Replacement of Elastic Recovery

(AASHTO T301) and Force Ductility

(AASHTO 300) Tests by DSR-Based Tests

LTRC Project No. 11-2B (Emulsions)

Southern Plains Transportation
Center (SPTC) Project No. 14.1-80
(Binders)
By
N. Wasiuddin
Louisiana Tech University

Objectives:
Characterization of asphalt emulsion residues with
DSR tests:
Strain sweep
Frequency sweep
Temperature sweep
Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery (MSCR)
Evaluation of correlations with:
Elastic recovery
Force ductility

Why PG-Plus tests:

To identify the presence of polymers and quantify its
beneficial effects
PG-Plus tests:
Elastic Recovery
Force Ductility
Phase Angle
Toughness and Tenacity, etc.

are being used by

LA DOTD

States that are using PG-Plus tests (Green

States as prepared in Google chart)

Elastic Recovery Test (AASHTO T301) and

Force Ductility Test (AASHTO T300)
Elastic Recovery and
Force Ductility molds
Ductility Bath

Force Ductility sample

under test

Elastic Recovery
sample after severing

Elastic Recovery Measurements:

Primary shape of briquette
After pulling apart
20 cm
Sever at the middle
after 5 minutes
After 1 hour

(20- X) cm
Elastic Recovery % =

(20 X)

20

*100

Force Ductility Measurements:

The ratio of f2/f1 or f2 at 30 cm

f1
f1
In case of two maximum points

In case of one maximum point

f2
f2

Survey of Elastic Recovery Test Methods:

State

California
West Virginia
Kentucky
New Jersey
Tennessee
Texas
Louisiana

Modified PG Binder

Modified Emulsion
Asphalt
AASHTO T51(25c)

AASHTO
T301(20cm&25c)
AASHTO
T301(20cm&25c)
AASHTO
AASHTO
T301(10cm&25c)
T301(10cm&4c)
ASTM
AASHTO
D6084(20cm&25c)
T301(20cm&10c)
AASHTO
AASHTO
T301(20cm&25c)
T301(20cm&10c)
ASTM
TEX-539-C(20cm&10c)
D6084(20cm&10c)
AASHTO
AASHTO
T301(10cm&25c)-2016
T301(20cm&10c)

Survey of Force Ductility Test Methods (Illinois):

Test
Force Ratio (f2/f1),
4c, 50mm/min.,
300 mm
elongation,
minimum

SBS PG 64-28
SBS PG 70-22
SBS PG 70-28

SBS PG 76-22
SBS PG 76-28

0.3

0.35

Survey of Force Ductility Test Methods (Louisiana):

Test
Force Ratio
(f2/f1), 4c,
50mm/min., 300
mm elongation,
minimum
Force Ductility,
4c, 50mm/sec,
300 mm
elongation, kg,
minimum

PG 76-22m

PG 70-22m

CRS-2P

SS-1P

PAC 15

0.3

0.3

0.15

0.3

0.23

MSCR Test Parameters (ASTM D7405):

Stress Levels of 100 and 3200 Pa, 10 Cycles, Creep Stress 1s, Recovery
9s
Percent of Recovery (%) = (r / p ) x 100
Non-Recoverable Creep Compliance (Jnr) = u /

One Cycle of MSCR Test

70

p peak strain

Strain (%)

60

r recovered strain

50

40
30

u unrecovered strain

20
10
0

Time (s)

10

12

Why MSCR test instead of PG-Plus tests:

Different states apply different methods and criteria for Elastic

Recovery and Force Ductility tests

MSCR Test uses the same DSR device : No additional cost
Easy and time saving
Repeatability
Less variability due to operator
Small
Mechanistic

20 Asphalt Emulsions were investigated

Polymer Modified Emulsions:

Hard Pen Base Emulsions:

PME
SS-1H (B)
CHFRS-2P
SS-1H (U)
CRS-2P (E)
NTSS-1HM (C)
CRS-2P (B)
NTSS-1HM (B)
CMS-1P
NTSS-1HM (U)
SS-1L
FOG SEAL
Polymer Modified Hard Pen Base Emulsions:
CSS-1HP
SS-1HP
Non Polymer Modified Non Hard Pen Base Emulsions:
CRS-2 (E)
CRS-2 (B)
CRS-2 (U)
SS-1 (E)
SS-1 (B)
SS-1 (U)

Experimental Plan
Emulsions

SS-1 (E)
SS-1 (B)
SS-1 (U)
SS-1H (B)
SS-1H (U)
SS-1HP
SS-1L
CRS-2 (E)
CRS-2 (B)
CRS-2 (U)
CRS-2P (E)
CRS-2P (B)
CHFRS-2P
CMS-1P
CSS-1HP
PME
NTSS-1HM (B)
NTSS-1HM (C)
NTSS-1HM (U)
Fog Seal

Strain
Sweep

Freq. Sweep

Temp.:
52C
and 70C

Temp.:
10C, 25C, 58C
and 70C

Temp. Sweep

Temp.:
from 52C to
94C at 6C
intervals

MSCR

Temp.:
10C, 25C, 58C,
70C and one
equal-stiffness
temperature (2.2
kPa stiffness)
Stress:
0.1kPa, 3.2 kPa
(0.1kPa, 0.2 kPa,
0.5 kPa and 3.2
kPa at 2.2 kPa
stiffness temp.)

Strain:
Ang. Freq.:
2%, 12%, 0.1 rad/s 100
22%, 32%, rad/s
42% and
52%

Strain and
Ang. Freq.:
12% and 10
rad/s

3 mat
samples

3 mat samples for

3 mat samples 0.1 and 3.2 kPa
and
and 3 mat
3 DSR mold
samples2 for 0.2
samples
and 0.5 kPa

3 mat samples

Elastic
Recovery
and Force
Ductility
Temp.
Elastic
Recovery:
10C and
25C
Temp.
Force
Ductility:
4C
2 mat
Samples
for Elastic
Recovery
and 2 mat
samples
for Force
Ductility

Recovering Residue from Emulsified Asphalt:

Low temperature evaporative technique (ASTM D7497)
Elastic Recovery Test : 24 hours at 25C forced oven + 24 hours at
60C forced oven
DSR-based Test : 24 hours at 25C forced oven + 24 hours at
60C forced oven

Force Ductility Test : 6 hours at 60C forced oven

Sample preparation for Elastic Recovery and Force Ductility

Tests:

10

11

12

Sample preparation for DSR-based Tests :

10

11

12

Strain Sweep Test:

Strain Sweep Test was conducted at two temperatures, 52C and 70C,
and six strains , 2%, 12%, 22%, 32% , 42% and 52%
Drop from Initial G*% = 100* (G*2% - G*52%)/(G*2%)
The lower the drop, the higher the strain tolerance
Indication of linearity
Drop from initial G* can be used as a criteria to estimate aggregate loss in
chip seals

Strain Sweep Test:

Polymer Modified
Emulsions:
PME
CHFRS-2P
CRS-2P (E)
CRS-2P (B)
CMS-1P
SS-1L

The maximum of tolerance at 52C and 70 C are 12.9% and

16.4% respectively for SS-1L
The minimum of tolerance at 52C and 70 C are 3.4% and 1.9%
respectively for CMS-1P

Strain Sweep Test:

Hard Pen Base
Emulsions:
SS-1H (B)
SS-1H (U)
NTSS-1HM (C)
NTSS-1HM (B)
NTSS-1HM (U)
FOG SEAL

NTSS-1HM(C), NTSS-1HM(B) and FOG SEAL could not reach 52%

strain at 52C
The maximum of tolerance at 52C and 70 C are 44.2% and 43.3%
respectively for NTSS-1HM(U) and NTSS-1HM(B)
The minimum of tolerance at 52C and 70 C are 15% and 1.2%
respectively for SS-1H(U)

Strain Sweep Test:

Polymer Modified and
Hard Pen Base Emulsions:
CSS-1HP
SS-1HP

The maximum of tolerance at 52C and 70 C are 22.5% and 7.5%

respectively for CSS-1HP
The minimum of tolerance at 52C and 70 C are 9.6% and 3.7%
respectively for SS-1HP

Strain Sweep Test:

Non Polymer Modified and
Non Hard Pen Base
Emulsions:
CRS-2 (U)
CRS-2 (E)
CRS-2 (B)
SS-1 (E)
SS-1 (B)
SS-1 (U)

The maximum of tolerance at 52C and 70 C are 6.7% and 3.8%

respectively for SS-(E)
The minimum of tolerance at 52C and 70 C are 2.7% and 0.4%
respectively for CRS-2(B) and SS-1(B)

Strain Sweep Test:

In Summary:
Higher drop from initial G* or lower strain tolerance will result in
increase of aggregate loss in chip seals

Asphalt emulsions prepared of hard pen base asphalt have higher

drop from initial G* or lower strain tolerance

Frequency Sweep Test:

Master curve was constructed at 25 C based on conducted

frequency sweep tests at 10C, 25C, 58C and 70C.

Master curve is used to understand the overall rheological behavior
of asphalt emulsions.

Master
Curve

Master Curve:
NTSS-1HM (C), NTSS-

1HM (U) and Fog Seal

show high G* values in a
wide range of frequencies

Master Curve:
NTSS-1HM (B) shows
high G* value in a wide
range of frequencies

Frequency Sweep Test:

In Summary:
Hard Pen Base Emulsions show higher G* value and lower strain
tolerance

Temperature Sweep Test:

Temperature Sweep Test of DSR was conducted on emulsion residues

from 52C to 94C at 6C intervals.

Results of Temperature Sweep Test include:
Diagram of G*/Sin() versus Temperature
Diagram of Phase Angle() versus Temperature

Temperature Sweep Test: G*/Sin() versus Temperature

CSS-1HP
NTSS-1HM (B)

Hard Pen Base emulsions

including NTSS-1HM (B) and
CSS-1HP have the higher
G*/Sin than other emulsions.

Temperature Sweep Test: G*/Sin() versus Temperature

NTSS-1HM (U)

Hard Pen Base emulsions such

as NTSS-1HM (C), NTSS-1HM
(U) and Fog Seal have the higher
G*/Sin than other emulsions.

NTSS-1HM (C)
.
FOG SEAL

Temperature Sweep Test: Phase Angle() versus

Temperature
When temperature increases,

phase angle increases to a

maximum and then decreases.

the maximum phase angle of all

the non-hard pen polymer modified
asphalt emulsion residues fall
between 75 to 85.

Temperature Sweep Test: Phase Angle() versus

Temperature
When temperature increases,

phase angle increases to a

maximum and then decreases.

the maximum phase angle of all

the non-hard pen polymer modified
asphalt emulsion residue falls
between 75 to 85.

Elastic Recovery Test (AASHTO T301):

Average Elastic
Recovery (%)
10C

25C

Modified
Emulsions

Modified
Emulsions

MSCR Test Results:

Emulsions

Percent Recovery (MSCR)

Creep Stress 0.1 kPa
Creep Stress 3.2 kPa
10C

CMS-1P
CRS-2P (B)

25C 58C 70C 10C 25C 58C 70C

Polymer Modified Emulsions
58.8
46.9 35.1 29.0 57.8 45.1 12.6 -1.9
60.2
48.1 25.9 21.7 58.1 46.2 9.8
0.9

CRS-2P (E ) 76.0
63.0 29.7 30.3 65.9 62.7 9.5
2.2
SS-1L
66.7
58.2 53.1 35.6 62.9 56.8 13.9 0.7
PME
79.5
60.0 36.0 32.0 67.4 60.0 12.2 0.4
CHFRS-2P
72.7
67.5 36.8 38.1 72.8 67.4 17.1 5.2
Polymer Modified and Hard Pen Base Asphalt Emulsions
CSS-1HP
99.9
81.4 56.7 76.3 73.3 76.9 36.2 10.4
SS-1HP
75.9
68.7 24.1
8.7
73.2 68.7 12.9 1.3

MSCR Test Results:

Emulsions

Percent Recovery (MSCR)

Creep Stress 0.1 kPa
Creep Stress 3.2 kPa

10C 25C 58C 70C 10C 25C 58C 70C

Non-Polymer Modified and Non-Hard Pen Base Asphalt Emulsions
SS-1 (B)
66.1
44.2
3.7
-1.8 66.1 43.4 0.0 -2.7
SS-1 (E )
66.1
39.8
4.9
-1.1 67.4 37.6 -0.1 -2.6
SS-1 (U)
54.4
41.1
5.4
-0.1 52.8 38.5 -0.1 -2.7
CRS-2 (U)
51.1
34.9
2.9
-1.9 51.7 38.5 -0.2 -2.9
CRS-2 (B)
55.5
37.9
7.7
0.6
52.4 37.3 0.2 -2.6
CRS-2 (E )
59.9
49.0
7.1
0.5
63.1 51.0 0.4 -2.6

MSCR Test Results:

Percent Recovery (MSCR)
Emulsions

Creep Stress 0.1 kPa

Creep Stress 3.2 kPa

10C 25C 58C 70C 10C 25C 58C 70C

Hard Pen Base Asphalt Emulsions
SS-1H (U)

72.1

59.0

6.5

2.4

73.5

58.5

3.4

-0.1

SS-1H (B)

96.6

63.4

11.6

4.0

80.7

63.6

5.3

0.2

>100

67.5

12.8

8.8

90.0

68.9

9.7

1.6

>100

>100

25.8

13.5

>100

72.1

24.2

10.2

>100

>100

39.7

33.0

>100

>100

45.1

28.1

>100

>100

27.0

14.3

96.9

>100

26.8

12.1

NTSS-1HM
(U)
NTSS-1HM
(C )
NTSS-1HM
(B)
FOG SEAL

MSCR Test Results:

2.2 kPa
Creep Stresses (kPa)
R2 Value for
Stiffness
Log(stress)
Emulsions
(G*/sin)
0.1
0.2
0.5
3.2
vs. Percent
Temperatures
Recovery
C)
Polymer Modified Emulsions
CRS-2P (E)
63C
27.5 24.6 13.9 1.5
0.98
SS-1L
61C
60.6 55.4 38.8 7.4
0.99
CHFRS-2P
67C
34.3 29.8 18.6 2.2
0.99
CMS-1P
55C
43.0 45.6 37.5 23.3
0.91
CRS-2P (B)
59C
16.5 19.0 13.1 3.7
0.88
PME
62C
44.2 39.7 26.1 4.1
0.99
Polymer Modified and Hard Pen Base Asphalt Emulsions
CSS-1HP
80C
92.2 86.7 47.5 1.1
0.98
SS-1HP
66C
11.4 8.7
5.5
0.8
0.99

MSCR Test:
2.2 kPa
Creep Stresses (kPa)
R2 Value for
Stiffness
Log(stress)
Emulsions
(G*/sin)
0.1
0.2
0.5
3.2
vs. Percent
Temperatures
Recovery
C)
Non-Polymer Modified and Non Hard Pen Base Asphalt Emulsions
CRS-2 (U)
56C
6.2
4.1
1.9 -0.3
0.95
CRS-2 (B)
57C
7.7
6.0
3.4
0.0
0.99
CRS-2 (E)
57C
5.7
3.9
2.0 -0.2
0.96
SS-1 (U)
57C
8.4
5.7
2.5 -0.3
0.95
SS-1 (B)
57C
5.9
5.8
3.2
0.5
0.96
SS-1 (E)
57C
8.7
6.0
2.6 -0.3
0.94

MSCR Test Results:

2.2 kPa
Creep Stresses (kPa)
Stiffness
Emulsions
(G*/sin)
0.1
0.2
0.5
3.2
Temperatures
C)
Hard Pen Base Asphalt Emulsions

R2 Value for
Log(stress)
vs. Percent
Recovery

SS-1H (U)

68C

4.2

2.8

1.2

-0.3

0.95

SS-1H (B)

68C

10.7

7.6

3.6

0.0

0.95

Fog Seal
NTSS-1HM
(U)
NTSS-1HM
(B)
NTSS-1HM
(C)

94C

8.6

6.4

3.2

0.2

0.96

79C

13.3

9.2

3.8

-0.4

0.94

96C

21.1

15.7

7.5

0.3

0.96

90C

15.7

12.3

6.8

0.6

0.98

Correlation between MSCR parameters and Elastic

Recovery
Coefficient of Determination (R2) for Linear Correlation Between
Percent Recovery (MSCR) and Elastic Recovery (AASHTO
T301)
Elastic Recovery
MSCR Creep Temperature (AASHT
MSCR Temperature
T301)
Stress
10C
25C
0.961
0.798
0.1 kPa
58C
0.938
0.843
3.2 kPa
0.957
0.872
0.1 kPa
70C
0.516
0.493
3.2 kPa
0.908
0.692
0.1 kPa
2.2 kPa Stiffness
Temperature
0.409
0.487
3.2 kPa

Correlation between MSCR parameters and Elastic

Recovery
Coefficient of Determination (R2) for Linear Correlation Between
Non-Recoverable Creep Compliance, Jnr (MSCR) and Elastic
Recovery (AASHTO T301)
Elastic Recovery
Temperature
MSCR Creep
MSCR Temperature
(AASHTO T301)
Stress
10C
25C
0.737
0.623
0.1 kPa
58C
0.604
0.472
3.2 kPa
0.169
0.696
0.1 kPa
70C
0.502
0.391
3.2 kPa
0.734
0.682
0.1 kPa
2.2 kPa Stiffness
Temperature
0.078
0.139
3.2 kPa

Linear correlation between percent recovery (MSCR at 58C)

and elastic recovery

Linear correlation between percent recovery (MSCR at

2.2 kPa temperature) and elastic recovery

Linear correlation between percent recovery (MSCR at 70C)

and elastic recovery

Force Ductility Test:

Max. Force, f1
(lb)

Emulsions

Avg. St. Dev.

Force at 30 cm, f2
(lb)
Avg.

St. Dev.

Force at 35 cm
(lb)

f2/f1
Avg.

St. Dev.

Avg.

St. Dev.

Polymer Modified Emulsions

CHFRS-2p

5.3

0.3

0.38

0.05

0.07

0.01

0.35

0.03

CMS-1p

1.8

0.22

0.02

0.12

0.01

0.26

0.01

CRS-2P (E )

5.9

0.1

0.4

0.07

0.07

0.01

0.36

0.06

4.1
0.2
0.1
0.04
0.03
0.01
0.07
5.3
0.2
0.19
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.15
Non-Polymer Modified and Non-Hard Pen Base Asphalt Emulsions

0.03
0.02

PME
SS-1L
CRS-2 (U)

8.7

0.7

0.06

0.08

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.03

CRS-2 (E )

4.2

0.1

SS-1 (U)

4.3

0.02

SS-1 (B)

6.2

0.04

0
1
sample

2.7

0
1
sample

0.01

SS-1 (E )

0.02
1
sample

0
1
sample

0.06

0.02

0.03

Force Ductility Test:

Emulsions

Max. Force, f1
(lb)
Avg. St. Dev.

Force at 30 cm, f2
(lb)
Avg.

St. Dev.

Force at 35 cm
(lb)

f2/f1
Avg.

St. Dev.

Avg.

St. Dev.

Hard Pen Base Asphalt Emulsions

SS-1H (U)

19.4

0.6

SS-1H (B)

13.8

Fog Seal

4.3

1.2
1
sample

41.2

7.4

18.7

6.2

NTSS-1HM
(U)
NTSS-1HM
(B)

Polymer Modified and Hard Pen Base Asphalt Emulsions

CSS-1HP

11.2

1.6

SS-1HP

9.2

0.05

2.13

0.11

0.23

0.01

0.89

1.26

Force Ductility Test:

Force Ductility Test:

Force Ductility Test:

Force Ductility Test:

Force Ductility Test:

Force Ductility Test:

Force Ductility Test:

Force Ductility
Test Parameter
Force at 30 cm, f2
(lb)
f2/f1
Force at 35 cm
(lb)
Average R2

Linear Correlation with Phase Angle

Phase Angle Testing Temperature
58C
70C
2.2kPa Temp.
0.71
0.47

0.52
0.74

0.62
0.47

0.69
0.61
0.62
0.62
0.62
0.57
Linear Correlation with Percent Recovery
Force Ductility
Percent Recovery (at 0.1 kPa Creep
Test Parameter
Stress) Testing Temperature
58C
70C
2.2kPa Temp.
Force at 30 cm, f2
(lb)
0.46
0.65
0.31
f2/f1
0.43
0.54
0.38
Force at 35 cm
(lb)
0.46
0.66
0.33
Average R2
0.45
0.62
0.34

Average R2
0.62
0.56
0.64
0.61

Average R2
0.47
0.45
0.48
0.47

Recommendations:
MSCR (ASTM D7405) has been recommended to replace Elastic
Recovery test (AASHTO T301) to identify the presence of polymer.
Residue should be prepared according to ASTM D7497.
Test
Minimum Percent Recovery,
58C, 0.1 kPa creep stress

Minimum Percent Recovery,

MSCR, 58C, 3.2 kPa creep
stress

Specifications

25

Recommendations:
Percent recovery of MSCR and phase angle can be used to
replace force ductility requirements (AASHTO T300).

Test

Specifications

Minimum Percent Recovery, MSCR at

58C, 0.1kPa creep stress

30

&

Maximum Phase angle, 58C, 12% strain,

10 rad/sec

81