Final Year Project Report: 2013-2014

THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA

COLLEGE OF INFORMATICS AND VIRTUAL EDUCATION

Department of Telecommunication and Computer Networks

SPEED REGULATION OF DC MOTOR USING DTMF KEYPAD

A Final Year Project Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for BSc. Computer Engineering
Of
The University Of Dodoma
College of Informatics and Virtual Education, School of Informatics
BY
S/N.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Name:
ATWAI, JUMANNE S
SALALA CHARLES
FANUEL EZEKIEL
GOODLUCK FRANK

Reg. No.
T/UDOM/2010/00158
T/UDOM/2010/00238
T/UDOM/2010/00173
T/UDOM/2010/00175

Course:
Bsc. CE
Bsc. CE
Bsc. CE
Bsc. CE

SUPERVISORS NAME: Miss MARIA GABRIEL.

SUPERVISORS SIGNATURE: .. ..

DATE:

CORDINATORS SIGNATURE:

DATE:.

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Final Year Project Report: 2013-2014

ACKNOWLEDGMENT:
With a deep sense of appreciation, respect and gratitude, we would like to say a big thank you to
GOD for making us healthy the whole time of Final Year Project, Our Project Supervisor
Madam Maria Gabriel, Our project Coordinator Claret Victor for their excellence support
during the whole period of our project, our fellow students and friends for their caring attitude
and support from the beginning of our project up to this point of writing and submission of
report.

We also want to express our appreciation to Mr. Musthafa from India who assisted to buy and
send us the devices from India to Tanzania, and lastly we like to send our appreciation to all
teachers and other staffs for their intellectual support and cooperation during the whole time
from the start of our project up to this point of writing and submission of our report.

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Table of Contents

Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT: .............................................................................................................................. i
Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... ii
List of Figures and Tables............................................................................................................................ iv
Symbols and abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... v
CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Objectives ....................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Expected output and beneficiaries .................................................................................................. 2
CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................................. 3
2.0 Literature survey ................................................................................................................................. 3
2.1 DTMF decoder IC MT8870 ............................................................................................................ 3
2.2 DC Motor ........................................................................................................................................ 3
2.3 PIC Microcontroller ........................................................................................................................ 4
2.4 Dual H-bridge motor driver (L293D) ............................................................................................. 4
2.5 Relay Drive ..................................................................................................................................... 5
2.6 Power supply ................................................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................................................. 6
3.0 Methodology ....................................................................................................................................... 6
3.1 Design ............................................................................................................................................. 6
3.2 Project Simulation ........................................................................................................................... 9
3.3 ULN2003A IC Description ........................................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................................... 11
4.0 Complete Circuit Implementation ..................................................................................................... 11
4.1 Hardware Description ....................................................................................................................... 12
4.1.1 PIC Microcontroller ................................................................................................................... 12
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4.1.2 DTMF Decoder .......................................................................................................................... 14
4.1.3 Power Supply ............................................................................................................................. 16
4.1.4 Bridge rectifier Basic Operation ................................................................................................ 19
4.1.5 Voltage Regulator IC ................................................................................................................. 21
4.1.6 Resistors ..................................................................................................................................... 21
4.1.7 Diode .......................................................................................................................................... 22
4.1.8 DC Motor ................................................................................................................................... 23
4.1.5 H-bridge ..................................................................................................................................... 24
CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................................................... 26
5.0 Testing and Evaluation ..................................................................................................................... 26
5.1 Testing........................................................................................................................................... 26
5.2 Evaluation ..................................................................................................................................... 26
CHAPTER 6 ............................................................................................................................................... 27
6.0 Conclusion and Recommendation .................................................................................................... 27
6.1 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 27
6.2 Recommendation .......................................................................................................................... 27
CHAPTER 7 ............................................................................................................................................... 28
6.0 References ......................................................................................................................................... 28

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List of Figures and Tables
Figure 1. Block diagram of remote speed control of a DC motor by DTMF Keypad .................................. 6
Figure 2. Frequency assignments in a DTMF system ................................................................................... 7
Figure 3. Single Ended Input Configuration of MT8870 .............................................................................. 8
Figure 4. Simulation Circuit.......................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 5. Top View of ULN2003A IC ........................................................................................................ 10
Figure 6. Complete Circuit of Project Implementation ............................................................................... 11
Figure 7. PIC Microcontroller..................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 8.Table of PIC Microcontroller families ......................................................................................... 12
Figure 9. Specification for the Microcontroller .......................................................................................... 13
Figure 10. Frequency summation to produce DTMF tone .......................................................................... 14
Figure 11. DTMF Decoder ......................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 12.Transformer circuit ..................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 13. Bridge rectifire case I ................................................................................................................ 19
Figure 14. Bridge rectifire case II ............................................................................................................... 19
Figure 15. Output Smoothing Circuit ......................................................................................................... 20
Figure 16. Voltage Regulator IC ................................................................................................................. 21
Figure 17.Resistor Symbol .......................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 18.Diode and Diode Symbol ........................................................................................................... 22
Figure 19. DC Motor................................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 20. H-bridge ..................................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 21. Schematic of L293D with DC motor ......................................................................................... 25

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Symbols and abbreviations
AC

-> Alternating Current

CPU

-> Central Processing Unit

DC

-> Direct Current

DTMF

-> Dual Tone Multiple-Frequency

ICs

-> Integrated Circuits

LED

-> Light Emitting Diode

MCUs

-> Microcontroller units

RAM

-> Random Access Memory

ROM

-> Read Only Memory

RF

-> Radio Frequency

I/O

-> Input / Output

LCD

-> Liquid Crystal Display

BT

-> British Telecom

-> Ohm

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CHAPTER 1
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Overview
This project is based on speed control/regulation of DC motor by using DTMF technology. In
this project, the motor is controlled by a mobile phone that makes a call to the mobile phone
attached to the circuit. By making a call, the corresponding functional button is pressed and its
tone is heard at the other end of the call and this tone is what we called "Dual Tone MultipleFrequency" (DTMF) tone. The circuit perceives this DTMF tone with the help of the phone
stacked on the circuit connected to DC motor.

The received tone is then processed by the Microcontroller with the help of DTMF decoder
MT8870, the decoder decodes the DTMF tone into its equivalent binary digit and this binary
digit is send to the Microcontroller, where by a Microcontroller is preprogrammed to take a
decision for any give input and outputs its decision to motor driver in order to drive the motors
for various speed.

A Microcontroller then transmits the signal to DC motor driver ICs to operate the motor. The
Use of a mobile phone for motor control can overcome limitations which can be faced in RF
based technique. It provides the advantage of robust control, working range as large as the
coverage area of the service provider, no interference with other controllers and up to twelve
controls.

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1.2 Objectives
1.2.1 Main Objective
The main objective of this project is to implement a hardware circuit for remote speed control of
DC motor by using Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) tone by means mobile phone keypad or
simply a DTMF Keypad.
1.2.2 Specific Objectives
1. To study the architecture, design features, specifications and requirements of different
hardware circuits related to our project.
2. To propose and implement a low cost Speed regulation of DC Motor using DTMF
Keypad that will enable the user to operate remotely.
3. To test and evaluate the performance of the proposed Speed regulation of DC Motor.

1.3 Expected output and beneficiaries

In our project we expect to produce a complete design and implementation of a required Speed
regulation of DC motor using DTMF keypad, through which control of the DC motor will be
done remotely, simply when a user who is responsible for controlling the motor makes a call
from the remote/user phone to the Mobile phone attached to the circuit and the connection will
be established in auto answer mode to the Mobile phone. Now if a corresponding button is press
on a mobile phone which serves as a remote then the DTMF tone generates a signal by adding
the frequency corresponding to that button pressed and sends to the receiver and by doing so this
project is considered to be economic due to its implementation as it falls upon the following
benefits:

Remote control for a long distance.

Simple Operation far from sight.

Less power consumption and

Offers way out for both instant access and security.

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CHAPTER 2
2.0 Literature survey
In this part we deal with the work done by others related to our project, According to Bajaj,
2013, in this paper, the authors present implementation of a hardware circuit which is designed
for remote speed control of a DC motor by using Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) tone of
mobile phone. The hardware circuit includes the use of DTMF decoder IC MT8870 and Relay
driver IC ULN2003.
2.1 DTMF decoder IC MT8870
MT8870 is a complete DTMF receiver. It integrates the band split filter and digital decoder
functions. The filter section uses switched capacitor techniques for high and low group filters.
The decoder uses digital counting techniques to detect and decode all 16 DTMF tone pairs into a
4-bit code. This DTMF receiver minimizes external component count by providing an on-chip
differential input amplifier, clock generator and a latched three-state interface bus.
The MT8870 monolithic DTMF receiver offers small size, low power consumption and high
performance. Its architecture consists of a band split filter section, which separates the high and
low group tones, followed by a digital counting section which verifies the frequency and
duration of the received tones before passing the corresponding code to the output bus. The
DTMF technique presents distinct representation of 16 common alphanumeric (0-9, A-D, *, #)
on the mobile phone.
The lowest frequency used is 697 Hz and the highest frequency used is 1633 Hz. The DTMF
keypad is arranged in such a way that each row will have its own unique tone frequency and also
each column will have its own unique tone frequency.
2.2 DC Motor
A DC motor generates torque directly from DC power supplied to the motor by using internal
commutation, stationary permanent magnets and by rotating electrical magnets. It works on the
principle of Lorentz force according to which any current carrying conductor placed within an
external magnetic field experiences a torque or force known as Lorentz force. The latest
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development in DC drives are the brushless DC drives, advantages of a brushed DC motor
include low initial cost, higher reliability and simple control of motor speed.
DC motors can be used as DC drives in various applications requiring adjustable speed as well as
good speed regulation and frequent starting-braking-reversing. Some important industrial
applications of DC drives are rolling mills (paper, steel), mine winders, hoists, machine tools,
traction, printing presses, textile mills, excavators and cranes. There are great numbers of
methods which can be used to control the speed of DC motors. If a DC motor operates with the
remote control by the mobile phone it is obviously advantageous for the industry.
2.3 PIC Microcontroller
A microcontroller is a single chip that contains the processor (the CPU), non-volatile memory for
the program (ROM or flash), volatile memory for input and output (RAM), a clock and an I/O
control unit. Also called a "computer on a chip," billions of microcontroller units (MCUs) are
embedded each year in a myriad of products from toys to appliances to automobiles. For
example, a single vehicle can use 70 or more microcontrollers.
Also according to Kumar, 2012, they described the controlling of a Circuit using DTMF
technique and are helpful to the Army for making a blast at the target. The circuit is controlled
by a cell phone that makes call to the other Cell phone connected to the circuit. If any button of
operators cell phone is pressed then tone corresponding to that button is received at the other
end of the call. This tone is called dual tone multi frequency (DTMF). Using DTMF code,
direction of motion of the circuit can be controlled.
2.4 Dual H-bridge motor driver (L293D)
L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver integrated circuit (IC). Motor drivers act as current
amplifiers since they take a low-current control signal and provide a higher-current signal. This
higher current signal is used to drive the motors. L293D contains two inbuilt H-bridge driver
circuits

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Furthermore, According to Roshan, 2012, in this paper he suggests a method for control
using the DTMF tone generated when the user pushes mobile phone keypad buttons or when
connected to a remote mobile system. This DTMF based controller is used to control the
operation of multiple relays & also for the purpose of efficiency improvement of a PV cell by
regulating the open circuit voltage of the cell.
2.5 Relay Drive
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a
switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used
where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation
between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one
signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming
in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone
exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.
2.6 Power supply
Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or system that supplies
electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a power supply
unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to
mechanical ones, and rarely to others. Here in our project we need a 12V DC power supply for
all electronics involved in the project.

From the above mentioned Projects Survey, we decided to generate an idea of implementing our
project of Speed Regulation of a DC Motor using DTMF keypad, so we present the
implementation of a hardware circuit which is designed for remote speed control of a DC motor
by using Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) tone of mobile phone.

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CHAPTER 3
3.0 Methodology
3.1 Design
Below is a complete block for our project depicting important components, and components are
DTMF decoder, Microcontroller, power supply, H-Bridge IC (L293D) and DC motor driver.

Figure 1. Block diagram of remote speed control of a DC motor by DTMF Keypad

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In designing process, by considering the DTMF signaling which is used for telephone signaling
over the line in the voice frequency band to the call switching center. The version of DTMF used
for telephone dialing is known as touch tone, whereby the DTMF encoder assigns a specific
frequency (consisting of two separate tones) to each keys that it can easily be identified by the
electronic circuit.

Considering DTMF basics, Duel Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) tone is used to identify which
key is pressed in the mobile keypad as a mobile keypad is used as password entry device. By
pressing any key generate unique tone which consists of two different frequencies one each of
higher and lower frequency range, for example, if the user presses a key 2 on the DTMF keypad
(Mobile phone Keypad) it will send a tone comprising of 697 Hz as its lower frequency and 1336
Hz as higher frequency to the other end of the system. The frequencies and their corresponding
digits are shown in the figure below.

Upper Band

Lower

697

Band

Hz
770

1209

1336

1477

1633

Hz

Hz

Hz

Hz

Hz
852
Hz
941
Hz

Figure 2. Frequency assignments in a DTMF system

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The signal generated by the DTMF encoder is the direct algebraic submission, in real time of the
amplitudes of two sine (cosine) waves of different frequencies, that is, for example for the case
of our project the functional keys are 1, 2, 4, and 8. Therefore, when pressing 1 it is high
speed and will send a tone made by adding 1209 Hz and 697 Hz to the other end of the mobile
which acts as a receiving end, also when pressing 8 it is the lowest speed with frequencies 1336
Hz and 852 Hz and lastly for key 2 and 4 are used for moderate speed.

Furthermore, the DTMF decoding in the project, the circuit used is Single Ended Input
configuration as shown in Figure below,

Figure 3. Single Ended Input Configuration of MT8870

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3.2 Project Simulation
Furthermore for the design of our project we did a simulation as a part project progress for the
second phase of our project, we completed the simulation by considering the block diagram in
figure 1, but for the case of DTMF decoder it was not found in the simulation software we
worked with, therefore we decided to program a PIC Microcontroller with the help of
ULN2003A IC to work as DTMF decoder for decoding signals due to keypad press, Consider
the Simulation diagram as shown below:

Figure 4. Simulation Circuit

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3.3 ULN2003A IC Description
The ULN2003A IC is a high-voltage, high-current Darlington transistor array, which consists of
seven NPN Darlington pairs that feature high-voltage outputs with common-cathode clamp
diodes for switching inductive loads. The collector-current rating of a single Darlington pair is
500 mA.

Therefore a Darlington pairs can be paralleled for higher current capability. Applications include
relay drivers, hammer drivers, lamp drivers, display drivers (LED and gas discharge), line
drivers, and logic buffers. Consider the following features of ULN2003A IC and its Circuit
diagram.

Relay-Driver Applications

Inputs Compatible With Various Types of Logic

500-mA-Rated Collector Current (Single Output)

High-Voltage Outputs: 50 V

Output Clamp Diodes

Figure 5. Top View of ULN2003A IC

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CHAPTER 4
4.0 Complete Circuit Implementation
In particularly the figure below shows a complete Implementation of our project with all
interconnected components, and these components are the Microcontroller, LCD Display, DTMF
decoder, Diodes, Capacitors, power supply, H-Bridge, DC Motor driver, Mobile-phone (serves
as receiver) and the wires connecting those components.

Figure 6. Complete Circuit of Project Implementation

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4.1 Hardware Description
4.1.1 PIC Microcontroller
A microcontroller is a single chip that contains the processor (the CPU), non-volatile memory for
the program (ROM), volatile memory for input and output (RAM), a clock and an I/O control
unit. The hardware circuit can easily be driven by a set of program instructions, or software and
once familiar with hardware and software, the user can then apply the microcontroller to the
problems easily.

Figure 7. PIC Microcontroller

PIC microcontroller was used in this project to obtain the gate signal of the booster switch and to
drive the inverter switches using PWM, PIC microcontrollers are broken up into two major
categories: 8-bit microcontrollers and 16-bit microcontrollers. Each category is further
subdivided into product families as shown in the following table below.
8-bit MCU Product Family

16-bit MCU Product Family

PIC10

PIC24F

PIC12

PIC24H

PIC14

dsPIC30

PIC16

dsPIC33

PIC18
Figure 8.Table of PIC Microcontroller families

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PIC 16F877A is used to generate the required signals. Note that it has 40 pins with different
functions and the following is some of the important specification for the Microcontroller.
Parameter Name

Value

Program Memory Type

Flash

Program Memory (KB)

64

CPU Speed (MIPS)

10

RAM Bytes

3,968

Data EEPROM (bytes)

1024

Digital Communication Peripherals

1-A/E/USART, 1-MSSP(SPI/I2C)

Capture/Compare/PWM Peripherals

1 CCP, 1 ECCP

Timers

1 x 8-bit, 3 x 16-bit

ADC

13 ch, 10-bit

Comparators

Temperature Range (C)

-40 to 125

Operating Voltage Range (V)

2 to 5.5

Figure 9. Specification for the Microcontroller

PIC Microcontrollers can be programmed either in Assembly, C or a combination of the two

languages. Also other high-level programming languages can be used but embedded systems
software is primarily written in C and we suggest writing our code completely in C because it is
much easier and faster than writing in Assembly or a combination of languages and a Mikroc IDE
is used to program the PIC Microcontroller.

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4.1.2 DTMF Decoder
Today, most telephone equipment use a DTMF receiver IC and one of the common DTMF receivers
IC is the Motorola MT8870 that is widely used in electronic communications circuits. The MT8870
is an 18-pin IC which is used in telephones and a variety of other applications. For optimum working
of the DTMF receiver, it must be designed to recognize a valid tone pair greater than 40 ms in
duration and to accept successive digit tone-pairs that are greater than 40 ms apart.
However, for other applications like remote controls, the tone duration may differ due to noise
considerations. Therefore, by adding an extra resistor and steering diode the tone duration can be set
to different values. For example, in order to generate the DTMF tone for 1, you mix a pure 697 Hz
signal with a pure 1209 Hz signal, and therefore this can be given as follows:

Figure 10. Frequency summation to produce DTMF tone

Features
Complete DTMF Receiver
Low power consumption
Internal gain setting amplifier
Adjustable guard time
Central office quality
Power-down mode
Backward compatible with MT8870

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Applications
Receiver system for British Telecom (BT)
Paging systems
Repeater systems/mobile radio
Credit card systems
Remote control
Personal computers
Telephone answering machine

Functional Description of the DTMF Decoder

The MT8870 monolithic DTMF decoder offers small size, low power consumption and high
performance. Its architecture consists of a band-split filter section, which separates the high and
low group tones, followed by a digital counting section which verifies the frequency and
duration of the received tones before passing the corresponding code to the output bus.
The filter section separates the low-group and high group tones achieved by applying the DTMF
signal to the inputs of two sixth-order switched capacitor band-pass filters, the bandwidths of
which correspond to the low and high group frequencies. Each filter output is followed by a
single order switched capacitor filter section which smooths the signals prior to limiting.
Limiting is performed by high-gain comparators which are provided with hysteresis to prevent
detection of unwanted low-level signals. The outputs of the comparators provide full rail logic
swings at the frequencies of the incoming DTMF signals.
Following the filter section is a decoder employing digital counting techniques to determine the
frequencies of the incoming tones and to verify that they correspond to standard DTMF
frequencies. A complex averaging algorithm protects against tone simulation by extraneous
signals such as voice. And below is a circuit diagram for the DTMF decoder:

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Figure 11. DTMF Decoder

4.1.3 Power Supply

Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or system that supplies
electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a power supply
unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to
mechanical ones, and rarely to others. Here in our project we need a 12V DC power supply for
all electronics involved in the project. This requires step down transformer, rectifier, voltage
regulator, and filter circuit for generation of 12V DC power which is suitable for our project.

Transformer
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through
inductively coupled conductors the transformer's coils or "windings". Except for air-core
transformers, the conductors are commonly wound around a single iron-rich core, or around
separate but magnetically-coupled cores. A varying current in the first or "primary" winding
creates a varying magnetic field in the core(s) of the transformer. This varying magnetic field
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induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the "secondary" winding. This
effect is called mutual induction.
If a load is connected to the secondary circuit, electric charge will flow in the secondary winding
of the transformer and transfer energy from the primary circuit to the load connected in the
secondary circuit. The secondary induced voltage VS, of an ideal transformer, is scaled from the
primary VP by a factor equal to the ratio of the number of turns of wire in their respective
windings:

By appropriate selection of the numbers of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating voltage
to be stepped up by making NS more than NP or stepped down.
Basic parts of a Transformer
In its most basic form a transformer consists of:

A primary coil or winding.

A secondary coil or winding.

A core that supports the coils or windings.

The primary winding is connected to a 60-hertz AC voltage source. The magnetic field (flux)
builds up (expands) and collapses (contracts) about the primary winding. The expanding and
contracting magnetic field around the primary winding cuts the secondary winding and induces
an alternating voltage into the winding. This voltage causes alternating current to flow through
the load. The voltage may be stepped up or down depending on the design of the primary and
secondary windings. Refer to the transformer circuit in figure below:

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Figure 12.Transformer circuit

Two coils of wire (called windings) are wound on some type of core material. In some cases the
coils of wire are wound on a cylindrical or rectangular cardboard form. In effect, the core
material is air and the transformer is called an Air-Core Transformer. Transformers used at low
frequencies, such as 60 hertz and 400 hertz, require a core of low-reluctance magnetic material,
usually iron. This type of transformer is called an Iron-Core Transformer and most power
transformers are of the iron-core type. The principle parts of a transformer and their functions are
as follows:

The CORE, which provides a path for the magnetic lines of flux.

The PRIMARY WINDING, which receives energy from the ac source.

The SECONDARY WINDING, which receives energy from the primary winding and
delivers it to the load.

The ENCLOSURE, which protects the above components from dirt, moisture, and
mechanical damage.

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4.1.4 Bridge rectifier Basic Operation
According to the conventional model of current flow originally established by Benjamin Franklin
and still followed by most Engineers today, current is assumed to flow through electrical
conductors from the positive to the negative pole. In actuality, free electrons in a conductor
nearly always flow from the negative to the positive pole. In the vast majority of applications,
however, the actual direction of current flow is irrelevant. Therefore, in the discussion below the
conventional model is retained.

In the diagrams below, when the input connected to the left corner of the diamond is positive,
and the input connected to the right corner is negative, current flows from the upper supply
terminal to the right along the red (positive) path to the output, and returns to the lower supply
terminal via the blue (negative) path.

Figure 13. Bridge rectifire case I

When the input connected to the left corner is negative, and the input connected to the right
corner is positive, current flows from the lower supply terminal to the right along the red path to
the output, and returns to the upper supply terminal via the blue path.

Figure 14. Bridge rectifire case II

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In each case, the upper right output remains positive and lower right output negative. Since this
is true whether the input is AC or DC, this circuit not only produces a DC output from an AC
input, it can also provide what is sometimes called "reverse polarity protection". That is, it
permits normal functioning of DC-powered equipment when batteries have been installed
backwards, or when the leads (wires) from a DC power source have been reversed, and protects
the equipment from potential damage caused by reverse polarity.

Output Smoothing
For many applications, especially with single phase AC where the full-wave bridge serves to
convert an AC input into a DC output, the addition of a capacitor may be desired because the
bridge alone supplies an output of fixed polarity but continuously varying. (Observe the diagram
below).

Figure 15. Output Smoothing Circuit

The function of this capacitor, known as a reservoir capacitor (or smoothing capacitor) is to
lessen the variation in (or 'smooth') the rectified AC output voltage waveform from the bridge.
One explanation of 'smoothing' is that the capacitor provides a low impedance path to the AC
component of the output, reducing the AC voltage across, and AC current through, the resistive
load.
In other words, any drop in the output voltage and current of the bridge tends to be canceled by
loss of charge in the capacitor. This charge flows out as additional current through the load. Thus
the change of load current and voltage is reduced relative to what would occur without the
capacitor. An Increasing of voltage correspondingly store excess charge in the capacitor, thus
moderating the change in output voltage or current.
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4.1.5 Voltage Regulator IC
It is a three pin IC used as a voltage regulator. It converts unregulated DC current into regulated
DC current.

Figure 16. Voltage Regulator IC

Always we get fixed output voltage by connecting the voltage regulator at the output of the
filtered DC. It can also be used in circuits to get a low DC voltage from a high DC voltage, for
example we need to get 12V from 19V. There are two types of voltage regulators, that is fixed
voltage regulators and variable voltage regulators. And furthermore in fixed voltage regulators
there is another classification that is positive (+ve) voltage regulators and negative (-ve) voltage
regulators.
4.1.6 Resistors
During the flow of charges through any material encounters an opposing force similar to friction
force in mechanics and this opposing force is called resistance of the material. In some electric
circuit resistance is deliberately introduced in form of resistor where by resistor used fall in three
categories , and only two of which are color coded which are metal film and carbon film resistor
while the third category is the wire wound type ,where value are generally printed on the vitreous
paint finish of the component.

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Resistors are in ohms and are represented in Greek letter omega, looks as an upturned horseshoe.
Most electronic circuit require resistors to make them work properly and it is obliviously
important to find out something about the different types of resistors available. Resistance is
measured in Ohms, the symbol for ohm is an omega ohm (). 1 ohm is quite small for
electronics so resistances are often given in Kohm and Mohm, which is K and M
respectively. Resistors used in electronics can have resistances as low as 0.1 or as high as 10
M . Below is a symbol for Resistor.

Figure 17.Resistor Symbol

Function
Resistor restricts the flow of electric current, for example a resistor is placed in series with a
light-emitting diode (LED) to limit the current passing through the LED.
4.1.7 Diode
The diode is a p-n junction device. Diode is the component used to control the flow of the
current in any one direction. The diode widely works in forward bias.

Figure 18.Diode and Diode Symbol

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For a Diode when the current flows from the P to N direction then it is said to be in forward bias,
but for Zener diode it is used in reverse bias function, that is N to P direction. Visually the
identification of the diodes terminal can be done by identifying the silver/black line. The
silver/black line is the negative terminal (cathode) and the other terminal is the positive terminal
(cathode) and for the case of our project the Diodes are used Rectification and free-wheeling
while the Zener diodes are used for Voltage control and regulator.

4.1.8 DC Motor
Motors are an integral part of engineering in today's Society. They are used in a wide variety
of applications, from running fans to driving belts to turning wheels. Yet, despite their
prevalence in the designs of undergraduate engineering students, most such students have very
little idea of how motors actually work, or of how to control them safely and dependably. This
project describes DC motors, analyzes them and determines adequate strategies or controlling
them in a manner which is both safe and reliable.
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Speed is controlled by varying the rotor voltage and hence the rotor current, or by varying the
magnetic flux in the air gap by changing the current in the field windings.With access to both the
field and rotor windings, all DC motors offer the facility of simple speed control.

Figure 19. DC Motor

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4.1.5 H-bridge
This circuit is known as H-Bridge because it looks likeH Working principle of H-Bridge. I
works like this If switch (A1 and A2) are on and switch (B1 and B2) are off then motor rotates in
clockwise direction and if switch (B1 and B2) are on and switch (A1 and A2) are off then motor
rotates in Anti clockwise direction, therefor it works on the principle of Transistor, mosfets as a
switch. See the figure below for H-bridge.

Figure 20. H-bridge

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Schematic of L293D with DC motor

Figure 21. Schematic of L293D with DC motor

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CHAPTER 5
5.0 Testing and Evaluation
5.1 Testing
This is an important part in any project and for our project, the circuit will be tested by
considering individual parts of the circuit, for example Resistors are checked with an ohm
meter/millimeter and for a defective resistor the ohm-meter shows infinite high reading, and
lastly after integrating all circuit components, the Circuit will be tested as a whole to see if it
works as we expected.
5.2 Evaluation
The project shall proceeds well and all project team members will have good participation to
reach good destination. Not only that but also good assistance and regular comments from the
supervisor will make project to bare positive credits towards project success. Schedule and
proper timetable will enable team members to discuss various matters about project progress and
improvements. The scope of the project shall be achieved in all areas flawless. Resources like
time and people for prosperity of project shall be managed to insure that project continues in
good sequence for positive finite. Reasonably good communication between group members,
project supervisor and college management where inevitable to guarantee success (T.Lucky, and
J. Philips, 2006).

In this project the process works when a mobile phone which serves as remote initiates a call to
the Mobile phone with a line of any network which is connected with the receiver end set in auto
answer mode. During this outgoing call if a key is pressed in the mobile phone the associated key
generates dual tone multiple frequency (DTMF) at the other end. The received tone is processed
by DTMF decoder IC MT8870 where by a specific frequency consisting of two separate tones is
assigned by the DTMF decoder which produces two different frequencies from lower band and
upper band frequencies.

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CHAPTER 6
6.0 Conclusion and Recommendation
6.1 Conclusion

In our project we worked in advanced on IC'S (DTMF MT887 Decoder, and PIC 16F877A) that
help us to get a result as near as possible to the wanted one. The necessary code has been made
and downloaded in microcontroller by using appropriate software. The analog instructions
received by the receiving mobile phone were successfully converted into digital strobes as
interrupt signals to the microcontroller through DTMF decoder.
The actuation of the motor is driven by the output ports of the microcontroller. The proposed
work has following advantages over the existing models:

The DC motor can be controlled remotely.

A number of devices can be controlled through a dedicated output port bits by writing
the individual controlling algorithm for each device not just DC motor.

6.2 Recommendation

For future development of our project we recommend that, the person who is controlling the
motor from remote site should have the ability to see the status of motor whether it is on, and if
so it is running in a high speed, medium or low speed. Furthermore for example a motor is given
a specific task like filling water into the tank there should be sensor that will notify a person
responsible for controlling that motor whether the tank is empty or full of water. Therefore we
expect software students can fulfill this by developing software that can be integrated with our
circuit for sending notifications.

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CHAPTER 7

6.0 References
[1.]About AT89s8252 from www.atmel.com

[2.] Rajesh Kumar, Manpreet Singh, Raman, and Ashish Riyal:International Journal of
Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 1, Issue 6, June 2012 ROBAASTRA
the Self Destructive Circuit Control by Using DTMF Technology
[3.] Roshan Ghosh / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications:
DTMF Based Controller for Efficiency Improvement of a PV Cell & Relay Operation
Controlissued May-Jun 2012.
[4.] Shakti Bajaj, Ravinder Kumar Bhataia, J. Sandeep Soni, Speed Regulation of DC Drive
Using Mobile Communication issued March 2013.
[5.] All datasheets from www.datasheetcatalog.com

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