Vowels: a e i o u

Consonants : all other than a e i o u

Diphthongs: formed by joining two vowels for example coin, cloud etc
9 Parts of speech are:
Noun: name of a person, place or a thing. There are many types of noun for example
common noun, proper noun, concrete noun, abstract noun, countable nouns,uncountable
nouns, collective nouns and compound nouns. When noun is changed by adding s it is called
INFLECTION.
Verb: words that show something is happening or shows action "doing". Sometimes it refers
to state "exhist". There are two types of verbs: Main verbs and helping verbs. Regular and
irregular.
Auxilliary verbs: a verb used in forming the tenses, moods, and voices of other
verbs. Helping verbs are also called auxilliary words. Auxilliary verbs are very often
contracted example: i haven't gone yet.
There are three helping verbs: be, have, do and
modal verbs: is an auxiliary verb that expresses necessity or possibility should, could
etc.
Gerund : A verb that functions as a noun for eg do you mind my asking you?
Adverb: An adverb tells us more about a verb, an adjective or another adverb

(loudly, very).
Adjective: An adjective is a word that tells us more about a noun
Determiner: Determiners are words like the, an, this that come at the
beginning of a noun phrase.
Pronoun: Pronouns are small words like you, ours, somethat can take the
place of a noun
Prepositions:A preposition expresses the relationship of a noun or pronoun to
another word (at, in, on, from) . You can sit before the desk
Conjuctions: Conjunctions join two parts of a sentence (and, but, though).
Interjections:Interjections are short exclamations with no real grammatical
value (ah, dear, er, um).

Clause: A typical clause consists of a subject and predicate. For eg : because she

smiled at him.
Predicate: part of sentence that includes verb and verb phrase for eg went to the
zoo.

TENSES
Present
Present simple: used to indicate facts and habits, things that are always true, for example, I play
tennis.
Present continuous : used to indictae action in progress now, we need to be to conjugate this verb
by adding 'ing' to main verb : I am playing tennis.
Present Perfect Continuous: indicates what started in the past and still in progress, we need the
verb 'to be' plus verb with 'ing' for example : i have been playing tennis
Present Perfect: Action that is complete at the time of speaking, it is made by using verb have and
past parciple of main verb. For example : They have played tennis.
Past
Past Simple: Used to show completed action in past but with a clear time reference.For example :
They did homework yesterday.
Past Continuous: to be in past plus ing: Unfinished action in the past. For example: they were

playing tennis, when she arrived.

Past Perfect: had and participle: I had played: refers to action that completed in past before an
action took place or presized moment. For example, she arrived after we had played cards.
Past Perfect Continuous: refers to action that had started and continued for sometime and was still
in progress either before another action or before a precized moment in past. had been and ing form
of verb.For example, we have been playing cards for two hours when she arrived. Second action is
always in past simple tense.
FUTURE
Future Simple: Simplest tense in english add will and pronoun. For example, you will do it. 'going
to' in future tense.
Future Continuous: will and be plus ing form of verb. An action in progress and specific relevence
to future. For example, They will be flying to tokyo at this time tommorrow. Second use for a future
arrangment. For example, will you be using the car this evening.
Future Perfect: will have and past participle of verb. Action that will be completed in future either
before a specific moment or before an action takes place. For example, The film have finished by
midnight.
Future Perfect Continuous: will have been and ing form of verb. Action that will have started,
will have continued for some time and will still be in progress in the future either before a specific
moment or before action takes place. For example, The fil have been running for 2 hours by
midnight.
ACTION VERBS AND STATE VERBS*
Action Verb: something that you can start or stop.example : eat,play etc
State Verb : Designates a mental state. Sense of continuoty in them. Be,have,exhist,know,etc. They
are used always in simple tense forms.
Four tricky verbs(can be state and action both): have, think, live and work.
WORD STRESSES AND SYLLABLES
The basic rules of sentence stress are:

1.content words are stressed

2.structure words are unstressed
3.the time between stressed words is always the same
4.The following tables can help you decide which words are content words and
which words arestructure words:

Content words - stressed

words carrying the
meaning

example

main verbs

SELL, GIVE, EMPLOY

nouns

CAR, MUSIC, MARY

adjectives

RED, BIG, INTERESTING

words carrying the

meaning

example

adverbs

QUICKLY, LOUDLY,
NEVER

negative auxiliaries

DON'T, AREN'T, CAN'T

Structure words - unstressed

words for correct
grammar

example

pronouns

he, we, they

prepositions

on, at, into

articles

a, an, the

conjunctions

and, but, because

auxiliary verbs

do, be, have, can,

must

Exceptions
The rules above are for for what is called "neutral" or normal stress. But
sometimes we can stress a word that would normally be only a structure word,
for example to correct information. Look at the following dialogue:
"They've been to Mongolia, haven't they?"
"No, THEY haven't, but WE have."
Note also that when "be" is used as a main verb, it is usually unstressedeven
though as a main verb it is also a content word.

5.
Phonetics
http://www.really-learn-english.com/english-pronunciation-lesson-01-IPA.html#list