Apfc Final

AUTOMATIC POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT
SAAD FAROOQ
(0110140-22)
TALAL AHMAD
(0110140-41)
ROSHAN FAROOQ (0110140-23)
13 JAN 2015
Department of Electrical Engineering
SHARIF COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

LAHORE PAKISTAN
GROUP #
NUMBER
OF
MEMBERS
Automatic Power Factor Improvement
TITLE
SUPERVISOR
NAME
TERNAL / EXTERNAL
MEMBER NAME
REG. NO.
EMAIL ADDRESS
CHECKLIST:
Number of pages in this report
I/We have enclosed the soft-copy of this document
along-with the codes and scripts created by
myself/ourselves
YES / NO
My/Our supervisor has attested the attached document
YES / NO
I/We confirm to state that this project is free from

any type of plagiarism and misuse of copyrighted
material
YES / NO
MEMBERS SIGNATURES
Supervisors Signature
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Roshan Farooq(0110140-23)
Saad Farooq(0110140-22)
Talal Ahmad(0110140-08)
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This work, entitled Automatic Power Factor Improvement has

been approved for the award of
Bachelors in Electrical Engineering
Date
Head of Department:
Department of Electrical Engineering
SHARIF COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

LAHORE PAKISTAN
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all we are great full to ALLAH ALMIGHTY for giving us the strength and knowledge to
complete this project.
We sincerely thanks to our project advisor Mr. Naveel Qayyum for guiding and helping us throughout the
project, without whose support and encouragement we could not have completed the project. We would
also like to thank Dr. K.H Qamar, and Mr. Tariq Sadiq and of EE Department for helping us and giving
every possible help.
We would also like to thank the lab attendants and other staff of FYP lab for providing assistance and
help.
Last but not the least we would greatly like to thank our parents who have always supported us morally
and financially.
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ABSTRACT
The Purpose of this project is basically to improve the power factor of Industrial loads as well as domestic
loads.In A.C circuits there is a phase difference between current and voltage. The cosine of this angle
is known as power factor. There are mostly inductive loads and current lags behind the voltage so the
power factor is lagging and less than unity. For economical point of view this is very problematic and the
energy will not be transmitted efficiently. If we put some devices across load which give leading VARs to
the system the power factor can be improved.
In our projecting we have done this by switching capacitors across the load with the help of
microcontroller. The microcontroller which we used PIC 16F877A. We have done the programming of
these microcontrollers in Micro C. Then we implement our circuit on the proteous. The circuits
implemented on the Proteous are real time circuits.
This makes device capable of sensing power factor and apply correction as when needed in correct
amount by switching capacitor banks with the assistance of microcontroller. The Power factor and the
powers are then displayed on the LCD. Actual power factor was 0.28 and after the capacitor bank
switching we improve the power factor and made it 0.81 which is near to unity. Thus power factor can
always be kept at a fixed near to unity. Thus effort is made to make an ordinary capacitor bank an
automatic and controllable power factor correcting device. By improving power factor the current can be
reduced and hence the losses also reduced in all parts of the Power system.
This project is for single phase loads but it can be extended for three phase balanced and unbalanced
loads by using same devices for each phase separately.
Table of Contents
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1.
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................11
2.
LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................12
2.1.
STATIC CAPACITORS:................................................................................12
2.2.
SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER:...................................................................13
2.3.
PHASE ADVANCER:..................................................................................14
3.
BACKGROUND:...........................................................................................16
4.
CLIENT REQUIREMENTS..............................................................................17
5.
BASIC CONCEPTS:.......................................................................................17
6.
OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT:............................................................................17
7.
ELECTRICAL POWERS..................................................................................18
8.
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT...................................................................20
8.1.
9.
POWER TRIANGLE:...................................................................................21
DISADVANTAGES OF LOW POWER FACTOR:..................................................23
9.1.
SOME ELECTRICAL LOADS WHICH CAUSES LOW POWER FACTOR :...............24
9.2.
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT USING CAPACITOR:...................................25
9.3.
IMPORTANCE OF THE POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT:...............................30
10.
PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS........................................................................31
10.1. CURRENT TRANSFORMER:........................................................................31

10.1.1. CT USED IN OUR PROJECT......................................................................31
10.2. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER:.....................................................................32
10.3. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER IN OUR PROJECT:............................................32
10.4. ZERO CROSSING DETECTORS:...................................................................32
10.5. VOLTAGE ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR:.......................................................33
11.2. I/O PORTS:..............................................................................................36
11.3. PORTA AND THE TRISA REGISTER.............................................................36
11.4. PORTB AND THE TRISB REGISTER:............................................................36
11.5. MICROCONTROLLER CORE FEATURES:.......................................................37
11.6. POWER SUPPLY FOR MICROCONTROLLER..................................................39
11.7. VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805......................................................................39
11.8. RESISTOR................................................................................................ 40
12.
LCD DISPLAY MODULE..............................................................................40
13.
CAPACITOR BANKS..................................................................................42
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14.

OPTOCOUPLER:.......................................................................................43
14.1. INDUCTION MOTOR:.................................................................................44

15.
ADVANTAGES OF POWER FACTOR CORRECTION.........................................44
15.1. APPLICATION........................................................................................... 45
15.2. DISADVANTAGES OF LOW POWER FACTOR................................................45
15.3. CONCLUSION...........................................................................................46
15.4. REFERENCES:..........................................................................................47
16.
APPENDIX A: HDL OR C SOURCE CODE......................................................48
17.
APPENDIX B: HARDWARE SCHEMATICS.....................................................52
18.
APPENDIX C: LIST OF COMPONENTS.........................................................52
19.
APPENDIX D: PROJECT TIMELINE...............................................................53
19.1. GANTT CHARTT:.......................................................................................53

19.2. SCHEDULE OF PHASE 1:...........................................................................54
19.6. A COMPLETE GANTT CHART:.....................................................................55
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List of Figures
FIGURE 1: STATIC CAPACITOR....................................................................................................... 12
FIGURE 2: SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER..........................................................................................13
FIGURE 3: PHASE ADVANCE......................................................................................................... 15
FIGURE 4: POWER TRIANGLE....................................................................................................... 18
FIGURE 5: PHASE DIFFERENCE B/W CURRENT & VOLTAGE.................................................................19
FIGURE 6: POWER TRIANGLE OF POWERS.......................................................................................20
FIGURE 7: POWER TRIANGLE....................................................................................................... 21
FIGURE 8: EXAMPLE................................................................................................................... 26
FIGURE 9: EXAMPLE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM WITH CAPACITOR...................................................................29
FIGURE 10: POWER TRIANGLE BEFORE AND POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT..........................................30
FIGURE 11: CURRENT TRANSFORMER............................................................................................31
FIGURE 12: POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER.......................................................................................... 32
FIGURE 13:CURRENT ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR................................................................................33
FIGURE 14: VOLTAGE ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR...............................................................................34
FIGURE 15: PIC 16F877A......................................................................................................... 34
FIGURE 16: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 16F877A....................................................................................35
FIGURE 17: POWER SUPPLY FOR MICROCONTROLLER........................................................................39
FIGURE 18: VOLTAGE REGULATOR................................................................................................. 39
FIGURE 19: LCD 16*2.............................................................................................................. 40
FIGURE 20: RELAY JQX 76F....................................................................................................... 41
FIGURE 21: CAPACITOR BANK...................................................................................................... 42
FIGURE 22: OPTO COUPLER........................................................................................................ 43
FIGURE 23: INDUCTION MOTOR.................................................................................................... 44
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List of Tables
TABLE 1: COMPONENTS................................................................................................................ 52
TABLE 2: GHANT CHART ACTIVITY.................................................................................................. 53
TABLE 3: SCHEDULE PHASE 1........................................................................................................ 54
TABLE 5: SCHEDULE PHASE 3....................................................................................................... 54
TABLE 7: COMPLETE GHANTT CHART...............................................................................................55
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CHAPTER 1
PROJECT OVERVIEW
Objectives
In this chapter, the main focus is on describing the general structure. This chapter is mainly
concentrated on:
1.)
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Introduction
12
1. Introduction
Most of the loads are inductive in nature like induction motors. There are some resistive loads like
incandescent bulb and there are very rarely capacitive loads like synchronousmotor. Inductive
Load cause a poor power factor. This poor power factor if not corrected will become the cause of
decrease in the efficiency of the system resulting in more demand of power from electricity supplier plus
it wil cause the penalty for the poor power factor. For this purpose we have installed capacitor bank to
compensate the inductive nature of load which in our case is an induction motor.
This report contains the detailed description and working of our final year project. It includes the
hardware architecture, the basic design of the product, research and study that was done for the designing
of the project.
We have designed and built a module of power factor improvement that is supported by bank of
capacitors to increase the efficiency of the system. Its functionality is described by a control algorithm
that has been specifically designed for this project. The idea behind the whole project is to utilize power
as efficiently as possible.
There are various techniques for power factor improvement including synchronous condenser and phase
advancer. We are using capacitor bank system.
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CHAPTER 2
Literature Review
Objectives
In this chapter, the need for a Power Factor Improvement and the various earlier technologies
available so far for Power Factor Improvement of electricity and is being discussed to find its
possibility in actual practices, their advantages, disadvantages and economical consideration.
This chapter is mainly concentrated on:
1.)
Different techniques to improving Power Factor
2.)
Background
3.)
Basic Concept
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2. Literature Review
Normally, the power factor of the whole load on a large generation station varies from 0.8 to
0.9. However, sometime it is lower and in such cases it is generally desirable to take special steps to
improve the power factor. It is done by the following techniques.
1. Static Capacitors
2. Synchronous Condenser
3. Phase Advancers
2.1.
Static Capacitors:
The power factor can be improved by connecting capacitors in parallel with the equipment operating at
lagging power factor. The capacitor (generally known as static capacitor) draws a leading current and
partly or completely compensates the lagging reactive component of load current. This results in the
increase of the power factor of the load. The capacitors can be installed in delta or star in case of threephase loads. Static capacitors are invariably used for power factor improvement in factories .
Advantages:
1).They have low losses.
2). They required little maintenance as there are no rotating parts.
3). They can be easily installed as they are light and require no
foundation.
4). They can work under ordinary atmospheric condition.
Figure 1: Static Capacitor
Disadvantages:
1).They have short service life ranging from 8 to 10 years.
2). They can easily damages if the voltage exceeds the rated value.
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3). If they are damaged, their repair is expensive.
2.2.
Synchronous Condenser:
A synchronous motor when over-excited behaves as a capacitor and takes the leading current. An overexcited synchronous motor working on no load is called as synchronous condenser. When it is attached in
parallel with the supply, current leads which partly compensates the lagging reactive component of the
load. Hence in this way the power factor is improved.
Figure 2: Synchronous Condenser
These are generally used at major bulk supply substations for power factor improvement.
Advantages:
1) if we vary the field excitation, the magnitude of current which is drawn by the motor can also be varied
by any amount. This helps in achieving control of power factor.
2) The motor windings have high terminal stability to short circuit currents.
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3) The faults can be removed easily.
Disadvantages:
1) There are considerable losses in the motor.
2) The maintenance cost is high.
3) It produces noise.
4) Except in size above 500 kVA, the cost is greater than that of static capacitors of the same rating.
5) As a synchronous motor has no self-starting torque, therefore, auxiliary equipment has to be provided
for this purpose.
Note:
The reactive power taken by a synchronous motor depends upon two factors,one of them is the D.C.,
field excitation and the other is mechanical load delivered by the motor.A synchronous motor takes the
Maximum leading power with maximum excitation and zero loads.
2.3.
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Phase Advancer:
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The power factor of the induction motors is also improved

using phase advancer. The cause of low power factor of an
induction motor is due to the reason that its stator winding
draw exciting current that lags behind the supply voltage by
90. If by means of some other a.c. source we are able to
somehow improve the exciting ampere turns, then the
winiding of the stator will be relieved of exciting current and
the power factor of the motor can be inceased. It is done with
the help of phase advancer that is basically an a.c. exciter. The phase advancer is mounted exciting
ampere turns to the rotor circuit at slip frequency. If we provide more ampere turns than required, the
induction motor can be operated on leading power factor just like an over-excited synchronous motor.
Phase advancers have two basic advantages. One, as the exciting ampere turns are provided at slip
frequency, so lagging kVAR drawn by the motor are considerably reduced. Secondly, phase advancer are
comortabley used where the use of synchronous motors are not suitable. However, the major disadvantage
of phase advancer is that they are not economical for motors below 200 H.P.
Figure 3: Phase Advance
Advantages:
1) Phase advancers have two principal advantages.
2) As the excited ampere turns are supplied at slip frequency, lagging kVAR drawn by the motor are
considerably reduced.
3)Phase advancer can be conveniently used where the use of
synchronous motors is inadmissible.
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Disadvantages:
They are not economical for motors below 200 H.P.
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3. Background:
In industry the load that is being increased is inductive in nature, which affects the power factor as a
result the efficiency of the system is disturbed.Companies are there in the market that are developing
modules to improve or compensate the power factor. If we talk about the present trend the designs are
there in the market that involve programmable device in them. When we talk about any programmable
devices then the embedded technology comes into our mind. The embedded is now a day very much
popular and most the product are developed with Microcontroller based embedded technology. This
technology not only saves the cost but also saves us from using the extra hardware like RAM,ROM or
even ADC.. This technology is very fast so controlling of multiple parameters is possible.
electrical
engineering is considered to be one of the oldest branch of Engineering along with its
applications. These systems are quite trust-worthy and inexpensive, still they have got few
disadvantages. The electro mechanical protection relays are too bulky and need regular maintenance.
Recently,due to new innovations embedded technology is much cheaper now, so now it is being applied
to all the fields. The pioneer manufactures of Power system and protection system such as
SIMENS, LARSON & TUBRO, and CUTLER HAMPER etc. are manufacturing power factor
improvement devices on embedded technology. The apfc device is a very useful device for
transmitting
active power efficiently. If the consumer connects inductive load, then the power
factor lags.. So it is necessary to improve the power factor of that inductive load.The module takes the
values of line current and line voltage ,calculates the power factor and then switches on the capacitor
bank to compensate the lagging power factor.
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4. Client Requirements
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
Our client demanded us to improve the power factor.

We were supposed to use the capacitor bank for this purpose.
Run a load that should be inductive in nature ,so we used an induction motor.
5. Basic Concepts:
Generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy is done in the form of alternating current. So
the power factor is never out of sight. Most of the loads (e.g. induction motors and arc lamps) are
inductive in nature and hence have low power factor. The low power factor is is never desired as it causes
an increase in current, which results into increased amount of losses of active power in all the elements of
power system from generation to utilization devices. In order to ensure most favorable conditions for a
supply system from engineering and economical standpoint, it is impossible to have power factor as close to
unity as possible.
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CHAPTER 3
PROJECT METHODOLOGY
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5.1.
Importance of the power factor Improvement:
The improvement of the power factor is very important for both consumers and generating stations as
discussed below:
For Consumer:
A consumer has to pay electricity charges for his maximum demand in kVA plus the units consumed. If
the consumer improves the power factor, then there is a reduction in his maximum kVA demand and
consequently there will be annual saving due to maximum demand charges. Although power factor
improvement involves extra annual expenditure on account of p.f. correction equipment, yet improvement
of p.f. to proper value results in the net annual saving for the consumer.
For Generating Stations:

A generating station is as much concerned with power factor improvement as the consumer. The
generators in a power station are in kVA but the useful output depends upon kW output. As station output
is kW = kVA cos , therefore, number of unit supplied by it depends upon the power factor. The greater
the power factor of the generating station, the higher is the kWh it delivers to the system. This leads to the
conclusion that improved power factor increases the earning capacity of the power factor.
6. Objectives of Project:
The main Objectives of our project are,
1. To improve the power factor of the inductive load using capacitor banks.
2. Automatic switching of capacitor banks with the help of microcontroller whenever the power factor is
low.
3. To show the power factor on the LCD before and after the improvement.
4. And also show the Real, Reactive and Complex Power on LCD.
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7. Electrical Powers
There are 3 types of Electrical Power,
1. Real Power
2. Reactive Power
3. Complex Power
Real Power
Figure 4: Power Triangle
Real Power is the actual Power from which a machine does work. More technically. The product of VI
cos is called real power and is indicated by the symbol P. where is the angle between voltage and
current. The units of P are Watts or kilowatts.
In terms of Resistance R ,Voltage (rms) E and Current I ,The relation of Real power or True power is :
P=I2R
(1.1)
P=V2/R
(1.2)
True Power measured in Watts
Reactive power
Reactive power is the Power oscillate from load to source. More technically,The product of VI sin is
called reactive power and is indicated by the symbol Q. The units of Q are volt-ampere-reactive (VAR) or
kilovolt-ampere-reactive (kVAR).
In terms of reactance X ,Voltage(rms) E and Current I ,The relation of reactive power is :
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Q=I2X
(1.3)
Q=V2/X
(1.4)
Reactive Power measured in VARS.
Complex Power or Apparent Power (S )

Complex Power is the vector sum of real and reactive power More technically, The product of VI is
called apparent power and is indicated by the symbol S. The units of S are volt-ampere (VA) and
Kilovolt-ampere (kVA).
S=I2Z
(1.5)
S=VI
(1.6)
S=V2/Z
(1.7)
Complex Power measured in VA.
7.1.
Power Factor
The cosine of angle between voltage and current in an a.c. circuit is known as power factor.
Power factor tells how efficiently power is being consumed by the load supplied by the source The
relation of Power Factor with Real n Apparent Power is shown below,
Figure 5: Phase Difference B/w Current & Voltage
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8. Power Factor Improvement

Power Factor:
The cosine of angle between voltage and current in an a.c. circuit is known as power factor.
In an a.c. circuit, there is generally a phase difference between voltage and current. The term cos is
called the power factor of the circuit. In case of inductive circuit, the current wil lag behind the voltage
and the power factor is said to be lagging. However if the circuit is capacitive, current will lead the
voltage and power factor is said to be leading.
Figure 6: Power Triangle of Powers
Consider an inductive circuit taking a lagging current I from supply voltage V the angle of lag being .
The phasor diagram of the circuit is shown in Fig 2.1. The circuit current I can be resolved into two
perpendicular components, namely,
a) I cos in phase with V
b) I sin out of phase with V
The component I cos is known as active or Wattful component, where as component I sin is called
the reactive or wattles component. The active component is the measure of power factor. If the active
component is small, the phase angle is small and hence power factor cos will be high. Thus a circuit
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with a small reactive current (i.e., I sin ) will have high power factor and a circuit which has a high
reactive current will have a low power factor. Maximum value of power factor can be unity.
1) It is a usual practice to attach the word lagging or leading with the numerical value of power factor
to signify whether the current lags or leads the voltage. Thus is the current has a p.f of 0.5 and the current
lags the voltage, we generally write p.f as 0.5 lagging.
2) Sometime power factor is expressed as a percentage. Thus 0.8 lagging power factor may be expressed
as 80 % lagging.
8.1.
Power Triangle:
Figure 7: Power Triangle
The power triangle related to Power factor,Real power and Complex power is shown in the figure with
vertex OAB as shown in the figure 7.
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The following points may be noted from the power triangle:

1) There are two components of apparent power in an ac circuit., active and reactive power at right angles
to each other.
OB = OA + AB
(apparent power) = (active power) + (reactive power)
(kVA) = (kW) + (kVAR)
2) Power factor cos = OA / OB = active power / apparent power = kW/ kVA
Thus the power factor of a circuit may also be defined as the ratio of active power to the apparent power.
This is a perfectly general definition and can be applied to all cases, whatever the waveform.
3) The lagging reactive power is responsible for the low power factor. It is clear from the power triangle
that smaller the reactive power component, the higher is the power factor of the circuit.
kVAR = kVA sin = (kW / cos ) sin
kVAR = kW tan
4) For leading current, the power triangle becomes reversed. This fact provides a key to the power factor
improvement. If a device taking leading reactive power (e.g. capacitor) is connected in parallel with the
load, then the lagging reactive power of the load will be partly neutralized, thus improving the power
factor of the load.
5) The power factor of a circuit can be defined in one of the following three ways:
i. Power Factor = cos = cosine of angle between V and I
ii. Power Factor = R/Z = Resistance / Impedance
iii. Power Factor = VI cos / VI = Active power/ Apparent Power
6) The reactive power is neither consumed in the circuit nor does it do any useful work. It merely flows
back and forth in both direction in the circuit. A wattmeter does not measure reactive power.
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9. Disadvantages of Low Power Factor:
The power factor plays an important role in a.c. circuits since power consumed depend uponthis factor.
P = VL IL cos (For Single Phase Supply)
(2.1)
IL = P/ VL cos
(2.2)
P = 3VL IL cos (For 3 Phase Supply)
(2.3)
IL = P/ 3VL cos
(2.4)
It is clear from above that for fixed power and voltage, load current is inversely proportional to the power
factor. Lower the power factor, higher is the load current and vice-versa. A power factor less then unity
results in the following disadvantages.
(i)
Large KVA rating of equipment :
The electrical machinery (e.g. alternators, transformers, switchgear) is always rated in kVA.
Now, kVA = kW/cos
kVA rating of the equation is inversely proportional to power factor. The smaller power factor, the larger
is the kVA rating. Therefore, at low power factor, the kVA rating of the equipment has to be made more,
making the equipment larger and expensive.
(ii)
Greater Conductor Size:
To transmit or distribute a fixed amount of power at constant voltage, the conductor will have to carry
more current at low power factor. This necessitates large conductor size. For example, take the case of a
single phase a.c. motor having an input of 10 kW on full load, the terminal voltage being 250 V. at unity
p.f., the input full load current would be 10,000/250 = 40 A. At 0.8 p.f., the kVA input would be10/0.8 =
12.5 and the current input 12,500/250 = 50 A. If the motor is worked at low power factor of
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0.8, the cross-sectional area of the supply cables and motor conductor would have to be based upon a
current of 50 A instead of 40 A which would be required at unity power factor.
(iii)
Large Copper Losses:
The large current at low power factor causes more IR losses in all the elements of the supply system.
This result is poor efficiency.
(iv)
Poor Voltage Regulation:
The large current at low lagging power factor causes greater voltage drops in alternator, transformer,
transmission lines and distributors. These results in the decreased voltage available at the supply end, thus
impairing the performance of utilization devices. In order to keep the receiving end voltage within
permissible limits, extra equipment (i.e., voltage regulator) is required.
(v) Reduced Handling Capacity of System:

The lower power factor reduces the handling capacity of all the elements of the system. It is because the
reactive component of current prevents the full utilization of installed capacity.
9.1.
Some Electrical Loads which Causes Low Power Factor :
Low power factor is undesirable from economic point of view. Normally, the power factor of the whole
load on the supply system in lower than 0.8. The following are the causes of low power factor.
(i). Most of the A.C motors are of inductive type (1 and 3 induction motor) which
Have low lagging power factor. These motors work at a power factor which is extremely small
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(ii)Arc lamps, electric discharge lamps and industrial heating furnaces operate at low lagging
power factor.
(iii). The load on the power system is varying; being high during morning and evening and low
at other times. During low load period, supply voltage is increased which increases
magnetization current. This results in the decreased power factor.
9.2.
Power Factor Improvement Using Capacitor:
The low power factor is mainly due to the fact that most of the power loads are inductive and, therefore,
take lagging current. In order to improve the power factor, some device taking leading power should be
connected in parallel with the load. One of such devices can be a capacitive. The capacitor draws a
leading current and partly or completely neutralizes the lagging reactive component of load current. This
raises the power factor of the load.
Illustration:
To illustrate the Power Factor improvement using Capacitor, Consider an AC Circuit in which lagging
load is connected with 240 Volt rms Supply. The Wattmeter and ammeter are connected with the Circuit
which gives real power and and the current passing through the Load as shown in the figure
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Figure 8: Example
Wattmeter reads true Power; product of voltmeter and ammeter readings yields apparent power. First, we
need to calculate the apparent power in kVA. We can do this by multiplying load voltage by load current:
S = IE
S = (9.615 A)(240 V)
S = 2.308 KVA
Where E is the rms Voltage and S is the apparent Power
As we can see, 2.308 kVA is a much larger figure than 1.5 kW, which tells us that the power factor in this
circuit is rather poor (substantially less than 1). Now, we figure the power factor of this load by dividing
the true power by the apparent power:
Power Factor =
P
S
Power Factor =
1.5 KW
2.308 KVA
Power Factor = 0.65
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Using this value for power factor, we can draw a power triangle, and from that determine the reactive
power of this load: (Figure below)
Reactive power may be calculated from true power and apparent power.
To determine the unknown (reactive power triangle quantity, we use the Pythagorean Theorem
backwards, given the length of the hypotenuse (apparent power ) and the length of the adjacent side
(true power):
2
2
Reactive Power = Apparent Power True Power
Q = 1.754 KVAR
If this load is an electric motor, or most any other industrial AC load, it will have a lagging (inductive)
power factor which means that we'll have to correct for it with a capacitor of appropriate size, wired in
parallel. Now that we know the amount of reactive power (1.754 kVAR), we can calculate the size of
capacitor needed to counteract its effects:
Q=
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X
34
Solving fox X
X=
E2
Q
X=
240
1.754 KVAR
; Xc =
1
2 fC
Solving For C
X= 32.845
C=
1
2 fXc
C=
1
2 ( 60 Hz ) (32.845)
C=80.761F
Rounding this answer off to 80 F, we can place that size of capacitor in the circuit and calculate the
results: (Figure below)
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Figure 9: Example Circuit Diagram with Capacitor
Parallel capacitor corrects lagging (inductive) load.

An 80 F capacitor will have a capacitive reactance of 33.157 , giving a current of 7.238 amps, and a
corresponding reactive power of 1.737 kVAR (for the capacitor only). Since the capacitor's current is
180oout of phase from the load's inductive contribution to current draw, the capacitor's reactive power
will directly subtract from the load's reactive power, resulting in:
Inductive KVAR Capacitive KVAR = Total KVAR

1.754KVAR 1.737 KVAR = 16.519 VAR
This correction, of course, will not change the amount of true power consumed by the load, but it will
result in a substantial reduction of apparent power, and of the total current drawn from the 240 Volt
source: (Figure below)
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Figure 10: Power Triangle before and Power Factor Improvement
The new apparent power can be found from the true and new reactive power values, using the standard
form of the Pythagorean Theorem:
Apparent Power =
Reactive Power +True Power
This gives a corrected power factor of (1.5kW / 1.5009 kVA), or 0.99994, and a new total current of
(1.50009 kVA / 240 Volts), or 6.25 amps, a substantial improvement over the uncorrected value of 9.615
amps! This lower total current will translate to less heat losses in the circuit wiring, meaning greater
system efficiency (less power wasted).
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10. Project Specifications

10.1.Current transformer:
The current transformers along with potential transformers are known as instrumentation transformers.
The current transformers are used for measuring purposes and with protective circuits of devices in power
systems. The current transformer used in this project is 100/5A, 50Hz. The primary objective of the
current transformer is to step down currents of large magnitude and high voltage to lower ranges. The
primary winding of the transformer is connected in series with the line carrying the current to be
measured and therefore the primary current is in direct proportion to the load connected to the system.
The primary winding consists of very few turns. Thus there is no appreciable voltage drop across it.
10.1.1. CT used in our project

We use Current Transformer of the type RCT-35CT as shown in the figure above .Its turn rati0 is 100/5.It
step downs the current to a suitable value that can be handled by the zero crossing detector circuit. Apart
from this function, it also used for calculating load current.
10.2.Potential Transformer:
Potential transformers are used to reduce the system voltage at levels low
Figure 11: Current

Transformer
enough to suit the electronic circuit placed next to it.
10.3.
Potential Transformer in our project:
A Potential Transformer is used here to step down the voltage to a suitable value
that can be handled by the electronic circuit. In this project 220/12V single phase
potential transformer is used.
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Figure 12: Potential Transformer
10.4.Zero Crossing Detectors:

There are two types of zero crossing detectors,
i.
Current zero crossing detector
ii.
Voltage zero crossing detector
I.
II.
Current Zero Crossing Detector:

The Circuit for Current Zero Crossing Detection is,
Figure 13:Current Zero Crossing Detector
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The input to this circuit is a voltage waveform of milli volts from the Current Transformer which is
sinusoidal and is in phase with the current .The output of this circuit is a square wave .At positive zero
crossing the output of this circuit is 5v and at negative zero crossing it is 0v. LM358 Comparator is used
in it which takes an input upto milli volts. R1 and R2 is used for biasing.+Vcc and -Vcc is also supplied to
the comparator .The values of all components are shown in the diagram. The output wave form of current
zero crossing detector will be given to the microcontroller and the microcontroller will use this waveform
to sense PF and real and reactive power of the load.
10.5. Voltage Zero Crossing Detector:

The Circuit for Voltage Zero Crossing Detection is:
Figure 14: Voltage Zero Crossing Detector
The input to this circuit is a sinusoidal voltage waveform of 12 volt rms from the Potential Transformer.
The output of this circuit is a square wave .At positive zero crossing the output of this circuit is 5v and at
negative zero crossing it is 0v.The comparator is not used in it and simple BJTs fullfil the purpose of zero
crossing detection .The values of all components are shown in the diagram
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10.6.
PIC 16F877A:
10.7.
Block diagram of pic16f877a.
Figur
e 15: PIC
16F877A
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Figure 16: Block Diagram of 16F877A
11. GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTER FILE

The register file can be accessed either directly or indirectly through the FileSelect Register FSR .
11.1. SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTERS

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The Special Function Register are registers used by the CPU and peripheral module for controlling the
desired operations of the device. That registers are implement as static RAM. The Special Function
Register can be classified into 2 sets; core (CPU) & peripheral. That registers associated with the core
function are described in details in this section. Those relate to the operations of the peripheral feature are
described in details in the peripheral feature section .
11.2. I/O ports:

Some pins for those I/O ports are multiplex with an alternate functions for
the peripheral feature on the devices. In generals, when a peripheral are enabled, that primary not be used
as a general purpose input/output pin.
11.3. PORTA and the TRISA Register

A PORTA is a 6-bits wide bi-directional ports. The corresponds data direction registers is TRISA. If we
have set a TRISA bit (=1) it will makes the corresponding PORTA pins an input (i.e)., put the
corresponding outputs driver in a hi-impedance mode.If we clear a TRISA bit (0) it will makes the
corresponding PORTA a pin an output (i.e)., put the content of the output latchs on the selected pins.
Reading PORTA register read a status of the pins, while writing to the will write to a ports implies that
the ports pins are read, the value are modified & then written to the ports data latch pins.
The RA4 are multiplexed with a Timer0 module clocks input to becomes the
RA4/T0CKI pins. The RA4/T0CKI pins is a Schmitt Trigger input or an open drain outputs. Allow
the
PORTA pin have TTL inputs levels or full CMOS output driver. Other the PORTA pins is multiplexed
with analogue input and analog VREF inputs. The operations of all pin is selected by clearing the control
bit in the ADCON1 registers (A/D Control Register1). The TRISA register controls the direction of a
RA pin, even when that is being used the analogue inputs. The user must ensure a bits in the TRISA
registers are maintained sets when using them as analog input.
11.4. PORTB and the TRISB Register:

PORTB is an 8-bits wide, bi-directional ports. The corresponding data direction registers is
TRISB. Setting a TRISB bit (1) will make the corresponding PORTB pin an input (i.e)., put the
corresponding output drivers in a hi-impedance modes. Clearing a TRISB bit (0) will be make the
corresponding PORTB a pin an output (i.e)., put the content of the output latches on the selected pin.
Three pins of the PORTB is multiplex with the Low Voltages Programing function, RB3/PGM, RB6/PGC
and RB7/PGD. The alternate function of those pins are describe in the Special Feature section. Each of
the PORTB pin is a weak internal pull-up register. A one control bit on all the pull-ups registers. That is
performed by clearing a bit RBPU (OPTION_REG7).The weak pull-up register is automatical turn off
when the port pin are configured as an O/P. The pull-ups register are disable on a Power-on Resets.
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11.5. MICROCONTROLLER CORE FEATURES:

High performance RISC CPU
Only 35 single word instructions to learn
All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two cycle
Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock inputDC - 200 ns instruction cycle
Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program Memory,
Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM)
Up to the 256 x 8 byte of EEPROM Data Memory
Interrupt capability (up to 14 sources)
Direct, indirect and relative addressing modes Power-on Reset (POR)
Power-up Timer (PWRT) andOscillator Start-up Timer (OST)
Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RCoscillator for reliable operation
Programmable code protection
Power saving SLEEP mode
Selectable oscillator options.
Low power, high speed CMOS FLASH/EEPROMTechnology
Fully static design
Single 5Vof In Circuit Serial Program capability
Processor R/W access to program memory
Wide operating voltage range 2V to 5.5V
High Sink/Source Current: 25 Ma
Commercial, Industrial and Extended temperature Ranges
Low-power consumption
:- < 0.6 mA typical @ 3V, 4 MHz
- 20A typical @ 3V, 32 kHz
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- < 1A typical standby current
ANALOG FEATURES
10-bit, 8-channel A/D Converter
Analog Comparator module
2 analog comparators
The Programmable on-chips voltage reference module
The Programmable inputs multiplexing from device I/P and internal VREF
The Comparator O/P are externally accessible
PERIPHERAL FEATURES
The Timer0 to 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler
The Timer1to 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler,can be incremented during SLEEP via external
crystal/clock
The Timer2To 8-bit timer/counter with 8bit period register, pre scaler and post scaler
Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules
10bit multi-channel Analog to Digital converter
11.6. POWER SUPPLY FOR MICROCONTROLLER
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Figure 17: Power Supply For Microcontroller
The
input
230v
AC
supply
is
converted
into
9v
DC
supply
with
a bridge rectifier and it is filtered through a capacitor to get pure dc supply, and avoltage
the
help
of
regulator
u2
7805 is placed in order to give a constant 5v dc, hence the microcontroller works with 5v dc supply. And a
LED is placed in parallel to the microcontroller in order to know whether the microcontroller is given the
input.
11.7. Voltage regulator 7805

LM 7805 is a voltage regulator. A LM7805 ends with "05"; thus, it
outputs 5 volts. It employs internal current limiting, thermal shut
down and safe operating area protection.
Figure 18: Voltage

Regulator
11.8. Resistor
A resistor is a two-terminalelectricalor electroniccomponent that opposes anelectric currentby producing a
voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to thecurrent, that is, in accordance withOhm's law: V =
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IR. Theelectrical resistanceR isequal to thevoltagedrop V across the resistor divided by the current I
through
theresistor.
Resistors
are
used
as
part
of electrical
networksand
electronic
circuits.The power dissipated by a resistor is the voltage across the resistor multiplied by thecurrent
through the resistor
P=
I2 R
= IV =
V2
R
12. LCD DISPLAY MODULE
Figure 19: LCD 16*2
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic
module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred
over seven segment and other multi segment LEDs
RELAY
When a current flows through the coil, the resulting magneticfield attracts an armature that is
mechanically linked to a moving contact. The movement either makesor breaks a connection with a fixed
contact. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force approximately
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half as strong as the magneticforce to its relaxed position. Usually this is a spring, but gravity is also
usedcommonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operatequickly. In a low
voltage application, this is to reduce noise. In a high voltage or highcurrent application, this is to reduce
arcing.
If the coil is energized with DC, adiode is frequently installed across the coil,to dissipate the energy from
the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, whichwould otherwise generate a spike of voltage and might
cause damage to circuitcomponents. Some automotive relays already include that diode inside the relay
case.Alternatively a contact protection network, consisting of a capacitor and resistor inseries, may absorb
the surge. If the coil is designed to be energized with AC, a smallcopper ring can be crimped to the end of
the solenoid. This "shading ring" creates asmall out-of-phase current, which increases the minimum pull
on the armature duringthe AC.
JQX 76F
It is double pole double through relay.
It has 10 amp switching capacity.
Figure 20: Relay JQX 76F
13. Capacitor
Banks
Distribution
power
system usually connects
capacitor in parallel
(shunt) rather connecting
in series. The function of shunt power capacitor is to provide leading(capacitive) kVARs to an electrical
system when and where needed. Lagging(inductive) kVARs appear when there are inductors (coils) exist
within electrical (e.g. motor) or electronic (personal computer) equipments, as the amount grows, the
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increment of inductive kVARs will increase as well, thus the demand of capacitivekVARs to compensate
is pretty much required in order to reduce unnecessary lost.Capacitors are common components of
electronic circuits, used almost as frequentlyas resistors. Basic difference between the two is the fact that
capacitor resistance(called reactance) depends on voltage frequency, not only on capacitors'
features.Common mark for reactance is Xc and it can be calculated using the following formulae
Xc =
1
2 FC
RELATIONSHIP OF CAPACITOR WITH POWER FACTOR

Capacitor is the main component that supplies capacitive
reactance, which isnegative reactive power. Since, the power
factor is the ratio of real power andapparent power, where
Figure 21: Capacitor Bank
apparent power has the relation with reactive power and

real power as shown in the power triangle in figure 1.
As majority power system hasinductive loads thus normally
only lagging power factor occurs hence capacitors areused to
compensate by producing leading current to the load to reduce the laggingcurrent, thereby shrink the
phase angle distance between the real power and apparent power. Table 1 list a number of common
loads appears in general industrial systemsand their typical power factor. In general, power capacitors
shall be Y-connected onthe three-phase distribution feeder. Grounding the neutral is essential for the fuses
tooperate in case of any event of capacitor fault. For a small ungrounded Y-connectedcapacitor bank,
faulty capacitor would not blow the fuse to isolate faulty capacitor.Any event of this could lead to an
explosion to the capacitor bank. However, isolatingthe neutral of the Y-connected of a capacitor bank has
the advantage of reducingharmonics. (Quote) The method can only be an alternative when grounding
theneutral would cause operating difficulty for a particular installation. In case of insulation failure inside
the unit, phase-to-ground fault can still occurs to anungrounded Y-connected capacitor bank even with its
enclosure properly grounded.The most effective solution is to insert reactors in series with each capacitor
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groupconnected between the phase wire and the neutral of a 3-phase bank. This method issued to mitigate
any resonant circuit, while reduction of induction triple harmonicfrequency current can be made.
14.Optocoupler:
In electronics, optocoupler is a component that transfers electrical signals between two isolated circuits
by using light. Opto-isolators prevent high voltages from affecting the system receiving the signal.
An opto-isolator contains a source (emitter) of light, almost always a near infrared light-emitting
diode (LED), that converts electrical input signal into light, a closed optical channel (also called
dielectrical channel[7]), and a photosensor, which detects incoming light and either generates
electric energy directly, or modulates electric current flowing from an external power supply. The sensor
can be a photoresistor, a photodiode, a phototransistor, a silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) or a triac.
Because LEDs can sense light in addition to emitting it, construction of symmetrical, bidirectional optoisolators is possible. An optocoupled solid state relay contains a photodiode opto-isolator which drives a
power switch, usually a complementary pair of MOSFETs. A slotted optical switch contains a source of
light and a sensor, but its optical channel is open, allowing modulation of light by external
objectsobstructing the path of light or reflecting light into the sensor.
PC 817 : 1-channel type

It is P type
If=5mA or Viso= 5000rms
Figure 22: Opto
Coupler
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14.1. Induction motor:

An induction or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which the electric current in
the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of
the stator winding. An induction motor therefore does not requiremechanical commutation, separateexcitation or self-excitation for all or part of the energy transferred from stator to rotor, as
inuniversal, DC and large synchronous motors. An induction motor's rotor can be either wound
type or squirrel-cage type.
Power: 0.4kW
Amps: 3.0
Supply: Single Phase 200/240v
Model: Hitachi WJ200-004SFE
Figure 23: Induction Motor
PROBLEMS DUE TO LOW POWER FACTOR

Penalty charge in electric bill.
Extra losses in feeder cables.
Significant voltage drop.
Reduction of effective capacity of cables
15.ADVANTAGES OF POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

The main advantages of the Power Factor Correction are:
The electrical load on the Utility is reduced, thereby allowing the Utility tosupply the surplus
power to other consumers, without increasing its generationcapacity.
Most of the Utilities impose low power factor penalties. By correcting the power factor, this
penalty can be avoided.
High power factor reduces the load currents. Therefore, a considerable savingis made in the
hardware cost, such as cables, switchgear, substationtransformers, etc
Improves the power factor at the source.
Reduces system losses as current in conductors decreases.
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Improves voltage level at the load.
Reduces investment in system facilities per KW of load supplied.
Decreases KVA loading on the source.
Eliminates low power factor penalty imposed by WAPDA
15.1. Application
The power utility company,
Power Quality Improvement, Voltage Balancing
The commercial and residential consumer,
And manufacturers of applications that generate reactive power.
15.2. Disadvantages of Low Power Factor
Increases heating losses in the transformers and distribution equipments.
Reduce plant life.
Unstabilise voltage levels.
Increase power losses.
Upgrade costly equipments.
Decrease energy efficiency.
Increase electricity costs by paying power factor surcharges.
15.3. CONCLUSION
The system design implementation and testing were The testing process did not run test on power
converter based systems or synchronous motor due to required huge amount of expense may need to
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further enhance the system to that feature, financial is a critical issues upon further enhancement. Besides
systems that containserious harmonic current or ill non-sinusoidal current would mostly exist in
systemswith huge amount of active elements.By observing all aspects of the power factor it is clear that
power factor is the most significant part for the utility Company as well as for the consumer.
Utility
company rid of from the power losses while the consumer free from low power factor penalty charges.
By installing the suitably sized power capacitor into the circuit, the Power Factor is
improved and value becomes nearer to 1 thus minimise line losses and improving the efficiency of the
plant.
15.4. References:
1. Murad Ali (2013) Design and Implementation of Microcontroller -Based Controlling of
Power Factor using Capacitor Banks with Load Monitoring Global Journal of Researches in
Engineering Electrical and Electronics Engineering (USA)
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2. B.C. Kok, C.Uttraphan and H.H Goh(2009) A Conceptual Design of Microcontroller Based
Power Factor Correction Circuit pursued in practical applications.
3. Kim, T.W.; Choi, J.H.; Kwon, B.H. (2004) High Performance the Line Conditioners with
Output Voltage Regulations and Power Factor Corection, IEEE Proceedings on Electric Power
Applications.
4. J.R. Fisher & Carla Beaudet (April26,2005) Functional Description of PIC16F877A Functions
and Interfaces to GBTRFI Monitor Station,Electronics Division Technical Note No.208
5. SA02607001E (2010) Power factor correction a guide for the plant engineer Capacitor banks
and passive harmonic filters
6. Ian PooleLinear Load Power Factor Correction http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/powermanagement/power-factor-correction-pfc/linear-load-pfc.php
7. Fuld et al. 1991 berthold fuld, Siegfried kern; ray ridley (1991) A combined buck and boost
Power-Factor controller for three phase input, IEEE europeon conference on power electronics
and applications.
8. Dallago , Esasone , G stori, M venchi (1998) Experiment analysis and comparison on a power
factor controller including a Delta- Sigma Pressing stage, IEEE transaction industrial
electronics.
9. [wiki] en , Wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Factor_Correction
10. J. M. Bourgeois Circuit for power factor corrections with regards to mainsfiltering, ST Micro
electronics, Italy retrieved August 23rd, 2006
11. H. Saadat Power System Analysis Mc Graw Hill
16.Appendix A: HDL or C Source Code

//LCD Module Connections
sbit LCD_RS at RB4_bit;
sbit LCD_EN at RB5_bit;
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sbit LCD_D4 at RB0_bit;

sbit LCD_RS_Direction at TRISB4_bit;
sbit LCD_EN_Direction at TRISB5_bit;
sbit LCD_D4_Direction at TRISB0_bit;
//End LCD Module Connections
int powerFactor()
{
int a=0,b=0,t=0,x=0;
float tm,pf;
TMR1L=0;
TMR1H=0;
do
{
if(PORTA.F0 == 1)
T1CON.F0 = 1;
else if(PORTA.F0 == 0 && T1CON.F0 == 1)
{
T1CON.F0 = 0;
break;
}
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}
while(1);
a = (TMR1L | (TMR1H<<8)) * 2;
TMR1L=0;
TMR1H=0;
do
{
if(PORTA.F0 == 1)
{
T1CON.F0=1;
if(PORTA.F1==1)
{
T1CON.F0=0;
break;
}
}
}
while(1);
b = TMR1L | (TMR1H<<8);
tm = (float)b/a;
pf = cos(tm*2*3.14);
x=abs(ceil(pf*100));
return x;
}
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void main()
{
char c[]="0.00";
int a,b,d,x,f,e;
float tm,pf;
Lcd_Init();
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF); // Cursor off
ADCON1 = 0x08; // To configure PORTA pins as digital

TRISA.F0 = 1; // Makes First pin of PORTA as input
TRISA.F1 = 1; //Makes Second pin of PORTA as input
TRISD.F0 = 0; //Makes Fist pin of PORTD as output
TRISD.F1 = 0; //Makes Second pin of PORTD as output
while(1)
{
a = powerFactor();
Delay_us(50);
b = powerFactor();
Delay_us(50);
d = powerFactor();
Delay_us(50);
e = powerFactor();
Delay_us(50);
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f = powerFactor();
x = (a+b+d+f+e)/5;
c[3]=x%10 + 0x30;
x=x/10;
c[2]=x%10 + 0x30;
x=x/10;
c[0]=x%10 + 0x30;
Lcd_Out(1,1,"Power Factor");
Lcd_Out(2,1,c);
if(x<90)
{
PORTD.F0 = 1;
PORTD.F1 = 1;
Delay_ms(2000);
}
else
{
PORTD.F0 = 0;
PORTD.F1 = 0;
}
Delay_ms(250);
}
}
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17.
Appendix B: Hardware Schematics
18.
Appendix C: List of Components
Table 1: Components
PIC 16F877A
Opto-coupler PC 817
Relays
Transistor C945
Capacitor Bank
LCD 16*2
CT & PT
Voltage Regulator
Crystal Oscillator
Induction motor
Resistor
19. Appendix D: Project Timeline

19.1. Gantt Chartt:
Project planning of our Project is shown via Gantt Chart Below in FigG a b c d e and f;
Activity:
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Table 2: Ghant Chart Activity
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19.2. Schedule of Phase 1:

Table 3: Schedule Phase 1


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19.6. A Complete Gantt chart:

Table 7: Complete Ghantt Chart
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AUTOMATIC POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT

ROSHAN FAROOQ (0110140-23)

Department of Electrical Engineering

SHARIF COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Automatic Power Factor Improvement

My/Our supervisor has attested the attached document

I/We confirm to state that this project is free from

Automatic Power Factor Improvement

Automatic Power Factor Improvement

This work, entitled Automatic Power Factor Improvement has

Bachelors in Electrical Engineering

Department of Electrical Engineering

SHARIF COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Automatic Power Factor Improvement

Automatic Power Factor Improvement

Automatic Power Factor Improvement

POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT...................................................................20

SOME ELECTRICAL LOADS WHICH CAUSES LOW POWER FACTOR :...............24

POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT USING CAPACITOR:...................................25

IMPORTANCE OF THE POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT:...............................30

10.1. CURRENT TRANSFORMER:........................................................................31

LCD DISPLAY MODULE..............................................................................40

Automatic Power Factor Improvement

14.1. INDUCTION MOTOR:.................................................................................44

ADVANTAGES OF POWER FACTOR CORRECTION.........................................44

APPENDIX A: HDL OR C SOURCE CODE......................................................48

APPENDIX B: HARDWARE SCHEMATICS.....................................................52

APPENDIX C: LIST OF COMPONENTS.........................................................52

APPENDIX D: PROJECT TIMELINE...............................................................53

19.1. GANTT CHARTT:.......................................................................................53

Automatic Power Factor Improvement

Automatic Power Factor Improvement

Automatic Power Factor Improvement

Automatic Power Factor Improvement

Automatic Power Factor Improvement

Different techniques to improving Power Factor

Automatic Power Factor Improvement

Figure 1: Static Capacitor

Automatic Power Factor Improvement

3). If they are damaged, their repair is expensive.

Figure 2: Synchronous Condenser

Automatic Power Factor Improvement

3) The faults can be removed easily.

Automatic Power Factor Improvement

The power factor of the induction motors is also improved

Automatic Power Factor Improvement

Automatic Power Factor Improvement

Automatic Power Factor Improvement

Our client demanded us to improve the power factor.

Automatic Power Factor Improvement

Automatic Power Factor Improvement

Automatic Power Factor Improvement

Importance of the power factor Improvement:

For Generating Stations:

Automatic Power Factor Improvement

Figure 4: Power Triangle

True Power measured in Watts

Automatic Power Factor Improvement

Reactive Power measured in VARS.

Complex Power or Apparent Power (S )

Complex Power measured in VA.

Figure 5: Phase Difference B/w Current & Voltage

Automatic Power Factor Improvement

8. Power Factor Improvement