CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW

In this chapter, the theoretical aspect of the report will be
discussed.
2.2 BRIEF THEORY
Over the years, the study of flow past various geometric of
shapes and sizes especially circular, elliptic and square rectangle was
undergone in order to understand more about the characteristics,
properties and effects in various fluids. The purpose of the study was to
develop knowledge in multiple areas such as automotive, aerospace,
biotechnology, and in medical field. The data and information related to
this study of the phenomena like the wake characteristics and vortex
shedding etc. often served as a launching pad to investigate other
body shapes as well as interactions between multiple bluff bodies as
encountered in numerous applications [1]. In other applications such as
building and bridges design, the study of flow is very crucial for
example the horrendous collapsing of Tacoma Bridge in 1940 was
hypothesized caused by resonance due to vortex shedding and Krmn
Vortex Street [2]. The geometry focused in this study will be the

semicircular cylinder which the study will base on the study of cylinder
immersed in moving fluid. According to [3], The governing differential
equations (continuity, momentum and thermal energy) describing the
two dimensional steady flow of incompressible fluids have been solved
numerically for the transverse flow over a semicircular cylinder with its
base aligned parallel to the flow. This review will only cover the
momentum part from drag, lift and vortex shedding.
Drag and Lift
First, the study of the drag and lift of flow around semicircular
cylinder in available research paper was observed. The drag is the
force of resistance from turbulent flow that acts oppositely to the
relative motion of object moving in a fluid. This study is crucial because
it is the basic to develop more sophisticated geometry and shape.
Theoretically, the drag coefficient is the sum of the friction drag
coefficient and pressure drag coefficient [1]. Friction drag is created by
shear stresses, which are caused by viscous and turbulent effects [4].
The study of friction drag will focused on the surface of the object. The
coefficient of friction drag is depending on the Reynolds number. In
laminar flow, the friction drag coefficient calculated from Blasius
Friction law while in turbulent flow, Schlichting empirical formula is
used. However, pressure drag is the drag produced by normal stresses
on the surface of the body [4] and the theoretical calculation was

explained in [3]. Analytically, the numerical analysis pertaining to the

coefficient of drag was achieved as in [3] in Reynolds number from
0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 120. From the result, the drag
coefficient showed inverse variation with Reynolds number. The study
of lift coefficient will usually covered in drag coefficient as in [3]. The
study of lift is common in aerospace field of study and aircraft
designing. Other related study available is the study of Aeolian tone of
semicircular cylinder in stream [5]. Aeolian tone is the sound produced
by wind when it passes over or through objects. The experiment
conducted in various angle of attack and the result as stated in [5], the
peak sound spectrum from the semi-circular cylinder is smaller than
that of the circular cylinder in the whole angles of attack and the
lowest one is observed around zero angle of attack.
Drag reduction is one of the most common research. The
applications are widely used in industries. In automotive, drag
reduction improve fuel economy. The experiment conducted in [6],
used few passive devices to reduce vehicle aerodynamics drag. The
result shows, rear fairing as part of flow separation area behind the
vehicle can reduce aerodynamic drag of the vehicle with investigated
configuration, by up to 26% which is the highest[6]. However, this
paper only focusing on the flow past semicircular cylinder. The
numerical study of drag reduction focusing only in this shape is not

widely analyzed. However, there are many studies using much similar
shape like full cylinder, elliptic cylinder, and square cylinder. For
example, study on a cylinder drag reduction using downstream
undulating foil [7], the numerical analysis of thermal protection and
drag reduction with use of spike [8], fabrication of a micro-riblet films
on curved object [9], the effect of a splitter plate on the near-wake
development of a semicircular cylinder [10] and numerical studies of
drag reduction on circular cylinder with v-grooves [11][12]. Most of the
methods are applied on the circular cylinder and no numerical analysis
made with semicircular cylinder.
Vortex Shedding
Second, the study of vortex motion from flow around semicircular
cylinder was reviewed. According to [13], the wake behind a cylinder
in a uniform stream grows as the Reynolds number is increased above
about Re = 5. Between 5 < Re < 50 the steady attached vortices that
form the wake behind the cylinder grow with Re. However about Re =
50 the width of the wake approaches the diameter of the cylinder and
the wake becomes unstable in that it begins to oscillate back and forth
behind the cylinder, veering from one side to the other. About Re = 60
this process leads to vortices breaking off and being convected
downstream. The oscillations caused will produce vibration to the
body and if the frequency of the vibration matches the resonance

frequency of the object, it can cause structural failure. However, [14] in

his study, to estimate vortex shedding frequency from a circle cylinder
using a method which combines correlation and the Fast Fourier
Transform (FFT) analysis was developed to estimate the frequency of
vortex shedding in turbulent flows. The conclusion of the study showed
that the estimated period agrees with theoretical values.
In the study of vortex shedding, Strouhal Number is a
dimensionless unit that represents a measure of the ratio of the inertial
forces due to the unsteadiness of the flow or local acceleration to the
inertial forces due to changes in velocity from one point to another in
the flow field. There are many studies involving vortices and Strouhal
number like numerical analysis of Strouhal frequencies from square
cylinder [15] and the more specific and latest Strouhal-Reynolds
number relation ranging 47 < Re < 200000 [16].
Heat Transfer
To see the relation between flow across obstruction and heat
transfer, the example of application of heat transfer around circular
pipe is widely used in heat exchangers. Rate of heat transfer expressed
in the term of Nusselt number. Many studies have been made to the
shape of pipe in order to optimize the rate of heat exchange. A study
that use elliptic pipe as heat exchanger has been made and according
to Terukazu et al.[17], the elliptic cylinder of axis ratio 1: 3 exhibits a

superior feature of higher heat transfer capability and lower fluid

dynamic drag than the circular cylinder, when the elliptic cylinder is
operated at a small angle of attack. In the study of flow past
semicircular cylinder, there a few studies conducted. Chandra and
Chhabra [1] have conducted a numerical analysis on forced convection
heat transfer in Newtonian fluids from a semi-circular cylinder to study
the relation between Reynolds-Nusselt and Prandtl number.
Conclusion
As the conclusion, the study of flow past an obstruction or
semicircular cylinder in this case has been studied from different
aspect numerically. From the momentum characteristics or the motion
of viscous fluid substance that theoretically described with NavierStokes equation, Strouhal number that describe the vortex shedding
frequency and the relation of Reynold-Nusselt number that describe the
rate of heat transfer. However, the lack of numerical data from the
desirable shape of semicircular or semi-embedded cylinder made this
topic widely open for further study.

References
[1]

A. Chandra and R. P. Chhabra, Flow over and forced convection heat transfer in
Newtonian fluids from a semi-circular cylinder, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 54,
no. 13, pp. 225241, 2011.

[2]

N. Co-investigator, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge Failure, J. Chem. Inf. Model.,

vol. 53, pp. 16891699, 2013.

[3]

A. Gode, a. K. Sahu, and R. P. Chhabra, Two-dimensional steady flow over a

semi-circular cylinder: drag coefficient and Nusselt number, Int. J. Adv. Eng. Sci.
Appl. Math., vol. 3, no. 14, pp. 4459, 2011.

[4]

A. K. A. Flack and J. E. Shade, The Effect of Surface Roughness on

Hydrodynamic Drag and Turbulence By Midshipman 1 / C Thomas A . Shapiro ,
Class of 2004 United States Naval Academy Annapolis , Maryland Certification of
Advisers Approval Assistant Professor Michael P . Schultz ( Date ), vol. 327, no.
327, 2004.

[5]

T. Yamagata, N. Saito, and N. Fujisawa, Aeolian Tone from a Semi-Circular

Cylinder in a Stream *, no. October 2015, pp. 3037, 2016.

[6]

V. Sirenko, R. Pavlovsky, and U. S. Rohatgi, Methods of Reducing Vehicle

Aerodynamic Drag, Vol. 1 Symp. Parts A B, p. 97, 2012.

[7]

Q. Xiao, W. Liu, and J. Hu, Parametric study on a cylinder drag reduction using
downstream undulating foil, Eur. J. Mech. B/Fluids, vol. 36, pp. 4862, 2012.

[8]

Z. Wang, H. Lv, and A. Zhang, Numerical analysis of thermal protection and drag
redunction with use of spike, ISSCAA2010 - 3rd Int. Symp. Syst. Control
Aeronaut. Astronaut., pp. 425429, 2010.

[9]

M. Han, H. C. Lim, Y. Jang, S. S. Lee, and S. Lee, PlES, pp. 396399, 2003.

[10]

N. Boisaubert and A. Texier, Effect of a splitter plate on the near-wake

development of a semi-circular cylinder, Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., vol. 16, no. 12,
pp. 100111, 1998.

[11]

C. V Munendra, A. Inamdar, and R. Kumar, Numerical Studies of Drag reduction

on Circular Cylinder With V- Grooves, Int. J. Eng. Gen. Sci., vol. 3, no. 3, pp.
290302, 2015.

[12]

S.-H. Seo, C.-D. Nam, J.-Y. Han, and C.-H. Hong, Drag Reduction of a Bluff
Body by Grooves Laid Out by Design of Experiment, J. Fluids Eng., vol. 135, no.
11, p. 111202, 2013.

[13]

A. I. Book and F. Dynamics, Introduction to VORTEX Extinction Vortex, pp. 5

7.

[14]

L. Wang, Y. Wang, and Z. Li, A Method to Estimate Vortex Shedding Frequency

in Turbulence, pp. 33863390, 2010.

[15]

L. M. Ling, B. Ramaswamy, R. D. Cohen, L. M. Ling, B. Ramaswamy, and R. D.

Cohen, International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS ON STROUHAL FREQUENCIES IN VORTEX

SHEDDING OVER SQUARE CYLINDERS WITH SURFACE SUCTION AND

BLOWING NUMERICAL ANALYSIS ON STROUHAL FREQUENCIES IN
VORTEX SHEDDING OVER SQUARE, 1993.
[16]

U. Fey, M. Konig, and H. Eckelmann, A new StrouhalReynolds-number

relationship for the circular cylinder in the range 47<Re<210[sup 5], Phys.
Fluids, vol. 10, no. 7, p. 1547, 1998.

[17]

O. Terukazu, N. Hideya, and T. Yukiyasu, Heat transfer and flow around an

elliptic cylinder, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 17711779, 1984.