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  • Al 3500 B

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    lequynh9.nguyen
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    APHA

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    14 tayangan4 halaman

    Al 3500 B

    Diunggah oleh

    lequynh9.nguyen
    APHA

    Hak Cipta:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Unduh sebagai PDF atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
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    ALUMINUM (3500-AIErachwome Cyanine R Method 261 3500-Al ALUMINUM* 3500-Al A. Introduction 4. Occurence and Significance Aluminum (Al) isthe second element in Group IILA of the periodic table; it has an atomic number of 13, an atomic ‘weight of 26.98, and a valence of 3. The average abundance in the earth's crust is 8.19%; in sols itis 0.9 to 6.5%; in streams itis 400 ug/L; in U.S. drinking waters itis 54 pg/L, and in groundwater it is <0.1 yg/L. Aluminum occurs in the earth's crust in combination with silicon and oxygen to form: feldspars, micas, and clay minerals. The most important min- cera are bauxite and corundum, which is used as an abrasive, ‘Aluminum and its alloys are used for heat exchangers, aircraft pars, building materials, containers, etc. Aluminum potas- sium sulfate (alum) is used in water-tratment processes to flocculate suspended particles, but it may leave a residue of ‘aluminum in the finished water. * Arve by Stnard Methods Comite, 200. Eitri revisions, 201. ‘et Tak Group 20s Eston “Bran. Conte ai Desoaa Andon, ‘anton Bright Ricard A” Cul, Ais Cy, C- Eien Gomer, Peer M ‘Gets, Datel. Hinan, Abert C= Hater, Amy’ Hoghes, 1. Chae Sema Seger A Mea, Maree O Moore, Greg L Ose, Rusu Pere James (Por ete @ Shouse, Michael D. Wich, oh Ls Worppe ‘Aluminum’s occurrence in natural waters is controlled by pH and by very finely suspended mineral particles, The cation AP” ‘predominates at pH less than 4, Above neutral pH, the predom- ‘nant dissolved form is AI(OH),~. Aluminum is nonessential for plants and animals. Concentrations exceeding 1.5 mg/L consti- {ute a toxicity hazard in the marine environment, and levels below 200 yg/L present a minimal risk. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization's recommended maximum level for ivigation waters is 5 mg/L. The possibility of a link ‘between elevated aluminum levels in brain tissues and Alzheimer’s disease has been nised. The US. EPA secondary drinking water ‘regulations ist an optimal secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL) of 0.05 mg/L and maximum SMCL of 0.2 mg/L. 2. Selection of Method ‘The atomic absorption spectrometric methods (3111 and E, and 3113B) and the inductively coupled plasma methods (6120 and 3125) are free from such common interferences as fluoride and phosphate, and are preferred. The Eriochrome ‘eyanine R colorimetric method (B) provides a means for estimating aluminum with simpler instrumentation, 3500-Al B. Eriochrome Cyanine R Method 1. General Discussion 4. Principle: With Eriochrome eyanine R dye, dilute alumi- ‘num solutions buffered to a pH of 6.0 produce @ red to pink complex that exhibits maximum absorption at 535 am. The intensity of the developed color is influenced by the aluminum concentration, reaction time, temperature, pH, alkalinity, and concentration of other ions in the sample. To compensate for color and turbidity, the aluminum in one portion of sample is complexed with EDTA to provide a blank. The interference of iron and manganese, two elements commonly found in water vhen aluminum is presen, is eliminated by adding ascorbic acid. ‘The optimum aluminum range lies between 20 and 300 g/L. but ‘an be extended upward by sample dilution. Interference: Negative errors are caused by both fluoride ‘and polyphosphates. When the fluoride concentration is con- ‘ant, the percentage error decreases with increasing amounts of aluminum. Because the fuoride concentration often is known or can be determined readily, fairly accurate results ‘an be obtained by adding the known amount of fluoride to @ ‘tof standards, A simpler correction can be determined from the family of curves in Figure 3500-AI:1. A procedure is fiven for the removal of complex phosphate interference. Orthophosphate in concentrations under 10 mg/L does not imterfere. The interference caused by even small amounts of alkalinity is removed by acidifying the sample just beyond the neutralization point of methyl orange. Sulfate does not inte {ere up to a concentration of 2000 mil, Minimum detectable concentration: The minimum alumi- ‘num concentration detectable by this method in the absence of fluorides and complex phosphates is approximately 6 yg/L. 4 Sample handling: Collect samples in clean, acid-rinsed bottles, preferably plastic, and examine them as soon as possible after collection. If only soluble aluminum is to be determined, filter a portion of sample through a 0.48-m ‘membrane filter; discard first SO mL of filtrate and use suc- ceeding filtrate for the determination. Do not use filter paper, absorbent cotton, or glass woo! for filtering any solution that is to be tested for aluminum, because they will remove most of the soluble aluminum, & Quality contol (QC): The QC practices considered to be an integral part of each method can be found in Section 3020, 2. Apparatus 4 Colorimeiic equipment: One ofthe following is required: 00 METALS (3000) os 040 035 0.25 0.20 ‘Measured Al Concentration, mg/L as | oxo tes — rset | 0.05 Hw 005 me a a F Concentration, mg/L Figure 3500-Ak1. Correction curves fr estimation of aluminum inthe presence of fuoride, Above the mp FM reset, fete the point coespondig toe appasent me AVL mearre, From thi pot interpolate betwen the carves shown, if he pn doesnot fl dec on one oft ‘hve, fe the ue ig AVL onthe orie,which orsponde to 000 mg F/L Fr example an apparent 020 mg AVL in a sample ‘onating 1.00 mg FL woul stl be O30 mg AVL sf no forge were present to inter 1) Spectrophotometer, for use at $35 nm, with alight path of 1 em or longer. 2) Filter photometer, providing a light path of 1 cm or longer and equipped with a green filter with maximum transmittance between 525 and 535 nm. 3) Nessler tubes, $0-ml, tall form, matched, >, Glassware: Treat all glassware with warm 1 + 1 HCI and rinse with aluminum-fre distilled water to avoid errors due to materials absorbed on the glass. Rinse sufficiently to remove all, acid, 3. Reagents Use reagents Jow in aluminum, and aluminum-free distilled {. Stock alwninum solution: Use either the metal (1) of the salt (2) for preparing stock solution; 1.00 ml. = 500 pg Al: 1) Dissolve 500.0 mg aluminum metal in 10 ml conc HCI by beating gently. Dilute to 1000 ml. with water, oF 2) Dissolve 8.791 g aluminum potassium sulfate (also called potassium alum), AIK(SO,), * 12H,0, in water and [ALUMINUM (2500-Al/Erochrome Cyanine F Method itute t0 1000 mL. Correct this weight by dividing by the

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