Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments
Functions of Bones
Spongy bone
Small needle-like
pieces of bone
Many open spaces
Figure 5.2b
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Figure 5.1
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Classification of Bones
Long bones
Typically longer than
wide
Have a shaft with heads
at both ends
Contain mostly
compact bone
Examples: Femur,
humerus
Epiphysis
Ends of the bone
Composed mostly of
spongy bone
Figure 5.2a
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Sharpeys fibers
Secure periosteum to
underlying bone
Arteries
Supply bone cells
with nutrients
Figure 5.2c
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.2a
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Classification of Bones
Short bones
Generally cubeshape
Contain mostly
spongy bone
Examples:
Carpals, tarsals
Classification of Bones
Flat bones
Thin and flattened
Usually curved
Thin layers of
compact bone
around a layer of
spongy bone
Examples:
Skull, ribs,
sternum
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Classification of Bones
Irregular bones
Irregular shape
Do not fit into
other bone
classification
categories
Example:
Vertebrae and
hip
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Figure 5.3
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells
Osteoclasts
Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium
Crest
- narrow ridge of bone,
usually prominent
Line
- narrow ridge of bone
less prominent than a
crest
ex. Intertrochanteric
line
Trochanter
- very large, blunt,
irregularly shaped
process
Tubercle
- small rounded
projection or process
ex. Greater and lesser
tubercle of the
humerus
Epicondyle
- raised area on or
above a condyle
Spine
- sharp, slender, often
pointed projection
ex. Spinous process
of the vertebrae
Head
- bony expansion
carried on a narrow
neck
ex. Head of femur
Facet
- smooth, nearly flat
articular surface
ex. Facet of
vertebrae
Ramus
- arm like bar of bone
ex. Ramus of mandible
Sinus
- cavity within a bone
- filled with air and lined with mucous
membrane
Fossa
- Shallow basin-like
depression serving as
articular surface
ex. Iliac fossa
Fissure
- Narrow slit-like
opening
ex. Orbital fissure
Foramen
-Round or oval opening
ex. Foramen magnum
Groove
- Furrow
ex. Radial groove
Intertubercular
groove
Appendicular skeleton
Figure 5.6
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The Skull
Two sets of bones
Cranium
CRANIAL BONES
8 Large Flatbones
- 1 Frontal
- 2 Parietal
- 2 Temporal
- 1 Occipital
- 1 Ethmoid
- 1 Sphenoid
Figure 5.7
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Frontal bone
Forehead, bony
projection of
the eyebrows,
and superior
part of the orbit
Parietal
Bone
Superior and
lateral walls of the
cranium
Sagittal sutures
Parietal bones
meet at the center
Coronal sutures
Parietal bone
meets the frontal
bone
Temporal Bone
Inferior to
parietal bone
Squamous suture
Temporal bone
joins parietal
bone
Temporal Bone
Inferior to
parietal bone
Squamous suture
Temporal bone
joins parietal
bone
Bone Markings
Attachment of neck
muscles
Zygomatic process/arch
Mastoid sinuses,
attachment of neck
muscles
Jugular foramen
Passage of jugular
vein, junction of
occipital and temporal
bones
Foramen magnum
Occipital bone
meets parietal bones
allows spinal cord to
connect with brain
Occipital condyles
Figure 5.9
Foramen magnum
Occipital bone
meets parietal bones
allows spinal cord to
connect with brain
Occipital condyles
Figure 5.9
Sphenoid Bone
Part of the floor and
lateral portion of the
cranium, and part of the
eye orbit
Extends at the center of
the skull, wings extend
to the sides of the skull
Sella turcica or Turks
saddle
Pituitary gland
Ethmoid Bone
Roof of the nasal cavity, and
medial wall of the orbit
FACIAL BONES
14 facial bones
6 paired
Maxillae/Maxillary
bones
Upper jaw
Keystone
Join all facial
bones except
mandible
Palatine process
Anterior part of
hard palate
Cleft palate
Palatine Bone
Posterior part of
hard palate
Zygomatic Bones
Lacrimal Bones
forms the medial wall
of the orbit
Fingernail-sized
bone
Lacrimal groove
Nasal Bones
Rectangular bones
forming the bridge
of the nose
Vomer
Single bone in
the median line
of the nasal
cavity
Nasal septum
Inferior Nasal
Conchae
Mandible
Hyoid Bone
Only bone not directly
articulated with another bone
Suspended in the midneck
region
Anchored by ligaments to the
styloid process of temporal
bone
1.Movable base of the tongue
2.Attachment point for neck
muscles
Horseshoe-shaped
Body
Horns or cornua
Auditory Ossicles
Malleus
or hammer
Incus or anvil
Stapes or stirrup
support
Extends from skull to pelvis
Vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Sacrum (5 fused bones)
Coccyx (4 fused bones)
26
7
12
5
1
1
Figure 5.14
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Primary curvatures
Thoracic
Sacral
Secondary curvatures
Cervical
Lumbar
Figure 5.16
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4. Spinous process
- single projection
- arises from posterior aspect of vertebral arch
5. Superior and inferior articular processes
- paired projections
- allow vertebra to form joints with adjacent vertebrae
Cervical Vertebrae C7
C1-Atlas
- superior surface of
transverse processes with
depression
- no body , no spinous process
C2-Axis
- Odontoid process/dens
- Joint formed bet. C1 and C2
allows head to rotate
C3 C7
- Branched spinous
process
- Transverse processes
contain opening
(transverse foramen)
Lumbar Vertebrae L5
L1 L5
Massive block-like body
Hatchet-shaped spinous process
Sturdiest of the vertebrae
Sacrum S1
formed by fusion of
5 vertebrae
Wing-like alae
Posterior wall of
pelvis
Sacroiliac joint
Sacrum meets
the iliac bone
of the pelvis
Median
sacral
crest
Fused spinous
processes
Sacral canal
Continuous
with vertebral
canal
Coccyx C1
Human
tailbone
Fusion of 4
bones or 3-5
bones
Thoracic
vertebrae
Figure 5.19a
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Sternum (breastbone)
1
Manubrium
Body of the sternum
Xiphoid process
Attached to the first 7 pairs of ribs
Ribs
24
True ribs
first 7 pairs
PECTORAL GIRDLE
Clavicle or collarbone
Slender, doubly
curved bone
Articulates with
manubrium of
sternum medially
o
Sternoclavicular
joint
Articulates with
acromion of
scapula laterally
Acromioclavicular
joint
humerus
Head received by
glenoid cavity
Greater and lesser
tubercle muscle
attachment
Deltoid tuberosity
midpoint of shaft
Trochlea distal,
medial end
Capitulum distal,
lateral end (round)
Coronoid fossa
anterior
Olecranon fossa
posterior
Medial and lateral
epicondyle
Radius
Lateral bone
Head disk-shaped
Radial tuberosity
attachment of tendon of
biceps brachii
Styloid process
Ulna
Medial bone
Coronoid process
anterior
Olecranon process
posterior
Trochlear notch
separates coronoid
and olecranon
processes
Articulates with
trochlea pliers-like
manner
Figure 5.21ab
Phalanges
fingers
Figure 5.22
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Carpals wrist
Scaphoid or
navicular
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezium or
Greater multiangular
Trapezoid or Lesser
multiangular
Capitate
Hamate
Metacarpals
Bones of the palm
Phalanges
Proximal
Middle absent in
thumb
Distal
Ischium
Pubic bone
The total weight of the
Urinary bladder
Part of the large intestine
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Ilium
Large flaring
bones
Connects with
sacrum
sacroiliac joint
Iliac crest
Anterior superior
spine
Posterior superior
spine
Figure 5.23b
Ischium
Sitdown bone
Ischial tuberosity
Ischial spine
Superior to ischial
tuberosity
Narrows the outlet
of pelvis thru
which the baby
must pass
Greater sciatic
notch
Pubis
Most
anterior
Obturator
foramen
- serves as
passageway of b.v
and nerves
Pubic symphysis
Acetabulum
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Female
Larger and more circular
Shallower, lighter and thinner
Flares more laterally
Sacrum is shorter and less curved
Ischial spines are shorter and farther
apart
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Figure 5.24ab
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Figure 5.24c
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Tibia
Larger and more medial
shinbone
Medial and
Lateral Condlyles
Tibial Tuberosity
Articulate with distal end of femur
Kneejoint
Medial Malleolus
Process forming inner bulge
of the ankle
Fibula
Thin and sticklike
Figure 5.25
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Figure 5.25
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Metatarsals
Bones of the sole of the foot
Phalanges
Proximal
Middle absent in
great toe
Distal
14 bones
Figure 5.25
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