COMBUSTION
COMBUSTION AND FUELS
Fluidization phenomenon
Fixed bed
Bubbling
fluidized bed
Circulating
fluidized bed
Pnematic
transport
dust
Fuel flexibility
In situ SO2 removal
Low NOx emission
Good system availability
No slaging
Low corrosion rate
Easy sizing of fuel
Disadvantages
water
ash
air
cyclone
steam
superheaters
secondary
air
coal and
sorbent
refractory
chamber
chamber
circulation duct
steam
superheater
primary
air
water
heater
air
heater
exhaust
Bubbling
COMBUSTION ANDCirculating
FUELS
BUBBLING FLUIDIZED-BED
COMBUSTORS
Bubbling
fluidized
bed furnace
(laboratory set)
over-bed
zone
II
splash-zone
III
fluidized
zoe
fluidalne
bed
wgiel
coal
COMBUSTION AND FUELS
CO2
CO2
O2
SO2 CO2 HO
2
CnHm
coal
particle
CaO
splash-zone
CnHm
CO
CaO
CO2
HO
2
fines
CO2
O2
CO2
CO
CO2
CO
CO
char
sorbent
O2
CO2
bed
Falling flow
COMBUSTION
Raising flow AND FUELS
2)
cyclone
secondary air
fuel
bed
primary air
Circulating
fluidized
bed boiler
CFB-670
with
cyclone
separator
cyclone
coal
ash
secondary
air
coal
fluidizing air
air
air
air to siphon
flue
gas
IR detectors
bed
temp.
air nozzles
solids return
Value
Stoichiometric ratio
Temperature of the bed, Tz
Burnout of coal
Effectiveness of sulfur removal
1.1-1.2
850-870 C
96-98%
90%
(Ca/S = 1.5-2.6)
200-400 mg/m3
NOx emission
CFB 700
boiler
CFB 700
boiler
with inner
separator
INTREX
Intobed
Overbed
coal feeders
(4 pcs.)
chutes with
air nozzles
(10 pcs.)
shorter cell coal feeders
(3 pcs.)
long
cell/rake
coal feeders
(2 pcs.)
SELECTED FEATURES OF
FLUIDIZED BED BOILERS
Coal
Lignite
Hard coal
Anthracite
Time of burnout, s
Degree of
burnout, %
20 30
50 125
200 300
93 96
86 93
78 85
Temperature
Fuel
PF
High:
1100-1400 oC
Low:
800-900 oC
Hard coal,
lignite, biomass,
wastes
CFB
Fuel sizing
< 0.3
mm
3-30
mm
Ash/
slaging
Melted/
yes
Not
melted/no
CFB
BFB
PC
1.8-2.5
1.2-1.5
3.0-5.5
0.2-0.4
0.1-0.2
COMBUSTION AND FUELS
0.08-0.2
PF
CFB
2-12
40-55
0.5-6
13-30
4-17
1.8-8
0.3-0.7
0.7-15
25
26
10.8
9.6
15.4
0.8
0.4
2-12
Developing trends
Scale-Up and Some Key References
UNIT CAPACITY (MWe)
600
SECOND
GENERATION
DESIGN
550
500
Lagisza
450
400
350
FIRST GENERATION
DESIGN
300
250
JEA
Turow 5
Turow 1
200
Nova Scotia
150
NPS
Vaskiluodon Voima
Kajaani
100
50
Pilot plant Pihlava
Kauttua
Tri-State
Leykam
Kokkola
Kuhmo
Pilot plant
Thai Kraft
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Boilers furnace
INTREX SYSTEM
Solids return
channels
INTREX
Superheater
Air plenums
Intrex
Mineral wool
Refractory 25-50 mm
Membrane wall
Air preheater
Electrostatic precipitator
Karita, Japan
PFBC - Karita
paste
P = 1,5 MPa
Cottbus, Germany
Cottbus
Cyclone
CaS
Ceramic
filter
Cyclone
Combustor
Partial
gasification
Gas
turbine
Oxidizer PFBC
Flue gas
Steam
turbine
desulfurizer
gasifier
combustor