NCh2369

OFFICIAL CHILEAN STANDARD

NCh 2369.Of2003

Seismic design for industrial structures and facilities

1 Scope and field of application

1.1 This standard establishes the requirements for seismic design of industrial structures
and facilities, both light as well as heavy. It applies, both to the structures themselves, as
well as the ducts and piping systems and mechanical and electrical process units, and
their anchors. It also applies to warehouse structures or premises with industrial
applications, and constructions structured with braced columns.
1.2 This standard does not apply to other types of structures such as nuclear plants,
electrical power plants and transmission lines, presses, washing/sweeping reservoirs,
bridges, tunnels, gravitational jetties, containment walls, underground duct lines, etc.
1.3 Office buildings, canteens or those for home applications may be designed according
to NCh433.Of96.
1.4 It is supplemented by NCh433.Of96, Seismic building design. All the requirements of
said standard that are not specifically modified are applicable.

2 Regulatory References
The following regulatory documents contain provisions that, by means of references in the
text of the standard, constitute requirements of the standard
To the date of publication of this standard the edition shown below was current.
All standards are subject to revision and it is recommended that all parties that are to
reach agreements, based on this standard, investigate the possibility of applying more
recent editions of the standards included below.

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Note: The National Standardization Institute keeps a record of current national and
international standards
NCh203
NCh433
NCh1159
NCh1537
NCh2745
ACI 318
ACI 350.3
AISC 1989
AISC 1999
AISC 1999
AISI 1996
API 620
AWWA-D 100
AWWA-D 110
AWWA-D 115
UBC 97

NZS 4203
ASTM A 36/A36M-97a
ASTM A 242/A242M-97
ASTM A 325-97
ASTM A 490-97
ASTM A 500-98

ASTM A 501-98

Steel for structural use Requirements.

Seismic design for buildings.
High-Strength Low Alloy Structural Steel for
construction
Structural building design Permanent loads and overloads
due to use.
Analysis and design of buildings with seismic insulation
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, 1996.
Practice for the Seismic Design of Liquid Containing
Structures.
Specifications for Structural Steel Buildings, Allowable
Stress Design.
Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings Part 1:
Structural Steel Buildings
Load and Resistance Factor Design Specifications for
Structural Steel Buildings.
Specifications for the design of Cold Formed Steel Structural
Members.
Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure
Storage Tanks.
Standard for Welded Steel Tanks for Water Storage
Wire and Strand Wound Circular, Prestressed Concrete
Water Tanks
Circular Prestressed Concrete Water Tanks with
Circumferential Tendons.
Uniform Building Code, 1997.
Seismic Design of Storage Tanks, Recommendations of a
Study Group of the New Zealand National Society for
Earthquake Engineering, 1986.
General Structural Design and Design Loadings for
Buildings, 1992.
Specifications for Carbon Structural Steel .
Specifications for High-Strength Low Alloy Structural Steel.
Specifications for High-Strength Bolts for Structural Steel
Joints.
Specification for Heat-Treated Steel Structural Bolts, 150 ksi
Minimum Tensile Strength.
Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon
Steel Structural Tubing in Rounds and Shapes
Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon
Steel Structural Tubing

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ASTM A 502-93
ASTM A 572/AS572M-97c
ASTM A 588/A588M-97a
ASTM A 913/913M-97
ASTM A 992/A 992M-98
ANS/AWS A5.1-91
ANS/AWS A5.5-96
ANS/AWS A5.17-89
ANS/AWS A5.18.93
ANS/AWS A5.20.95
ANS/AWS A5.23-90
ANS/AWS A5.29.80
(R 1989)

Specification for Steel Structural Rivets.

Specifications for High-Strength Low-Alloy Columbium
Vanadium Structural Steel
Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel
with 50 ksi (345 MPs) Minimum Yield Point to 4 in. (100mm)
Thick
Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel Shapes of
Structural Quality, Produced by Quenching and SelfTempering Process (QST).
Specification for Steel for Structural Shapes for Use in
Building Framing
Specification for Carbon Steel Covered Arc-Welding
Electrodes
Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes for Shielded
Metal Arc-Welding
Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for
Submerged Arc-Welding
Carbon Steel Electrodes and Rods for Gas Shielded
Arc-Welding
Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc
Welding
Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for
Submerged Arc Welding
Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored
Arc Welding

NOTE Foreign standards deemed necessary may be referenced.

3 Terms, definitions and symbols

3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this standard, the following terms and definitions shall apply, which
supplement the terminology of NCh433.Of1996:
3.1.1 permanent loads (CP): action of which the variation over time is negligible with
regards to the mean values or those for which the variation trends towards a limit.
According to this definition the following shall be included under this concept:
-

Own weight of structural elements and finishings

Own weight of fixed units and facilities
Normal contents of vessels, hoppers, belts and equipment.
Weight of ducts without accumulations or scale. Insulation
Permanent thrusts

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3.1.2 connection: region in which several prefabricated elements or one prefabricated

element and an element formed on site are joined.
3.1.3 strong connection: connection that remains elastic while the predefined area of
the plastic joint develops inelastic response under severe seismic conditions.
3.1.4. humid connection: connection that uses any of the joining systems in sections
21.2.6,21.2.7 or 21.3.2.3 of ACI 318.99 to connect prefabricated elements, and use
concrete or mortar poured and formed on site to fill the space of the joint.
3.1.5 dry connection: connection between prefabricated elements that does not qualify
as a humid connection.
3.1.6 process engineer: engineer responsible for production processes, general layout of
equipment and operating structures and processes of the industry.
3.1.7 braced frames: structural systems with diagonal braces. The members, beams,
columns and diagonals work mostly by axial stress.
3.1.8 ductile frames with non structural dilated members: are those in which the non
structural members are separated from the frame columns by a space equal to or greater
than the dmax values defined in section 6.3.
3.1.9 ductile frames with non structural non dilated members: are those in which the
non structural members are separated from the frame columns by a space that is less
than the dmax values defined in section 6.3. In these cases the non structural members
are to be incorporated in the structural model avoiding in the design failure due to
shearing of the beam to column joints.
3.1.10 rigid frame: structural system where the beam to column joint has the capacity to
transmit the moment factor. Its lateral stability on the plane depends on the rigidity to
flection of the component members.
3.1.11 fundamental vibration period: mode period with the greatest equivalent
translational mass in the direction of the analysis.
3.1.12 specialist professional: acknowledged professional in structures, legally
authorized to practice in Chile, with proven experience in earthquake resistant design of
at least 5 years.
3.1.13 seismic risk: probability that a certain seismic event will occur in a certain area
and within a preestablished time interval.
3.1.14 overloading caused by use: actions static in nature, variable over time that are
determined as a result of the function and use of the building and its facilities. Exhibits
frequent or continued variations that are not negligible in comparison to the mean value.

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According to this definition, the following is to be included under this concept:

-

Uniform loads corresponding to the use of floors and platforms and that include
normal traffic of persons, vehicles, light duty mobile equipment and build-up of
materials.

Scale and accumulation of dust in ductwork, equipment and structures.

Lifting loads of cranes.

Non permanent water or ground pressure.

Internal pressures in vessels.

Tensions from drive belts or similar.

3.1.15 special operational overloads (SO): dynamic actions produced by the normal use
of the facilities.
According to this definition, the following is to be included under this concept:
-

Impacts and loads in general of a dynamic origin although they are modeled as
equivalent static actions.

Braking action.

Actions caused by moving liquids or gases, i.e. water hammer.

3.1.16 accidental operational overloads (SA): actions caused by

phenomena that only occur occasionally during normal use of the facilities.
According to this definition, the following is to be included under this concept:
-

Extreme impacts and explosions

Short circuit loads

Overfilling loads from tanks or hoppers

3.2 Symbols
The symbols used in this standard have the meaning shown below:
A0

= maximum effective acceleration of the ground;

Ak

= weighting factor for the step associated to level, k;

= seismic acceleration for horizontal seismic action;

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CP

= coupling coefficient between modes i and j;

Cmax

= maximum value of the seismic coefficient;

Cv

= seismic coefficient for vertical seismic action;

CP

= permanent loads;

= outer diameter of a circular section; tank diameter or process vessel

diameter:

= elasticity module;

Fa

= admissible tension due to compression;

Fk

= horizontal stress applied in level k;

Fp

= seismic horizontal stress to design a secondary element or unit of

equipment;

Fv

= vertical seismic stress;

Fy

= flow tension;

Fyf

= flow tension in the wing of the metallic frame;

= height of the highest elevation over the base elevation; total height of the
building over base elevation; height of door or walkway supports;

= coefficient related to the importance, use and risk of failure of a structure

or unit of equipment;

= buckling length coefficient;

KP

= dynamic amplification factor for the design of a secondary element or

unit of equipment;

= length of an element, clearance of a door or walkway;

= total weight of the building or structure over the base elevation;

Pk

= seismic weight associated to level k;

PP

= weight of a secondary element or unit of equipment;

Qo

= base shear stress of the building or structure;

Qp

= base shear stress of a secondary element or unit of equipment;

Qmin

= minimum value of the base shear stress;

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= modification factor of the structural response;

R1

= modification factor of the structural response defined in 6.1;

Rp

= modification factor of the response of a secondary element or unit of

equipment;

= factor resulting from the spectral modal superimposing; minimum length

of support; separation between structures;

Sa

= spectral design acceleration for horizontal seismic action;

Sav

= spectral design acceleration for vertical seismic action;

Se

= moment, shearing stress or axial stress in the connection associated to

development of probable resistance (S) in predefined locations of
structure plastification, based on the mechanism that controls inelastic
performance;

Si

= maximum value of the contribution of mode I with its symbol;

SA

= accidental operational overload;

SC

= overload caused by use;

SO

= special operational overload;

T1

= vibration period of mode f;

= parameter that depends on the type of soil;

= fundamental vibration period in the direction of the seismic analysis;

Zk

= height of the k elevation over the base elevation;

= overload reduction factor;

aP

= acceleration in the support elevation of an element or equipment;

ak

= acceleration in the k elevation of a structure;

= amplification or majoration factor of loads; half the width of the wing in

welded or laminated T or double T and TL frames; rated width of the wing
in laminated Channel and Angle frames; distance from the free edge of the
wing to the beginning of the curve of the fold in cold formed frames;
distance between the beginning of internal curves of the wing for Z, CA,
and folded frames; distance from the free edge to the first line of
connectors or welds, or width between connector lines or sheet welds;

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bf

= width of the wing;

= horizontal seismic deformation; total height of laminated and welded T

frames;

dd

= horizontal seismic deformation; calculated with seismic requirements

reduced by the R factor;

max

= maximum admissible value of dd;

di

= maximum horizontal seismic deformation of the i structure;

do

= deformation caused by non seismic service loads;

= thickness of the wing of a metal frame; thickness of the tank shell,

stacks or process vessels;

= acceleration of gravity;

= free distance between wings of welded frames; free distance between

wings subtracting the dimension of the fillet in laminated profiles;
distance between the closest connectors in bolted profiles; distance in the
core between the initial points of the curves of the folds in cold formed
frames; height of the structure at a certain elevation over the base
elevation; height between two points of a structure located over a common
vertical;

= factor that influences in the limitation of the width/thickness rate of

double T, T, Channel frames;

= parameter that depends of the type of soil; quantity of levels;

= turning radius; coefficient between periods associated to two vibration

modes;

= thickness of the wing of a metal profile;

tw

= thickness of the core of a metal profile;

= damping rate;

= reduction coefficient of the resistance stipulated in AISC LAFD;

= limit of the width-thickness rate so as not to have local buckling;

= limit of the width-thickness rate to allow complete plastification of the

section.

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4 Local Application Provisions

4.1 Basic principles and hypotheses
4.1.1 The design provisions in this standard, applicable together with the specific design
standards for each material, are focused on meeting the objectives described below:
a) Protection of life in the industry
a.1) Avoid the collapse of structures for earthquakes that are more severe than the
design earthquake.
a.2) Avoid fires, explosions, or the emission of gases or toxic liquids.
a.3) Protect the environment.
a.4) Ensure the proper operational condition of escape routes during a seismic
emergency.
b) Continued operation of the industry
b.1) Maintain essential processes and services.
b.2) Avoid or reduce to a minimum the duration of business interruption.
b.3) Expedite inspection and repair of the damaged elements.
4.1.2 In general, it is accepted that the seismic analysis be based on the use of linear
models of the structures, but the dimensioning of the resistant members must be
performed with the method specified in the standards for each material, which may be of
admissible stresses or limit loads.
4.1.3 In order to meet the objective stated in 4.1.1,a.1) the structures must have an
ample resistance reserve and / or be capable of absorbing great quantities of energy,
exceeding the elastic limit, before failure. In order to achieve this the global structural
system must meet the following requirements:
a) Ensure ductile performance of the resistant members and connections, in order to
avoid failure due to instability or fragility, or alternatively, ensure elastic performance.
b) Provide more than one line of resistance for seismic requirements. Seismic resistant
systems must be redundant and hyperstatic. Exceptions to this rule shall be made
only with the explicit approval of the professional specialist defined in 3.1.12.
c) Be provided systems that are simple and clearly identifiable for the transmission of
seismic stresses to the foundations, avoiding structurizations that are highly
asymmetric and complex.

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In order to meet the industry operational continuity objectives, as well as those stated in
a.2) and a.3), the structures, units of equipment and their anchorages must be designed
so that for earthquakes that are more severe than the design earthquake the following
requirements are met, in addition to those listed in a), b) and c):
d) Limit incursions into the non elastic range, in the event that these should endanger
continued operation or the rescue operations.
e) The damage must occur in visible and accessible locations.
f)

Those emergency and control units of equipment, the operation of which during the
emergency must be guaranteed, must be duly certified according to international
standards, with the approval of the process engineers or the professional specialist.

4.1.4 In order for the earthquake resistant structure to be ductile during cyclic
performance, according to what is set forth in 4.1.3 a), the requirements from clauses 8, 9
and Attachment B, must be complied with.
4.1.5 The professional specialists and process engineers defined in 3.1.12 and 3.1.6 shall
establish, for each project, the seismic design conditions of all structures, equipment and
anchors, in order to meet the objectives listed in 4.1.1. In particular, the seismic
classification must be listed for each structure and unit of equipment, as well as the
methods for analysis, criteria, relevant parameters and illustrative drawings, which shall
be duly recorded in the project specifications. The seismic design of the units of
equipment can be performed by the engineers of the manufacturers supplying the
equipment, but the approval must be done by the professional specialist defined in 4.6.2.
4.1.6 Location
In order to determine the location of the industry the risks posed by other phenomena
associated to seismic action must be taken into consideration, such as topographical
amplification, tidal waves, displacements due to faults and landslides, liquation or
densification of the soil. To address these issues, in addition to complying with what is set
forth in 4.2 of the MCh433.Of96, it shall be necessary to execute the corresponding
geological, topographical, tidal waves and geotechnical surveys applicable, which must be
carried out by experienced professionals.
4.2 Manners in which to specify seismic action
Seismic action can be specified in one of the following ways:
a) By means of horizontal & vertical seismic coefficients, applicable to the weights of
the various parts in which the seismic system has been divided for analysis, according
to what is set forth in 5.3, 5.5 and 5.6.
b) By means of response spectrums of linear systems with a certain degree of freedom
for horizontal and vertical translation of the foundation soil, according to what is set
forth in 5.4 and 5.5.

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c) By providing descriptive values of the movements of the soil, such as the maximums
for soil acceleration, velocity and displacement, both in horizontal direction as well
vertical or other similar, according to what is set forth in 5.8.1.
d) By means of actual or synthetic accelerograms duly formulated for horizontal and
vertical movements of the foundation soil , according to what is set forth in 5.8.2.
When using one of alternatives a) or b) what is set forth in 4.1 of NCh433.Of96 must be
followed, regarding seismic zoning of the national territory (Figure 5.1 and Table 5.1), and
in 4.2 of said standard, with regards to the effects on foundation soil (Table 5.3) and of
the topography on the characteristics of seismic movement.
The use of alternatives c) or d) must be based on the results of seismic hazard surveys,
that address regional and local seismic characteristics, the geological, geotechnical and
topographical conditions, and the direct and indirect consequences of failures in
structures and equipment. In any event it is necessary to meet what is specified in 5.8.1
and 5.8.2.
If it is suspected that close field effects exist, a special analysis must be made that
addresses them.
4.3 Classification of structures and units of equipment according to importance
4.3.1 Classification
For all purposes pertaining to the application of this standard, structures and equipment
are classified in categories according to their importance as follows:
-

Category C1. Critical projects, due to any of the reasons shown below:
a) Vital, that must be kept in operation to control fires or explosions and ecological
damage, and provide attention for health and first aid requirements of those
affected.
b) Dangerous, where failure involves the risk of fire, explosion or pollution of the air
or waters.
c) Essential, where failure may cause prolonged shutdowns and major losses in
productivity.

Category C2. Regular projects, that can experience minor failures that can be
repaired quickly and do not cause prolonged shutdowns or major losses in
productivity, and that do not endanger other projects of category C1.

Category C3. Minor or temporary projects and equipment, where seismic failure
would not cause prolonged shutdowns, and would not endanger other projects of
categories C1 & C2.

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4.3.2 Importance Coefficients

Each category has a corresponding importance coefficient I, with the following values:
C1 I = 1,20
C2 I = 1,00
C3 I = 0,80
4.4 Coordination with other standards
4.4.1 Chilean standards
The provisions in this standard must be applied together with what is provided in other
load or design standards for each type of material, according to what is set forth in 5.3 of
NCh433.Of96.
4.4.1 Foreign standards
For each of the loads or materials not provided for in 5.2 and 5.3 of NCh433.Of96,
internationally recognized standards or criteria must be used, accepted by the
professional specialist approving the project (see 4.6.2).
Furthermore, said standards and criteria must comply with the basic principles and
hypotheses listed in 4.1 of this standard.
4.5 Load Combinations
The combination of seismic requirements with permanent loads and the various types of
overloads must be made using the superimposing rules listed below:
a) When the design is made with the admissible tensions method:

*)

i)

CP + aSC + SO*) + SA*) + Horizontal Earthquake + Vertical Earthquake**)

ii)

CP + SA*) + Horizontal Earthquake + Vertical Earthquake**)

The SO and SA loads are combined with the earthquake only if for these one of the
two following conditions is confirmed:
i)

The SA action is derived from the occurrence of the earthquake, and must be
considered with its symbol.

ii)

It is normal to expect that when the earthquake starts the SO action is ongoing
and is not interrupted during the earthquake and due to its action.
If the earthquake should have an effect such that the SO or SA action is
necessarily interrupted when the basal accelerations commence, this action must
not be taken into consideration.

**)

The vertical earthquake shall be taken into considered in the cases included in
5.1.1 and the magnitude shall be determined according to 5.5.

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In these combinations the admissible tensions can be increased by 33.3%.

b) When the design is made with the ultimate loads method:
i)

1,2 CP + aSC + SO*) + SA*) + Horizontal Earthquake + Vertical Earthquake**)

ii)

0,9 CP + SA*) + Horizontal Earthquake + 0,3 Vertical Earthquake**)

In which:
a=

the factor that affects the determined overload SC without considering any type of
reduction. It must be taken as equal to 1,0, unless where in agreement with a
process engineer, the reduction of the figure above is allowed, which must provide
for the probability of the simultaneous occurrence of the overload together with
the seismic requirement level listed in this standard. In any case, the value of a
shall those listed below as a minimum:

TYPE OF PREMISES

Warehouses and in general laydown (storage) areas with a low rotation rate

0,50

Normal use areas, operation platforms

0,25

Diagonal braces that support vertical loads

1,00

Maintenance walkways and roofs

b=

amplification factor of seismic loads, defined as a function of the methods of

analysis currently used for various materials. Takes on the following values:

Steel structures or equipment

b = 1.1

Concrete structures or equipment

b = 1.4

In the combinations i) listed in a) and b) above, the + and symbols for the vertical
earthquake must be applied such that an effect is achieved that is added to that produced
by loads CP and SC. In the combinations ii) listed in a) and b) above, the + and symbols
for the vertical earthquake must be applied such that the reverse effect is achieved, that
is, reduce the effect of loads CP and SC.

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The seismic requirement is an eventual load that is not to be superimposed on other

eventual loads. For special locations in mountainous and elevated areas, where there can
normally be wind or snow of great magnitude and duration, special surveys must be
performed in order to determine the values of these loads that have a probable
coincidence with the design earthquake.
If it is necessary to assess various levels of content in vessels, pipelines or tanks, the
number of these combinations increases to cover the different situations.
4.6 Seismic design project and review
4.6.1 The original seismic design must be carried out by professional specialists, (see
3.1.12). The only exception is for units of equipment designed by overseas suppliers.
4.6.2 The seismic design of all structures and of their equipment and anchors, whichever
the origin may be, must be approved by professional specialists, other than the designers.
4.6.3 The drawings and engineering calculations must include as a minimum the
information specified in 5.11 of NCh433.Of96. The drawings and engineering calculations
must be signed by the original design engineer listed in 4.6.1, and by the professional
specialist listed in 4.6.2.
The only exception shall be the C3 category structures and equipment, where the
submittal of drawings signed by the original designer shall be sufficient, listing the
dimensions and materials of the stress resistant members, weights, centers of gravity and
anchoring details. 0
4.6.4 The revision and approval of the seismic design does not release the original
designers from their full responsibility regarding compliance with the standards and
specifications.
4.7 General provision regarding the application of this standard
If the type of structure is explicitly referenced in this standard the corresponding design
provisions must be used. If the structure can be associated to various classifications that
imply different design provisions, the most stringent must be applied.

5 Seismic Analysis
5.1 General provisions
5.1.1 Seismic requirement direction
The structures must be analyzed, as a minimum, for seismic actions in two approximately
perpendicular horizontal directions.

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The effect of vertical seismic accelerations must be considered in the cases listed below:
a) Suspension bars for hanging units and the support members and steel beams that
are made of welded, laminated or folded materials, with or without collaborating
slab, located in seismic zone, in which the permanent loads represent over 75% of
the total load.
b) Structure and elements of precompressed concrete (prestressed and poststressed).
c) Foundations and anchors and support members of structures and equipment.
d) Any other structure or member in which the variation of the vertical seismic action
significantly affects their dimensioning, such as for example, braced structures or
members.
e) Structures with insulation that is sensitive to vertical effects.
5.1.2 Combination of the effects of horizontal earthquake components
For the design of earthquake resistant structural members, in general, it is not necessary
to combine the effects the effects caused by two horizontal components of the seismic
action. It is possible to proceed as if those effects were not concurrent, and as a
consequence, the members can be designed for the earthquake acting according to each
of the directions of analysis considered separately.
The exception to this simplifying rule is structures that exhibit notorious torsional
irregularities or that have, in both directions, rigid frames with common columns to two
intersecting resistant lines. In such cases, the members must be designed for the stresses
obtained when considering 100% of the seismic requirement that acts in one direction
plus the stresses obtained from considering 30% of the seismic requirement acting in a
direction that is orthogonal to the above, and vice versa. The greater stresses that are the
result of the above two combinations must be considered.
5.1.3 Seismic mass for the structural model
For the calculation of the horizontal inertia stresses during an earthquake, the
operational overloads can be reduced according to the probability of their simultaneous
occurrence with the design earthquake.
Notwithstanding the above, the use overloads can be reduced by multiplying them by the
coefficients shown below:
- Roofs, platforms and walkways both for operation as well as for maintenance

:0

- Storage warehouses, filing rooms and similar

: 0,5

In order to determine the effects of the vertical earthquake in the cases listed in 5.1.1, the
reduction of vertical loads must not be considered, except for those listed in NCh1537 for
use overloads.

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5.2 Methods of analysis

5.2.1 Overview
The seismic analysis shall be generally carried out using linear methods, for a seismic
action specified according to 4.2a), or 4.2b), or 4.2c).
In special cases the analysis can be based on non linear response, for a seismic action
specified according to 4.2d).
5.2.2 Linear methods
Three procedures can be used:
a) Static analysis or of equivalent stresses, only for structures 20 m high, provided that
the seismic response can be assimilated into a system with one degree of freedom.
b) Spectral modal analysis, for all types of structures.
c) Special methods for structures with elastic behavior, according to what is set forth in
5.8.
5.2.3 Non linear methods
The methods of non linear analysis represent one of the special analysis methods listed in
5.8 and meet the time-history analysis conditions in 5.8.2.
According to the principles of the standard in 4.1, non linear incursions must be
controlled in order to guarantee the continuity of industry operation.
The non linear method must appropriately model the resistive capacity and the
performance of the structural members backed by laboratory tests performed for this
purpose or by normally accepted experimental studies.
The ductility demand must not exceed the limit established according to the damage
allowed, but in no section shall it be greater than 2/3 of the local ductility available.
The maximum calculated non linear displacements must not be reduced and must meet
the limits listed in 6.3.
The non linear model may include the dynamic interaction of soil structure, but its
influence shall be limited to 75% of the results obtained from the same non linear model
but with a rigid base.

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5.3 Elastic static analysis

5.3.1 Mathematical model of the structure
5.3.1.1 The mathematical model of the structure must be capable of adequately
representing the transfer of requirements from the application points towards the
supports. To meet this objective, it is necessary to include, at least, all the members of the
earthquake resistant structure, the rigidity and resistance of those relevant members in
the distribution of stresses and the correct spatial location of the masses.
5.3.1.2 In general, a three-dimensional model must be used, excepting cases where the
performance can be predicted with flat models.
5.3.1.3 In structures without rigid horizontal diaphragms, it is necessary to define a
sufficient number of nodal degrees of freedom associated to translational masses.
Wherever necessary, the rotational masses must also be taken into consideration.
5.3.1.4 In structures with rigid horizontal diaphragms, a model with three degrees of
freedom per floor may be used.
5.3.1.5 In structures that support units of equipment that have an influence on their
response, the mathematical model must consider the equipment-structure assembly.
5.3.1.6 For major hanging units of equipment, the mathematical model must include the
suspension and interconnecting devices between the unit and the supporting structure.
5.3.1.7 If the soil characteristics or the type of foundation make it necessary to consider
the effect of soil-structure interaction, uncoupled springs may be used for translation and
turning.
5.3.1.8 The effects of natural torsion and accidental torsion must only be considered in
the elevations that are provided with rigid diaphragm. The effect of accidental torsion can
be included considering the possible variations in the distribution of own loads and
overloads. In the event that no information should be available to perform the above, what
is provided in 6.2.8 of standard NCh433.Of96 must be used.
5.3.2 Horizontal base shear stress
The horizontal shear stress at the base must be calculated according to the expression
below:
Q0 = CIP

(5-1)

Where:
Q0 = shear stress at the base;
C = seismic coefficient, defined in 5.3.3;

- 17 -

NCh2369

I = importance coefficient specified in 4.3.2;

P = total weight of the building over the base elevation, calculated as shown in 5.1.3. For
the effects of this calculation, the base elevation is considered to be the plane which
separates the foundation from the structure, excepting where the professional specialist
states the opposite.
5.3.3 The seismic coefficient is determined from:

2,75 A0
C=
gR

T,

*
T

0,05

0, 4

(5-2)

where:
A0

= maximum effective acceleration defined in Table 5.2 according to the

seismic zoning established in Figure 5.1 and Table 5.1;

T,n

= parameters that depends on the type of foundation soil, that are

determined from Tables 5.3 and 5.4;

T*

= fundamental vibration period in the direction of analysis;

= modification factor of the response established in Table 5.6;

= damping rate established in Table 5.5.;

5.3.3.1 The value C does not need to be greater than what is indicated in Table 5.7.
5.3.3.2 In no case shall the value C be less than 0,25 A0/g.
5.3.4 Fundamental vibration period
The fundamental vibration period T* must be calculated with a theoretic procedure or
proven empiric procedure.
5.3.5 Distribution at height
The seismic stresses must be distributed at height according to the formula below:

Equation

(5-3)

Equation

(5-4)

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NCh2369

Where:
Fk

= horizontal stress in level k;

Pk , Pj

= seismic weight in levels k and j;

Ak

= parameter in level, k (k = 1 in the lower level);

= number of levels

Qo

= base shear stress;

Zk , Zk-1

= height over the base of levels k and k-1;

= height of the highest elevation over the base elevation;

5.4 Elastic dynamic analysis

5.,4.1 Mathematical model of the structure
Provisions 5.3.1.1 to 5.3.1.7 from the static elastic analysis must be used.
5.4.2 Design Spectrum
The spectral modal analysis must be performed for the following design spectrum:
Equation

(5-5)

where:
T = vibration mode of the considered period
However, the value of Sa must not be greater than ICmax x g, where Cmax is determined
from Table 5.7.
5.4.3 Number of modes
The analysis must include sufficient vibrating modes so that the sum of the equivalent
masses, in each analysis direction, is equal or greater than 90% of the total mass.

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NCh2369

5.4.4 Model superimposition

The seismic stresses and deformations must be calculated superimposing the maximum
modal values by the Complete Quadratic Superimposing method, according to the
formulas below:
Equation

(5-6)

Equation

(5-7)

where:
S

= modal combination;

Si , S j

= maximum values of the contributions of modes i and j;

Cij

= coupling coefficient between modes i and j;

= damping rate established in Table 5.5.;

T i ,Tj

= period of modes i and j;

5.4.5 Minimum base shear stress

If the stress in base shear Qo is less than the following value:

Equation

(5-8)

all the deformations and stresses must be multiplied by the quotient Qmin/ Qo for design
effects.
5.4.6 Accidental torsion
The effect of accidental torsion must only be considered in the elevations that are
provided with rigid diaphragm. In such cases, this effect can be included considering the
possible variations in the distribution of own loads and overloads. In the event that no
information should be available to perform the above, what is provided in 6.3.4 of
standard NCh433.Of96 must be used.

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NCh2369

5.5 Vertical seismic analysis

5.5.1 Vertical seismic action can be considered in static manner, in the manner listed
below:
a) For the cases listed in 5.1.1 a) and 5.1.1 b) an equal vertical seismic coefficient must
be applied, especially elements equal to Ao/g. In this manner the vertical seismic
stress must be: Fv = + (Ao/g) IP, where P is the sum of the permanent loads and
overloads.
b) For the cases provided for in 5.1.1 c) and 5.1.1. d), the seismic coefficient must be
2Ao/3g.
c)

For the cases provided for in 5.1.1 e), what is set forth in 5.9 must be followed.

5.5.2 Alternatively, a vertical dynamic analysis can be developed with the accelerations
spectrum indicated in the expression (5-5), for R=3 and = 0,03. In this case, the spectral
arranged does not need to be greater than IAo. Damping factors greater than 0,03 must be
specially justified.
5.6 Solid and rigid units of equipment supported on the ground
This provision refers to units with their own fundamental period lower or equal to 0,06 s,
including the effect of the system that connects the unit to the foundation.
These units can be designed with the static analysis method, with a horizontal seismic
coefficient equal to 0,7 Ao/g and a vertical seismic coefficient equal to 0,5 Ao/g.
5.7 Design by horizontal differential displacements
For bridges or walkways that join buildings, towers or other units it is necessary to
provide horizontal supports that allow actual seismic displacement between structures or
equipment listed in 6.2.
On no account must the support length be less than S, where:
S {cm} = 20 + 0,2L + 0,5H; L < 60m

(5-9)

where
S = minimum support length (see Figure 5,2);
L = clearance in meters of the bridge or walkway between supports;
H = height in meters of the supports of the bridge or walkway over the foundation
seal of the highest structure or the.

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NCh2369

5.8 Special Analyses

5.8.1 Spectral analyses
5.8.1.1 Special spectrums can be developed applicable to a certain project, such that they
take into consideration the characteristics and importance of the works to be executed,
the site geotechnical conditions, the distance from the seismogenic sources, their
characteristics, and the local amplification or reduction factors of the intensity of the
movement of the ground as a function of the location topography, of the eventual effects
of the direction of the waves, or of the configuration or constitution of the subsoil.
To this end parameters can be defined such as the maximum values for acceleration, for
soil velocity and displacement, and by means of these configure special spectrums for the
viscous damping levels in Table 5.5, or define others that allow formulations similar to
those contained in NCh433.Of96.
5.8.1.2 For design purposes, the definition of maximum acceleration values, velocity and
displacement must take into consideration the historical background and deterministic
information that can be applied or related to the study site, which can be supplemented
with probabilistic figures obtained from seismic risk analyses developed for earthquakes
with a return period of 100 years. In the risk analysis the attenuation formulas used shall
correspond to the values expected from acceleration, velocity or displacement, that
correspond to the seismogenic stresses considered in the study.
5.8.1.3 The base shear stresses obtained with the spectrum defined by means of this
special analysis must not be less than 75% and do not need to be greater than 125% of
those achieved with the methods listed in 5.4.
5.8.2 Time-history analysis
5.8.2.1 For time-history analysis at least three actual records must be used, that
represent the seismogenic zones considered, escalated such that the spectrum resulting
from the combination of the spectrums from each record, by means of the square root of
the average of the squares of the individually escalated values, is not within any point in
the interest frequencies range below the design spectrum defined in 5.8.1.
5.8.2.2 Alternatively, a synthetic record can be used the spectrum of which provides
values that are higher than those defined in 5.8.1, for the entire interest frequency range.
5.8.2.3 When three different records are used, the maximum values of the interest
parameter shall be adopted for the design, obtained by the application of each one of
these. In this definition it is understood that interest parameter is the requirement, axial
stress, shear, flection moment or deformation obtained for each member in particular or
for the structure considered in a global manner.

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NCh2369

5.8.2.4 When the time-history analysis is linear the resulting stresses in the members
can be divided by the R factors listed in Table 5.6, provided that the displacements
calculated are compatible with the limits imposed in 6.3.
5.8.2.5 The time-history analysis must be performed considering each time movements in
only one of the main structure directions, acting simultaneously with the vertical
excitation.
5.8.2.6 In the time-history analyses, damping must be taken from Table 5.5 and the
duration of the record must be equal to or greater than 120 s. unless a seismic risk study
establishes the use of a different duration.
5.8.3 Minimum base shear stress
If the base section stress determined in accordance to 5.8.1 or 5.8.2 results in a value
lower than the one below:
Equation

(5-10)

all the deformations and stresses must be multiplied by the quotient Qmin / Qo for design
effects, excepting in the event that a non linear time-history analysis.
5.9 Structures with seismic isolation or energy dissipators
5.9.1 General overview
5.9.1.1 Seismic isolation and energy dissipators are understood to be any device
incorporated into the resistant scheme of a structure intended to modify the dynamic
properties, either by altering its fundamental vibration period, increasing its energy
dissipation capacity or modifying the distribution of stresses, in order to improve its
seismic response.
5.9.1.2 The resistant system of the structure to lateral stresses and the isolation and / or
energy dissipation system must be designed to resist the deformation demand and
resistance produced by the seismic movement, in accordance with what is specified in
5.9, 5.8.1 and 5.8.2 of this standard.
5.9.1.3 The mathematical model of the physical structure must represent the distribution
of the masses and rigidity of the structure at a level that is appropriate for the calculation
of the significant characteristics of its dynamic response. A tridimensional model of the
superstructure must be used that includes vertical displacements in the isolators. For
cases such as those listed in 5.1.1 e) the model must include the vertical freedom degrees
in the dynamic analysis. The damping rates used must be those that correspond to the
isolation or energy dissipation systems.

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NCh2369

5.9.1.4 The analysis and verification of the isolation and energy dissipation systems must
be performed by means of a spectral modal analysis or response history over time or in
frequencies. The spectral modal analysis may only be used if the device or isolator is
susceptible to being modeled in a validated equivalent linear manner.
5.9.1.5 The spectral analyses (see 5.4 and 5.8.1) or response history (see 5.8.2) must be
performed considering the horizontal components, one at a time, acting in the plant in the
most unfavorable direction simultaneously with the vertical component, where necessary
according to 5.1.1 e).
5.9.1.6 The constitutive relations stress-deformation considered in the analysis for the
selected devices, must be duly established and backed by laboratory tests.
5.9.1.7 In structures provided with isolation and / or energy dissipation systems the base
shear limitations listed in 5.3.3.2 and 5.4.5 are not applicable. Likewise, in structures
with isolators the limitation for maximum deformation listed in 6.3 is only applicable to
the superstructure and not to the isolation interface.
5.9.2 Structures with seismic isolation
The seismic isolation systems must be analyzed and designed in accordance with the
provisions of NCh2745.
5.9.3 Structures with energy dissipators
5.9.3.1 Any structure with an energy dissipation system must be designed using the
spectrums described in 5.4 or 5.8 and subsequently verified using three records
compatible with the level of demand implied in the design spectrum, in accordance with
the methodology listed in 5.8.2.
5.9.3.2 The seismic analysis of structures with energy dissipation systems must be
performed using dynamic analysis procedures that adequately consider the stressdeformation constitutive relationship of the devices included in the structure.
5.9.3.3 The dissipation systems to be used in a structure must have been previously
subjected to experimental studies that confirm a stable cyclic behavior of the device, as
well as possible variations of its properties with temperature.
5.10 Other structures not specifically referred to in this standard
If the base shear stress Qo determined for these structures results in a value less than the
value below:

Qmin = 0,50 I

Ao
P
g

(5-11)

all the deformations and stresses must be multiplied by the quotient Qmin/ Qo for design
effects.
This provision does not apply to structures that are explicitly referred to in Table 5.6.

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NCh2369

Table 5.1 Seismic Zoning by Municipalities for Fourth to Ninth Regions

Region

4th

5th

Zone 3
Andacollo
Combarbal
Coquimbo
Ilapel
La Higuera
La Serea
Los Vilos
Minche
Monte Patria
Ovalle
Paiguano
Puntaqui
Rio Hurtado
Salamanca
Vicua
Algarrobo
Cabildo
Calera
Cartagena
Casablanca
Catemu
Concn
El Quisco
El Tabo
Hijuelas
La Cruz
La Ligua
Limache
Llayllay
Nogales
Olmu
Panqueque
Papudo
Petorca
Puchuncav
Putaendo
Quillota
Quilpu
Quintero
Rinconada
San Antonio
San Felipe
Santa Mara
Santo Domingo
Valparaso
Villa Alemana
Via del Mar
Zapallar

Zone 2

Calle Larga
Los Andes
San Esteban

- 25 -

Zone 1

NCh2369

Table 5.1 Seismic Zoning by Municipalities for Fourth to Ninth Regions (continued)
Region

Metropolitan

Zone 3
Alhu
Curacav
El Monte
Lampa
Mara Pinto
Melipilla
San Pedro
Tiltil

Zone 2
Buin
Calera de Tango
Cerrillos
Cerro Navia
Colina
Conchal
El Bosque
Estacin Central
Huechuraba
Independencia
Isla de Maipo
La Cistera
La Florida
La Granja
La Pintana
La Reina
Las Condes
Lo Barnechea
Lo Espejo
Lo Prado
Macul
Maip
uoa
Paine
Pedro Aguirre Cerda
Peaflor
Pealoln
Pirque
Providencia
Pudahuel
Puente Alto
Quilicura
Quinta Normal
Recoleta
Renca
San Bernardo
San Joaqun
San Jos de Maipo
San Miguel
San Ramn
Santiago
Talagante
Vitacura

- 26 -

Zone 1

NCh2369

Table 5.1 Seismic Zoning by Municipalities for Fourth to Ninth Regions (continued)
Region

6th

7th

Zone 3
La Estrella
Las Cabras
Litueche
Lolol
Marchige
Navidad
Palmilla
Paralillo
Paredones
Peumo
Pichidigua
Pichilemu
Purranque
Santa Cruz

Cauquenes
Charico
Constitucin
Curepto
Empedrado
Huala
Licantn
Maule
Pelluhue
Pencahue
San Javier
Talca
Vichuqun

Zone 2
Chpica
Chimbarongo
Codegua
Coinco
Coitauco
Doihue
Graneros
Machal
Malloa
Mostazal
Nancagua
Olivar
Placilla
Quinta de Tilcoco
Rancagua
Rengo
Requnoa
San Fernando
San Vicente de Tagua Tagua
Colbn
Curic
Linares
Longav
Molina
Parral
Pelarco
Rauco
Retiro
Rio Claro
Romeral
Sagrada Familia
San Clemente
Teno
Villa Alegre
Yerbas Buenas

- 27 -

Zone 1

NCh2369

Table 5.1Seismic Zoning by Municipalities for Fourth to Ninth Regions (conclusion)

Region

8th

9th

Zone 3
Arauco
Bulnes
Cabrera
Caete
Chilln
Cobquecura
Coelemu
Concepcin
Contulmo
Coronel
Curanilahue
Florida
Hualqui
Laja
Lebu
Los Alamos
Lota
Nacimiento
Negrete
Ninhue
Penco
Portezuelo
Quilln
Quirihue
Ranquil
San Carlos
San Nicols
San Rosendo
Sata Juana
Talcahuano
Tira
Tom
Treguaco
Yumbel
Angol
Carahue
Galvarino
Los Sauces
Lumaco
Nueva Imperial
Purn
Renaico
Saavedra
Teodoro Schmidt
Toltn
Traigun

Zone 2
Antuco
Coihueco
El Carmen
Los Angeles
Mulchn
iqun
Pemuco
Pinto
Quilaco
Qilleco
San Fabin
San Ignacio
Santa Brbara
Tucapel
Yungay

Zone 1

Collipulli
Cunco
Curacautn
Ercilla
Freire
Gorbea
Lautaro
Loncoche
Perquenco
Pitrufqun
Temuco
Victoria
Vilcn
Villarrica

Curarrehue
Lonquimay
Melipeuco
Pucn

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NCh2369

Table 5.2 Value of maximum effective acceleration A0

Seismic Zone
A0
1
0,20g
2
0.30g
3
0,40g
Table 5.3 - Definition of the foundation soil types (only to be used with Table 5.4)
Type
of
Description
Soil
I
Rock: Natural material with waves propagation velocity cross section in-situ Vs
equal or greater than 900 m/s, or resistance of uniaxial compression of intact
samples (without fissures) equal or greater than 10MPa and RQD equal or greater
than 50%.
II
a) Soil with Vs equal or greater than 400 m/s in the upper 10 m and increasing
with depth; or
b) Dense gravel, with dry unit weight

d equal

or greater than 20 kN/m3, or

density index ID(DR) (relative density) equal or greater than 75%, or degree of
compaction greater than 95% of the Modified Proctor Value; or
c) Dense sand, with ID(DR) greater than 75%, or Standard Penetration Index N
greater than 40 (standardized to effective overload pressure of 0,10 MPa) or
degree of compaction greater than 95% of the Modified Proctor Value; or
d) Hard cohesive soil, with a resistance to non drained shear Su equal or greater
than 0,10 Pa (resistance to simple compression qu equal or greater than 0,20
MPa) in samples with no fissures.
In all cases, the conditions listed must be fulfilled independently from the
position of the phreatic level, and the minimum thickness of the stratum must
be 20 m. If the thickness over rock is less than 20 m, the soil does not classify
as type I.
III

a) Permanently non saturated sand, with ID(DR) between 55 and 75%, or N

greater than 20 (standardized to effective overload pressure of 0,10 MPa); or
b) Non saturated gravel or sand, with a compaction degree les than 95% of the
Modified Proctor value; or
c) Cohesive soil with Su between 0,025 and 0,10 MPa (qu between 0,05 and 0,20
MPa) independently from the phreatic level; or
d) Saturated sand with N between 20 and 40 (standardized to effective overload
pressure of 0,10 MPa).
Minimum stratum thickness: 10 m. If the thickness over rock or soil is less
than 10 m, the soil will classify as type II.

IV

Saturated cohesive soil with Su equal or greater than 0,025 MPa (qu equal or greater
than 0,050 MPa).
Minimum stratum thickness: 10 m. If the thickness of the stratum over soil of
types I, II or III is less than 10 m, the soil will classify as type III.

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NCh2369

5.4 Value of parameters that depend on the type of soil

Type of Soil
I
II
III
IV

T(s)
0,20
0,35
0,62
1,35

n
1,00
1,33
1,80
1,80

Table 5.5 Damping Rates

Resistant System
Welded steel structure: stacks, silos, hoppers, pressure tanks, process
towers, piping, etc.
Bolted or riveted steel structure
Welded steel frames with or without bracing.
Steel frames with bolted field joints, with or without bracing.
Reinforced concrete and brick structures (masonry)
Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures purely gravitational
Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures with humid joints, not
expanded from non structural members and incorporated into the
structural model
Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures with humid joints expanded
from non structural members
Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures with dry joints, expanded
and non expanded
With bolted joints and connections by means of bars embedded in fill
mortar.
With welded connections
Other structures not included or assimilated to those in this list
NOTES

0,02
0,03
0,02
0,03
0,05
0,05
0,05
0,03

0,03
0,02
0,02

1) In the event that an analysis is used with soil-structure interaction, where the
resulting values of the damping rate of the first mode are greater than those
shown in these tables, the increase of this rate shall not be greater than 50% of
the listed values. The values for the remaining modes must be those listed in this
table.
2) In the event that there should be doubts regarding the classification of a resistant
system, provision 4.7 must be applied.

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NCh2369

Table 5.6 Maximum values of the response modification factor

Resistant System
Structures designed to remain elastic
Other structures not included or assimilated to those in this list 1)
Steel structures
Buildings and structures with ductile steel frames with expanded non
structural members
3.2 Buildings and structures with ductile steel frames with non expanded
non structural members and incorporated into the structural model
3.3 Buildings and structures with braced frames, with ductile anchors
3.4 Industrial single story (floor) buildings, with or without overhead
boom crane and with continuous roof bracing
3.5 Industrial single story (floor) buildings, without overhead boom crane
and without continuous roof bracing , that fulfill 11.1.2
3.6 Light steel sheds that fulfill 11.2.1
3.7 Inverted pendulum structures 2)
3.8 Isostatic seismic structures
3.9 Steel sheeting or siding structures, were the seismic behavior will be
controlled by local buckling.
4. Reinforced concrete structures
4.1 Buildings with reinforced concrete structure ductile frames with
expanded non structural members
4.2 Buildings with reinforced concrete structure ductile frames with non
expanded non structural members and incorporated into the
structural model
4.3 Buildings and structures of reinforced concrete with isolation wall
4.4 Industrial single story (floor) buildings, with or without overhead
crane and with continuous roof bracing
4.5 Industrial single story (floor) buildings, without overhead crane and
without continuous roof bracing , that fulfill 11.1.2
1.
2.
3.
3.1

R
1
2
5
3
5
5
3
4
3
3
3
5
3
5
5
3
continued

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NCh2369

Table 5.6 Maximum values of the response modification factor (continued)

Resistant System
4.6.Inverted pendulum structures 2)
4.7 Isostatic seismic structures
5. Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures
5.1 Purely gravitational prefabricated structures
5.2 Prefabricated structures with humid joints with non expanded non
structural members and incorporated into the structural model
5.3 Prefabricated structures with humid joints with expanded non
structural members
5.4 Prefabricated structures with dry joints, expanded and non expanded,
with:

R
3
3

With bolted joints and connections by means of bars embedded in

fill mortar. 3)

With welded connections

3)

5.5 Prefabricated inverted pendulum structures 2) or braced pillars

5.6 Isostatic seismic structures
6. Buildings and structures of brickwork (masonry)
6.1 Reinforced block masonry with all spaces filled
6.2 Reinforced block masonry without spaces filled, and reinforced
grill type ceramic masonry
6.3 Confined masonry
7. Tanks, vessels, stacks, silos and hoppers
7.1 Stacks, silos and hoppers with continuous shell reaching the ground
7.2 Silos, hoppers, tanks supported on columns, with or without bracing
between columns
7.3 Steel vertical axis tanks with continuous shell reaching the
ground
7.4 Reinforced concrete vertical axis tanks with continuous shell
reaching the ground
7.5 Tanks and ducts of compound synthetic materials (FRP, GFRP, HDPE
and similar)
7.6 Horizontal vessels supported on beds with ductile anchors

- 32 -

5
3
5

3
3
4
3
4
3
4
4
3
3
4
continued

NCh2369

Table 5.6 Maximum values of the response modification factor (conclusion)

Resistant System
8. Towers, piping and Units of Equipment
8.1 Process towers
8.2 Wood or plastic cooling towers
8.3 Electrical control cabinets bolted to the floor
8.4 Steel piping, excepting the connection fittings
9. Storage shelves
NOTES

R
3
4
3
5
4

1) Excepting where a study confirms that a value for R can be used other than 2,
structures with a resistant system explicitly referenced in this table are not to be
incorporated into this classification.
2) More than 50% of the mass on the upper level. A single resistive member.
3) The value R - 4 is an upper limit. If the R value is less for the equivalent reinforced
concrete structural system, this lower value must be used.
4) In the event that there should be doubts regarding the classification of a resistant
system, provision 4.7 must be applied.

Table 5.7 Maximum values for the seismic coefficient

Cmax.
R
= 0,02
= 0,03
= 0,05
1
0,79
0,68
0,55
2
0,60
0,49
0,42
3
0,40
0,34
0,28
4
0,32
0,27
0,22
5
0,26
0,23
0,18
NOTE: The listed values are valid for seismic zone 3. For seismic zones 2 and 1, the
values in this table must be multiplied by 0,75 and 0,50, correspondingly.

- 33 -

NCh2369

Figure 5.1 a) Seismic zoning in Regions I, II & III

- 34 -

NCh2369

Figure 5.1 b) Seismic zoning in Regions IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X &
Metropolitan Zone

- 35 -

NCh2369

Figure 5.1

c) Seismic zoning in Regions XI & XII

- 36 -

NCh2369

Fixed Support

Mobile support

Figure 5.2

6 Seismic Deformations
6.1 Calculation of deformations
When the analysis is made with seismic requirements reduced by factor R, the
deformations must be determined from:

d = d 0 + R1 d d

(6-1)

where:
d

= seismic deformation;

do

= deformation due to non seismic service loads;

R1

= factor resulting from the multiplication of the R value obtained from Table 5.6
times quotient Qo/Qmin providing Qo/Qmin is lower or equal to 1,0. However, for
quotient Qo/Qmin a value lower than 0,5 should not be used. In the event that this
quotient is greater than 1,0, R1=R should be used;

dd

= deformation calculated with seismic requirements reduced by the R factor.

If anelastic methods are used, deformation d must be obtained directly from the analysis.

- 37 -

NCh2369
6.2 Separation between structures
6.2.1 In order to avoid adjacent structures hitting one another, the separation between
these must be greater than the highest of the following values:
equation

(6-2)

equation

(6-3)

where:
ddi , ddj

= deformations of structures i and j calculated according to 6.1;

Ri i , R i j

= modification factors R1 of the response used to design structures i and j;

hi , h j

= heights at the considered elevation, of structures i and j measured from

the corresponding basal elevations.

6.2.2 The separation between the structure and non structural, rigid or fragile members,
where it is desired to avoid impact, must be higher than the relative deformation between
the elevations where the element is located, calculated with corresponding values for d,
but not less than 0,005 times the height of the element.
6.3 Maximum seismic deformations
Seismic deformations must be limited to values that do not cause damage to piping,
electrical systems or other elements joined to the structure that must be protected.
However, deformations calculated with the expression (6-1) must not exceed the values
below:
a) Prefabricated concrete structures exclusively comprised by an earthquake resistant
system based on walls connected by dry joints.
dmax. = 0,002 h

(6-4)

b) Structures with brickwork (masonry) walls with rigid partitions joined to the
structure.
dmax. = 0,003 h

(6-5)

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c) Unbraced frames with expanded masonry filling

dmax. = 0,0075 h

(6-6)

d) Other structures
dmax. = 0,015 h

(6-7)

where:
h

= height of the floor or between two points located on the same vertical.

The above limitations can be omitted if it is proved that a greater deformation can be
tolerated by the structural and non structural members.
6.4 P-Delta Effect
The P-Delta effect must be considered when the seismic deformations exceed value:
d = 0,015 h

(6-8)

7 Secondary elements and equipment erected on structures

7.1 Scope
Secondary elements are defined as partitions and other appendages attached to the
resistant structure but that are not a part of it. Units of equipment anchored at various
elevations of the structure must fulfill what is provided in 11.3.2.
7.2 Stresses for seismic design
7.2.1 According to 5.3.1.5, in the event that a secondary element or unit of equipment
has been included in the modeling of the structure that supports it, these must be
designed with the following horizontal seismic stress, acting in any direction:

Fp =

1,2 Q p R1
Rp

< Pp

(7-1)

where:
Qp

= shear stress present in the base of the secondary element or unit of

equipment according to the analysis of the building with seismic requirements
reduced by the R factor;

R1

= factor defined in 6.1;

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NCh2369

Rp

= modification factor of the response of the secondary element or unit of

equipment, according to Table 7.1;

Pp

= weight of the secondary element or unit of equipment.

7.2.2 If the unit of equipment does not need to be included in the modeling of the
structure, excepting its mass, the design of the secondary elements and units of
equipment must be performed with the following seismic stresses:
a) When acceleration ap is known at the level of support of the element or unit of
equipment, obtained from a dynamic modal analysis of the building with seismic
requirements reduced by factor R:

Fp =

3,0 a p K p
Rp

Pp < Pp

(7-2)

where coefficient Kp must be determined alternatively by means of one of the following two
procedures:
i)

Kp = 2,2

ii)

Kp = 0,5 +

(7-3)

0,5

(1 2 ) 2 + 0,3

(7-4)

where:
=1

for 0,8 T * < Tp < 1,1 T

= 1,25 (Tp/T *)

for Tp < 0,8 T

= 0,91 (Tp/T *)

for Tp < 1,1 T

where:
Tp =

own period of the fundamental vibration mode of the secondary element, including
its anchoring system, and T * is the period of the mode with greatest translational
mass equivalent to the structure in the direction in which the secondary element
can enter into resonance. In order to determine a value for T * of less than 0,06s
cannot be used.

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NCh2369

b) When a dynamic modal analysis of the building has not been performed:

Fp =

0,7 a k K p

Rp

Pp < Pp

(7-5)

where:
= acceleration at elevation k where the secondary element or unit of equipment is
erected, which is determined according to 7.2.4.

ak

7.2.3 When the characteristics of the building or the elevation at which the secondary
element or unit of equipment is to be erected are not known, the design can be performed
with the seismic stress from formula (7-5) using Kp = 2,2 and ak = 4 Ao/g.
7.2.4 The acceleration at elevation k of the structure must be determined from:

ak =

A0
Z
1 + 3 k
g
H

(7-6)

where:
Ao

= maximum effective acceleration defined in 5.3.3;

Zk

= height of elevation k over the base elevation

= total height of the building over the base elevation

7.2.5 The design seismic stress determined according to 7.2.1 or 7.2.2 must not be lower
than 0,8 Ao Pp/g.
7.3 Stresses for anchors design
7.3.1 All the secondary elements and units of equipment must be appropriately anchored
to the resistant structure by means of bolts or other devices. Their design must be
performed with the seismic stresses established in 7.2, with the modifications listed in
7.3.2 and 7.3.3.
7.3.2 When the anchoring system to concrete elements includes superficial anchor bolts,
(those with a length/diameter rate below 8), the seismic stresses listed in 7.2 must be
increased by 50%, or alternatively must be calculated with Rp equal to 1,5. The same
provision applies when the anchor bolts are designed without the exposed length specified
8.6.2.
7.3.3 When the anchoring system is manufactured with non ductile materials, the
seismic stresses listed in 7.2 must be amplified by 3, or alternatively must be calculated
with Rp equal to 1,0.

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7.4 Automatic trip (shutdown) systems

Ducts, vessels, and equipment that contain gases or liquids at high temperature, or are
explosive or toxic, must be provided with an automatic shutdown system that fulfills what
is required in 8.5.4 of NCh433.Of96.
Table 7.1 - Maximum values for the response modification factor for secondary
elements and equipment
-

Secondary element or unit of equipment

Rigid or flexible units or elements, with non ductile materials or
additions.

Prefabricated secondary elements. Braced elements. Partitions.

Electrical and mechanical equipment in general.

Stacks, tanks, steel towers.

Other cases not specified in this table

Storage shelves

Secondary structures

Rp
1,5

8 Special provisions for steel structures

8.1 Applicable standards
Until the new version of the Chilean standard for dimensioning and construction of steel
structures is made official, the provisions included in this standard must be used,
supplemented by provisions from the standards listed below.
a) Load and Resistance Factor Design Specifications for Structural Steel Buildings, 1998,
by the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC); or alternatively, Specifications
for Structural Steel Buildings, Allowable Stress Design, 1989, by AISC.
b) Specifications for the Design of Cold Formed Steel Structural Members, 1996, by the
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI); for the design of cold formed members not
included in the AISC standards.
c) In matters related to seismic design, the AISC standards must be supplemented with
the provisions in Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, Part 1: Structural
Steel Buildings, 1999, by AISC. Alternatively, the provisions in clause number 8 of
Attachment B of this standard may be used.

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8.2 Materials
8.2.1 Structural steel must fulfill the requirements listed below:
-

Have a marked natural ductility meseta in the traction test with a value for the
fluency limit below 0,85 of the resistance to breakage and minimum breakage
lengthening of 20% in the 50 mm sample.

Guaranteed weldability according to the AWS standard.

Minimum tenacity of 27 Joules at 21 in the Charpy test according to ASTM A 6.

Fluency limit not over 450 MPa.

8.2.2 In addition to the conditions specified in 8.2.1, the materials must fulfill some of
the following specifications:
-

ASTM A 36, A 242, A 572 Gr. 42 & 50, A 588 Gr. 50, A 913 and A 992 for frames;
sheets, bars, common bolts and anchor bolts.

DIN 17 100, qualities St. 44.2, St. 44.3 and St. 52.3 for the same elements.

NCh203 A 42-27ES, A 37-24ES and NCh 1159 A 52-34ES for the same elements.

ASTM A 500 Gr. B & C, A 501 & A 502 for structural tubes.

AWS 5 for welds.

Materials that comply with specifications equivalent to the above and that are approved
by the professional specialists of each project may be used.
8.2.3 Earthquake resistant butt-welds must be full penetration with electrodes of a
minimum tenacity of 27 Joules at 29 C in the Charpy test according to ASTM A 6.
8.3 Braced frames
8.3.1 No configurations shall be allowed with diagonal braces that work in traction only,
except for light steel sheds that comply with the provisions in 11.2.
8.3.2 In a typical resistant line there must be diagonals that work in traction and
diagonals that work in compression. The resistance provided by the tractioned diagonals,
for each direction of seismic action, must be as a minimum 30% of the shear stress of the
resistant line at the corresponding elevation.
8.3.3 The members of vertical earthquake resistant systems working in compression,
must have width / thickness rates of less than r, according to Table 8.1 (see Figure 8.1).
The slenderness of the member must not be less than 1,5

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E / Fy

NCh2369

8.3.4 Diagonals in X configuration must be connected at the crossing points. Said point
may be considered fixed in the perpendicular direction to the plane of the diagonals for
the purpose of determining the buckling length of the piece, when one of the diagonals is
continuous.
8.3.5 In industrial buildings with V or inverted V bracing, the beams must be continuous
over the intersection points with the diagonals, and must be designed to resist the vertical
loads assuming they are not supported on the diagonals. The diagonals must be capable
of resisting loads caused by their own weight and overloads induced by the beam, plus
the seismic loads from the analysis amplified by 1,5. The lower and upper wings of the
beams must be designed to support a transverse load located at the intersection point
with the diagonals, equal to 2% of the rated resistance of the wing, that is, Fy bf t, where:
Fy

= wing fluence tension

bf

= width of the wing

= thickness of the wing

8.3.6 The seismic stress in the compressed diagonals, must be les than or equal to 80%
of the resistant capacity defined in the steel design specification.
8.3.7 Seismic bracing may not be installed in K, where the diagonals intersect at an
intermediate point of the column, unless this point is provided with a support that is a
part of the bracing system.
8.3.8 The provisions in 8.3.3, 8.3.5 and 8.3.6 do not apply to bracings with stresses
caused by absolute seismic loads that are less than one third of the stresses of the
combination that controls the dimensioning.
8.4 Rigid Braces
8.4.1 The moment joints of earthquake resistant rigid braces must be of the TR type
(totally rigid). Connections of the PR (partially rigid) type are not to be used. The joints
must be designed such that the plastic (flection) joint is developed in the beam at a
prudent distance from the column, which can be achieved by reinforcing the connection
or weakening the beam in the desired position for the plastic joint.
8.4.2 Abrupt changes in the width of the beam wings are not allowed in areas with the
potential to form plastic joints, or in their vicinity, unless it is a reduced beam section,
appropriately designed to induce the joint in this position.
8.4.3 Transverse (cross) sections of the earthquake resistant rigid frame columns and
beams must qualify as compact, that is, must have width-thickness ratios of less than p
of Table 8.1.

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8.4.4 In structures of several stories (floors) where the entire earthquake resistance
depends on rigid frames designed with R1 values greater than or equal to 3, the sum of
the flection resistant capacities of the columns that concur at a knot must be greater than
or equal to 1,2 times the sum of the flection resistant capacities of the connected beams.
It is not necessary to comply with this requirement in any of the cases listed below:
a) If the seismic shear stress of all the columns in which the above provision is not met
is less than 25% of the seismic shear stress of the corresponding floor.
b) If the analysis and dimensioning of the structure is performed with seismic stresses
equal to double the values listed in clause 5 of this standard.
c) If it is proven by means of a non linear analysis method, (see 5.2.3) that the structure
is stable in the face of the deformation requirements imposed by the earthquake.
8.4.5 The design of the panel zone in the column to beam joints of earthquake resistant
rigid frames must comply with the provisions in Attachment B.
8.4.6 In columns with predominant compression, the compression resistance, without
considering the flector moment effect, must be higher than the axial loads obtained from
the combinations in 4.5, where the seismic load condition of these combinations has been
amplified by 2. Predominant compression is defined as the situation in which the axial
stress obtained from the combinations in 4.5 is greater than 40% of the design
compression resistance of the columns.
8.4.7 Provision 8.4.3 does not apply to rigid frame elements where the stresses coming
from majored seismic loads are lower than one third of the stresses of the combination
that control the dimensioning.
8.5 Connections
8.5.1 The materials must comply with the following requirements:
-

Earthquake resistant connection bolts must be high resistance only, ASTM A 325 or
ASTM A 490 quality or equivalent.

Arc welding electrodes and consumables must comply with specifications AWS A 5.1,
A 5.5, A 5.17, A 5.18, A 5.20, A 5.23 and A 5.29 or equivalent.

Electrodes must have a minimum tenacity of 27 Joules at 29C in the Charpy test
according to ASTM A 6.

8.5.2 The connections of seismic diagonals must be designed to resist 100% of the
capacity in traction of their gross section.

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NCh2369

8.5.3 Moment connections between beams and columns of earthquake resistant rigid
frames must have, as a minimum, a resistance equal to that of the connected members.
8.5.4 In beam to column joints of rigid frames, the upper and lower wings of must be
provided with lateral supports designed for a stress equal to 0,02 Fy bf t.
8.5.5 Butt welds in earthquake resistant joints must be full penetration.
8.5.6 High resistance bolts must be placed with the listed pre-tensioning for critical
displacement joints (70% of the resistance in traction for A325 and A490 bolts). However,
the design resistance of bolted joints can be calculated as that which corresponds to
crush type joints. Contact surfaces must be cleaned with a mechanical roller, sand
blasted or granulated; must not be painted, but galvanizing is acceptable.
8.5.7 No joints will be allowed where the resistance depends on a combination of welding
with high resistance bolts or rivets. The only exception is modifications of existing riveted
structures.
8.5.8 Field joints must comply with the following requirements:
a) In connections with high resistance bolts a tightening and control methodology must
be applied that ensures that the bolts are provided with the pre-tensioning required in
8.5.6.
b) Welds must be in the flat, vertical and horizontal positions, provided the welder is
protected from wind and rain.
c) Welds must be full penetration butt welds or fillet welds. Butt welds must be
controlled with ultrasound or x-rays.
8.5.9 Column junctions must comply with the conditions listed below:
a) In buildings, the distance between the column junction and the upper wing of the
beam must greater than or equal to the lower value between 900 mm and half of the
free height of the column.
b) Junctions must be dimensioned for the design stresses obtained from the
combinations in 4.5, where the seismic load condition of these combinations has been
amplified by 2.
8.6 Anchors
8.6.1 Supports of structures and equipment that transmit seismic stresses to the
foundations or other concrete members must be anchored with anchor bolts, shearing
plates, reinforcement (steel) bar or other appropriate means.

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NCh2369

8.6.2 Anchor bolts that are subject to traction according to the analysis procedures listed
in clauses 4, 5, and 7 must have seating and the stud must be visible to allow inspection
and repair, the thread must be long enough to allow for retightening of the nuts (see
Attachment A, Figure A.1). The exposed length of the bolts must not be less than 250 mm
or eight times the bolt diameter, and the length of the thread below the nut must not be
less than 75 mm.
Exceptions to these requirements can be made for those anchor bolts with sufficient
capacity to resist load combinations where the seismic stresses are amplified in 0,5 R
times, but not less than 1,5 times, with regards to the value listed in clauses 5 and 7.
In major units, such as very tall process vessels, and in the structure of major suspended
units, such as boilers and similar units, bolts with considerable capacity for ductile
deformation must be used, easily repaired and that can eventually be replaced (see
Attachment A. Figure A.7).
8.6.3 Base plates of columns and equipment in general must be provided with seismic
shear or butt plates designed to transmit 100% of the base shear stress (see Attachment
A. Figure A.1).
The cases listed below are excepted from this requirement:
a) Supports with shear stress of less than 50 kN; in this case it will be acceptable to take
the shear with the bolts, considering that only two of them are active for this purpose
and the corresponding traction-shear interaction formulas.
b) Bases of tanks and units provided with one or more bolts; in this case it will be
acceptable to take 100% of the shear with the bolts; considering that one third of the
total quantity of bolts are active, and the corresponding traction-shear interaction
formulas with maximum traction and the shear calculated thus.
c) Tanks with an aspect ratio of less than one, that do not require anchoring in
accordance with 11.8. In this case the shear can be taken with conicity in the base.
For cases a) and b) the bolts must be embedded in the foundation.
8.6.4 In the design of the shear plate the resistance of the leveling mortar (grout) must
not be taken into consideration.
8.6.5 The design of the anchor members to the (shear) shear must not consider friction
between the base plate and the foundation.
8.6.6 The superposition of resistance between shear plates and anchor bolts must not be
taken into consideration.

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NCh2369
8.6.7 When bolt holes are provided in the foundation for subsequent installation of the
anchor bolts, the internal walls of the bolt holes must have a minimum inclination of 5%
with regards to the vertical plane, such that the bottom area is greater than the top. Bolt
holes must be filled with non retracting mortar.
8.6.8 The concrete for foundations must be designed to resist the vertical and horizontal
stresses transmitted by metal anchoring members. The resistance of the concrete and
reinforcements must be such that the eventual failure occurs in the metal anchor devices
and not in the concrete.
8.7 Vertical bracing systems
8.7.1 The following arrangements are applicable to industrial buildings and facilities
provided with a steel bracing system, on the ceiling or floor, the function of which is to
transfer design seismic loads and/or provide structural redundancy to comply with the
requirements of this standard for specific structures.
8.7.2 In floor or ceiling bracing systems, diagonal configurations that work in traction
only shall not be allowed, excepting cases of light steel sheds that are regulated by the
provisions in 11.2
8.7.3 In floor or ceiling bracing systems the function of which is to transfer and/or share
seismic loads that control design, branches in one or more frames (beam cranes, major
suspended equipment, etc.) to other rigid frames or adjacent or extreme bracing, the
design provisions in 8.7.3.1 and 8.7.3.4 must be used.
8.7.3.1 Earthquake resistant diagonals and supports that work in compression, must
have width/thickness ratios of less than r, according to Table 8.1. (see Figure 8.1). The
slenderness of the member must not be less than 1,5

E / Fy

8.7.3.2 X configuration diagonals must be connected at the cross point. Said point can be
considered as fixed in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the diagonals for the
purpose of determining the length of the buckling of the piece, when one of the diagonals
is continuous.
8.7.3.3 Provision 8.7.3.1, does not apply to bracing where the stresses coming from the
combination that include seismic loads that are less than one third of the stresses of the
combination that controls the dimensioning.
8.7.3.4 Provision 8.7.3.1, also does not apply when the design of the bracing system is
performed for stresses coming from the combination that include seismic loads, in which
the ultimate load has been amplified by 0,7 R.

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NCh2369
8.7.4 For floor or ceiling bracing systems, the function of which is to provide structural
redundancy according to what is required in specific structures, the following
requirements must be complied with:
8.7.4.1 Horizontal bracing systems and connections must be designed according to what
is listed in 8.1.a) or b), whichever corresponds.
8.7.4.2 The seismic loads to be considered for horizontal bracing systems must not be
less than the seismic tributation of an intermediate frame, in eventual premature failure
(see Figure 8.2).
8.7.5 The height of the diagonal members and the supports in floor or ceiling bracing
systems must be greater than or equal to 1/90 of the horizontal projection of the length of
the member.

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NCh2369
Table 8.1 Width/thickness ratio limits
(see definitions of terms in 3.2 and in Figure 8.1)

Requirement affecting the member

Compression
Flection
r
p
r
Double T, laminated, welded or hybrid and channel laminated
Wings, not stiffened, I & C laminated
0,56 E / F y
0,83 E /( Fy 70)
0,38 E / Fy
b/t
Frames

profiles
Wings,
not
stiffened,
welded,
reinforced and hybrid profiles
Cores, all **) ***)

b/t

0,64 Ek c / Fy

*)

0,38 E / Fy

h/tw
h/tw

Cores in compound flection, all **)

***)

h/tw
Stiffened cores and any other
member stiffened by a stiffener
capable of providing effective edge
support

Core wing or longitudinal stiffeners

Vertical core stiffeners
Flat molding in compressed wings
T Frames
Wings, laminated profiles
Wings, welded profiles
Cores **)
Rectangular, uniform thickness:
Wings
Core

b/t
or
h/tw
c/t
b/t
b/t
b/t
b/t
d/t w
b/t
h/t w
(continued)

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NCh2369

Table 8.1 Width/thickness ratio limits

(see definitions of terms in 3.2 and in Figure 8.1)

Tubular Frames
Rectangular welded,
thicker than the core:

with

Requirement affecting the member

Compression
Flection
r
p
r

wings

Wings
Core
Circular
Supports formed by laminated angles
Simple angle wings, TL profiles with
spreaders, XL profiles and non
stiffened members in general
TL profile wings with angles in
contact
Cold folded profiles
C or Z non stiffened profile wings
Stiffened wings of CA, ZA, Omega &
Hat profiles
Simple angle wings, TL & XL profiles
with or without spreaders
C, CA, Z, ZA, Omega & Hat Profile
cores.
Stiffened edges

b/t
h/t w
D/t
b/t
b/t
b/t
b/t
b/t
h/t w
c/t

C, CA, Z, ZA, Omega & Hat Profile

cores in compound flection

h/t w

NOTES
NA: Non applicable
E, Fy: in MPa E= 200 000 MPa

r =

width thickness ratio limit to avoid local

buckling

p =

width thickness ratio limit to allow total

plastification of the section.

* (see formula) but within the range of 0.35 < k

**) in hybrid beams it is necessary to use Fy of the wings
***) In members with unequal wings use h c instead of h i when comparing with p

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NCh2369

Figure 8.1 - Examples for width / thickness ratio of Table 8.1

(Flat widths h and b according to terminology definitions in 3.2)

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NCh2369

Frame that fails

Figure 8.2

9 Special provisions for concrete structures

9.1 Reinforced concrete structures
9.1.1 Until the new version of NCh430 which substitutes standards NCh429.Of57 and
NCh430.Of61 is made official, the provisions from the ACI 318.99 code must be used,
where there is no contradiction with this standard. For the application of the provisions in
chapter 21 of this code (paragraph 21.2.1), it must be considered that the entire national
territory, with its three seismic zones, is a high seismic risk region.
9.1.2 Structural members that are a part of ductile frames intended to resist seismic
requirements must be dimensioned and detailed as special moment resistant frames,
according to the provisions in sections 21.1 to 21.5 of chapter 21 of ACI 318-99.
9.1.3 Frames belonging to structures where the seismic requirements have calculated
with an R1 factor less than or equal to 2 can be designed according to the provisions for
intermediate moment resistant frames, listed in section 21.10 of chapter 21 of ACI 31899. Frames with seismic deformations of less than or equal to 50% of the limit values
established in 6.3 can also fall under this provision.
9,1.4 In the case of structures with a combination of reinforced concrete walls and
frames, where the assembly of the walls takes on, at each elevation and each direction of
analysis, a percentage of the total elevation shear stress over or equal to 75%, the design
of the frames can be performed according to the provisions listed in section 21.10 of
chapter 21 of ACI 318-99, provided the frame is responsible for taking on less than 10%
of the total shear stress of each of the elevations.

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9.1.5 Frames where the seismic action does not control design, and where failure does
not compromise the stability of the structure, can be designed according to the provisions
listed in section 21.9 of chapter 21 of ACI 318-99.
9.1.6 The design of the walls does not need to meet the provisions of paragraph 21.6.6.3
of chapter 21 of ACI 318-99.
9.1.7 In structures of several floors where the seismic resistance depends on rigid frames
designed with R1 values of over or equal to 3, it is not necessary to meet the requirement
for strong weak column (paragraph 21.4.2. ACI 318-99), when one of the following
conditions is met:
a) the seismic shear stress of all the columns that do not meet the above provision is less
than 25% of the seismic shear stress of the corresponding floor;
b) if the analysis and dimensioning of the structure is performed with double the seismic
stresses listed in clause 5 of this standard;
c) if it is proved by means of a non linear analysis method (see 5.2.3) that the structure
is stable in the face of the deformation demands imposed by the earthquake.
9.2 Prefabricated concrete structures
9.2.1 Requirements for prefabricated systems
9.2.1.1 Structures that include prefabricated concrete members must be designed to
resist seismic actions according to some of the criteria listed below:
a) Gravitational systems
These systems use reinforced concrete walls or structures poured on site, confined or
reinforced masonry walls or braced and non braced steel frames as the earthquake
resistant system, and use prefabricated members to resist the vertical loads only.
The prefabricated members and connections that do not belong to the earthquake
resistant system must be capable of accepting seismic deformation d, of the structure
and resist the vertical (gravitational) loads for such deformation.
Frames that belong to the prefabricated gravitational system can be designed
according to the provisions in section 21.9 of the ACI 318-99 code.
The connections between the prefabricated gravitational system and the earthquake
resistant system are considered as part of the latter system and must be designed
according to paragraphs b), c) or d)

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NCh2369

b) Prefabricated systems with humid connections

These systems imitate the performance of reinforced concrete structures erected on
site by the use of prefabricated members joined by humid connections that meet the
requirements in code ACI 318-99, especially the anchoring and bar junction
requirements.
c) Prefabricated systems with ductile connections
These systems use structures formed by prefabricated members joined by connections
for which it has been proven, by means of cyclic non linear analyses and tests, that
these have a resistance and ductility greater than or equal to the monolithic joints of
structures designed according to ACI 318-99. These tests must meet the requirements
of document ACI ITG/T1, 1-99 Acceptance Criteria for Moment Frames Based on
Structural Testing, and may have been performed in national or foreign laboratories
provided that the results have been certified by a certified laboratory approved by the
Ministry oh Housing and Development.
d) Prefabricated systems with dry connections
These systems use structures formed by prefabricated members joined by dry
connections, designed as strong connections that ensure that the possible non linear
behavior during earthquakes with higher requirements than those considered in this
standard will cause an incursion within the non linear response range in sections at
distance from the strong joint.
In these prefabricated systems an earthquake resistant system is accepted that is
comprised solely of walls connected with dry joints, or one that is comprised solely of
frames connected by dry joints.
Structures where the earthquake resistant system is comprised solely by a
prefabricated system with dry connections, may only be erected up to 4 levels with a
maximum height of 18 m, measured from the base elevation.
9.2.1.2 Structures that include prefabricated gravitational systems must be designed
considering the seismic requirements that correspond to the earthquake resistant system
used.
Prefabricated systems with humid connections and ductile connections must be deigned
using the seismic requirements that correspond to a monolithic structure of reinforced
concrete.
9.2.1.3 Prefabricated structures with dry connections must be designed with the values
listed in Table 5.6 for reinforced concrete structures poured on site. However, the R value
must not be greater than 4 and the damping rate must not be greater than 0,03 for bolted
connections and connections by means of bars embedded in fill mortar, nor greater than
0,02 for welded connections.

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In order to meet the behavior requirements listed in 9.2.1.1 c), dry connections must meet
provisions 9.2.1.4 and 9.2.1.5.
9.2.1.4 In prefabricated systems connected with dry joints, the quotient between the
rated resistance of the connection and that of the member connected at the connection
point (Se) must be greater than or equal to 1,4.
9.2.1.5 The dry connections of prefabricated frames must be capable of developing, to
flection, to shear or axial stress or a combination of these actions acting on the
connection, a probable resistance Spr, determined using a value = 1, that is not less
than 125% of the fluency resistance of the connection and must be capable of developing
a displacement to Spr, that is not less than 4 times the fluency displacement. The
anchoring of the connection of the prefabricated member in any side of the connection
must be designed to develop a tension equal to 1,3 times Spr. The connection must also
meet the requirements of confinement if fc is greater than 0,7 fc.
The behavior established above must be guaranteed by testing that includes the cyclic
nature of the action. The tested samples must represent the proposed system. The tests
must meet ASTM specifications for instrumentation and execution of cyclic tests.
9.2.1.6 Steel and electrodes used in welded joints must meet the requirements listed in
8.2.2 and 8.5.1.
9.2.1.7 If the base shear stress Qo is lower than the value below:

Qmin = 0,40 I

A0
P
g

(9.1)

all the deformations and stresses must be multiplied by quotient Qmin / Q0 for design
purposes.
The above provision does not apply to prefabricated concrete structures classified in
9.2.1.1 as gravitational systems or prefabricated systems with humid connections and
ductile connections, which must meet the provision with regards to minimum base shear
stress established in 5.4.5.
9.2.2 Special provisions
9.2.2.1 The design of prefabricated members and connections must include load
conditions and deformation, from the initial fabrication until the structure is completed,
including removal of formworks, storage, transportation and erection.

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9.2.2.2 The design of prefabricated members and connections must include the effect of
fabrication tolerances.
9.2.2.3 Additionally to the requirements for drawings and specifications of this standard,
the following information must be included in the shop drawings:
a) Details of the reinforcement steel (rebar), embeds and lifting devices needed to resist
the temporary stresses derived from the handling, storage, transportation and
erection.
b) Concrete resistance at the established ages or construction phases.
9.2.2.4 The use of connections that are based solely on friction caused by the
gravitational loads.
9.2.2.5 In order to consider a pavement slab comprised by prefabricated members as a
rigid diaphragm, it is necessary to be provided with a top slab that meets the provisions
in sections 21.7.2, 21.7.3, 21.7.4 and 21.7.5 of ACI 318-99.
9.3 Industrial buildings/bays/sheds/shops comprised by projecting columns
9.3.1 This paragraph establishes the special requirements for industrial buildings with
concrete columns poured on site or prefabricated, with or without beam crane, structured
with columns embedded at the base and beams connected to the columns with swiveled
joints. The seismic resistance and deformation capacity of these systems stem solely from
the columns.
9.3.2 Industrial buildings must be provided with a continuous roof plan bracing system
connected to the columns at the upper level.
If the bracing is provided by steel frames these must comply with the provisions in 8.7.
If the bracing is provided by a different system it must have a rigidity equivalent to that of
a steel system with diagonals comprised by frames that work in traction only, that comply
with 8.1 a) or b). This different system must not be comprised by members that work
solely in traction.
9.3.3 Seismic design of structures that meet 9.3.1 and 9.3.2 must be performed with R =
3 and a damping ratio of 0,02.
9.3.4 The base shear stress must not be less than:

Qmin = 04 I A0 P / g

(9-2)

In cases where base stress Qo is lower than the above values, the stresses and
deformations must be multiplied by Qmin / Q0 for design purposes.

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9.3.5 the design of the members must be performed using the provisions in 9.1 if these
members are concrete poured on site and 9.2 if prefabricated concrete is used.
Confinement must be provided at the column bases in a length greater or equal to twice
the height of the transverse section of the column according to section 21.3.3 of ACI 31899.
9.3.6 The maximum slenderness of the columns must meet:

= k L / r 100

(9-3)

Unless adequately justified, the value for k must be 2.

9.3.7 Beams must be laterally supported to avoid them overturning due to the action of
the rafters or secondary beams. Lateral bracing to the support beams must be provided
for this purpose.
9.3.8 It will not be acceptable for any deck sheets that are not concrete to provide lateral
bracing for any member.
9.3.9 Column heads must be connected to support beams in two orthogonal or
approximately orthogonal directions.
9.3.10 The seismic loads to be considered for horizontal bracing systems must not be less
than the seismic tributation of an intermediate frame, in eventual premature failure (see
Figure 8.2).
9.3.11 To calculate deformations it is necessary to proceed according to 6.1 and the
requirements in 6.2 and 6.3 must be respected.
Maximum horizontal deformations must be calculated modifying formula 6-1 as follows:

d = d 0 + S 0 R1 d d

(9-4)

considering the following values for So:

1.00 for soil I
1.25 for soil II
1.50 for soil III
9.3.12 The consideration of the P-Delta effect must meet 6.4.

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9.3.13 In the design of columns and foundations supported on type III soil the rotation of
the foundations must be considered both for calculating the stresses as well as
deformations. A geotechnical study must be performed for this purpose that indicates the
maximum and minimum values for the dynamic ballast coefficient. The stress calculation
must be performed with the maximum ballast coefficient and the deformations with the
minimum.
Supporting of foundations on type IV soil is not allowed.

10 Provisions with regards to foundations

10.1 General specifications for design
10.1.1 The foundations must reflect the assumptions of the model used, both in the
geometry as well as the rigidity and mass characteristics.
It can be considered that massive foundations are lacking in elastic properties, but for
isolated foundation systems connected by foundation beams and foundation slabs, it
must be assumed that these are provided with both inertial as well as elastic properties.
Foundations where the deign is performed assuming them to be infinitely rigid supported
on flexible ground, must have dimensions consistent with that hypothesis.
10.1.2 The dimensioning by resistance of the foundation must be performed for all the
load combinations considered in the design of the rest of the structure.
10.1.3 The verification of the foundation stresses induced to the ground, the deformation
and the stability of these, must be performed for all the applicable non factored loads
combinations.
10.1.4 It must be confirmed that the foundations exhibit a satisfactory behavior both for
the action of static loads as well as for seismic loads, verifying that the contact pressure
between the soil and the foundation is such that the deformations induced are acceptable
for the structure.
10.2 Surface foundations
10.2.1 Unless the geotechnical survey imposes a higher restriction, at least 80% of the
are under each isolated foundation or foundation slab must be subjected to compression.
This restriction does not apply to those cases in which anchors are used between the
foundation and the ground.

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10.2.2 To calculate the seismic actions that develop at the base of underground
foundations in level ground, the inertia forces of the structure masses below natural
ground level and the seismic thrust of the ground can be dismissed, as long as the
foundation has been constructed against natural ground or the backfill installed between
the foundation and natural ground are adequately compacted and controlled.
10.2.3 Foundations subject to non factored load combinations that include the
earthquake, that generate net tractions in the foundation, must take these tractions
solely with the own weight, guaranteeing a minimum safety factor to upheaval of 1,5.

11 Specific Structures
11.1 Industrial sheds
11.1.1 These provisions apply to industrial buildings with or without boom crane beams.
11.1.2 Buildings with transverse beams must have a continuous bracing system in the
roof. When there are trusses in the roof the continuous bracing must be placed in the
lower spring line plane. Buildings without boom cranes are excepted where the
permanent loads come only form the weight of the building itself (see Attachment A,
Figure A-2).
11.1.3 In buildings with a boom crane the seismic analysis must be made with the most
probable magnitude and height of suspended load during the design earthquake. For this
purpose the frequency of the design earthquake and the operating conditions of the crane
must be taken into consideration.
11.1.4 If there are several cranes, either in one building or parallel buildings, a
combination of seismic loads must be considered with all cranes with no load and
stationed in the most unfavorable position.
11.1.5 The lateral joint between crane support beams and columns must be flexible in
the vertical direction. Furthermore, safety devices must be considered to avoid the bogey
falling if it derails (see Attachment A, Figure A.3).
11.1.6 In buildings with rigid frames, the bracings of the end walls that are intended to
provide lateral support to columns designed for wind, must not provide a lateral rigidity
greater than that provided by the internal frames unless these are considered in the
structural model according to what is specified in 5.3.1.1 (see Attachment A, Figure A.4).
11.1.7 If the building is flexible and has non structural rigid masonry walls or of another
analogue material, joints must be designed capable of providing lateral support for the
walls and allow independent longitudinal displacement between them and the structure
(see Attachment A, Figure A.5).

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11.2 Light steel buildings

11.2.1 These provisions apply to steel buildings that meet the conditions listed below:
-

They are structured by means of a succession of parallel frames comprised by

columns and beams, grill type, open full core profiles or closed profiles.

The free internal height of the lateral columns must less than or equal to 15 m.
This requirement can be ignored if within the load combinations listed in 4.5, the
seismic stresses resulting form the analysis are amplified by 2.

The transverse distance between the axis of adjacent columns must less than or
equal to 30 m. This requirement can be ignored if within the load combinations
listed in 4.5, the seismic stresses resulting form the analysis are amplified by 2.

The building may be one bay, or several parallel bays.

The earthquake resistant structure is comprised by rigid parallel frames or

extreme and intermediate rigid or braced frames, that receive the seismic stresses
horizontally by means of a roof bracing system.

The structures must qualify as category C2 or C3 according to 4.3.1.

Boom cranes must have a rated capacity of less than or equal to 100 KN, for
cranes with no operator cabin, and 50 KN for cranes provided with an operator
cabin.

Units of equipment supported by the structure must have a weight per frame of
less than or equal to 100 KN.

The horizontal seismic load that the garrets transmit to each column of the
structure must not be greater than 15 KN.

There are no storage shelves seismically supported in the structure.

11.2.2 In order to determine the design seismic stresses, the damping rates listed in
Table 5.5 must be considered, and a response modification factor of less than or equal to
4.
11.2.3 The design of light steel bays must meet the provisions in clause 8, excepting
8.3.3, 8.3.5, 8.3.6, 8.4.1, 8.4.2, 8.4.3, 8.4.4, 8.4.5, 8.4.7, 8.5.2, 8.5.4 and 8.5.9, the
application of which is not mandatory.
11.2.4 Diagonal members of the bracing system that work in traction only must be
inspected and be provided with appropriate devices for initial tensioning and subsequent
adjustment.

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11.2.5 Seismic diagonal braces for roofs designed solely to resist traction stresses, must
have a capacity that at least equals the sum total of initial pretension and the seismic
stresses from the analysis amplified by 1,5.
11.2.6 The deck bracing system, designed to transmit horizontal stresses to the extreme
transverse frames, must be continuous and be comprised by diagonal members and
supports that work both in traction as well as in compression.
11.2.7 The vertical bracing system must be comprised by diagonal members and
supports that work both in traction as well as in compression, and their slenderness
must be les than or equal to 1,5

E / Fy

This requirement is not mandatory for bays

with a clearance between columns of less than or equal to 12 m and a shoulder height of
less than or equal to 6 m. In these cases members that work in traction only may be
used, provided they meet the requirements in 11.2.4 and 11.2.5
11.2.8 The seismic design of the vertical and deck bracing system connections, must be
performed considering the load combinations listed in 4.5, with the seismic stresses from
the analysis amplified by 1,5.
11.2.9 The seismic deformations must be determined in accordance with what is set forth
in 6.1 and be limited to values that do not cause damage to piping, lifting and
transportation equipment, electrical systems or other elements attached to the structure
that must be protected. It is not necessary to comply with what is established in 6.3 and
6.4.
11.2.10 The separation between structures must meet what is listed in 6.2.1.
11.2.11 For light steel bays that do not use the system described in 11.2.6 and are not
provided with the boom cranes and equipment described in 11.2.1, the roof panel may be
considered as a rigid diaphragm capable of transmitting seismic stresses to the lateral
bracing systems, provided the capacity to transmit said shear stress is certified by means
of static tests with cyclic load. The safety factor with regards to the experimental value
can be taken from the AISI 1996 standard listed in clause 2.
The design of the diaphragm must be performed according to what is set forth in
document AC43 Acceptance Criteria for Steel Decks dated July 1996 from ICBO ES, and in
the AISI standard as a supplement. The load combinations listed in 4.5 must be used,
with the seismic stresses resulting from the analysis amplified by 2.
The tests must be analyzed by internationally recognized competent independent
institutions, and must be performed on samples that consider the joint action of the panel
and attachment system of the panel to the supporting structure (rafters), precisely how
they are to be installed in the field.
The company that certifies the panels, must also ensure the quality and proper
installation of the attachment system.

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11.3 Industrial buildings with several floors

11.3.1 Insofar as it is possible, the floors should be rigid seismic diaphragms, which may
be concrete, or metallic with horizontal bracing, or solid floor shell. The diaphragms must
include joining devices to the structure capable of transmitting seismic stresses.
11.3.2 Rigid equipment or ducts that extend vertically more than one floor must be
provided with support and joining systems that prevent them from participating in the
seismic resistance or rigidity of the building (see Attachment A, Figure A.6). If this is not
possible, the units of equipment must be included in the earthquake resistant system
model
11.4 Major suspended equipment.
11.4.1 Boilers, metallurgic furnace reactors and other major units of equipment
suspended from the structure must be attached to it with connection devices that
transmit the seismic stresses without restricting free thermal dilation (expansion), both
vertical as well as horizontal (see Attachment A, Figure A.7).
11.4.2 For electrical suspended equipment that cannot be horizontally attached to the
structure, such as electrode cages in electrostatic precipitators (precipitadores), special
isolators must be specified with ample resistance capacity and provide electrical power
cutoff devices in the event of a major earthquake. If the possibility exists for the cage to
strike the casing of the unit with the collector plates, impact plates must be installed.
11.5 Pipes and ducts
11.5.1 In large dimension piping and duct systems expansion joints and supports must
be provided that ensure seismic stability and allow simultaneous thermal dilation.
11.5.2 If the piping and ducts are light duty in comparison to the buildings and
structures they connect, the seismic analysis can be performed introducing the dd
deformations from 6.1 of the buildings or structures, at the connection points. If the
contrary is true, analysis must be made of the structure and ducts as a single unit.
11.6 Major mobile equipment
11.6.1 Major mobile equipment such as bulk material loaders and off loaders, stackers,
portal cranes, and similar units must be dynamically analyzed, considering the
magnitude and most unfavorable position of the loads. For the analysis it may be
assumed that the wheels are jointed in the rails or ground, but if there is a significant
lifting, counterweights must be installed to avoid this (see Attachment A, Figure A.8).
11.6.2 In order to reduce the possibility of the rail edges striking the wheels, the system
must be self centering (see Attachment A, Figure A.9).

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11.6.3 Special attention must be given to the seismic eccentricity tests that occur in
these systems.
11.7 Elevated tanks, process vessels and steel stacks
11.7.1 Elevated tanks must be designed considering water mobility.
11.7.2 Process vessels must be designed paying special attention to the joint of the
supports to the side shell when it does not reach the foundations.
11.7.3 Elevated stacks must be designed with the dynamic method. When the gas duct is
not self supporting it is necessary to consider the interaction between the duct and the
external steel or concrete structure. The internal concrete coating, if installed, must be
taken into consideration for the rigidity calculation, but not for resistance.
11.7.4 The tank siding must be designed so that no local buckling exists considering the
effect of design lateral and vertical stresses and the fabrication tolerances. To achieve
this, the compression tension of the sides must not exceed the lowest of the values below:

Fa =135 Fy e / D

Fa 0,8 Fy

(11-1)

where:
Fa

= admissible tension in earthquake condition

Fy

= fluency tension (stress)

= thickness

= diameter of the side

11.8 Vertical tanks supported on the ground

11.8.1 The following requirements apply to cylindrical or rectangular tanks, symmetric
with regards to a vertical axis and with the bottom directly supported on the ground. The
tanks must be fabricated in steel or reinforced concrete and may contain any type of
liquid.
11.8.2 Where the provisions of these articles are not contradicted, and the tank material
and contents of the tank , the use of the following tank design standards and
specifications is accepted: API 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, API 620 Design
and construction of Large, Welded, Low Pressure Storage Tanks, Seismic Design of Storage
Tanks of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering jointly with New
Zealand Standard 4203, AWWA-D 100 Wire and Strand Wound Circular, Prestressed
Concrete Water Tanks, AWWA-D 115, Circular and Prestressed Concrete Water Tanks with
Circumferential Tendons, ACI 350.3 Practice for the Seismic

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Design of Liquid Containing Structures, or other internationally recognized standards and
specifically accepted by the professional specialist who approves the project, according to
what is listed in 4.4.2. In particular, the design base shear stress must be calculated
according to clause 5, and shall not be lower than the value resulting from the application
of 11.8.6, 11.8.7 and 11.8.8. Only one of the above standards may be used for the design
of each tank, avoiding a mixture of provisions from different standards. It must be
considered that New Zealand standards consider load and resistance factors, while the
remainder of those mentioned above are of admissible tensions.
11.8.3 The analysis model must consider both the impulsive horizontal response, in
which a portion of the content vibrates together with the structure, as well as the
convective horizontal response, associated to the waves on the free surface.
11.8.4 For calculation purposes of the periods and masses participating in the impulsive,
convective and vertical modes, it may be assumed that tank is infinitely rigid.
11.8.5 The determination of the hydrodynamic masses and the periods associated to the
impulsive and convective mode responses must be done according to what is specified in
the design standards mentioned in 11.8.2, correspondingly.
11.8.6 For steel tanks a maximum value of R = 4 must be used of the response
modification factor.
11.8.7 For reinforced concrete tanks a maximum value of R = 3 must be used of the
response modification factor. This value applies to normal construction of the continuous
joint between the wall and the base. If this condition is not complied with lower R values
must be used that the project must justify.
11.8.8 The design spectral acceleration or seismic coefficient of the impulsive mode for
horizontal seismic action must be equal to the maximum seismic coefficient listed in
Table 5.7 for = 0,02 for steel tanks, and = 0,03 for concrete tanks. The design spectral
acceleration or seismic coefficient of the convective mode for horizontal seismic action
must be determined according to expression (5-2) considering a damping ratio of =
0,005; in no case must this value be less than 0,10 Ao/g.
11.8.9 In cases where the design standard used considers vertical action, the vertical
seismic coefficient must be equal to 2/3 of the impulsive mode coefficient.
11.8.10 The design must consider the corresponding coefficients of importance according
to 4.3.2.
11.8.11 Where applicable, the modal stresses and deformations must be superimposed
according to the criteria specified in the design standard used.
11.8.12 In the event that design methods by load and resistance factors should be used
the stresses must be combined according to what is set forth in 4.5.

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11.8.13 In anchored metal tanks with flat bottom, the design of the anchor bolts must be
performed so that 1/3 of the number of bolts are capable of taking on the total seismic
shear stress, unless the anchoring system includes a device that guarantees that 100% of
the bolts are active to take on the seismic shear. The design of the bolts must consider
simultaneous occurrence of tensions due to traction and shearing.
11.8.14 In non anchored tanks a conical slope of 1% as a minimum must be given to the
bottom of the tank.
11.8.15 In order to reduce the risk of spillage and avoid damages to the roof and upper
portion of the tank wall, a separation (revancha) must be left between the free surface of
the liquid and the roof structure greater than or equal to the wave height of the convective
mode.
Smaller separations (revanchas) may be used provided that the subpressures originated
by contact between the liquid and the roof are taken into consideration, with which the
roof and connections with the rest of the structure must be designed.
11.8.16 In order to reduce the secondary damage caused by movement of the liquid, the
following conditions must be met:
a) in metallic tanks, the roof plates must not be welded to the rafters;
b) the normal diameter of the air vents in the roof must be duplicated;
c) in metallic tanks, allow vertical displacement of the columns on the bottom.
11.8.17 Piping systems and their connection points to the tank must be designed with
ample capacity for deformation in order to avoid damage due to possible rising of the tank
bottom or tank displacements.
11.9 Rotating furnaces and dryers
11.9.1 The longitudinal earthquake must be resisted by wheel rims and thrust rollers
arranged on each side of the rim, and placed on a single support in order to allow
longitudinal expansion.
A free space must be left between the thrust rollers and the wheel rim to facilitate
operation. The rim and rollers must consider the possibility of longitudinal impact when
this space closes. It is acceptable for the rollers and mechanisms to be designed as
sacrificial elements that can fail in the event of an earthquake; in this case the
manufacturer must provide detailed instructions for the repair in a short time period to
avoid damage to the furnace due to cool down.
11.9.2 The transverse earthquake must be resisted by lateral wheels and rollers placed
on several supports. The width of the rollers must be greater than the width of the wheel
rims to prevent them falling if the thrust rollers should fail.

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11.10 Refractory masonry (brickwork) structures

11.10.1 In the design of industrial foundry furnaces or other industrial processes,
comprised by steel or concrete structures combined with refractory brick masonry that
operate at high temperatures, arrangements must be found where the structural
resistance is provided by the conventional materials and only in exceptional cases by the
masonry. (For example in Figure A.12 in Attachment A, the suspended roof must be
preferred).
11.10.2 In the event that it should not be possible to avoid the masonry being an
earthquake resistant member, special analysis must be used that take into consideration
the characteristics for non linear behavior of the material.
11.10.3 The design must consider both cold furnace conditions, as well as startup and
normal operation.
11.11 Electrical equipment
11.11.1 The provisions in this standard are applicable to structural aspects of electrical
equipment located inside industrial plant sites. They do no apply to generation and
transmission equipment nr to the main substations, which must be regulated by special
specifications.
11.11.2 The electrical operability of these units of equipment during an earthquake must
be qualified according to special standards defined by the process engineers.
11.11.3 The isolators must be designed as rupture proof with a minimum safety
coefficient of 3,0, for load combinations that include seismic requirements.
11.12 Minor structures and equipment
All structures and equipment, independent of their size and importance, must be capable
of resisting the seismic stresses specified in this standard and be appropriately anchored
(see Attachment A, Figure A.13).
11.13 Wood structures
Wood structures must be designed according to NCh1198. The connections must have a
ductile behavior and a failure resistance below that of the connected wooden members, by
flection or traction. The R value for cooling towers must be equal to 4.

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Attachment A
(Regulatory)

Typical Details

Shear plate
Figure A.1 Columns base

Columns

Upper spring line

Lower spring line

Figure A.2 Roof bracing

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Figure A.3 Detail of crane support and columns

Seismic clamp

Do not use

Do not use

Figure A.4 Extreme wall bracing

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NCh2369

Figure A.5 Column to masonry (brick) wall joint

Lateral (side) support

Rigid diaphragms

Expansion joint
Space

Support

Figure A. 6- Rigid unit of equipment in building

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NCh2369

Hangers
Level 4
Seismic
Displacement
Level 3
Rubber or plastic
Level 2

Level 1

Level(Elevation) 0
Elevation
Casing

Tube
a) Connecting rod joint

Figure A.7 Typical details of major suspended equipment,

seismic connectors and anchor bolts
(continued)

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NCh2369

Thermal axis
Elastomer
b) Butt joint

c) Hammer head bolt

Figure A.7 Typical details of major suspended equipment,

seismic connectors and anchor bolts
(conclusion)

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NCh2369

Operational counterweight

Seismic counterweights
Stacker

Figure A.8 Typical detail of major mobile equipment

Self centering wheel

Pumped rail
Elastomer

Figure A.9 Rail wheel system

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Air vent
Roof sheets
breaking

Local lower
buckling
(elephants foot)
Lifting

Tube
Elastomer
Do not weld
DETAIL 1
Roof sheets

DETAIL 2
Columns support

Figure A.10 Typical detail of major tanks

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NCh2369

Wheel rim

Thrust rollers

DETAIL 1
Longitudinal support

Wheel rim
Side supports
Stops
Lateral rollers
Ch
Cv
S

= Horizontal seismic coefficient

= Vertical seismic coefficient
= Safety factor > 1,20

DETAIL 2
Lateral supports

Figure A.11 Typical detail of rotating furnaces and driers

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Brace strut

a) Arc roof furnace

Hangers
Suspended roof
Initial
Heatup
stop
b) Suspended roof furnace
Figure A.12 Typical detail of industrial masonry

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Diagonals
a) Fast filter

Stops
b) Transformer

Anchor bolts
c) Compact boiler

Figure A.13 Typical detail of minor structures and equipment

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NCh2369

Attachment B
(Regulatory)

Design of beam to column joints in rigid steel structures

B1 Overview
The use of the AISC, Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, 1999, for the
design of rigid frames is subject to the following limitations:
a) In rigid frames with no bracing the provisions in this standard must be applied, with
no additional mandatory requirements from AISC, Seismic Provisions. In particular,
the Seismic Provisions for special frames (paragraph 9), and intermediate frames
(paragraph 10), are not applicable, nor are laboratory tests required for the beam to
column joints.
b) In frames with concentric bracing the provisions in this standard, paragraph 8.3 shall
apply, with no additional mandatory requirements from AISC, Seismic Provisions.
c) In frames with eccentric bracing the AISC, Seismic Provisions, paragraph 15 must be
applied.
B2 Design of the panel zone of moment joints
B.2.1 The analysis can be made with elastic or plastic methods.
B.2.2 The core panels must be reinforced with plates attached or diagonal stiffeners
(Figures B.1 and B.2) if requirement Ru exceeds Rv , where = 0,75 and Ru and Rv are
determined as follows:
a) See equation on page 78 of the original document

(B-1)

where:
Mu1 & Mu2 :

moments of the beams in the joint due to the combination of loads

described in 4.5 b), in which the condition of seismic load of these
combinations has been amplified by 2, but not greater than the
corresponding plastic moments;

dm1 & dm2 :

0,95 d1 and 0,95 d2, in which d1 and d2 are the height of the beams;

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NCh2369

Vu

shear stress in the column at the level of the joint due to the combination
of loads described in 4.5 b), in which the condition of seismic load of these
combinations has been amplified by 2.

b)

If Pu < 0,75 Py
See equation on page 79 of the original document

c)

(B-2)

If Pu > 0,75 Py
See equation on page 79 of the original document

(B-3)

Where:
bcf

= width of the column wing;

tcf

= thickness of the column wing;

dc

= height of the column profile;

tp

= total thickness of the panel zone including attached reinforcement plates;

dp

= highest value between d1 and d2 (see Figure B.2);

Fy

= fluency tension;

Pu

= design compression axial stress of the column;

Py

= AFy axial fluency stress of the column;

= areas of the column section.

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NCh2369

a) Plates joined with butt weld

b) Double reinforcement plates,

joined with butt or fillet weld

Figure B.1 Attached reinforcement plates

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NCh2369

Section Vu
Attached reinforcement plate

Continuity
stiffeners

Section Vu

Diagonal
stiffener

Figure B.2 Stresses in the panel zone

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NCh2369

B.2.3 Continuity stiffeners must always be placed in the panel zones (Figure B.2)
dimensioned to resist stresses transmitted by the wings of the beam to the column.
B.2.4 The attached plates must be joined to the wing of the columns with fillet or butt
welds with full penetration, calculated to resist design shear stresses. When they are
located by the core of the column, they must be welded to it at the upper and lower edges.
If they are separated, they must be placed symmetrically and welded to the continuity
stiffeners.
B.2.5 The thickness of the core of the column or of each attached plate must meet the
following relation:

1 ( d 2 + w2 ) / 90

(B-4)

where:
t

= thickness of the core or of each plate

d2

= height of the panel zone between the continuity stiffeners

w2

= width of the panel zone between the column wings

B.2.6 The joints that are welded in the field between the wings of the beam and the
column must be full penetration butt welds, executed in the horizontal position on
backup plates, with non destructive testing by X-ray or ultrasound.
B.2.7 The backup plates and welding initiation or completion coupons must be removed.
After the removal of the plates, the metal will be cleaned and the root reinforced with fillet
welds.
B.3 Local flection of the column wing due to a traction stress perpendicular to it
B.3.1 The continuity stiffeners must be designed for a stress of Ru - Rn , where:
Ru

traction stress perpendicular to the wing of the column, corresponding to

the M moment of the beam defined in B.2.2;

0,90;

Rn

6,25 t Fyf

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NCh2369
being:
Fyf

fluency tension of the wing, MPa;

tf

thickness of the loaded column wing, mm.

B.3.2 If the width of the beam wing is less than 0,15 b, where b is the total width of the
column wing, it is not necessary to perform this verification.
B.3.3 If stress Ru concentrated is applied at a distance of less than 10 tf from the end of
the column, resistance Rn above must be reduced by half.
B.3.4 Continuity stiffeners must be welded to the core and the loaded wing, in order to
transmit to the core the proportion of the load taken from the stiffeners 1).
B.4 Local fluency of the core due to compression stresses perpendicular to the wing.
B.4.1 Stiffeners must be installed dimensioned for a stress of Ru - Rn , where:
Ru

compression stress perpendicular to the wing of the column (see Figure B3) , corresponding to the Mu moment of the beam defined in B.2.2;

1,0;

and Rn is determined with the following formulas:

a) If concentrated stress R is applied at a distance from the end of the column greater
than its height d

R n = (5 k + N ) F yw t w

(B-5)

___________________________________________________________
1)

The sentence proportion of the load taken from the stiffeners refers to the difference
between the load applied and the resistance indicated in this paragraph and the
ones that follow for column cores. Thus, for example, if Ru is the majored load
transmitted by the wing of a beam to the column and Rn min , is the lower
resistance indicated in clauses B.3 to B.6, the stiffener in the column must be
designed for Rn, st = Ru - Rn, min , and the minimum area of stiffener required is Ast
= Rn, st / F y,st ,with = 0,9. Additional instructions are provided in B.7 for
stiffeners design. This note is also valid for B.3, B.5 and B.6.

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NCh2369

b) If concentrated stress R is applied at a distance of less than or equal to d from the

end of the column:

Rn = (2,5k N ) Fywt w

(B-6)

where:
Fyw

minimum fluency stress (tension) specified of the core, MPa;

thickness of the wing of the beam that compresses the core of the column,
or of the beam wing connection plates, mm. If N< k it is taken as N=k;

distance from the outer surface of the wing to the foot of the fillet weld in
the core, mm;

tw

thickness of the column core, mm:

B.4.2 The continuity stiffeners must be welded to the loaded wing in order to transmit the
proportion of the load that corresponds to the stiffener, and the weld to the core must be
dimensioned to transmit the proportion of the load taken on by the stiffeners. (see B.7)
B.4.3 Alternatively, if reinforcement plates attached are required, provision B.8 applies.

Figure B.3

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NCh2369

B.5 Crushing of the core by compression stress perpendicular to the wing

B.5.1 Continuity stiffeners must be installed and eventually reinforcement plates
attached, dimensioned for a stress of Ru - Rn , where:
Ru

compression stress perpendicular to the column wing, corresponding to the

Mu moment of the beam defined in B.2.2

0,75

And Rn is defined as follows:

a) If the concentrated compression is applied at a distance greater than or equal to d/2
from the end of the column:

See equation on page 85 of the original document

b)

(B-7)

If the concentrated compression is applied at a distance less than d/2 from the end
of the column:
For N/d < 0,2
See equation on page 85 of the original document

(B-8)

For N/d > 0,2

See equation on page 85 of the original document

(B-9)

In formulas (B.7), (B.8), and (B.9) the following definitions apply:

N

thickness of the beam wing or the connection plate of the beam wing;

total height of the column profile

tf

thickness of the column wing

tw

thickness of the column core, or sum total of the core thicknesses and
attached reinforcement plates.

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NCh2369

B.5.2 The continuity stiffeners must be welded to the loaded wing and the weld to the
core must be calculated to transmit the proportion of the load taken from the stiffeners
(see B.7 and B.8).
B.6 Compression buckling of the core
B.6.1 This section refers to a pair of concentrated opposite stresses, applied to both wings
in the same section (see Figure B.4.). Continuity stiffeners and attached reinforcement
plates must be installed along the entire length of the height of the core, dimensioned for
a stress of Ru - Rn , where:
Ru

compression stress in the column wing;

0,90

See equation on page 86 of the original document

(B-10)

Figure B.4
B.6.2 If the pair of concentrated opposite stresses that must be resisted are applied at a
distance of less than d/2 from the end of member Rn it must be reduced in 50%.
Transverse stiffeners must be welded to the loaded wings and to the core so as to
transmit the proportion of the load taken on by the stiffeners. The weld of the stiffeners to
the core must be capable of transmitting the load taken on by these (see B.7).
Alternatively, when attached plates are required, provision B.8. applies.

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NCh2369

B.7 Additional requirements for continuity stiffeners

B.7.1 Transverse or diagonal stiffeners must also meet the following criteria:
a) The width of each stiffener plus half the column core thickness must not be less than
one third of the width of the column wing or the moment connection plate that
provides the concentrated stress.
b) The thickness of the stiffener must not be less than the thickness of the wing or the
moment connection plate that provides the concentrated stress; nor less than its
width multiplied by

Fy / 250 ( Fy in MPa).

B.7.2 Continuity stiffeners that resist compression stresses applied to the column wing
must be verified as axially compressed columns, with an effective buckling length of 0,75
h and a section comprised by: 2 stiffeners and a fraction of the core of 25 tw in width for
internal stiffeners and 12 tw for external stiffeners.
B.8 Additional requirements for reinforcement plates
B.8.1 Reinforcement plates attached to the core must meet the following additional
requirements:
a) The thickness and size of the reinforcement plate must provide the necessary material
to equal or exceed the resistance requirements.
b) The plate must be welded to transfer the proportion of the total load transmitted to it.
c) Reinforcement plates attached in panel zones of earthquake resistant frames must be
welded to the column wings using full penetration butt welds or fillet welds, capable of
developing the total shear resistance of the attached plate. When the attached plates
are installed in contact with the core of the column these must be welded in the upper
and lower edges with welds that are capable of taking on the proportion of the total
load transmitted to them. When the attached plates are installed separated from the
core of the column, they must be arranged in pairs, symmetric with regards to the
core and must be welded to the continuity stiffeners in the column core, with welds
that are capable of taking on the proportion of the load corresponding to each one.

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Attachment C
(Informative)

Comments
(Each numeral refers to the corresponding number in the standard)

C.1 Scope
C.1.1 The reasons that were considered to prepare a special seismic standard for
industrial structures, supplementary to the building standard, were the following:
a) Industrial structures hardly never have the characteristics that buildings posses:
discrete and fairly uniform distribution of masses at height, rigid horizontal
diaphragms at various elevations, relatively reduced eccentricity and damping of
around 5%.
b) The basic philosophy of design is different, due to the great importance that industries
have for the countries economies. It is necessary, therefore, to add to the basic
objectives of the Building Standard (NCh433), paragraph 5.1), the reduction to a
minimum of business interruptions and the facilities to perform inspections and swift
repairs.
c) A very important part of industrial structures are the earthquake resistant
components of process equipment, frequently complex and with large dimensions,
which are necessarily designed by manufacturers overseas: This introduces a factor
that is non existent in buildings.
d) The need to be provided with special standards for industries is being gradually
recognized by industrialized countries, mainly the U.S.A, Russia, New Zealand and
Japan. In Chile, although standards did not exist, since 1940 a fairly uniform seismic
design practice has been developed and recognized as being efficient. The standard set
forth herein, is mainly based on Chilean practice (1,2) on the Chilean Building Code
(3), on the North American Uniform Building Code UBC standards (4) and the
Structural Engineers Association of California SEAOC (5) as well as the New Zealand
recommendations for the petrochemical industry (6).
C.1.2 The standard applies to structures and equipment contained within the industry
premises, the object of which is to manufacture the elements or comply with the
objectives for which the facility was built. They do not apply, therefore, to elements such
as those described, that are generally outside the premises, for which special standards
apply.
NOTE: The references are shown in brackets and are summarized at the end of the
comment.

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NCh2369

C.1.3 In spite of the differences noted between this standard and NCh433, there are
many common elements in the design of buildings and industrial structures, in
seismological aspects, related to other standards, other methods of analysis and similar.
Hence the need for both standards to be supplementary.
C2 References
All references are included, both national as well as foreign, referred to in the standard.
C3 Terminology & Symbols
C.3.1 Terminology
NCh433, paragraph 3.1, is supplemented by the addition of industrial structures and
equipment . The separation of their loads in permanent and several classes of overloads
due to use is based upon the customary design practices used in the country.
The definition for professional specialist is added, responsible for the earthquake resistant
design of the industrial equipment as well as for their approval, in consideration with
legal conditions and customary practices, proven as effective, from projects executed in
Chile and abroad.
The definition for process engineer is also added in the sense in which it is used in the
standard.
C.3.2 Symbols
The symbols in NCh.433, paragraph 3.2, have been completed with the additional
symbols mentioned in the standard.
C4 General application provisions
C.4.1 Basic principles and hypothesis
C.4.1.1 The principles invoked, with minor variations, are common in the Chilean and
New Zealand practices and in the North American codes (3 to 7). They are supplemented
by those in NCh433, paragraph 5.1.1.
C.4.1.2 Both in the Chilean and New Zealand practices as well as in the North American
codes and in NCh433, paragraph 5.2, the elastic analysis is specified as a basic method.
C.4.1.3 The ductility and redundancy conditions are also common to Chilean and New
Zealand practices as well as in the above North American codes.

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NCh2369

C.4.1.5 It is essential that process engineers and professional specialists agree on general
criteria and details of earthquake resistant design. It is suggested that the agreements be
summarized in special forms, such as the one shown below, that must be included in the
project specifications.
Structure
Title

N
201

Coal hoppers

202

Operating Platform

203

Stack

204

Temporary Building

Category
Coefficient

I*)
C1
1,2
C2
1,0
C1
1,2
C3
0,8

Analysis

Dynamic

Dynamic

Special

Static

Reference
Pls.
AC-502
515
BL-016
017
BL-023
028

Notes

Design according to
ASCE-75 Steel
Chimney Liners

AC
21001
211

*) See 4.3.1 and 4.3.2

C.4.1.6 Topographic amplification is the name given to the increase of seismic

accelerations that occurs in special cases, that must be analyzed by Geotechnical
Engineers, between the valleys and summits of surrounding hills, (such as was observed
in Via del Mar during the earthquake of March 1985.
C.4.2 Ways in which to specify seismic action
The provisions in this standard are based on design earthquakes that have a probability
of excedence of 10% during an exposure period of 50 years. The criteria for an excedence
of 10% during a minimum exposure period of 50 years , is the criteria adopted by North
American codes UBC and SEAOC and Chilean standard NCh433. The 50 year period
corresponds to the useful life cycle of most buildings and industries. However, there are
industries, mainly petrochemical and mining, in which, for reasons of technological
obsolescence or exhaustion of the sources of raw materials, the useful operational life
cycle is shorter. The New Zealand codes for the petrochemical industry are based on 15%
excedence and 25 years (5). According to the same standards (6, Table 2,1 and Figure
C.2.1), a reduction from 50 to 25 years with 10% reduces the seismic stresses in only
12%. Due to this the Chilean standard has maintained the 50 years for industries.
a) For maximum effective seismic acceleration Ao the following definition is suggested,
initially proposed by the Applied Technology Council ATC, from the U.S.A. (7) and
adopted by SEAOC and UBC (4 and 5):
Ao = Sa /2,5
where Sa is the mean acceleration of the elastic response spectrum with 5% damping
between periods 0,1 s and 0,5 s.

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NCh2369

b) The provisions have been taken from UBC and SEAOC (4 and 5).
c) All of the Chilean coast in the high intensity Seismic Zone 3 is subject to the risk of
tidal waves, that have historically reached grade 3 in the Imamura scale, with some
case of the maximum grade 4 (8). The areas with the highest risk are Tarapac,
Atacama, Concepcin and Valdivia. The risk of tidal waves depends also on the
seismic conditions of the marine and topographical conditions of the coast.

C.4.3 Classification of equipment according to the importance

C.4.3.1 The classification is based on the Chilean practice that corresponds, in general
terms, to the New Zealand recommendations. (6).
C.4.3.2 The importance coefficients are based on the Chilean practice and information
from UBC, SEAOC and the New Zealand recommendations, that are referenced below:

Categories
Industrial Chilean practice
NCh.433 Buildings
UBC and SEAOC
New Zealand

Critical
1,2 to 1,3
1,20
1,25
1,30

Normal
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0

Secondary
1,00
0,60
1,00
0,83

C.4.4 Coordination with other standards

C.4.4.1 In design of industries, however, it is necessary to use a major quantity of
materials and loads that are not regulated in this country, therefore the use of recognized
international standards is allowed. The most used in Chile are the following:
-

American Association of Sate highway and Transportation Officials AASHTO for

bridges.

American Association of Mechanical Engineers ASME for boilers and pressure vessels.

American National Standards Institute ANSI/ASME for piping.

American Petroleum Institute API for petroleum tanks.

American Society for Testing Materials ASTM for materials.

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NCh2369
-

American Welding Society for welding.

German DIN Standards, British BS Standards, French NF Standards, Japanese JIS

Standards or Eurostandards of the European Community.

C.4.5 Load Combinations

The criteria for load combinations are those recommended by the North American
Standards Society and the North American Civil Engineers Society ANSI/ASCE (9), also
adopted by the North American Metallic Construction Institute AISC (10, 11) and the
North American Concrete Institute ACI (12).
This paragraph does not include the wind loads nor the overloads caused by snow, that
must be considered taking into consideration the design specifications for each particular
case or those referenced above. In general, the wind loads can be considered as the
replacing seismic loads in the formulas, that do not coincide with them. Snow can be
considered as an overload, that may be normal or eventual.
The factor b = 1,4 for concrete structures or equipment was established taking into
consideration the load factor established in NCh433.Of1996 and the load and resistance
factors of the ACI 318.99 code, therefore the factor b = 1,4 must be used together with
the resistance reduction factors listed in said edition of ACI 318.
The ACI 318 code in the 2002 edition adopts the load factors established by ASCE, which
considers a factor of 1,0 for the amplification of seismic requirement, and the resistance
reduction factors used in the previous editions of ACI 318 are modified to maintain
equivalent safety factors in design. The load and resistance factors used until the 1999
edition are listed in an attachment of ACI 318-02 as an alternative procedure.
C.4.6 Seismic design project and review
C.4.6.1 According to Chilean regulations, all the designs of projects that are constructed
within the nation must be executed by professionals legally authorized to practice in
Chile. Additionally, the law makes it mandatory to review the structural design of
buildings of any nature. These provisions have been supplemented as follows:
-

adding the requirement for the specialist professional to have a structural

specialization;

allow design of equipment manufactured by foreign manufacturers, as a practical

necessity. In this case, however, it is recommended that for major units such as large
boilers, tall process vessels and similar, the manufacturer be advised by professional
specialists registered in Chile.

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NCh2369
C.4.6.2 The approval of the design by other professionals is an essential condition that is
contained in most of the Codes and Standards worldwide (13). In the standard the
approval by peers is recommended, who must be professional specialists registered in
Chile. This requirement is specially important for buildings designed outside the country.
C.4.6.3 The presentation of drawings and engineering calculations from NCh433
paragraph 5.11, has been simplified for the great number of minor equipment and
structures existing in the industries, wherein the seismic factor is not determinant.
C.5 Seismic analysis
C.5.1 General provisions
C.5.1.1 Direction of the seismic requirement
The use of seismic requirements in two perpendicular directions is sanctioned by practice
in all seismic standards.
The criteria for application of the vertical earthquake are based on Chilean practice (1),
the New Zealand recommendations (6), NCh433, paragraph 5.8.2 and the North American
standards (3and 4). The vertical accelerations of 2/3 of the horizontals are prescribed in
the referenced codes and are based on actual earthquake records.
C.5.1.3 Seismic mass for the structural model
The design earthquake is an event that will occur once or twice during the lifetime of the
industry and has a duration of a few minutes as a maximum. To select the probable
overload at that moment, it is necessary to be very familiar with the operational
requirements of the industry. It is recommended that the seismic overload be determined
jointly by the operators or process engineers and the professional specialist, and a record
be kept of this in the drawings and engineering calculation.
C.5.2. Analysis methods
C.5.2.1 Overview
The majority of the seismic standards including NCh433, the North American and New
Zealand ones, are based on elastic response spectrums with accelerations with 5%
damping, a figure that is representative for buildings. Industrial structures, however,
have a damping of 2%, and is the value that the Chilean practice has based upon. A
damping of 2% was recommended by J.A. Blume and other investigators after extensive
investigations carried out in the Huachipato Steel Plant after the great earthquakes in the
South of Chile in May, 1960 (14).

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C.5.2.2 Linear methods

a) Static analysis: Static analysis is an approximate method theoretically applicable to
mathematical structural models with discrete masses uniformly distributed in similar
height and rigidities among the various levels. The NCh433 standard, paragraph
6.2.1, UBC and SEAOC contain criteria to determine the application limits of static
analysis in buildings, that are not applicable to industrial structures. The New
Zealand recommendations limit the static analysis to structures in which the mass
and rigidity at any given level have differences of less than 30% with regards to
adjacent levels.
It is recommended that this method not be applied in buildings or structures higher
than 20 m, industrial steel buildings with more than 6 levels or concrete buildings
higher than 18 m or structure with an irregular plant or elevation configuration.
b) Spectral modal or dynamic analysis: dynamic analysis is applied to structures, in
which the basic hypothesis for linear response, ductile behavior and viscous damping
are valid.
Dynamic analyses can be applied in cases where static analysis is not applicable,
particularly in the following cases: buildings and structures that support heavy
suspended equipment, steel or concrete chimney stacks with refractory insulation and
process vessels higher than 20 m or a height to least transverse dimension ratio over
5.

C.5.2.3 Non linear methods

Non linear analyses are reserved for structures that exhibit major variations with regards
the basic hypothesis. Typical examples are major mobile units subject to uplift or impact
in the supports, industrial masonry that do not allow traction, structures with insulation
at the base and similar. The provisions are based on UBC (4)and IBC (15).
It is recommended that industrial project specifications the specialist professionals
should indicate the analysis method used for each structure or unit of equipment (see
C.4.1.5).

C.5.3 Elastic static analysis

C.5.3.1 Mathematical model of the structure
C.5.3.1.3 In three-dimensional models each node has 6 degrees of freedom, 3
translational and 3 rotation. The assignation of discrete masses to the nodes is performed
partly automatically by the analysis programs, that assign to each one half of the masses
corresponding to the actual weight of the members or elements themselves that concur to
the node, and partly by decision of the designer, who assigns to some or all of the nodes
of the model representative masses of the external loads or of the units supported by the
structure. The degrees of freedom of each node are associated, in this manner, to the
inertial characteristics of the masses assigned to them. Generally, the

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NCh2369
effects of inertia on the rotation of masses of the structural members are disregarded
when the inertial characteristics of these is established, considering only their
translational inertia in the three directions in space. The global effect of the rotation
inertia of the assembly of masses, on the other hand, is well represented by the spatial
distribution of the total mass in a large quantity of nodes. When the assignation of
masses that the designer makes to a node must represent the dynamic behavior of a body
that has non disregardable inertia to rotation, it is necessary to assign to this mass a
rotational inertia that corresponds to the represented body. Alternatively, the
representation of that body can be made with a group of masses with purely translational
characteristics, distributed and linked to each other in a manner such that the joint
response of all of these reflects the inertial characteristics of the represented body. All
three-dimensional analysis programs require the designer to specify the inertial
characteristics, both translational as well as rotational, of the masses incorporated into
the model.
C.5.3.1.4 When the structure is provided with rigid diaphragms, the masses
corresponding to all the nodes linked by the rigid diaphragm, and its inertial
characteristics, can be grouped in the masses center and be represented by a single
resulting mass, provided with translational inertia in both directions of the diaphragm
plane and of the rotational inertia on the same plane, corresponding to the distribution of
the masses within the diaphragm. With this grouping the analysis is notably simplified.
However, the diaphragm usually has a reduced rigidity in the perpendicular direction to
its plane, therefore the effects of the vertical earthquake cannot be properly represented
with the above simplification; in such a case, the vertical earthquake must be treated as
an independent load case. Alternatively, normal masses distribution may be used for
three-dimensional analysis, and use the link option and interdependence of degrees of
freedom of the diaphragm nodes (constraint) for displacements within the plane of the
diaphragm; with this option it is also reduced in computational terms and the horizontal
and vertical earthquake can be analyzed simultaneously.
C.5.3.1.5 When the units supported on a structure posses rigidity or inertia
characteristics that may determine the response of a structure locally or globally, it
becomes necessary to include elements that represent the unit into the model, linked to
the structure of the node in the same fashion as the unit will be, and provided with
rigidity or mass characteristics that represent those of the actual unit. This is the case,
for example, of large diameter ducts that are attached to several levels of the structure, or
large vessels that are supported by several frames and / or levels of the structure.
Likewise, when it is desired to capture the response of a certain unit of equipment
supported by the structure, although its translational and rotational inertia may be minor
in comparison to those in level at which it is located, elements and masses that represent
it must be included in the model, linked to the structure in the same way as the unit will
be.
C.5.3.2 Horizontal base shear stress
The formula (5-1) coincides with formula (6-1) in the NCh433 and has the same format as
UBC and SEAOC.

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NCh2369

C.5.3.3 Horizontal seismic coefficient

The Chilean seismic design practice for industry is based on the empirical spectrum of
elastic response proposed by J. A. Blume in 1963 (14) after analyzing 16 structures of the
Huachipato Steel Plant. The structures were in general steel chimney stacks, inverted
pendulum tanks and process vessels. Seven of the structures did not sustain damage in
the earthquakes of May 1960 and the remaining 9 sustained simple failures, such as
elongation of the anchor bolts and buckling of the siding sheets. In Figure C.1 the Blume
spectrum is shown, which according to the author, is reliable in the range of periods from
0,6 to 1,1 s, and has a dampening of around 1% to 2%.
Based on the studies carried out by Blume and his extensive professional career,
Professor Rodrigo Flores Alvarez proposed the following seismic coefficients (16):
See 3 equations on page 96 of the original document
Standard NCh433 (3) is based on the analysis of a considerable number of records of
subductive earthquakes recorded in Japan and the Chilean earthquake on May 3, 1985
(17). The elastic response spectrum proposed by NCh433, with 5% damping is the
following:

See equation on page 96 of the original document (formula 6-1, NCh433)

See equation on page 96 of the original document (formula 6-2, NCh433)

where T and n are parameters that depend on the type of soil.
In this standard the format in formula (6-2) is proposed with a coefficient that allows
considering damping ratios other than 5%:
See equation on page 96 of the original document
Figure C.1 shows the previous spectrums for the Huachipato Plant, zone 3 and soil types
II of Table 4.2 of NCh433. Blumes empirical spectrum is also shown as well as the one in
the UBC 93 and SEAOC 92 standards.
It can be noted that the coincidence is satisfactory.

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NCh2369

Figure C.1 Response spectrum for Huachipato

(Zone 3 Ao = 0,4 g Soil II

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I = 1,0)

NCh2369

Soil parameters
The classification and soil parameters in Tables 5.3 and 5.4 have been taken from
NCh433, Tables 4.2 and 6.3.
Damping values and coefficient R.
The damping values and structural coefficient R shown in Tables 5.5 and 5.6 have been
determined from a study of many actual cases of structures in all types of soils and
seismic zones, that have been subjected to the major earthquakes of 1960 and 1985, as
well as comparative analyses with the UBC and SEAOC codes.
In Figure C.2 there is a comparison between the design spectrums of R. Flores (RFA) and
those in this standard for R = 2 and R = 3 and soil II. It can be appreciated that the
standard, considering the minimum value, is safe and adequate.
C.5.3.3.1 and C.5.3.3.2 Limit values of the seismic coefficient
Some maximum and minimum values are shown below for the seismic coefficient of
several standards and the Chilean practice, for l = 1:
Chilean practice, industries, Zone 3 soil II
NCh433 Buildings, Zone 3
UBC SEAOC, industries, Zone 4
UBC SEAOC, buildings, Zone 4
NCh2369, Zone 3 soil II R = 3 , = 0,03

Maximum
0,35 g
0,24 g
0,367 g
0,275 g
0,34 g

Minimum
0,10 g
0,067 g
0,20 g
0,075 g
0,10 g

Reference
3
4,5
4,5

The values of the Chilean practice are within the range of the other codes and have been
proved to be effective in 5 major earthquakes of magnitudes between 7,5 and 9,5 from
1960 to 1985.
C.5.3.5 Distribution at height
The formulas proposed are from NCh433 (3), formulas (6-4) and (6-5-)

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Figure C.2 Design spectrum for Huachipato

(Zone 3 Ao = 0,4 g Soil II

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I = 1,0)

NCh2369

C.5.4 Elastic dynamic analysis

C..5.4.2 Design spectrum
See C.5.3.3
C.5.4.3 Number of modes
The condition of taking sufficient modes to have 90% of the total mass is contained in
NCh433, UBC, SEAOC and the New Zealand recommendations (3, 4, 5 and 6).
C.5.4.4 Modal Superimposition
The complete quadratic superimposition and the formulas proposed are taken from
NCh433, paragraphs 6.3.6.2.
C.5.4.5 Minimum base shear stress
See C.5.3.3.2.
C.5.4.6 Torsion in plant
The recommendations are based on Chilean practice.
C.5.5 Vertical Seismic action.
The justification for the need to consider vertical seismic action is given in C.5.1.1. The
provisions apply to structural provisions described in 5.1.1 a), b), c), d) and e), where the
vertical stresses have a special importance and have caused damage in earthquakes.
C.5.6 Solid and rigid units of equipment supported on the ground
The units, generally very rigid, are numerous in industrial facilities. The provision is
based on the recommendations from SEAOC and UBC dated 1997.
C.5.8 Special Analyses
The special analyses apply to cases in which the basic hypothesis from the linear
analyses described in 5.2.2 are not complied with.
The standard identifies two basic procedures, spectral and time history.
The spectral analysis is based on the preparation of spectrums that address non linearity
of the structural response, considering the maximum values of the seismic factors in the
location and type of soil.

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The time history analysis is based on a step by step analysis of the structural response
for a minimum of 3 historical records or one synthetic record. The provisions are based
on studies made within the country considering the provisions of the New Zealand and
North American, UBC and SEAC standards.
C.5.9 Structures with seismic isolation or energy dissipators
The provisions for seismic isolators are based on UBC 97 with minor modifications. More
information can be found in reference 19.
C.6 Seismic Deformations
C.6.1 Calculation of Deformations
The formula (6-1) initially proposed in ATC-3, has been adopted by UBC, SEAOC and the
New Zealand recommendations (4, 5, 6, 7). This is a recognition of the fact that the
reduction in stresses between an elastic response spectrum and one of design does not
apply to deformations.
C.6.2 The separations s = d1 + d2, contained in the New Zealand recommendations (6), is
conservative because d1 and d2 do not generally occur at the same instant. In the Chilean
practice the following expression has been mainly used s = d1 + d 2 , which is more
2

probable, but does not have a safety margin. The values 0,004 h and 30 mm have been of
normal application within the country.
C.6.3 In the Chilean practice, in general, the horizontal seismic deformations have not
been limited in industrial constructions, excepting in cases where they could damage
elements joined to the structure, such as piping or ducts. The UBC, SEAOC standards
contain the 0,04 h/R limitation; in the May 1960 earthquakes deformations were
observed of h/ 75 = 0,0133 h in industrial buildings with boom cranes (16), a similar
value to the proposed formula.
C.6.4 The P-Delta effect is rarely important in industrial structures but can be in rigid
frame structures.

C.7 Secondary Elements and equipment erected on structures

C.7.1 Scope
Clause 8 of NCh433, based on ATC-3 (7) mainly refers to the secondary elements of
buildings. In this clause the basic theory has been maintained, but minor modifications
have been made to adapt the requirements to industry.

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C.7.2 Stresses for seismic design

Formulas (7-1) to (7-6) and Table 7.1 correspond to an improved version of clause 8 of
NCh433.
C.7.3 Stresses for anchors design
One of the most frequent causes of seismic failure in minor equipment is the lack or
insufficiency of anchors resulting from the application of normal practices in non seismic
zones.
In general, en units the anchor bolts are sufficient and it is not necessary to recur to
special provisions such as shear plates.
C.7.4 Automatic shutdown systems
The recommendation is taken from NCh433, paragraph 8.5.4.
C.8 Special provisions for steel structures
C..8.1 General provisions
The special provisions are based on Chilean experience and the North American
recommendations made after the earthquakes of Loma Prieta and Northridge and
introduced into their codes.
The Chilean experience has been proven in six major earthquakes between 1960 and
1985 of magnitudes on the Richter Kanamori scale of 7,5 to 9,5.
The North American recommendations have been summarized in the standards and
seismic recommendations from AISC (10, 11 and 20). The recommendations from AISI
(21) were also taken into consideration for slender members not included in AISC.
C.8.2. Materials
The specifications of steel and welds, included in American codes (4, 5, 15) are intended
to avoid failures due to fragile rupture. These are based on the numerous investigations
performed after the earthquakes of Loma Prieta and Northridge. In Chile there have been
some failures due to fragile rupture of high strength steel and low tenacity in bridges, non
seismic conditions.
C.8.3 Braced frames
The provisions on bracing are based on the Chilean experience, with some modifications
taken from AISC. In general, it has been considered that the maximum seismic
deformation of our standards is approximately half of that used in the United States,
which reduces the risks of failure due to local buckling or anelastic.

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Provisions 8.3.2 about the use of diagonals that work in compression and traction, are
taken from the Eurostandards and their objective is to increase the redundancy ( see
4.1.3.b).
Provision 8.3.4 about the crossing point for x diagonals, not included in the American
codes, has been used successfully in Chile, permanently and was originally based, on
Austrian specifications.
In the Chilean practice, taken from the North American (22), it is usual to fix as the
minimum height of diagonal profiles 1/90 of its horizontal projection in order to avoid
deformations due to their own weight that reduce resistance to buckling.
C.8.4 Rigid frames
Seismic structures based solely on rigid frames, habitually used in the United States,
exhibited many failures in the beam joints and columns in the earthquakes of Lomas
Prietas and Northridge, therefore many investigations were carried out that originated
severe design requirements that were included in the main seismic codes (5, 15) and
summarized in the recommendations of AISC (20). In Chile there were no failures in said
joints mainly due to the lower seismic deformation and not using very thick laminated
profiles (Jumbo) that has a dangerous methalography. Due to this the proposed
provisions are based on our experience with very few of the recommendations from AISC.
In 8.4.1 it is specified that column to beam moment joints be TR, fully rigid. PR joints,
partially rigid, allowed in the United States, are not accepted for two reasons, lack of local
experience and requirements for testing and surveying not available in the country.
In 8.4.3 and Table 8.1 width-thickness ratios are specified taken from the AISC
recommendations for seismic stresses (10, 11 and 20), with some recommendations based
on local practice. In 8.4.5 and Attachment B provisions are included for panel design of
columns in the rigid beam joints, based on the non seismic recommendations of AISC (10)
with very few modifications taken from the seismic recommendations (20). In Chile no
failures of the panel zone are known of. In 8.4.6. provisions are recommended for column
bases, detailed in 8.6.2, that are intended to facilitate inspection and repair of anchor
bolts after earthquakes.
C.8.5 Connections
The provisions are based on local practice and the recommendations from AISC. In 8.5.2.
and 8.5.3 a design is specified for seismic connections so that they have a resistance
greater than or equal to the connected members. In 8.5.8 requirements are included for
the execution of reliable field welded joints.
In column junctions (see 8.5.9) it is recommended that the junction be designed for a
horizontal stress of 5 kN located at the upper free end, during erection.

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C.8.6 Anchors
Anchors to foundations exhibit failures, generally minor, in all earthquakes. They are, in
a certain manner, a seismic fuse.
The provisions of 8.6.2, the object of which is to allow inspection and fast repair after an
earthquake, are based on local experience, that mainly takes into consideration the
failures observed in 1960 and avoided in subsequent earthquakes.
The use of shear plates or seismic stops indicated in 8.6.3 to 8.6.7, like the previous case,
are based on failures detected in 1960 and the successful subsequent performance of the
above recommendations.
In 8.6.5 the consideration of friction between the base plate and the foundation is
excluded, mainly due to curing contraction of the leveling mortars. In special cases,
mainly for major units with many anchors, friction may be taken into consideration, by
specification of non contractible mortars and pretension of the bolts, it being customary
to consider only pretension for the friction.
The recommendation from 8.6.8, in order to avoid failure of the anchors due to the
concrete, it is a customary practice for protection against the difficulties to obtain reliable
concrete mixtures and the incertitudes of the calculation theories for the resistance. In
general it is recommended for the application for design of the Prestessed Concrete
Institute PCI (23).
C.9 Special provisions for concrete structures
C.9.1 Reinforced concrete structures
The specifications are mainly based on national experience in the earthquakes from 1960
to1985, on the provisions of NCh433 and the recommendations of the American Concrete
Institute ACI-318.99, chapter 21 (12). Consideration has also been given to investigations
made subsequent to the Loma Prieta and Northridge earthquakes, published by the
Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (24), mainly in what is related to
prefabricated members in which local experience is limited.
In 9.1.6 it is specified that it is not necessary to design seismic walls according to the
complex provisions of ACI. Our designs, that do not apply them, have been successful in
earthquakes since 1960, an internationally recognized fact.
The provisions in 9.1.7 for rigid frames that eliminate the ACI requirements are justified
by the lower seismic deformation of this standard and have been proven in several
numerical studies.

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A translation exists with comments of the ACI 318 code prepared and published by the
Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Structural Design Commission and the Chilean
Concrete and Cement Institute, which has been proposed by its author as the Reinforced
Concrete Chilean Design Code.
C.9.2 Prefabricated Concrete Structures
The provisions consider the limited Chilean experience in the seismic behavior of
prefabricated structures, the requirements of ACI 318-02 and IBC 2000 and the
proposals regarding the issue contained in NEHRP 2000, in order to avid the failures in
these systems observed in the Loma Prieta, Northridge and Kobe earthquakes (12 and
24).
In 9.2.1.1 a) and b) the design is accepted of gravitational systems with humid seismic
connections as equivalent to traditional concrete, because the prefabricated structure
must have a quality higher than site mixed concrete and the joints are equivalent.
Special restrictions have been added to the use of structures with dry connections, due to
the lack of experience with this type of structures in the country. In 9.2.1.1 c) the height
is limited for these structures to 18 m and the number of floors in buildings to 4,
maximum values that have been used in local projects.
In 9.2.1.1 c), 9.2.1.4 and 9.2.1.5 it is required that the design be performed so that the
dry connections fail before the structural members and that the behavior be proven with
tests when it is not linear.
In 9.2.1.6 requirements are made for the steel and welding of dry joints equal to those
specified in 8.2.2 and 8.5.1 in order to avoid fragile failures.
Finally, in 9.2.1.7 conditions are specified for design when the seismic stresses are very
low, similar but more stringent than those specified for non prefabricated structures in
5.4.5.
C.9.3 Industrial Bays comprised by suspended columns
In the design of columns and foundations, including stresses and deformations, it is
necessary to consider the base shear stress assigned to the model, as well as the vertical
seismic action. However, if the horizontal bracing system required in 9.3.2 has been
disposed to provide structural redundancy, the design base shear stress must not be
lower than the value that results from the multiplication of the weight that the column
discharges by the greatest value between C and Cmin..

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C-10 Foundations
C.10.1 The specifications are based on ample Chilean experience, both in foundations for
buildings according to NCh433 as well as several decades of mining and industry
projects.
C.10.1.3 In this subclaause it must be understood that, the ground stresses, deformation
and the stability of the foundation must be confirmed for all the applicable combinations
with the admissible stresses method, that are compatible with soil studies.
C.11 Specific structures
C.11.1 Industrial sheds (Mill Buildings)
C.11.1.1 The definition is the equivalent to Mill Buildings in English
C.11.1.2 Sheds in which lateral stresses are resisted by rigid frames of columns and
beams or roof trusses are the most widely used in industries because they allow
expansion of the building.
The continuous roof bracing has the seismic advantages of rigid horizontal diaphragms. It
also makes it possible to, distribute concentrated lateral loads, such as cranes, between
several frames; Chilean practice, taken from the North American, is considered to be
sufficiently approximate the assumption that the roof bracing transmits 50% of the lateral
load to the frames adjoining the loaded frame.
C.11.1.3 The determination of the magnitude and height of suspended load that
coincides with the design earthquake is a complex probabilistic problem that it is
recommended should be analyzed jointly among the professional specialists and process
engineers. However, if the scarce duration of the seismic stresses is considered in
comparison to the life of the structure, the following recommendations can be considered
as safe:
-

In maintenance cranes, fabrication shops and the like, where the maximum load is
rarely lifted, and the operation is not continuous, suspended load can be disregarded
for seismic analysis.

In heavy duty cranes in continuous operation with maximum load, such as metallurgy
foundry cranes, it is recommended that this load be used at the highest elevation in
the seismic analysis. This recommendation is based on the dynamic analysis of more
than 600 cases, made in Chile (25), according to which the equivalent load at bridge
level is equal to the actual for pseudo periods of 1 s or more, at 0,20 of the actual for
periods of up to 0,5 s and varies linearly between both values.

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The following Figures summarize the conditions of the above study

Ts = 2 ( P1 + P2 )(kg ) pseudo period

P1 = weight of the building, boom and crane trolley
P2 = weight of the suspended load
mP2 = analysis suspended load applied at upper level
K = rigidity
Ts < 0,5

m= 0,20

Ts = 0,5 1,0 m= 1,6 Ts -0,6

m= 1,0
Ts = > 1.0

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C.11.1.4 The non simultaneousness of dynamic effects of crane operation with the
earthquake and the position of several cranes with no load is justified for probabilistic
reasons and are a part of the North American practice recommended by the Association of
Iron and Steel Engineers AISE (22).
C.11.1.5 In the May 1960 earthquakes there were systematic failures in the joints of
vertical plates between crane support beams and the columns due to the superimposing
of the seismic stresses with fatigue tensions. Cases were also observed of wheels falling off
from the rail to the upper wing of the crane supports. The recommendations are intended
to avoid these failures (1, 26, 27).
C.11.1.6 The object of the provision is to avoid the formation of rigid towers in extreme
facades, that have failed in Chilean earthquakes because they bear seismic stresses that
they were not designed for (27).
C.11.1.7 The recommendation is self explanatory. The suggested detail has produced
good results in Chilean practice (1, 27).
C.11.2 Light steel bays
C.11.2.1 The characteristics of light steel bays are defined (sheds), of limited clearance
and height, and light duty cranes and equipment, in which the wind stresses are
generally higher than seismic stresses. In the country a great number of these bays have
been built over the years, that do not meet all the requirements of this standard and that
have resisted earthquakes with no damage.
C.11.2.2 Defines the parameters to determine the design seismic stresses. In general,
transverse and longitudinal stresses in the extreme panels due to wind are greater that
seismic stresses, but in intermediate panels the longitudinal earthquake can take control.
C.11.2.3 to C.11.2.7 Provisions are specified for bracing. If there are no cranes or
equipment of an equivalent weight, traction only diagonals are accepted.
C.11.3 Industrial buildings with several floors
C.11.3.1 Industrial buildings with several floors, process, energy generation or similar,
generally have heavy loads and valuable equipment. In Chilean practice the best results
have been obtained with dual buildings, with braced or concrete shear walls, combined
with rigid ductile frames as a second line of resistance (1, 26, 16). These buildings, where
the seismic deformation is much lower than that of buildings with North American ductile
frames, have not suffered the generalized failures in welded joints observed in the
earthquake of Northridge in 1994 (28, 29, 30, 31).
C.11.3.2. The recommendations are based on Chilean practice proven in earthquakes
from 1960 to 1985 (1, 16, 26, 27, 28).

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C.11.4 Major suspended equipment

C.11.4.1 Figure A.7 in Attachment A shows a typical boiler, suspended with stringers in
the upper portion. To control the seismic oscillations and avoid impacting the structure it
is necessary to install connectors that allow thermal expansion, both vertical as well as
horizontal, some of which are illustrated in the figure. The same figure shows anchor
bolts of the hammer head type, with ample ductility, easily repairable and replaceable,
that are recommended for major units.
The units are generally projected by foreign suppliers that frequently are not provided
with seismic experience. Due to this it is necessary to establish systems for early advisory
services and approval of the design by professional specialists approved to practice in
Chile.
The above recommendations have been successfully proven in a great number of
earthquakes in Chile since 1960 (1, 16, 32).
C.11.4.2 In electrostatic precipitators there are suspended electrode cages of isolators, of
very high voltage, that it is not possible to secure laterally and can strike the casing in the
event of an earthquake. Chilean practice has shown that these knocks are not important,
but that electrical problems occur and fragile breakage of the porcelain isolators. Due to
these reasons it is frequently necessary to specify special isolators and be provided with
power cut-off devices.
C.11.5. Pipes and ducts
C.11.5.1 The arrangements of supports and joints must be performed jointly by the
piping specialists and professional specialists.
C.11.5.2 In general, it is considered necessary to take seismic action into consideration
in pipes or ducts with dimensions over 200 mm. In the great majority of cases the weight
of the pipes is minor in comparison to buildings and structures and it is only necessary to
introduce seismic deformations in the piping system analysis and in joints design.
C.11.6 Major mobile equipment
C.11.6.1 Major mobile units of equipment are especially important in an industry, both
because the cost is very high as well as because a failure can mean extended shutdowns.
They are frequently large and have eccentric loads. Due to this the seismic design is
critical and adequate coordination and approval systems must be established between
suppliers and seismic specialists during the entire project.

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The design, considering the actual support condition between the wheels and the rails,
with possibilities of impact or uplift, posses incertitudes that in practice make it hard to
achieve. Due to this, it is generally assumed that said supports are swivels for analysis
purposes and precautions such as counterweights and self centering wheels are taken to
avoid impacts.
The above provisions have provided satisfactory results in Chilean practice. Most of the
units thus protected have not experienced failure, excepting some cases of successive
impacts (hammering) that have caused repairable damage to wheels and trolleys (26, 27).
For the dimensioning of the counter weights it is normal practice to a pseudostatic safety
factor of around 1,0 to 1,2 in a static analysis.
In dynamic analysis it is necessary to consider vertical and horizontal accelerations and
determine, together with the Operators, the probable overloads during the occurrence of
an earthquake.
The total overturning due to seismic action is not a real possibility due to alternation of
the loads and it is not necessary to consider them in the design (33, 34). In the Chilean
earthquakes of May 1960 and March 1985 there were cases where cranes overturned in
the ports of Puerto Montt and San Antonio, due to major settlements of the soil and not
because of the horizontal seismic stresses (29, 35).
C.11.7 Elevated tanks, process vessels and stacks
C.11.7.1 Elevated tanks must be designed as inverted pendulums with R = 3. Water in
general can be considered as a solid of 0,48 times its own weight (35). If X diagonals are
used of traction only, it is necessary to apply a pretension equal to half the maximum
traction of the tensed diagonal.
C.11.7.2 The dynamic analysis of process vessels must be performed with R = 3. The
connection between the columns and shell can be direct when the plate is thick, or by
means of a circular support beam. The design of these connections is complex and can
be done with the methods developed by Brownel and Young (37).
C.11.7.3 Stacks may be self supporting or not self supporting, with an external metal or
concrete structure. The latter are used in stacks that are very tall in thermoelectric
plants. Chilean experience, up to heights of 53 m has been successful with dynamic
designs according to paragraph 5.4 of this standard and R = 3. Very tall non self
supporting stacks, up to 100 m have been designed with the more conservative method
recommended by the North American Civil Engineers Society (27, 38). The
recommendation to use the inner concrete coating projected for calculation of the rigidity
but not of the resistance is based on studies carried out by Blume on the effects of the
1960 earthquakes in the Huachipato Steel Plant (14). Blume recommends for the coating
a value of E 1/20 of the steel.

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C.11.7.4 The formula (11-1) is based on the expressions of Timoshenko, corrected by

Blume according to his observations of the behavior of 12 chimney stacks from 33 m to
52 m in height in the Huachipato plant, 3 of which exhibited failure due to local buckling
in the earthquakes of May 1960. The recommended failure stress, that considers defects
in fabrication and erection, is the following:
See equation on page 111 of the original document.
If admissible stresses are applied, to the acceptable value is 0,6 X 1,33 Fu = 0,8 Fu, which
is equivalent to formula (11-1).
See equation on page 111 of the original document.
If ultimate loads are applied, according to articles 4.5 and 8.1 b), the seismic
requirements must be multiplied by 1,1 and accept Fa = 0,9 = Fu = 153 Fy e/D.
C.11.8 Vertical tanks supported on the ground
C.11.8.1 Scope
Major tanks directly supported on the ground are widely used in industries. Most of these
are circular steel tanks, but a few are reinforced concrete or rectangular in shape, The
liquids most commonly used are petroleum, water and other special liquids such as
sulfuric acid, liquid oxygen, alcohol, etc.
C.11.8.2.General principles and standards
In general North American design and construction codes are applied of the American
Petroleum Institute API for hydrocarbon products and of the American Waterworks
Association AWWA and the American Concrete Institute ACI for water (39, 40, 41 & 42).
Recommendations of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering NZ
have also been used, applicable to any liquid and material; these specifications, originally
published in 1986, are very comprehensive, but were modified in the year 2000 because
they were too conservative (43, 44).
All the standards have two important sections, the seismic section which determines the
seismic stresses considering the required location, risk and safety, and the Design section
that allows the dimensioning of the tanks and the foundations.
In this standard the
different to those n
performed according
also applicable in the

seismic action is specified according to our conditions, which are

API, AWWA or NZ. Knowing the seismic stresses the design is
to the code adopted among those listed above. This philosophy is
Unites States (45).

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C.11.8.3 to C.11.8.5 Masses and periods

In design it is necessary to consider, for the liquid mass, two portions, the impulsive that
vibrates along with the structure and the convective, over it, that has waves. The 3
standards listed in 11.8.2 have formulas to determine the masses and the periods of each
one of them, that are practically coincidental.
C.11.8.6 to C.11.8.13 Analysis and design
To determine the seismic stresses and the structural R parameters and damping a
comparative study was made of eight steel tanks and two concrete tanks, of sufficient size
to cover practical requirements, and the results were compared with the values of the
standards listed in 11.8.2. The relations between the seismic coefficients, for the 10
tanks, were the following:
NCh2369/API

1,01 to 1,17

NCh/AWWA

0,80 to 0,90

NCh/NZ

0,96 to 1,00

C.11.8.14 Anchor bolts

The provisions about anchor bolts have been successfully applied in national projects
over the past decades.
C.11.8.15 to C.11.8.18 Methods are specified to avoid tanks without anchor bolts from
sliding off the foundations, top avoid damage due to compression of air or convective
liquid hammer or suffer secondary problems in the structure and piping.
The recommendations are based on damages observed in the 1964 Alaska earthquakes
and Chile in 1960 and 1985 and the recommendations made on each occasion (1, 27, 28,
46, 47. 48, 49 and 50).
C.11.9 Rotating furnaces and driers
C.11.9.1 Rotating furnaces and driers are units that can have large diameters and
lengths and that operate at high temperatures and low rotational speed. The foundations
are massive and the own period is low, which justifies the use of the static method.
They have appreciable thermal expansions, both longitudinal as well as radial. If these
units stop rotating for a period of around 20 minutes thermal distortions can occur that
cause considerable damage. These limitations affect design, that requires early and
continuous coordination between the suppliers and the professional specialists.

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The recommendations of the standard have been successfully proven in a great number of
furnaces and driers installed in Chile, since the 1940s (26).
Experience indicates that the impact when the free space closes in the longitudinal
earthquake can duplicate the seismic stress (51) and that this can be several times
higher than normal operating stress. Due to this, sometimes it is necessary to accept the
failure of the roller and their mechanisms, under the condition that these can be replaced
over a short period with a controlled rotations procedure of the furnace in order to avoid
major thermal deformations.
In order to allow this operation it is necessary to install an emergency motor to rotate the
furnace if electrical power supply to the furnace is interrupted in an earthquake.
The indications in Figure A.11 detail 1 are intended to standardize the seismic resistance
with operational conditions.
In the seismic thrust H calculation on support 3 the friction can be subtracted in
supports 1, 2 and 4 with a coefficient of 0,1.
C.11.9.2 Detail 2 of Figure A.11 summarizes the design provisions for the lateral
earthquake. The overturning calculation is not intended to avoid this occurrence, which is
not an actual possibility, but rather to avoid uplifts and alternative impacts on both sides,
a phenomenon known as hammering.
When the longitudinal thrust rollers are missing, major displacements can occur (51). In
order to avoid falls it is necessary to increase the width of the wheel rims as shown in
Figure A.11, detail 2.
C.11.10 Refractory brick (masonry) structures
C.11.10.1 Very rarely are the resistant properties of refractory bricks at high
temperatures known. Mortar disappears or is transformed by high temperature and
frequently the resistance depends on thermal compressions. Generally the brickworks do
not behave elastically and do not have reliable resistance to traction. Due to this, it is
necessary to avoid considering brickworks as structural elements or earthquake resistant.
Figure A.12 shows two foundry furnaces, one with an arc roof that resists vertical and
horizontal stresses, and the other with a non structural roof, hanging from a steel
structure, in Chilean earthquakes the former and not the latter have failed (1, 27, 32).
In industrial brickworks continued cooperation is required between process engineers and
the professional specialists form the very start of the project.
C.11.10.2 In furnaces of the type shown in Figure A.12 b), the static method is generally
sufficient. In more complex furnaces, with hanging reactors or coolers such as the flash
type of the copper industry, it is necessary to perform spectral dynamic analyses.

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C.11.10.3 Before heating up the structure has a different condition than normal, because
spaces have been provided for expansion as shown in Figure 12 b). This condition
generally takes hours or days and it is not necessary to consider it as coincidental with
the design earthquake.
C.11.11 Electrical equipment
C.11.11.1 Electrical equipment is essential in an industry, due to the need to be provided
with electrical power and communications after the earthquake, for seismic design special
specifications exist or international standards, with accepted and proven use, that exceed
the scope of this standard. The best known in Chile are those of the National Electricity
Company, ENDESA. General Technical Specifications 1.015 prepared by professor Arturo
Arias (52).
C.11.11.2 The ENDESA standard defines as robust units those in which, due to their
function, are designed for greater requirements than seismic ones and that do not have
fragile components, and as rigid units those that have a fundamental frequency of 30 Hz
or more. Typical examples are generators, motors, valves, pumps and similar. The
recommended formulas for static design are based on the ones from ENDESA (52).
C.11.11.3 The recommendations
specification (52).

about

isolators

are

taken

from

the

ENDESA

In units where the conditions of robust and rigid are not complied with dynamic or
empiric analyses may be required. For dynamic analysis the ENDESA specification
prescribes spectrums, dampening and R values that depend on the unit; these are, in
general, more severe than this standard. Empirical qualification tests consist in
oscillation tests to determine frequencies and dampening, tests under static stresses and
in vibrating masses or similar. These are required in major units, such as (encapsuladas)
substations.
C.11.12 Minor structure and equipment
There are a great number of minor units in industries such as pumps, motors, compact
boilers, panels, shelves and similar, that in general have good structural resistance, but
that can fail at the anchors, connections and other details, sometimes causing prolonged
shutdowns. It is essential to verify all these elements from the seismic viewpoint and add
the necessary reinforcements, that are usually simple and can be added on site. Figure
A.13 illustrates some of these cases.

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NCh2369

C.11.13 Wood structures

The provisions are based on NCh1198 supplemented by the recommendations of SEAOC
and UBC (4 and 5) and New Zealand standards referenced in North American
publications (53).
The failure of structures can occur in wood, caused by traction or flection, or in the
connections. The failure in wood is fragile and in the connections can be ductile.
Generally the structures are classified as ductile, non ductile or semi ductile.
Ductile structures are those that have ductile connections of a resistance lower than
wood. Typical ductile structures are those that resist seismic stresses with braced walls
or diaphragms connected with bolts or nails, those that have wood to wood joints with
small diameter bolts or nails or those that have joints with joiner plates or steel sheets.
Non ductile structures have joints with a greater resistance than wood, that fail due to
traction or flection. In general they have rigid glued joints or with 20 mm bolts or larger.
Semi ductile structures are an intermediate instance between the above.
The recommended R values are 4 for ductile structures, 1 for non ductile structures, and
2,5 for semi ductile structures.
C.B Column to beam joints design in rigid steel frames
C.B.1 Overview
AISC standards (10 and 11) have design provisions of the panel zone, which is the core of
the beams, that face the beam moment connections, a zone that is projected to resist the
shear stresses generated, that can be major.
AISC as special conditions for the seismic case of rigid frames (20) in order to avoid
failures due to lack of ductility observed in the earthquakes of Loma Prieta and
Northridge, that make it necessary to perform tests in many cases.
In Chile no similar failures have occurred, because the maximum seismic deformations in
our standards are around half on the North American ones. Due to this, in this standard
the special provisions of AISC are omitted, with some minor exceptions.

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NCh2369

C.B.2 Panel zone design of moment joints

Includes in detail the design provisions. If the thickness of the core is insufficient, it must
be reinforced with attached plates or stiffeners in diagonals shop welded. Said
reinforcements can be avoided by changing the column frame for a different one with a
thicker core. The problem is economical and it is advisable to review it for each case.
Below, cost information is provided published by AISC (54), with equivalent values
calculated for Chile.

Costs expressed as kg of structural steel

U.S.A.
160
140
450

One plate attached

Two stiffeners welded with fillet
Two stiffeners butt welded

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Chile
70
60
200

NCh2369
REFERENCES
See original document

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