Evil eye

MalochioandMalocchioredirect here. For the al- sion or eyesight), similarly in Urdu the word Nazar ()
bum by Abandon All Ships, see Malocchio (album).
or Nazar- bad/ Chashm- bad""or Boori Nazar (bad
The evil eye is a curse believed to be cast by a malev- look) is used. In Punjabi the words pehri nazarare
used. In Sanskrit the concept of evil eye is referred to as
Drishti. In Amharic buda, in Pashto Bado Stergo, and
alsoNazar, in Greek as (to mti), in Albanian
as syni keq (or syri i keq), in Romanian as deochi
, in Spanish as mal de ojo,* [5] in Italian as il malocchio,
in Neapolitan/nNapulatane as 'o mma'uocchje , in Portuguese mau-olhado (act of giving an evil/sick look),
and in Swedish as ge onda gat(to give an evil look).

2 History
Belief in the evil eye dates back to Classical antiquity.
It is referenced by Hesiod, Callimachus, Plato, Diodorus
Siculus, Theocritus, Plutarch, Heliodorus, Pliny the ElNazars, charms used to ward o the evil eye.
der, and Aulus Gellius. Peter Walcot's Envy and the
Greeks (1978) listed more than one hundred works by
olent glare, usually given to a person when they are un- these and other authors mentioning the evil eye.
aware. Many cultures believe that receiving the evil eye
will cause misfortune or injury.* [1] Talismans created to
protect against the evil eye are also frequently calledevil 2.1 Classical antiquity
eyes.* [2]* [3]
The idea expressed by the term causes many dierent
cultures to pursue protective measures against it. The
concept and its signicance vary widely among dierent cultures, primarily in West Asia. The idea appears
several times in translations of the Old Testament.* [4] It
was a widely extended belief among many Mediterranean
and Asian tribes and cultures. Charms and decorations
with eye-like symbols known as nazars, which are used
to repel the evil eye are a common sight across Greece,
Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Morocco, Southern
Italy (Naples), the Levant, and Afghanistan and have become a popular choice of souvenir with tourists.

Names
Roman-era mosaic from Antioch depicting a plethora of devices
against the evil eye

Theevil eyeis also known in Arabic as ayn al-asd

( eye of the envious), in Hebrew as yin h-r
() , in Aramaic as ayna bisha(
),
in Kurdish aw e zar (eye of evil/sickness), in Persian as
chashm zakhm ( eye-caused injury) or chashm
e bad (bad eye), in Turkish as kem gz (evil eye, usually used in plural form as kem gzler, evil eyes) or Nazar
(nazar is from Arabic Nadhar, which means eye vi-

Classical authors attempted to oer explanations for the

evil eye. Plutarch's scientic explanation stated that the
eyes were the chief, if not sole, source of the deadly rays
that were supposed to spring up like poisoned darts from
the inner recesses of a person possessing the evil eye
(Quaest. Conv. 5.7.23=Mor.80F-81f). Plutarch treated
1

PROTECTIVE TALISMANS AND CURES

the phenomenon of the evil eye as something seemingly 26, Number 5427].* [6] Authentic practices of warding
inexplicable that is a source of wonder and cause of in- o the evil eye are also commonly practiced by Muslims:
credulity.
rather than directly expressing appreciation of, for examThe belief in the evil eye during antiquity varied across ple, a child's beauty, it is customary to say Masha'Allah,
dierent regions and periods. The evil eye was not feared that is,God has willed it, or invoking God's blessings
*
with equal intensity in every corner of the Roman Empire. upon the object or person that is being admired. [7] A
There were places in which people felt more conscious of number of beliefs about the evil eye are also found in folk
the danger of the evil eye. In the Roman days not only religion, typically revolving around the use of amulets or
talismans as a means of protection.
were individuals considered to possess the power of the
evil eye but whole tribes, especially those of Pontus and In the Aegean Region and other areas where light-colored
Scythia, were believed to be transmitters of the evil eye. eyes are relatively rare, people with green eyes, and esThe phallic charm called fascinum in Latin, from the verb pecially blue eyes, are thought to bestow the curse, infascinare,to cast a spell(the origin of the English word tentionally or unintentionally.* [8] Thus, in Greece and
fascinate), was used against the evil eye.
Turkey amulets against the evil eye take the form of blue
The spreading in the belief of the evil eye across the Near eyes, and in the painting by John Phillip, below, we witEast is believed by some to have been propagated by the ness the culture-clash experienced by a woman who susEmpire of Alexander the Great, which spread this and pects that the artist's gaze implies that he is looking at her
with the evil eye.
other Greek ideas across his empire.

Around the world

Among those who do not take the evil eye literally, either
by reason of the culture in which they were raised or because they simply do not believe it, the phrase, to give
someone the evil eyeusually means simply to glare at
the person in anger or disgust. The term has entered into
common usage within the English language. Within the
broadcasting industry it refers to when a presenter signals
to the interviewee or co-presenter to stop talking due to
a shortage of time.* [9]

4 Protective talismans and cures

Tree with nazars in Cappadocia, Turkey.

Belief in the evil eye is strongest in West Asia, Latin

America, East and West Africa, Central America, Central
Asia, and Europe, especially the Mediterranean region; it
has also spread to areas, including northern Europe, particularly in the Celtic regions, and the Americas, where
it was brought by European colonists and West Asian immigrants.
Belief in the evil eye is found in the Islamic doctrine,
based upon the statement of Prophet Muhammad, The
inuence of an evil eye is a fact...[Sahih Muslim, Book The Hamsa, a charm made to ward o the evil eye.

4.1

In Islam

Attempts to ward o the curse of the evil eye has resulted

in a number of talismans in many cultures. As a class,
they are called "apotropaic" (Greek forprophylactic/
orprotective, literally:turns away)
talismans, meaning that they turn away or turn back harm.

A variety of motifs to ward o the evil eye are commonly

woven into tribal kilim rugs. Such motifs include a cross
(Turkish: Ha) to divide the evil eye into four, a hook
(Turkish: engel) to destroy the evil eye, or a human eye
(Turkish: Gz) to avert the evil gaze. The shape of a
Disks or balls, consisting of concentric blue and white cir- lucky amulet (Turkish: Muska; often, a triangular packverse) is often woven into kilims
cles (usually, from inside to outside, dark blue, light blue, age containing a sacred
*
[10]
for
the
same
reason.
white, dark blue) representing an evil eye are common
apotropaic talismans in West Asia, found on the prows of
Mediterranean boats and elsewhere; in some forms of the
folklore, the staring eyes are supposed to bend the mali- 4.1 In Islam
cious gaze back to the sorcerer.
Known as nazar (Turkish:
nazar boncuu or na- Evil eye, Isabat al- ayn, is a common belief that indizarlk), this talisman is most frequently seen in Turkey, viduals have the power to look at people, animals or objects to cause them harm. It is tradition among many
found in or on houses and vehicles or worn as beads.
Muslims that if a compliment is to be made one should
say "Masha'Allah" (( ) God has willed it.) and
alsoTabarakallah(( ) Blessings of God) to
ward o the evil eye. Reciting Sura Ikhlas, Sura Al-Falaq
and Sura Al-Nas from the Qur'an, three times after Fajr
and after Maghrib is also used as a means of personal protection against the evil eye.* [11] Other Muslims employ
charms such as the Hamsaknown as the Hand of Fatima
in Islamor the Nazar as a means to ward o the Evil
Eye. Still in Islam, Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba Founder
of Muridism in Senegal, wrote a Qassida (prayers and
duah) called As Sindidi(The Generous Chief),
on which He praises God with these words against evil
eye:* [12] Be He, who will protect me against the evil
of the Jealous, the mischief of the evil whisperer, from
the mischief of the envier when he envies. O Allah! Be
my refuge against the evil of the magic, against the evil
of the Jinn, and other venomous creatures. O Allah!" (in
Arabic transcript):* [13]

4.2 Assyrians

Detail of a 19th-century Anatolian kilim, with rows of crosses

(Turkish: Ha) and scattered S-shaped hooks (Turkish: engel),
both to ward o the evil eye* [10]

A blue or green eye can also be found on some forms

of the hamsa hand, an apotropaic hand-shaped talisman
against the evil eye found in West Asia. The word hamsa,
also spelled khamsa and hamesh, meansvereferring
to the ngers of the hand. In Jewish culture, the hamsa
is called the Hand of Miriam; in some Muslim cultures,
the Hand of Fatima. Though condemned as superstition
by doctrinaire Muslims, it is almost exclusively among
Muslims in the Near East and Mediterranean that the belief in envious looks containing destructive power or the
talismanic power of a nazar to defend against them. To A Ruby Eye Pendant from an ancient civilization in Mesopotamia
adherents of other faiths in the region, the nazar is an at- was possibly used as amulet to protect against evil eyes. Adilnor
Collection.
tractive decoration.

Assyrians are also strong believers in the evil eye. They

will usually wear a blue/turquoise bead around a necklace
to be protected from the evil eye. Also, they might pinch
the buttocks, comparable to Armenians. It is said that
people with green or blue eyes are more prone to the evil
eye eect. A simple and instant way of protection in European Christian countries is to make the sign of the cross
with your hand and point two ngers, the index nger and
the little nger, towards the supposed source of inuence
or supposed victim as described in the rst chapter of
Bram Stoker's novel Dracula published in 1897:
When we started, the crowd round the inn
door, which had by this time swelled to a considerable size, all made the sign of the cross and
pointed two ngers towards me. With some
diculty, I got a fellow passenger to tell me
what they meant. He would not answer at rst,
but on learning that I was English, he explained
that it was a charm or guard against the evil
eye.* [14]

4.3

In Judaism

The evil eye is mentioned several times in the classic

Pirkei Avot (Ethics of Our Fathers). In Chapter II, ve disciples of Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakai give advice on how
to follow the good path in life and avoid the bad. Rabbi
Eliezer says an evil eye is worse than a bad friend, a bad
neighbor, or an evil heart. Judaism believes that agood
eyedesignates an attitude of good will and kindness towards others. Someone who has this attitude in life will
rejoice when his fellow man prospers; he will wish everyone well.* [15] An evil eyedenotes the opposite attitude. A man withan evil eyewill not only feel no joy
but experience actual distress when others prosper, and
will rejoice when others suer. A person of this character represents a great danger to our moral purity.* [16]
Many Observant Jews avoid talking about valuable items
they own, good luck that has come to them and, in particular, their children. If any of these are mentioned, the
speaker and/or listener will sayb'li ayin hara(Hebrew),
meaningwithout an evil eye, orkein eina hara(Yiddish; often shortened to kennahara), no evil eye.
It has also been suggested the 10th commandment: do
not covet anything that belongs to your neighboris a law
against bestowing the evil eye on another person.

PROTECTIVE TALISMANS AND CURES

ward-o the evil eye. Some truck owners write the slogan to ward o the evil eye: buri nazar wale tera muh
kala(O evil-eyed one, may your face turn black).
In general in India, if gone through time up to historical myths, babies and newborn infants will have their eye
adorned with kajal, or eyeliner. This would be black, as
it is believed in India that black wards o the evil eye or
any evil auras. In South India (Andhra Pradesh), people
call it as 'Disti' or 'Drusti'. To remove Disti people follow several methods based on their culture/area. Items
used to remove Disti either Rock salt or Red chilies or
Oiled cloth. Taking one of this item, people remove Disti
by rotating their hand with one of the item above around
the person who aected by Disti and they will burn the
item.* [17]

4.5 Ethiopia
Main article: Buda (folk religion)
Belief in the evil eye, or buda (var. bouda), is widespread
in Ethiopia.* [18] Buda is generally believed to be a
power held and wielded by those in a dierent social
group, for example among the Beta Israel or metalworkers.* [19]* [20]* :2021 Some Ethiopian Christians carry
an amulet or talisman, known as a kitab, or will invoke
God's name, to ward o the ill eects of buda.* [21] A
debtera, who is either an unordained priest or educated
layperson, will create these protective amulets or talismans.* [19]* [22]

4.6 Pakistan
In Pakistan, the evil eye is called Nazar. People usually may resort to reading the last three chapters of the
Quran, namely Sura Ikhlas, Sura Al-Falaq and Sura AlNas. "Masha'Allah" (( ) God has willed it.) is
commonly said to ward o the evil eye. Understanding of
evil eye varies by the level of education. Some perceive
the use of black color to be useful in protecting from evil
eye. Others use "taawiz" to ward o evil eye. Truck owners and other public transport vehicles may commonly be
seen using a small black cloth on the bumpers to prevent
evil eye.* [23]

4.7 Greece
4.4

India

The evil eye, known as (mati), eye, as an

apotropaic visual device, is known to have been a xMain article: Nazar Battu
ture in Greece dating back to at least the 6th century BC,
when it commonly appeared on drinking vessels.* [24] In
In North India, the evil eye is called Drishti(mean- Greece, the evil eye is cast away through the process of
ing gaze or vision) or more commonly as Buri Nazar. A xematiasma (), whereby thehealersilently
charm bracelet, tattoo or other object (Nazar battu), or recites a secret prayer passed over from an older relative
a slogan (Chashme Baddoor (slogan)), may be used to of the opposite sex, usually a grandparent. Such prayers

4.8

Italy

are revealed only under specic circumstances, for according to superstition those who reveal them indiscriminately lose their ability to cast o the evil eye. There
are several regional versions of the prayer in question, a
common one being: "Holy Virgin, Our Lady, if [insert
name of the victim] is suering of the evil eye, release
him/her of it.Evil repeated three times. According to
custom, if one is indeed aicted with the evil eye, both
victim and healerthen start yawning profusely. The
healerthen performs the sign of the cross three times,
and emits spitting-like sounds in the air three times. A
very similar ritual can be found in neighboring Bulgaria.

5
ered harmful for the one whose envy inicts it on others as
well as for the suerer. The Greek Church has an ancient
prayer against vaskania from the Megan Hieron Synekdemon ( ) book of prayers.

4.8 Italy

Another testused to check if the evil eye was cast is

that of the oil: under normal conditions, olive oil oats in
water, as it is less dense than water. The test of the oil
is performed by placing one drop of olive oil in a glass
of water, typically holy water. If the drop oats, the test
concludes there is no evil eye involved. If the drop sinks,
then it is asserted that the evil eye is cast indeed. Another
form of the test is to place two drops of olive oil into a
glass of water. If the drops remain separated, the test
concludes there is no evil eye, but if they merge, there is.
There is also a third form where in a plate full of water the
healerplaces three or nine drops of oil. If the oil drops
become larger and eventually dissolve in the water there
is evil eye. If the drops remain separated from water in a
form of a small circle there isn't. The rst drops are the
most important and the number of drops that dissolve in
water indicate the strength of the evil eye.
There is another form of the testwhere the healer
prepares a few cloves by piercing each one with a pin.
Then she lights a candle and grabs a pinned clove with a
pair of scissors. She then uses it to do the sign of the cross
over the aicted whilst the aicted is asked to think of
a person who may have given him the evil eye. Then the
healer holds the clove over the ame. If the clove burns
silently, there is no evil eye present; however, if the clove
explodes or burns noisily, that means the person in the
thoughts of the aicted is the one who has cast the evil
eye. As the clove explodes, the evil eye is released from
the aicted. Cloves that burn with some noise are considered to be - words - someone foul-mouthing you
that you ought to be wary of. The burned cloves are extinguished into a glass of water and are later buried in the
garden along with the pins as they are considered to be
contaminated. (So be careful if you are ever digging in a
Greek garden!) Greek people will also ward o the evil
eye by saying ! which translates
toI spit so that I won't give you the evil eye.The shortened version of this is ftoo, ftoo, ftoo. Contrary to popular belief, the evil eye is not necessarily given by someone
wishing you ill, but it stems from admiration. Since it is
technically possible to give yourself the evil eye, it is advised to be humble.

Various evil eye amulets from Italy such as the cornicello,

cimaruta, and lunula (1895).

The cornicello, little horn, is also called the cornetto

(little horn) or cornetti (plural), is a long, gently twisted
horn-shaped amulet. Cornicelli are usually carved out of
red coral or made from gold or silver. The type of horn
they are intended to copy is not a curled-over sheep horn
or goat horn but rather like the twisted horn of an African
eland or a chili pepper.* [25]

One idea that the ribald suggestions made by sexual

symbols distract the witch from the mental eort needed
to successfully bestow the curse. Another is that since the
eect of the eye was to dry up liquids, the drying of the
phallus (resulting in male impotence) would be averted
by seeking refuge in the moist female genitals. Among
the ancient Romans and their cultural descendants in the
Mediterranean nations, those who were not fortied with
phallic charms had to make use of sexual gestures to avoid
The Greek Fathers accepted the traditional belief in the the eye. Such gestures include the g sign; a st with the
evil eye, but attributed it to the Devil and envy. In Greek thumb pressed between the index and middle ngers, reptheology, the evil eye or vaskania () is consid- resenting the phallus within the vagina. In addition to the

6
phallic talismans, statues of hands in these gestures, or
covered with magical symbols, were carried by the Romans as talismans. In Latin America, carvings of the st
with the thumb pressed between the index and middle ngers continue to be carried as good luck charms.

Two handsigns (g sign and horned sign) used in Italy against

the evil eye (1914).

PROTECTIVE TALISMANS AND CURES

sea/vomiting goes away instantly) In the traditional Hispanic culture of the Southwestern United States and some
parts of Mexico, the egg may be passed over the patient
in a cross-shaped pattern all over the body, while reciting The Lord's Prayer. The egg is also placed in a glass
with water, under the bed and near the head, sometimes
it is examined right away or in the morning and if the egg
looks like it has been cooked then it means that they did
have Mal de Ojo and the patient will start feeling better.
Sometimes if the patient starts getting ill and someone
knows that they had stared at patient, usually a child, if
the person who stared goes to the child and touches them,
the child's illness goes away immediately so the Mal De
Ojo energy is released.* [27]
In some parts of South America the act of ojear, which
could be translated as to give someone the evil eye, is
an involuntary act. Someone may ojear babies, animals
and inanimate objects just by staring and admiring them.
This may produce illness, discomfort or possibly death on
babies or animals and failures on inanimate objects like
cars or houses. It's a common belief that since this is an
involuntary act made by people with the heavy look, the
proper way of protection is by attaching a red ribbon to
the animal, baby or object, in order to attract the gaze to
the ribbon rather than to the object intended to be protected.* [28]

The wielder of the evil eye, the jettatore, is described as

having a striking facial appearance, high arching brows
with a stark stare that leaps from his black eyes. He
often has a reputation for clandestine involvement with
dark powers and is the object of gossip about dealings
in magic and other forbidden practices. Successful men
having tremendous personal magnetism quickly gain notoriety as jettatori. Pope Pius IV was dreaded for his evil
eye, and a whole cycle of stories about the disasters that
happened in his wake were current in Rome during the 4.9.1 Brazil
latter decades of the 19th century. Public gures of every
type, from poets to gangsters, have had their specialized Brazilians generally will associate mal-olhado, mauabilities attributed to the power of their eyes.* [26]
olhado (act of giving a bad look) or olho gordo (fat
eyei.e. gluttonous eye) with envy or jealousy on
domestic and garden plants (that, after months or years
4.9 Spain and Latin America
of health and beauty, will suddenly weaken, wither and
die, with no apparent signs of pest, after the visitation of
The evil eye or 'Mal de Ojo' has been deeply embedded in a certain friend or relative), attractive hair and less often
Spanish popular culture throughout its history and Spain economic or romantic success and family harmony.
is the origin of this superstition in Latin America.
Unlike in most cultures mal-olhado is not seen to be
In Mexico and Central America, infants are considered something that risks young babies. Pagansor nonat special risk for the evil eye (see mal de ojo, above) and baptized children are instead assumed to be at risk from
are often given an amulet bracelet as protection, typically bruxas (witches), that have malignant intention themwith an eye-like spot painted on the amulet. Another pre- selves rather than just mal-olhado. It probably reects
ventive measure is allowing admirers to touch the infant the Galician folktales about the meigas or Portuguese maor child; in a similar manner, a person wearing an item gas, (witches), as Colonial Brazil was primarily settled by
of clothing that might induce envy may suggest to others Portuguese people, in numbers greater than all Europeans
to settle pre-independence United States. Those bruxas
that they touch it or some other way dispel envy.
One traditional cure in rural Mexico involves a curandero are interpreted to have taken the form of moths, often
(folk healer) sweeping a raw chicken egg over the body very dark, that disturb children at night and take away
of a victim to absorb the power of the person with the their energy. For that reason, Christian Brazilians often
evil eye. The egg is later broken into a glass with water have amulets in the form of crucixes around, beside or
and placed under the bed of the patient near the head. inside beds where children sleep.
Sometimes it is checked immediately because the egg
appears as if it has been cooked. When this happens it
means that the patient did have Mal De Ojo. Somehow
the Mal De Ojo has transferred to the egg and the patient
immediately gets well. (Fever, pain and diarrhea, nau-

Nevertheless, older children, especially boys, that fulll

the cultural ideals of behaving extremely well (for example, having no problems whatsoever in eating well a
great variety of foods, being obedient and respectful toward adults, kind, polite, studious, and demonstrating no

4.10

Turkey

bad blood with other children or their siblings) who unexpectedly turn into problematic adolescents or adults (for
example lacking good health habits, extreme laziness or
lacking motivation towards their life goals, having eating
disorders, or being prone to delinquency), are said to have
been victims of mal-olhado coming from parents of children whose behavior was not as admirable.

7
that toward withdrawal. [It is therefore proposed] that
the individual's continuous preoccupation with achieving
a balance between 'heat' and 'cold' is a way of reenacting, in symbolic terms, a fundamental activity in social
relations.* [31]

4.10 Turkey

Amulets that protect against mal-olhado tend to be generally resistant, mildly to strongly toxic and dark plants
Main article: Nazar (amulet)
in specic and strategic places of a garden or the enA typical nazar is made of handmade glass featuring
try to a house. Those include comigo-ningum-pode (
against-me-nobody-cans), Dieenbachia (the dumbcane), espada-de-so-jorge (St. George's sword),
Sansevieria trifasciata (the snake plant or mother-in-law's
tongue) and guin (Guinea), among various other
names, Petiveria alliacea (the guinea henweed). For those
lacking in space or wanting tosanitizespecic places,
they may all be planted together in a single sete ervas (
seven [lucky] herbs) pot, that will also include arruda
(common rue), pimenteira (Capsicum annuum), manjerico (basil) and alecrim (rosemary).* [29] (Though the
last four ones should not be used for their common culinary purposes by humans.) Other popular amulets against
evil eye include: the use of mirrors, on the outside of
your home's front door, or also inside your home facing
your front door; an elephant gurine with its back to the
front door; and coarse salt, placed in specic places at Traditionally shaped nazar ornaments
home.* [30]
concentric circles or teardrop shapes in dark blue, white,
light blue and black, occasionally with a yellow/gold
4.9.2 Mexico
edge.* [32]
Mal ojo often occurs without the dimension of envy, but
insofar as envy is a part of ono, it is a variant of this underlying sense of insecurity and relative vulnerability to
powerful, hostile forces in the environment. In her study
of medical attitudes in the Santa Clara Valley of California, Margaret Clark arrives at essentially the same conclusion:Among the Spanish-speaking folk of Sal si Puedes,
the patient is regarded as a passive and innocent victim
of malevolent forces in his environment. These forces
may be witches, evil spirits, the consequences of poverty,
or virulent bacteria that invade his body. The scapegoat
may be a visiting social worker who unwittingly 'cast the
evil eye' ... Mexican folk concepts of disease are based
in part on the notion that people can be victimized by the
careless or malicious behavior of others.

As a legacy of the Turkish Ottoman Empire, it is a

common sight in Turkey, Romania, Albania, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon,
Israel, Egypt, Armenia, Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq and
Azerbaijan,* [33] where the nazar is often hung in homes,
oces, cars, children's clothing, or incorporated in jewellery and ornaments.* [32] They are a popular choice of
souvenir with tourists.

4.11 United States

In 1946, the American magician Henri Gamache published a text called Terrors of the Evil Eye Exposed! (later
reprinted as Protection against Evil), which oers directions to defend oneself against the evil eye. Also known
Another aspect of the mal ojo syndrome in Ixtepeji is a as mean muggingor mad doggingamong urban
disturbance of the hot-cold equilibrium in the victim. Ac- youths.* [34]
cording to folk belief, the bad eects of an attack result
from thehotforce of the aggressor entering the child's
body and throwing it out of balance. Currier has shown 4.12 Media/Press
how the Mexican hot-cold system is an unconscious folk
model of social relations upon which social anxieties are In some cultures over-complimenting casts a curse. So
projected. According to Currier, the nature of Mexi- does envy. Since ancient times such maledictions have
can peasant society is such that each individual must con- been collectively called the evil eye. According to the
tinuously attempt to achieve a balance between two op- book The Evil Eye by folklorist Alan Dundes,* [35] the beposing social forces: the tendency toward intimacy and lief's premise is that an individual can cause harm simply

5 NAMES IN VARIOUS LANGUAGES

by looking at another's person or property. But protection

is easy to come by with talismans that can be worn, carried, or hung in homes, most often incorporating the contours of a human eye. In Aegean countries people with
light-colored eyes are thought to be particularly powerful, and amulets in Greece and Turkey are usually blue
orbs. Indians, Muslims, and Jews use charms with palmforward hands with an eye in the center; Italians employ
horns, phallic shapes meant to distract spell casters.* [36]

Names in various languages

In most languages, the name translates literally into

English as bad eye, evil eye, evil look, or
just the eye. Some variants on this general pattern
from around the world are:
In Albanian it is known as syri i keq(Standart
and Tosk), or assyni keq(Gheg) meaningbad
eye. Alsomsyshis used commonly, meaning
cast an evil eye.
In Arabic, ayn al-asd, , the eye of
envy. Ayn rrah ( ) is also used, literally
translating to hot eye.
In Armenian, char atchk ( ) evil eye
or bad eye. Regarding the act of giving an evil
gaze, it is said (directly translated), to give with
the eyeor in Armenian, atchkov tal.
In Azerbaijani,Gz dymsi translating as being
struck by an eye
In Chinese it is called
erally evil eye)

(xi zh yn, lit-

In Dutch it is calledhet boze oog, literallythe

malicious eyeor the angry eye
In German, it is calledbser Blick, literallyevil
gaze.
In Greek, to matiasma () or mati ()
someone refers to the act of casting the evil eye (mati
being the Greek word for eye); also: vaskania (, the Greek word for jinx)* [37]
In Hebrew, yin h-r ( , evil eye)
In Hindi and other languages of North India, nazar
(); nazar lagna ( ) means to be aficted by the evil eye. (However, it generally has no
evil connotations because a doting mother's eye can
supposedly also cause harm.)
In Hungarian, gonosz szem means evil eye,
but more widespread is the expression szemmelvers
(lit. beating with eye), which refers to the supposed/alleged act of harming one by an evil look

In Irish, the term drochshil is used for the 'evil eye',

being a compound of 'droch' (bad, poor, evil, ill) and
'sil (eye). This can also be used to refer to someone
with weak eyesight.
In Italian, the word malocchio refers to the evil eye.
In Japanese it is known as " " (jashi).
In Kannada, it is calleddrishti. (But cf. "Drishti
(yoga)".)
In Ke/Tz Luo, it is called Sihoho/Juog wang'".
In Macedonian it is known as .
In Malayalam it is known as kannu veykkuka to
cast an evil eye while kannu pedukameans to
be on the receiving end of the malec inuence.
kannu doshamrefers to a bad eect caused by an
evil eye.
In Neapolitan it is known as "'o mma'uocchjewhich
translates literally intothe evil/bad/malecent eye
, which aicts people, especially women and children who are supposedly the most vulnerable, with
multiple issues and problems, stemming from prenatal issues, miscarriages, early childhood death or
sickness or death of a mother during birth, as well as
aicting women with infertility, sexual problems,
early widowhood, etc., while aicted men suer
from cancer, laziness, greed, gluttony, and other diseases, disabilities and ailments.
In Persian it is known as "( " injurious
look/eyes causing injury) or "( " omen
eye)* [38] Cheshmeh Hasood, meaning Jealous
eye, or Cheshme Nazarmeaning evil eye.
In Polish it is known asze okoorze spojrzenie
.
In Pashto it is known as"
stargo wahal)and also "

"(bado
"(Nazar wahal)

In Portuguese, it is calledmau olhado, ouolho

gordo(literally fat eye). The rst expression
is used in Portugal and second one is more common
in Brazil.
In Romanian, it is known as deochi, meaning
literally un-eye.
In Russian, " " (durnoy glaz) means
bad/evil eye"; "" (sglaz) literally meansfrom
eye.
In Sanskrit, an ancient Indian language, it is called
drishti dosha( ) meaning malice caused
by evil eye. (But cf. "drishti (yoga)".)
In Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin, it
is called Urokljivo oko (Cyr. ).* [39]
First word is adjective of the word urok/, which
means spell or curse, and the second one means eye.

9
In Somali, it is calledil, orIlaacoorQumayo
( rst word literally meaning eyeand the other
two words meaning envy eye)
In Spanish, mal de ojo literally meansevil from the
eyeas the name does not refer to the actual eye but
to the evil that supposedly comes from it. Casting
the evil eye is then echar mal de ojo, i.e. to cast
evil from the eye.* [40]
In Tamil, " " (kan padudhal) literally
meanscasting an eye(with an intention to cause
harm). "" (kannooru) harm from the
eye
In Turkish kem gz means evil eye and the cure is
having a "nazar boncuu", the nazar amulet.
In Urdu nazar(
)"Chashm- bad"(
);
nazar lagna means to be aicted by the evil eye.

See also

Cornicello Italian amulet used to ward o the evil

eye
Envy
Eye bead
Eye of Horus an Ancient Egyptian symbol of
protection and power against evil.
Eye of Providence a symbol showing an eye surrounded by rays of light or a glory, and usually enclosed by a triangle.
Eye of Sauron a ctional eye from The Lord of the
Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien
Hamsa
Harmal
Lashon hara Jewish concept of the evil tongue
Matthew 6:23 If thine eye be evil The evil eye
as ungenerosity of spirit, hence darkness / blindness
/ evil itself. (A saying of Jesus.)
Medusa and Gorgon Petrication glance (Stone
glance), picture also used on as protection from evil
eye.
Mirror armour, which is believed as protection not
from only cold steel and arrows, but also from evil
eye
Nazar
Nazar Battu from North India and Pakistan
Red string (Kabbalah)
Scopophobia
Sign of the horns horned hand gesture used for
warding o the Evil Eye and other purposes
Thousand mile stare a relatively common phenomenon that may be mistaken for the evil eye.
Usog a Filipino version.

7 References
John Phillip, The Evil Eye (1859), a self-portrait depicting the
artist sketching a Spanish gypsy who thinks she is being given the
evil eye.

[1] Ross, C (2010). "Hypothesis:The Electrophysicological

Basis of the Evil Eye Belief. Anthropology of Consciousness. 21: 47. doi:10.1111/j.1556-3537.2010.01020.x.

Amulet

[2] Denition for evil eyefrom Merriam Webster Dictionary. Merriam-webster.com. 2012-08-31.

Balor of the Evil Eye a character in Irish legend

[3] evil eye (occult)". Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Basilisk Death glance/petrifying glance

[4] Ulmer, Rivka (1994). KTAV Publishing House, Inc., ed.

The evil eye in the Bible and in rabbinic literature. p. 176.
ISBN 0-88125-463-0.

Cockatrice Death glance/petrifying glance

10

[5] Mal de Ojo. sfbardo.com.

[6] USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts. Usc.edu.

8 FURTHER READING

[26] Maloney, Clarence. The Evil Eye. New York: Columbia

UP, 1976. p. 29. ISBN 0-231-04006-7.
[27] Medical Anthropology: Explanations of Illness.

[7] Du'a What to say when in fear of aicting something

or someone with one?s eye. Makedua.com.
[8] Cora Lynn Daniels, et al., eds, Encyclopdia of Superstitions, Folklore, and the Occult Sciences of the World (Volume III), p. 1273, Univ. Press of the Pacic, Honolulu,
ISBN 1-4102-0916-4
[9] He may sound like a Dalek doing a bad impression of
Kenneth Williams, but why DO so many BBC stars want
to exterminate Pesto?". Daily Mail. 18 November 2011.

[28] Flrez, Franz. El Mal de Ojo de la Etnografa Clsica y

La Limpia Posmoderna (PDF).
[29] Guizetti, Franco.Conhea o poder e a proteo das sete
ervas (in Portuguese). Retrieved Jan 19, 2012.
[30] Caires, Olivia. Proteja sua casa do mau olhado (in
Portuguese). Retrieved February 22, 2015.
[31] Maloney, Clarence. The Evil Eye. New York: Columbia
UP, 1976. p. 184. ISBN 0-231-04006-7.

[10] Erbek, Gran (1998). Kilim Catalogue No. 1. May Seluk

A. S. Edition=1st.

[32] Lonely Planet Middle East.Lonely Planet; 6 edition, 2009,

p. 559.

[11] Denition of the evil eye, and ways of protecting oneself

against it and treating it, Islam Questions and Answers

[33] The Evil Eye and Mountain Karma in Azerbaijan.

thebriefnote.com.

[12] Sindidi. Daaraykamil.com

[34] Gamache, Henri (1946) Terrors of the Evil Eye Exposed Raymond Publishing, New York, OCLC 9989883;
reprinted in 1969 as Protection Against Evil Dorene, Dallas, Texas, OCLC 39132235

[13] Sindidi. Al-himma.com

[14] Dracula, Bram Stoker's novel 1897 edition online. p. ?
[15] Evil Eye in Judaism. My Jewish Learning.
[16] Chapters of the Fathers, Translation & Commentary by
Samson Raphael Hirsch, Feldheim Publishers, ISBN 087306-182-9 pg. 32
[17] Amariglio, Jack; Cullenberg, Stephen E; Ruccio, David
F (2013). Post-Modernism, Economics and Knowledge.
Routledge. pp. 217. ISBN 978-1-134-83668-0.
[18] Turner, John W.Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity: Faith
and practices. A Country Study: Ethiopia. Thomas P.
Ofcansky and LaVerle Berry, eds. Washington: Library
of Congress Federal Research Division, 1991.
[19] Finneran, Niall. "Ethiopian Evil Eye Belief and the Magical Symbolism of Iron Working." Folklore, Vol. 114,
2003.
[20] Wagaw, Teshome G. For Our Soul: Ethiopian Jews in Israel. Detroit: Wayne State Univ. Press, 1993.
[21] Kemp, Charles. "Ethiopians & Eritreans." Refugee Health
Immigrant Health. Waco, TX: Baylor University.
[22] Geleta, Amsalu Tadesse. "Case Study: Demonization and
the Practice of Exorcism in Ethiopian Churches". Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization, Nairobi, August 2000.
[23] Ghilzai, S.A., and Kanwal, A. (2016) Semiotic Analysis
of Evil Eye Beliefs among Pakistani Cultures and their
Predetermined Behaviour. Research Issues in social sciences, 47-67.
[24] Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of
World Religions. 2000, p. 69. ISBN 0877790442.
[25] Lucky Mojo. The Corno (Italian Horn Amulet)". Retrieved 9 February 2015.

[35] Dundes, Alan (ed.) (1992) The Evil Eye: A Casebook University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, ISBN 0-299-13334-6; originally published in 1981 by
Garland Publishing, New York
[36] Rizzo, Johnna (April 2013) National Geographic Magazine
[37] Vaskania () in
, (Encyclopedic Lexicon Eleftheroudakis) ed. 1928
[38] loghatnaameh.com.
Dictionary of Dehkhoda
" . Loghatnaameh.com.
[39] Hakim Bey: Urokljivo oko (evil eye)". Kontrapunkt.
February 7, 2006. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
[40] Real Academia Espaola de la Lengua. Diccionario
Usual (in Spanish). Buscon.rae.es.

8 Further reading
Borthwick, E. Kerr (2001)Socrates, Socratics, and
the Word " The Classical Quarterly New Series, 51(1): pp. 297301
Dickie, Mathew W. (January 1991) Heliodorus
and Plutarch on the Evil EyeClassical Philology
86(1): pp. 1729
Elworthy, Frederick Thomas (1895) The Evil Eye.
An Account of this Ancient & Widespread Superstition John Murray, London, OCLC 2079005;
reprinted in 2004 as: The Evil Eye: The Classic Account of an Ancient Superstition Dover Publications,
Mineola, New York, ISBN 0-486-43437-0 (online
text)

11
Giord, Edward S. (1958) The Evil Eye: Studies in
the Folklore of Vision Macmillan, New York, OCLC
527256
Jones, Louis C. (1951) The Evil Eye among
European-AmericansWestern Folklore 10(1): pp.
1125
Limberis, Vasiliki (April 1991)The Eyes Infected
by Evil: Basil of Caesarea's HomilyThe Harvard
Theological Review 84(2): pp. 163184
Lykiardopoulos, Amica (1981)The Evil Eye: Towards an Exhaustive StudyFolklore 92(2): pp.
221230
Meerloo, Joost Abraham Maurits (1971) Intuition
and the Evil Eye: The Natural History of a Superstition Servire, Wassenaar, Netherlands, OCLC
415660
Slone, Kathleen Warner and Dickie, M.W. (1993)
A Knidian Phallic Vase from CorinthHesperia
62(4): pp. 483505
Mal de ojo

External links
The Evil Eye Documentary
The Evil Eye Beads in Turkey
A Discourse on the Worship of Priapus by Richard
Payne Knight (1786), mentions phallic charms
against the Evil Eye in ancient Rome.
The Evil Eye at Fortean Times
The Evil Eye by Frederick Thomas Elworthy
Evil Eye by Hakim Bey
What is an Ayin Hara(evil eye)? Ask the
Rabbiat Ohr Somayach

12

10

10
10.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Evil eye Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_eye?oldid=747752180 Contributors: Eloquence, Atlan, Sunilbajpai, Ubiquity, Paul
Barlow, Kwertii, DopeshJustin, Ixfd64, Ihcoyc, Ronz, Darkwind, Bogdangiusca, AugPi, Reddi, Andrewman327, Greenrd, Tb, Cahno,
Altenmann, Jondel, Wereon, HaeB, David Gerard, Kbahey, BenFrantzDale, Peruvianllama, Jfdwol, Gnossie, Datepalm17, Solipsist, ArinArin, Gyrofrog, Masterhomer, Utcursch, SoWhy, Alexf, Calm, SarekOfVulcan, Tail, Keramida, Tromatic, Zondor, Lacrimosus, Jayjg,
Poccil, CALR, Discospinster, Vsmith, GalanM, Arthur Holland, Bender235, Kelvinc, CanisRufus, El C, Kwamikagami, Art LaPella, JRM,
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Ricky81682, Zapyon, Fritzpoll, Fivetrees, Deacon of Pndapetzim, Supermjr, Bsadowski1, Versageek, Alai, Iustinus, DodgeK, Richwales,
SimonW, Angr, Woohookitty, Sburke, Uncle G, MattGiuca, Dodiad, Futhark, SCEhardt, BD2412, Kbdank71, Rjwilmsi, PinchasC, Wahkeenah, Sango123, FlaBot, Tom-b, Kerowyn, RexNL, Fresheneesz, Le Anh-Huy, Scoo, WriterHound, Cornellrockey, EamonnPKeane,
YurikBot, TodorBozhinov, Erachima, RussBot, Icarus3, Pigman, VingenzoTM, Mythsearcher, Gaius Cornelius, Anomalocaris, Mpa,
NawlinWiki, Grafen, Badagnani, Justin Eiler, Ondenc, Yoninah, ArmadniGeneral, Asarelah, Deville, Closedmouth, Sarefo, Sean Whitton, Elfalem, Ultrogothe, Alexanderj, Huldra, SmackBot, FocalPoint, Dav2008, Arny, StefanoC, Rastapopoulos, Notch, HeartofaDog,
Portillo, RobertM525, Hraefen, Jstanley~enwiki, Chris the speller, Ciacchi, DavidRolfe, KiloByte, Cattus, B00P, Scwlong, OrphanBot,
Vcrs, Rrburke, Nolawip, Monacat, Artemisboy, PiMaster3, Ghiraddje, CoolHotCold, Nakon, Dreadstar, Pwjb, Josh cavan, Nepaheshgar, Jbergquist, Victor Lopes, Bejnar, FrancescoMazzucotelli, Ceoil, Lambiam, BurnDownBabylon, Tktktk, Hope(N Forever), Minglex,
Hvn0413, Andre.p.lima, Infofarmer, Jisakiel, Midnightblueowl, Jack O'Neill, Digsdirt, Hu12, DabMachine, Joseph Solis in Australia,
JoeBot, Catherineyronwode, Makedonia, CmdrObot, Randhirreddy, Cocomonkilla, Fitzaubrey, ShelfSkewed, Ntsimp, MatriX, Bridgecross, Lugnuts, Tkynerd, Arabhorse, Doug Weller, DBaba, Gnfnrf, JohnInDC, Daniel Admassu, Epbr123, Barticus88, Maltanar, E.
Ripley, Fobia, Amitauti, Nick Number, Matthew Proctor, Gossamers, AntiVandalBot, BokicaK, Daimanta, Erwin85Bot, Julia Rossi,
Ianare, LibLord, Pichote, B-rat, Bigturk, Phil153, JAnDbot, Jddriessen, Scythian1, Midnightdreary, GurchBot, RebelRobot, PhilKnight,
Cynwolfe, Lawikitejana, T@nn, JNW, Knowledge for All, Sodabottle, Froid, Lomi, Fabrictramp, PohlSE, Gabriel Kielland, Kingutd,
Frotz, Suntrader, JaGa, Lenticel, Msgrjosh, Danieliness, Motley Crue Rocks, R'n'B, Mealy, AstroHurricane001, Neutron Jack, Sosume,
Mike.lifeguard, Moscvitch, Ian.thomson, IdLoveOne, FrummerThanThou, Aliakyuz, Marcsin, Chiswick Chap, Knulclunk, Cometstyles,
FuegoFish, Donmike10, Useight, CardinalDan, Meiskam, Malik Shabazz, CWii, Macedonian, Satani, LeilaniLad, Epson291, Philip Trueman, DoorsAjar, Oshwah, Jimmyeatskids, Java7837, Anonymous Dissident, Seyfertfan, Icecypher, Korin43, Doug, Billinghurst, Lamro,
Jonglob, Ayseeee, Cnilep, Sesshomaru, Alcmaeonid, Tsum60, AlleborgoBot, Mveejay, MiFeinberg, Xenovatis, Rudeboihowie, VIP26,
SieBot, WereSpielChequers, Jack Merridew, ConfuciusOrnis, Merotoker1, Keilana, Sit2090, Matakay, Aramgar, Elleth, Eidimon, Mojoworker, Troer, StaticGull, UB65, Wdavidso, Pinkadelica, Denisarona, Ainlina, Invertzoo, Twinsday, ClueBot, GorillaWarfare, PipepBot, Middleeasternprincess, Elephant undercover, Helenabella, IceUnshattered, Kafka Liz, Johnbousaid, Cygnis insignis, Shalomshachne,
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Mavigogun, Kenhenry, Nathan1982, Nicolae Coman, Sublime98, Luwilt, Addbot, JBsupreme, Elvire, Montgomery '39, Holt, NjardarBot,
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Amaury, Huunta, Phlight, Mattis, Aaron Kauppi, , A.amitkumar, FrescoBot, Tangent747, AlexanderKaras, Gabi83tm, VI, Cplechuck,
Shengwei95, Craig Pemberton, Oldcellphone, Peace4all613, Jamesooders, Drogonov, Citation bot 1, DrilBot, Pinethicket, Tinton5, Skyerise, A8UDI, MusaSemerci, Yehoshuapinto, Deutsch-Trke-English, JaredPlitt, DixonDBot, Lotje, Callanecc, MarkGT, Foxydance,
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Kellyblustar, Bridgette1913, SporkBot, Polo the Clown, WikiMan225, Thine Antique Pen, Jacobisq, TyA, Donner60, SBaker43, ChuispastonBot, AndyTheGrump, Lguipontes, Atrivo, Manytexts, Mikhail Ryazanov, ClueBot NG, IfYouDoIfYouDon't, Kevin Gorman, Helpful
Pixie Bot, Somatrix, Lala love, Wbm1058, Davidelah, BG19bot, Hepburn82, Mysterytrey, RonaldMerchant, Gorthian, Altar, NorthCoastReader, RudolfRed, BattyBot, Pratyya Ghosh, Spargapises, GoShow, Tkhoshniat1992, Dexbot, FoCuSandLeArN, Mogism, Lugia2453,
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Hpcn8888, Farnooshka, Poopykasper, Moslim shah shinwari, , Saeed3068, Gents82, Tiptoethruthemineeld, Ia Devat,
Vaselineeeeeeee, HMSLavender, Aequitas333, Thebirdofthechapel, Warmice78, Denniscabrams, KasparBot, CAPTAIN RAJU, Lemondropzzz, RANIAEMAD2000, GSS-1987, Nin-5H, Mordecharm, Fahadnfb, Ebrukon and Anonymous: 763

10.2

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of_the_Evil_Eye.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: John R. Clarke: Ars Erotica. Darmstadt: Primus 2009 Original artist: WolfgangRieger
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evileyeaccountof00elwo#page/203/mode/1up'>The Evil Eye - page 203</a> Original artist: Frederick Thomas Elworthy
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