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(Supreme
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Written Constitution
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(Eradication of Conspiracies)
Watt
M. Watt
In the main ear ly sour ce (apar t fr om the Qur 'an) for
the car eer of Muhammad ther e is found a document
which may conveniently be called 'the Constitution of
Medina'. (1)
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Bas ic Con cepts, p . 4.
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document
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Preliminaries
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Constitution of
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FundamentalRights
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Watt M. Watt
Fr om most par ts of Ar abia tr ibes or sections of tr ibes
sent r epr esentatives to Medina seeking alliance with
him. By the time of his death in June 632, despite
r umbli ngs of r ev olt, he was in contr ol of muc h of
Ar ab ia. The Islamic state had no pr eci sely defined
geogr ap hi c al f r ont i er s, but i t was c er t ainly i n
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vi
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vii
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viii
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Right of
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(Foreign Affairs)
Amphictyonic League Treat y of Delphi
Hug o Gr o it ous
(1583-1645)
(2) Hugh Bow den, Clas s ical Athen s an d the Delphic Oracle,
Divin ation an d Democracy, p p. 91, 138 .
(3) H u g o G r o t i u s , O n t h e L a w o f W a r & P e a ce , <http://w w w .constitution.or g/gr o/djbp.htm>
(4) http://en.w iki pedia .or g /w iki /Chr istia n_op posit ion_ to_
anti-Semitism
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treaty Treaties, 1969
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1. For m
2. Pr eamble
3. Pr ocedur e for conclusion of tr eaty
4. Capacity to conclude a tr eaty
5. Mode or time of entr y into for ce
6. Peiod of validatoin or dur ation
7. Pr ocedur e for amendments or modifications
8. Expr ession of consent to be bound by tr eaty
9. Gr ounds and pr ocedur e for te
rminati on
10. Pr inciple of Pacta Sunt Ser venda(1)
Pacta Sunt Serv anda
ii . Gu y o r a B in d e r , Tr e a t y Co n f l i ct a n d P o l i ti ca l
Con tradiction : The Dialectic of Duplicity, p . 7.
iii. Opp enh eim L., In tern ation al Law Sec. 491, at 877 .
(1) Vien n a Con ven tion on the Law of Treaties
, r epr inted in S.
Rosenne, The Law of Treaties: A Guid e to the Legis lative
His tory of the Vien n a Con ven tion108 .
(2) Vladimir Ur o Degan,Sources of In tern ation al Law,p. 394.
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(1) i. M De Taube, Le M on de Le L'Is lam et Son In fluen ce Sur
L'Europe Orien tate, pp. 380-397.
ii. Er nest Nys, Les Origin es de droit in tern ation.al
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Principles
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o
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Documents of Treaties
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ii
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iv
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i
(Right of Life for Minorities)
ii
(Guarantee of c onstitutional & legal equality )
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v
Defenc e)
in letter and spirit
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ii
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[ ]
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iii
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Rule of Law
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Comparative
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G ov ernment
Constitution
Sovereignty
Legislation
as S ocial C ontract
Government as Trust
Constitution
constit utio constitution
Cons titution of A thens Politics Arist ot le
Nicomachean Ethics
(1) i. M erriam Webs ter's Diction ary of Law, 1996.
ii. The American Heritage, Stedman 's M edical Diction ary,
1995.
(2) i. Ar istotle, The Politics an d the Con s titution of Athen
,s
pp. x v, x vii.
ii. Ar istotle, Nicomachean Ethics, p. 151.
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It may be that the bases of the constitution ar e fixed
in one or two fundamental laws while the r est of it
dep end s f or i t s aut hor i t y up on t he f or c e of
customs. (3 )
(1) Str ong, C. F., M odern Political Con s titution, sp. 10 .
(2) Str ong, C. F., M odern Political Con s titution, sp. 10 .
(3) Str ong, C. F., M odern Political Con s titution, sp. 10 .
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The basic pur pose of a politi cal Consti tuti on is the
same wher ever it appear s: to secur e social peace and
pr ogr ess, saf eguar d indiv idual r ights and pr omote
national well-being. (2)
Sovereignty
(1) Str ong, C. F., M odern Political Con s titution, sp. 10 .
(2) Str ong, C. F., M odern Political Con s titution, sp. 47 .
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Bodin
1530-1596
()
(2) Ber nar d Cr i ck, " Sover eign ty" In t'l En cycl opedia of Soci al
Scien ces, vol. 5, p. 79.
(3) Matter n, Johannes, Con cepts of State, Sovereign ty & In t'l
Law , p. 2.
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(John
Austin 1790-1859)
()
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absolute theories of sovereignty
unity political sovereigns
thoroughgoing supremacy
inclusive ness
(Harold J. Laski 1893-1950)
(2)
The author itar ian tr adition is far fr om dead.
Legislation
(1) Ber nar d Cr ick, " Sover eign ty" In t'l En cycl opedia of Soci al
Scien ces, vol. 5, pp. 80, 81.
(2) Har old J. Laski, Authority in the M odern State
, p. 167.
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wher eas
(1) Gr unebaum, M edieval Is lam, p. 210.
(2) Gr unebaum, M edieval Is lam, p p. 142, 144 .
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Hamilton A. R. Gibb
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(1) Ham ilto n A. R. G ib b, M oh amm ed an ism : An Hi st or i ca l
Sur vey, p. 7.
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Rousseau did not give legislative power to the Govt.
Thi nking that i t might b e an eff ec ti ve met hod to
pr event it fr om b ec oming mast er of t he st at e by
usur ping that sover eignty or legislation power , which
could belong only to the people. (1)
(1) Rober t Der athe, Rous s eau, J.J., In t'l En cyclopaedia of the
Social Scien ces, v ol. 13, p. 568 .
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Thomas Hobbes 1588-1679
The state of natur e was a state of war . For pur poses
of secur it y & gr eater p r otect ion, eac h ind iv id ual
agr eed with other to give up par ts of his individual &
natur al r ights to a man or a gr oup of men who would
gover n & pr otect them & ther e inter ests.(1)
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John Locke
16 32 -1 70 4
Jean Jacques
Rousseau 1712-1778
(1) Matter n, Johannes, Con cepts of State, Sovereign ty & In t'l
Law , p. 15.
(2) Robe r t Der athe , " Rous s eau , J.J., In t 'l En cycl opae dia of
the Social Scien ces,v ol. 13, p . 567.
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Leon Duguit
1859-1928
Government as Trust
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John
Jean Jacques
Limitation of Government
Rousseau 1712-1778
Powers
(2) Matter n, Johannes, Con cepts of State, Sovereign ty & In t'l
Law , p. 17.
(3) Matter n, Johannes, Con cepts of State, Sovereign ty & In t'l
Law , p. 18.
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The elite not masses, gover n Amer ica.(2)
King
Charter
of Liberties 11 00 Henry I
Magna Carta 12 15
King John I
Habeas Corpus
16 47 4
Constitutional Monarchy
17 00 (Bill of Rights) 16 89
The Parliament Act
19 11
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17 87
Magna Carta
17 76 (Thomas Jefferson)
The Gr ea t
Compromise
17 87 17
ConstitutionalConvention
(1) John Patter son, Bill of Rights : Politics , Religion an d the
Ques t for Jus tice, p. 25.
(2) Lee, J. J., Politics an d Society, p. 1.
(3) Er ic Foner , John Ar thur Gar r aty,The Reader's Compan ion
to American His tory, p. 227 .
(4) Me r r i ll D . P e t er s on , Oli ve B r a n ch a nd Sw o r d: Th e
Compr omise of 1833, p. 1.
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17 89
18 65
18 68 80
No State shall make or enfor ce any law which shall
abr idge the pr ivileges or immunities of citizens of the
United States; nor shall any State depr ive any per son
of life, liber ty, or pr oper ty, without due pr ocess of
law; nor deny to any per son within its jur isdiction the
equal pr otection of the laws.
19 20
17 91 The Bill of Rights 10
19 19 20
(1) Ra lp h Ke tcha m, Th e An ti -F ed er al is t P ap er s an d t he
Con s titution al Con ven tion Debates
, p p . 10, 31.
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92 19 72 22
The older wr it t en menti oned c onsti tuti on i s t he
Constitution of United States. Only four nations
Nor way, Ar gentina, Luxembour g & Colembia have
consti tutions that wer e wr it ten p r ior t o 1900 and
only 15 contempor ar y national constitutions existed
befor e Wor ld War -II.(2 )
'The Unite States was vir tually the fir st countr y in the
wor ld to set down a codified, r easoned and wr itten
(1) Eugene W. Hickok, The Bill of Rights : Origin al M ean in g
an d Curren t Un ders tan din,gp. 5 .
(2) Char les Austin Bear d, Whither M an kin d: A Pan orama of
M odern Civilization, p. 132 .
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Constitution Act, 19 00
Commonwealth of Australia
Statute of
shared monarchy
Australia Act Westminster
Democratic Republic
Republic of Germany
Federal
Republic
Basic Law for the Federal
Refer end um
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(Ombudsma n)
(Charter of
Madina)
(Watt
Islamic Political Thought M. Watt)
Muhammad's Hijr a or migr ation to Medina in 622 (AD)
mar ks the beginning of his political activity. It was
not that he suddenly acquir ed gr eat political power ,
for in f act hi s power gr ew ver y gr ad ually; b ut the
agr eements into which he enter ed with the clans of
Medi na meant t he establishment of a new bod y
polit ic, and wi thin t hi s body ther e was sc op e for
(1) Ma r t en O o s ti n g, I n t he I n t e r n at i o n a l Om b u ds m a n
An t h o lo g y: Se l e ct ed W r i ti n g s
f ro m I n te r n a ti o n a l
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(1) Watt M. Watt, Is lamic Political Thought, p. 20.
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(Watt M. Watt)
In the main ear ly sour ce (apar t fr om the Qur 'an) for
the car eer of Muhammad ther e is found a document
which may conveniently be called 'the Constitution of
Medi na. Some of the ar ticles in the constitution deal
with minor matter s, while other s ar e r epetitive. The
essential points defining the natur e of the state (a
par t fr om the functions and pr ivileges of the head of
state) ar e the following :
i.
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v. T he J e ws of v a r i ou s gr ou p s b el ong t h e
community, and ar e to r etain their own r eligion;
they and t he M usli ms ar e t o r end er ' help '
(including militar y aid) to one another when it is
needed. (1)
(1) Watt M. Watt, Is lamic Political Thought, p. 20.
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The Constituion of Madina
An
(G e r h a r d
Endres s )
Introduction to Islam
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A History of (Albert Hourani)
the A rab
Peoples
(1) Alber t Hour ani, A His tory of t he Arab People, p. 14 .
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52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
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64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
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77.
The US Constitution.
78.
79.
80.
81.
Web sters' New B iograph ical Dic tion ary, Mer r iamWebster Inc., Spr ingfield M.A., U.S.A., 1983.
82.
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