Fiber optic sensor - Wikipedia

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Fiber optic sensor

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A fiber optic sensor is a sensor that uses optical fiber either as the sensing element ("intrinsic
sensors"), or as a means of relaying signals from a remote sensor to the electronics that process the
signals ("extrinsic sensors"). Fibers have many uses in remote sensing. Depending on the
application, fiber may be used because of its small size, or because no electrical power is needed at
the remote location, or because many sensors can be multiplexed along the length of a fiber by using
light wavelength shift for each sensor, or by sensing the time delay as light passes along the fiber
through each sensor. Time delay can be determined using a device such as an optical time-domain
reflectometer and wavelength shift can be calculated using an instrument implementing optical
frequency domain reflectometry.
Fiber optic sensors are also immune to electromagnetic interference, and do not conduct electricity
so they can be used in places where there is high voltage electricity or flammable material such as jet
fuel. Fiber optic sensors can be designed to withstand high temperatures as well.

Contents
1 Intrinsic sensors
1.1 Other examples
2 Extrinsic sensors
3 See also
4 References

Intrinsic sensors
Optical fibers can be used as sensors to measure strain,[1]temperature, pressure and other quantities
by modifying a fiber so that the quantity to be measured modulates the intensity, phase, polarization,
wavelength or transit time of light in the fiber. Sensors that vary the intensity of light are the
simplest, since only a simple source and detector are required. A particularly useful feature of
intrinsic fiber optic sensors is that they can, if required, provide distributed sensing over very large
distances.[2]
Temperature can be measured by using a fiber that has evanescent loss that varies with temperature,
or by analyzing the Rayleigh Scattering, Raman scattering or the Brillouin Scattering in the optical
fiber. Electrical voltage can be sensed by nonlinear optical effects in specially-doped fiber, which
alter the polarization of light as a function of voltage or electric field. Angle measurement sensors
can be based on the Sagnac effect.
Special fibers like long-period fiber grating (LPG) optical fibers can be used for direction
recognition[3] . Photonics Research Group of Aston University in UK has some publications on
vectorial bend sensor applications.[4][5]

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Optical fibers are used as hydrophones for seismic and sonar applications. Hydrophone systems with
more than one hundred sensors per fiber cable have been developed. Hydrophone sensor systems are
used by the oil industry as well as a few countries' navies. Both bottom-mounted hydrophone arrays
and towed streamer systems are in use. The German company Sennheiser developed a laser
microphone for use with optical fibers.[6]
A fiber optic microphone and fiber-optic based headphone are useful in areas with strong electrical
or magnetic fields, such as communication amongst the team of people working on a patient inside a
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine during MRI-guided surgery. [7]
Optical fiber sensors for temperature and pressure have been developed for downhole measurement
in oil wells.[8][9] The fiber optic sensor is well suited for this environment as it functions at
temperatures too high for semiconductor sensors (distributed temperature sensing).
Optical fibers can be made into interferometric sensors such as fiber optic gyroscopes, which are
used in the Boeing 767 and in some car models (for navigation purposes). They are also used to
make hydrogen sensors.
Fiber-optic sensors have been developed to measure co-located temperature and strain
simultaneously with very high accuracy using fiber Bragg gratings.[10] This is particularly useful
when acquiring information from small or complex structures.[11] Fiber Bragg grating sensors are
also particularly well suited for remote monitoring, and they can be interrogated 250 km away from
the monitoring station using an optical fiber cable.[12] Brillouin scattering effects can also be used to
detect strain and temperature over large distances (20120 kilometers).[13][14]

Other examples
A fiber-optic AC/DC voltage sensor in the middle and high voltage range (1002000 V) can be
created by inducing measurable amounts of Kerr nonlinearity in single mode optical fiber by
exposing a calculated length of fiber to the external electric field.[15] The measurement technique is
based on polarimetric detection and high accuracy is achieved in a hostile industrial environment.
High frequency (5 MHz1 GHz) electromagnetic fields can be detected by induced nonlinear effects
in fiber with a suitable structure. The fiber used is designed such that the Faraday and Kerr effects
cause considerable phase change in the presence of the external field.[16] With appropriate sensor
design, this type of fiber can be used to measure different electrical and magnetic quantities and
different internal parameters of fiber material.
Electrical power can be measured in a fiber by using a structured bulk fiber ampere sensor coupled
with proper signal processing in a polarimetric detection scheme. Experiments have been carried out
in support of the technique.[17]
Fiber-optic sensors are used in electrical switchgear to transmit light from an electrical arc flash to a
digital protective relay to enable fast tripping of a breaker to reduce the energy in the arc blast.[18]
Fiber Bragg grating based fiber optic sensors significantly enhance performance, efficiency and
safety in several industries. With FBG integrated technology, sensors can provide detailed analysis
and comprehensive reports on insights with very high resolution. These type of sensors are used
extensively in several industries like telecommunication, automotive, aerospace, energy, etc. Fiber

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Bragg gratings are sensitive to the static pressure, mechanical tension and compression and fiber
temperature changes. The efficiency of fiber Bragg grating based fiber optic sensors can be provided
by means of central wavelength adjustment of light emitting source in accordance with the current
Bragg gratings reflection spectra.[19]

Extrinsic sensors
Extrinsic fiber optic sensors use an optical fiber cable, normally a multimode one, to transmit
modulated light from either a non-fiber optical sensor, or an electronic sensor connected to an optical
transmitter. A major benefit of extrinsic sensors is their ability to reach places which are otherwise
inaccessible. An example is the measurement of temperature inside aircraft jet engines by using a
fiber to transmit radiation into a radiation pyrometer located outside the engine. Extrinsic sensors can
also be used in the same way to measure the internal temperature of electrical transformers, where
the extreme electromagnetic fields present make other measurement techniques impossible.
Extrinsic fiber optic sensors provide excellent protection of measurement signals against noise
corruption. Unfortunately, many conventional sensors produce electrical output which must be
converted into an optical signal for use with fiber. For example, in the case of a platinum resistance
thermometer, the temperature changes are translated into resistance changes. The PRT must
therefore have an electrical power supply. The modulated voltage level at the output of the PRT can
then be injected into the optical fiber via the usual type of transmitter. This complicates the
measurement process and means that low-voltage power cables must be routed to the transducer.
Extrinsic sensors are used to measure vibration, rotation, displacement, velocity, acceleration,
torque, and temperature.[20]

See also
Distributed acoustic sensing

References
1. "Measuring strain on an aircraft in flight" (pdf).
2. Strong, Andrew P.; Lees, Gareth; Hartog, Arthur H.; Twohig, Richard; Kader, Kamal; Hilton, Graeme
(December 2009). "An Integrated System for Pipeline Condition Monitoring". doi:10.2523/IPTC-13661MS.
3. "Bend Sensors with Direction Recognition Based on Long-Period Gratings Written in D-Shaped Fiber by
D. Zhao etc".
4. "Implementation of vectorial bend sensors using long-period gratings UV-inscribed in special shape
fibres".
5. "Use of Dual-Grating Sensors Formed by Different Types of Fiber Bragg Gratings for Simultaneous
Temperature and Strain Measurements".
6. Roth, Wolf-Dieter (2005-04-18). "Der Glasfaser-Schallwandler". Heise Online (in German). Retrieved
2008-07-04.
7. "Case Study: Can You Hear Me Now?". Rt Image. Valley Forge Publishing. pp. 3031. Archived from
the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
8. Sensornet. "Upstream oil & gas case study" (pdf). Retrieved 2008-12-19.
9. Schlumberger. "Wellwatcher DTS Fibre Optic Monitoring product sheet" (pdf). Retrieved 2010-09-22.
10. Trpkovski, S.; Wade, S. A.; Baxter, G. W.; Collins, S. F. (2003). "Dual temperature and strain sensor
using a combined fiber Bragg grating and fluorescence intensity ratio technique in Er3+-doped fiber".
Review of Scientific Instruments. 74 (5): 2880. doi:10.1063/1.1569406. Retrieved 2008-07-04.

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11. "Optical sensors for ITER magnets".

12. Fernandez-Vallejo, Montserrat (2011). "Remote (250 km) Fiber Bragg Grating Multiplexing System".
Sensors. 11 (9): 87118720. doi:10.3390/s110908711.
13. "Extending the Real Remoteness of Long-Range Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Fiber Analyzers". 32
(1). 2004: 152162. doi:10.1109/JLT.2013.2292329.
14. Measures, Raymond M. (2001). Structural Monitoring with Fiber Optic Technology. San Diego,
California, USA: Academic Press. pp. Chapter 7. ISBN 0-12-487430-4.
15. Ghosh, S.K.; Sarkar, S.K.; Chakraborty, S. (2002). "Design and development of a fiber optic intrinsic
voltage sensor". Proceedings of the 12th IMEKO TC4 international symposium Part 2. Zagreb, Croatia:
415419.
16. Ghosh, S.K.; Sarkar, S.K.; Chakraborty, S.; Dan, S. (2006). "High frequency electric field effect on plane
of polarization in single mode optical fiber". Proceedings, Photonics 2006.
17. Ghosh, S.K.; Sarkar, S.K.; Chakraborty, S. (2006). "A proposal for single mode fiber optic watt
measurement scheme". Journal of Optics (Calcutta). Optical Society of India. 35 (2): 118124.
ISSN 0972-8821.
18. Zeller, M.; Scheer, G. (2008). "Add Trip Security to Arc-Flash Detection for Safety and Reliability,
Proceedings of the 35th Annual Western Protective Relay Conference, Spokane, WA".
19. Aleynik A.S.; Kireenkova A.Yu.; Mekhrengin M.V.; Chirgin M.A.; Belikin M.N. (2015). "Central
wavelength adjustment of light emitting source in interferometric sensors based on fiber-optic Bragg
gratings.". Scientific and Technical Journal of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics. 15 (5):
809816.
20. Roland, U.; et al. (2003). "A New Fiber Optical Thermometer and Its Application for Process Control in
Strong Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields" (PDF). Sensor Letters. 1: 938.

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