GUNAKAN KASUS BANDUNG

The light fraction in Ex. 12-7 and the percentage distribution of major elements composing this waste are as follows
(Using table 4-3, 4-4)
Component

Adjusted light
fraction (ton/d)

Organic
Foodwaste
Paper
Cardboard
Plastics
Textiles
Rubber
Leather
Yardwastes
Wood

57.1
319
57.1
61.5
16
3.6
3.6
123.3
16

Inorganic
Glass
Metals
Dirt, ashes, brick, etc
Total

5.4
5.3
1.6
669.5

Dry
weight
(kg)
85.29
476.47
85.29
91.86
23.9
5.38
5.38
184.17
23.9

Composition
H

40.931
207.264
37.528
55.116
13.150
4.200
3.230
88.033
11.831

5.459
28.588
5.032
6.614
1.580
0.540
0.430
11.050
1.429

32.069
209.650
38.039
20.944
7.459

2.218
1.430
0.256

0.340
0.950
0.171

1.099
0.110
0.540
6.262
0.048

0.041

Ash

0.020
0.553
0.024

4.256
28.590
4.256
9.186
0.600
0.540
0.540
8.288
0.361

8.07
0.04035 0.00807 0.029859 0.00807
7.92
0.36036 0.048312 0.339768 0.00792
2.39 0.710069 0.080065 0.049951 0.010038 0.005019
1000 462.39336
60.86 389.39568
11.98
2.10

7.979616
7.169976
1.830023
73.596291

0.620
69.985
10.210

Prepare a summary table of the percentage distribution of the elements in the waste (dry basis)
Component
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulphur
Ash
Total

Weights

Atomic
weight
46.2

12.01

6.09
38.94
1.2

1.01
16
14.01

0.21
7.36
100

32.07

Combustion
reaction and product
3.847 C+O2-->CO2
6.030 2H2+O2-->2H2O

Moles O2
Req

2.434
0.086
0.007 S+O2-->SO2

3.847
1.507
-1.217
0.007
4.144

Moles of air required per 100 kg ol solid waste =

Air required per lb of solid waste (kg)

Mol

20.03

4.144 =
0.2069
x
28.7
100

20.03 mol-air/100 kg solid waste

=

5.75 lb-air / kg-solid waste =

Assumed air composition, in volume fractions :

CO2
0.0003
N2

0.7802

O2

0.2069

H2O (moisture)

0.0126
Assuming ideal gases, the volume fractions may be taken as mole fractions.
In the air composition just given, it is assumed that rare gases are included with the nitrogen
and that the air moisture content is at 70% relative humidity at 60F.
Air of this composition has a weight of 28.7 lb/mol
Therefore, the theoritical amount of air that would be required for the stoichiometric
combustion of 1 ton of processed MSW =
1 ton *
1000 kg/ton
*
5.75 lb-air / kg-solid waste =

5748 lb air

GUNAKAN KASUS BANDUNG

Population =

500,000 person

Alternative 1
Treatment plant sludge with a fuel value of
Solid content of sludge (5%) and MSW

7500 Btu/lb
5065 Btu/lb

Alternative 2
Dewatered sludge (20% solid) and a fuel value of

(dry basis)

6500 Btu/lb

(based on dry solids)

Specific gravity of combined dry sludge with or without the addition of chemicals is
the percapita sludge production (in dry basis)
0.35 lb/day
Solid waste generation
Waste generation (Table 6-2)
Solid waste generation =
6.10 lb/capita.day x
3,047,945 lb/day x

=
=

1.1

2225 lb/capita.yr
6.10 lb/capita.day

500,000 person =
0.45 kg/lb =

3,047,945 lb/day
1,371,575 kg/day

(wet basis)

Sludge generation
0.35 lb/capita.day x
500,000 person =
175,000 lb/day x
0.45 kg/lb =
78,750 kg/day x 100 kg total wt/ 5 kg solid =

175,000 lb/day
78,750 kg/day
1,575,000 kg/day

(dry basis)
(wet basis)

Alternative 1
Sludge
Moisture
Solid
Solid waste
Moisture
Solid
Final condition
Moisture
Solid

1,575,000
95
5
1,371,575
20
80

kg/d
%
%
kg/day
%
%

60 %
40 %

When

SW = amount of solid waste

M=
amount of mixed waste (solid waste +sludge)
95 % x
5 %x

1,575,000
1,575,000

+
+

20 % SW =
80 % SW =

0.6 M
0.4 M

38 % x
3 %x

1,575,000
1,575,000

+
+

8 % SW =
48 % SW =

0.24 M
0.24 M

or

40 % SW =
SW =

551250
1,378,125 kg/day

The number of required solid waste is slightly more than generated

it needs
100.5% of solid waste generated

Alternative 2
Sludge
Moisture
Solid
Solid waste
Moisture
Solid

1,575,000
80
20
1,371,575
20
80

Final condition
Moisture
Solid
When

kg/d
%
%
kg/day
%
%

60 %
40 %

SW = amount of sludge
M=
amount of mixed waste (solid waste +sludge)
80 % x
20 % x

1,575,000
1,575,000

+
+

20 % SW =
80 % SW =

0.6 M
0.4 M

32 % x
12 % x

1,575,000
1,575,000

+
+

8 % SW =
48 % SW =

0.24 M
0.24 M

40 % SW =
SW =

315000
787,500 kg/day

The number of required solid waste is smaller than generated

it takes
57% of solid waste generated

GUNAKAN KASUS BANDUNG

Component
Combustible
Noncombustible
Water

Percent of total
80
10
10

Element
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulphur
Water
Inert

Percent
40.15
5.27
33.7
0.73
0.15
10
10

Lb/day
200,000
25,000
25,000

The following conditions are applicable

1. The as-fired heating value of the solid wastes is 5065 Btu/lb
2. The grate residue contains 5 percent unburned carbon
3. Temperature : Entering air - 80 oF, Grate residue-800 oF
4. Specific heat of residue = 0.25 Btu/lb-F
5. Latent heat of water = 1040 Btu/lb.
6. Radiation loss = 0.005 Btu/Btu of grass heat input
7. Alll oxygen in waste in bounds as water
8. Theoritical air requirement based on stochiometry
Carbon =
11.52
lb/lb
Hydrogen =
34.56
lb/lb
Sulphur =
4.31
lb/lb
9. The net hydrogen available for combustion is equal to percent hydrogen minus 1/8 the
percent oxygen. This account for the "bound water" in the dry combustible material.
The heating value of carbon is 14,000 Btu/bl
11. Moisture in the combustion air is 1 percent.
1. Set up a computation table to compute the weights of the elements of the solid waste.
Element
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulphur
Water
Inert
Total

40.15
5.27
33.7
0.73
0.15
10
10

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

2 Compute the amount of the residue

250000
250000
250000
250000
250000
250000
250000

lb/d
100,375
13,175
84,250
1,825
375
25,000
25,000
250,000

Inerts =
Total residue =
Carbon in residue =

25,000
25,000
26316

/
-

3 Determine the available hydrogen and bound water

Net available hydrogen =
5.27 % Hydrogen in bound water =
5.27 %

Bound water = oxygen + hydrogen in bound water

=
84,250
=
94,775.00

0.95
25,000

33.7 % /8 =
1.06 % =

+
lb/d

=
=

26315.8
1315.8

1.1 % = 2,643.75
4.2 % = 10,525.00

10,525.00

4 Setup a computation table to calculate the air required

Element
Carbon
(
100,375 Hydrogen
2643.8
Sulphur
375
Total dry theoritical air
Total dry inclunding 100% excesss
Moisture
2,468,293 *
Total air

1316 )*

11.52
34.56
4.31

1 %

Air requirement , lb/d

1,141,162
91,368
1,616
1,234,146
2,468,293
26,164
2,494,457

5 Determine the amount of water produced from the combustion of the available hydrogen
H2O = ( 18 lb H2O / 2 lb H)
x
2,643.75
lb H/day =
23,794 lb/day
6 Prepare a heat balance for the combustion process
Item
Gross heat input
250,000 lb/d *
5,065
Btu/lb
Heat lost in unburned carbon
1316 lb/d *
14,000
Btu/lb
Radiation loss
0.005 lb/d *
1013000000
Btu/lb
Inherent moisture
25,000 lb/d *
1,040
Btu/lb
Moisture in boundwater
94,775 lb/d *
1040
Btu/lb
Moisture from the combustion of available hydrogen
9882 lb/d *
1040
Btu/lb
Sensible heat in residue
6926 lb/d * {
0.25
Btu/lb-F* (

Value, 10E 06 Btu/d

1266.25
-18.4
-5.07
-26.00
-98.57
-10.28

=
Total losses
Net available in flue gas
1266.25
-159.58
Combustion efficiency
(
1106.67

800 -1.25
-159.58

1106.67 *10E6 Btu/d

*10E6 Btu/d/

1266.25 *10E6 Btu/d) *

80 )}

100 =

87.4

lb/d
lb/d

lb/d
lb/d

GUNAKAN KASUS BANDUNG 500 ton/hari modular sistem

Component
Organics
Paper
Cardboard
Plastic
Glass
Iron
Tin cans
Total

Compotisiton
% by weight
95.6
1.3
0.3
1.5
0.6
0.1
0.6
100

Energy content
% moisture As-discarded, Btu/lb
70
2000
6
7200
5
7000
2
140000
2
60
3
300
3
300

Calculate the as-fired moisture content, energy content, and chemical composition
(see Chapter 4) of the wastes. Then calcluate a materials and energy balance on the
proposed MCU using the procedure of Example 13-2. Comment on the feasibility of using
the MCU for this waste as compared to the results of Example 13-2, which are typical of
MSW in the United States. Assume that the following data are applicable:
1. The dry portion of the waste is 90 percent combustible
2. Other than physical and chemical composition and the as-fired energy content, conditions
2 through 11 of Example 13-2 apply.
1 Estimate of moisture content, energy content and chemical composition of the waste
Component
Organics
Paper
Cardboard
Plastic
Glass

Compotisiton
% by weight
95.6
1.3
0.3
1.5
0.6

% moisture
70
6
5
2
2

Dry weight,
lb
28.68
1.22
0.29
1.47
0.59

Iron
Tin cans
Total

0.1
0.6
100

3
3

0.1
0.58
32.93

Determine the moisture content of solid waste using Eq. 4-1

M = (W - d) / W * 100
Where M = moisture content, %
w = initial weight of sample as delivered, lb
d = weight of sample after drying at 105 oC, lb
M= (
100
32.93 ) / 100 *
M=
67.1 %

100

Estimation of the chemical composition of a solid waste sample

1) Set up a computation table to determine the percentage distribution of the major elements
composing the waste
Component

Dry weight, lb
C

Organics
Paper
Cardboard
Plastic
Glass
Iron
Tin cans
Total

28.68
1.22
0.29
1.47
0.59
0.68

13.77
0.53
0.13
0.88
0.003
0.03

1.84
0.07
0.02
0.11
0.0006
0.004

32.93

15.343

2.0446

Composition
O
10.78
0.54
0.13
0.34
0.002
0.03
11.822

0.75
0.004
0.0009

0.11
0.002
0.0006

27.25
1.146
0.2815
1.33
0.0056
0.064

Ash
1.43
0.07
0.01
0.14
0.58
0.62

0.7549

0.1126

30.0771

2.8529

Prepare a summary table of the percentage distribution of the elements without and with water contained in the wastes
and compute molar composition of the elements neglectiong the ash
Weight, lb
Atomic weight
Moles
Without H2O With H2O
Without H2O
With H2O
lb/mol
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulphur
Ash

15.343
2.0446
11.822
0.7549
0.1126
2.8529

15.34
9.48
71.38
0.75
0.11
2.86

12.01
1.101
16
14.01
32.07

Determine an approximate chemical formula without and with sulfur and without
and with water. Set up a computation table to determine normalized mole ratios.
Component
C
H
O
N
S
a).

b).

Mole ratio (Nitrogen=1)

Without H2O With H2O
24
24
34
161
14
83
1
1
0
0

Mole ratio (sulfur = 1)

Without H2O With H2O
364
372
529
2510
210
1301
15
16
1
1

The chemical formulas without sulphur are

Without water C24H34O14N
C24H161O83N
With water
The chemical formulas with sulphur are
Without water C364H529O210N15S
With Water

C372H2510O1301N16S

1.28
1.86
0.74
0.05
0.00

1.28
8.61
4.46
0.05
0.00

Calculate a material and energy balance on the proposed MCU using the procedure of
Example 3-2
- The dry portion of the waste is 90 percent combustible
- Other than physical and chemical composition and the as-fired energy content,
conditions through 11 of Example 13-2 apply
Component
Combustible
Noncombustible
Water

Percent of total
29.64
3.29
67

Element
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulphur
Water
Inert

Percent
15.17
2.01
11.69
0.74
0.009
67
3.29

Lb/day
59,280
6,580
134,000

The following conditions are applicable

1. The as-fired heating value of the solid wastes is 5065 Btu/lb
2. The grate residue contains 5 percent unburned carbon
3. Temperature : Entering air - 80 F, Grate residue-800 F
4. Specific heat of residue = 0.25 Btu/lb-F
5. Latent heat of water = 1040 Btu/lb.
6. Radiation loss = 0.005 Btu/Btu of grass heat input
7. Alll oxygen in waste in bounds as water
8. Theoritical air requirement based on stochiometry
Carbon =
11.52
lb/lb
Hydrogen =
34.56
lb/lb
Sulphur =
4.31
lb/lb
9. The net hydrogen available for combustion is equal to percent hydrogen minus 1/8 the
percent oxygen. This account for the "bound water" in the dry combustible material.
The heating value of carbon is 14,000 Btu/bl
11. Moisture in the combustion air is 1 percent.
1. Set up a computation table to compute the weights of the elements of the solid waste.
Element
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulphur
Water
Inert
Total

15.17
2.01
11.69
0.74
0.009
67
3.29
100

2 Compute the amount of the residue

Inerts =
Total residue =
6,580 /
Carbon in residue =
6926 -

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

200000
200000
200000
200000
200000
200000
200000

6,580
0.95

lb/d
30,340
4,020
23,380
1,480
18
134,000
6,580
200,000

6,580 =

3 Determine the available hydrogen and bound water

Net available hydrogen =
2.01 % -

6926.3 lb/d
346.3 lb/d

11.69 % /8 =

0.5 % =

1,098 lb/d

Hydrogen in bound water =

2.01 %

Bound water = oxygen + hydrogen in bound water

=
23,380
=
26,303

0.549 % =

+
lb/d

1.5 % =

2,923 lb/d

2,922.50

4 Setup a computation table to calculate the air required

Element
Carbon
(
30,340 Hydrogen
1097.5
Sulphur
18
Total dry theoritical air
Total dry inclunding 100% excesss
Moisture
767,069 *
Total air

346 )*

11.52
34.56
4.31

1 %

Air requirement , lb/d

345,527
37,930
78
383,534
767,069
4,209
762,860

5 Determine the amount of water produced from the combustion of the available hydrogen
H2O = ( 18 lb H2O / 2 lb H)
x
1,097.50
lb H/day =
9,878 lb/day
6 Prepare a heat balance for the combustion process
Item
Gross heat input
200,000 lb/d *
5,065
Btu/lb
Heat lost in unburned carbon
346 lb/d *
14,000
Btu/lb
Radiation loss
0.005 lb/d *
1.01E+09
Btu/lb
Inherent moisture
134,000 lb/d *
1,040
Btu/lb
Moisture in boundwater
26,303 lb/d *
1040
Btu/lb
Moisture from the combustion of available hydrogen
9882 lb/d *
1040
Btu/lb
Sensible heat in residue
6926 lb/d * {
0.25
Btu/lb-F* (

Value, 10E 06 Btu/d

1013.00
-4.8
-5.07
-139.36
-27.35
-10.28

=
Total losses
Net available in flue gas
1013.00
-188.15
Combustion efficiency
(
824.85

=
*10E6 Btu/d/

800 -1.25
-188.15

80 )}

824.85 *10E6 Btu/d

1013.00 *10E6 Btu/d) *

100 =

Efficiency is lower than that resulted from 13-2.

If the boiler efficiency were
85% ,
then the overall efficiency would be about
69 %
This result is slighly lower than typical range of efficiency. But still in the common range
(60 - 75) %.

81.4

ComponentWeights

Atomic
weight

Carbon

15.17

12.01

Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

2.01
11.69
0.74

1.01
16
14.01

0.009
3.29
32.909

32.07

Sulphur
Ash
Total

Mol

Combustion
Moles O2
reaction and product Req
1.263 C+O2-->CO2
1.263
2H
+O
-->2H
O
1.990
0.498
2
2
2
0.731
0.053

-0.365

0.0003 S+O2-->SO2

0.0003
1.396

Moles of air required per 100 kg ol solid waste =

1.396 =
0.2069
Air required per lb of solid waste (kg)
6.75
x
28.7
100
Assumed air composition, in volume fractions :
CO2
0.0003
N2

0.7802

O2

0.2069

6.75 mol-air/100 kg solid waste

1.94 lb-air / kg-solid waste

H2O (moisture)

0.0126
Assuming ideal gases, the volume fractions may be taken as mole fractions.
In the air composition just given, it is assumed that rare gases are included with the nitrogen
and that the air moisture content is at 70% relative humidity at 60F.
Air of this composition has a weight of 28.7 lb/mol
Therefore, the theoritical amount of air that would be required for the stoichiometric
combustion of 1 ton of processed MSW =
1 ton *
1000 kg/ton
*
1.94 lb-air / kg-solid waste =
=
1936 lb air / ton waste
Therefore
200,000 lb / day x

0.456 kg/lb x

0.001 ton/kg x

1935.91 lb air / ton waste =

= 176554.7 lb air/day

Once solid waste has been converted to thermal energy in form of steam by combustion, or to chemical energy in the
form of gases or liquids by pyrolisis or gasification, it can be converted to mechanical or electrical energy. Steam can
be used directly for industrial processes or building heating. Steam can be used to produce mechanical or electrical
energy with a steam turbine. Steam turbines are used in larger system (10 to 50 MW).
Gases and liquids produced from solid waste by both thermal and biological processes can be used to fuel
reciprocating engines and gas turbines. Gas turbine and reciprocating engines are used in smaller system (below 10
MW).Gas turbines require gaseous or liquid fuels. These fuels can be supplied by pyrolisis or gasification.
Principal difference between the two systems is that pyrolisis systems uses an external source of heat to drive the
endothermic pyrolysis reactions in an oxygen-free environment, whereas gasification systems are self-sustaining and
use air or oxygen for the partial combustion of solid waste.
Gasification is the process of partial combustion in which a fuel is deliberately combusted with less than
stoichiometric air. It is an energy-efficient technique for reducing the volume of solid waste and the recovery of
energy. Essentially, the process involves partial combustion of a carbonaceous fuel to generate a combustible fuel
gas rich in carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and some saturated hydrocarbons, principally methane.
In gasification system, hot- raw gas is suitable for fueling boilers. Efficiency in hot gas condition in a range of 70-80
%with typical 75% (includes sensible heat of gas, when gas is used in a boiler). Whereas cold, cleaned gas is
required for fueling of gas turbines or reciprocating engines with efficiency between 60-70% (typical 65% - does not
include sensible heat of gas when gas is used in an engine or gas turbine).
It is reported that operation of pyrolysis system for SW were not commercially successes, pyrolisis may be an
economic viable process for thermal processing of solid waste if the economics associated with the production of
synthetic liquid fuels change.
Pyrolysis can become feasible alternative when these two failure in the past can be solved :
- Failure of the front end system that is required to meet purity specifications for aluminium and glass, which affected
the economics of the systems.
- Failure of the system to produce saleable pyrolysis oil e.g in moisture and energy content aspect.
Compared to pyrolisis, gasification is simpler and more cost effective technology.

GUNAKAN KASUS BANDUNG 500 ton/hari modular sistem

Item
Gross energy available in MSW, 10E6 Btu/h
1000 ton/day x
2193 lb/ton x

Value
5065 Btu/lb x

Chemical energy available from gasifier, 10E6 Btu/h

462.81 , 10E6 Btu/h x
0.7
Low-Btu gas usage, 10E6 Btu/h
323.97 , 10E6 Btu/h x
0.08
Mechanical energy available from gas turbine, 10E6 Btu/h
{(
323.97
-25.92 ), 10E6 Btu/h} x
Gross electrical energy generation, kW
71.53 , 10E6 Btu/h x
0.96 kWh /
In-electrical power usage, kW
20120.34 kWh x
0.21
Net electrical power available for export, kW =
Net electrical power available for export, kW =

1 d/h
24

462.81

323.97
-25.92
0.24
3413 Btu

24345.62

71.53
20120.34
-4225.27

GUNAKAN KASUS BANDUNG 500 ton/hari modular sistem

From EX. 13-3, and information of problem 13-10

energy generation
976 kW
working hour/day
24 hour/day
working day/year
365 day/year
efficiency
0.85
by multiplying all factors above :
availability =
7,267,296 kWh
The avoided cost for 1 year :
0.025 $/kwH *
7,267,296 =

181,682 $

Annual value of electricity produced by the small-scale gasifier system

7,267,296 kWh x
0.1 $/kWh x 181,682 $
=
545,047 $