoftheopening.
13.5.2.3 In case of opening common to one column strip and one middle strip
not more than the reinforcement in either strip shall be interrupted by
openings. An amount of reinforcement equivalent to that interrupted by an
openingshallbeaddedonthesidesoftheopening.
Beam
11.3.1.3 For members with significant axial tension, requires all shear to be
resistedbystirrups(noneassigntotheconcrete).
SteelArrangement
Reduction in critical design section for moment due to opening, can be
overcome providing more closely on each side of the opening to maintain the
necessary As. This is possible only when opening is possible to locate where
momentiswellbelowthecompressioncapacityoftheslab,therebyleavingthe
arrangement of reinforcement as the only problem. Of course, shear strength
mustbemaintained,butthisisrarelyaproblemexceptnearthecolumnsinflat
slabtype,asnotedpreviously.

The arrangement of bars around any but minor opening can constitute a real
problem. Bars running perpendicular to the face of an opening are not fully
effective when simply cut0off at the opening. This is acceptable if there is a
beam at the opening to act as reaction for the slab. If there is no beam it is
bettertofanthebarsoutorsplaythemtogoaroundtheopening.Iffanningor
splaying leaves too wide an area without steel, extra bars can be placed
paralleltothesideoftheopening,asindicated.

1comment:
Rasel December 10, 2014 at 1:13 PM
Thinks for this nice article. You may also like my article about advantages and
disadvantages of flat slabs
Reply

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