GROUP 1 BSME 22-B1

MARINE POWER PLANT I

DIESEL
PWR 305A1

Heat Engine
The science of thermodynamics deals with the relationship between heat and
work.
It is governed by two laws, neither of which have ever been proved.
On the other hand no violations of either law have ever been observed.
First Law of Thermodynamics
The energy that can be extracted from a process can never be more than the
energy put into the process
In other words
Energy out = Energy in
This is essentially the law of conservation of energy, i.e.
Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, it can only be converted
from one form to another
The second law of thermodynamics
The first law is concerned with the totality of energy in a process
The second law tells us how much work we can extract from a given amount
of heat.
Carnots statement was to the effect that we cannot convert all the the
available heat into work.
The second law is also concerned with whether a process can occur at all. For
example,
Heat will always flow from a high to a low temperature
A gas under pressure will expand; compression does not occur
naturally
Heat Engines
A heat engine is a device for extracting work from a hot fluid. For example
A car engine extracts power from the combustion of fuel with air
A steam steam turbine extracts power from steam
Both of these function by allowing a hot fluid to expand so as to cause motion
in a critical component of the engine.
In the process, high grade energy is said to be degraded to lower grade
energy.

An ideal heat engine

The diagram on the right represents an ideal heat engine
Heat is added at constant temperature to the fluid at the high temperature
source
The fluid flows through an expansion device where work is done, and the
temperature of the fluid falls from TH to TL
Heat is then rejected at constant temperature at the low temperature source.

Closed Cycle Heat Engine

The cycle in the previous slide is known as an open cycle.
The closed cycle here has four stages
Isothermal heat addition
Adiabatic expansion
Isothermal heat removal
Adiabatic compression
Isothermal = const. Temp
Adiabatic = perfectly insulated
The Carnot Engine
The cycles above are examples of the Carnot engine.

 In the Carnot cycle all processes are reversible.

In a Carnot engine, the maximum work that can be done, and hence the
efficiency of the ideal engine depends on the temperatures T H and TL
The efficiency of a Carnot engine is given by

TH TL
T
1 L
TH
TH
The temperature is in the Kelvin or absolute scale
This efficiency is called the Carnot efficiency

Practical heat engines (1)

The Carnot engine represents the theoretical limit and is not a practical
engine.
The main limitations of the Carnot engine are:
The processes in all four stages are reversible. For this to be the case
they must all take place infinitely slowly
The work extracted on expansion is equal to the work required for
compression, so no net work is extracted.
A practical heat engine has a lower efficiency than a Carnot engine, but can
make more effective use of the energy in the hot fluid.
Practical Heat Engines include:
The Rankine cycle basis of steam engines in power stations
Otto and Diesel cycles internal combustion engines
Gas turbine
These have lower efficiencies than the Carnot cycle but are permit useful
work to be extracted.
The Rankine cycle
This has two differences to the Carnot cycle
There must be reasonable temperature differences in the boiler and
condenser to ensure that heat addition and rejection occurs at an
acceptable rate
The turbine exhaust is completely condensed and returned to the
boiler by a pump. This uses very much less energy than a compressor.

 These result in lower efficiencies than the Carnot cycle but permit useful work
to be done.
Other cycles
Otto, Diesel and Gas turbines all involve an initial compression stage, but are
otherwise open cycle processes.
Combined cycle gas turbine:
This combines a gas turbine with a Rankine steam cycle to maximise
the work extracted from the fuel.
Efficiencies are much closer to Carnot efficiencies than in other
practical cycle used to date.
Example
Steam from a geothermal well is expanded in a Carnot engine from a
temperature of 150C to 50C. How much work is extracted from 1kg of
steam?
If the steam is heated to 250C before expansion, how much work is now
extracted in relation to the extra heat added
Heat capacity of steam = 1.9 kJ kg-1 K-1
0C = 273 K
Solution
Energy extracted = 1 1.9 100 = 190 kJ

1
Efficiency

50 273
24%
150 273

After heating to 250:

Energy extracted = 380 kJ
Efficiency = 38%
In practice, simple idealized thermodynamic cycles are usually made out of
four thermodynamic processes. Any thermodynamic processes may be used.
However, when idealized cycles are modeled, often processes where one
state variable is kept constant are used, such as an isothermal process
(constant temperature), isobaric process (constant pressure), isochoric
process (constant volume), isentropic process (constant entropy), or an
isenthalpic process (constant enthalpy). Often adiabatic processes are also
used, where no heat is exchanged.
Working Fluid

 A thermodynamic cycle consists of a linked sequence of thermodynamic

processes that involve transfer of heat and work into and out of the system,
while varying pressure, temperature, and other state variables within the
system, and that eventually returns the system to its initial state. In the
process of passing through a cycle, the working fluid (system) may convert
heat from a warm source into useful work, and dispose of the remaining heat
to a cold sink, thereby acting as a heat engine. Conversely, the cycle may be
reversed and use work to move heat from a cold source and transfer it to a
warm sink thereby acting as a heat pump.
Thermodynamic cycles may be used to model real devices and systems,
typically by making a series of assumptions. simplifying assumptions are
often necessary to reduce the problem to a more manageable form. For
example, as shown in the figure, devices such a gas turbine or jet engine can
be modeled as a Brayton cycle. The actual device is made up of a series of
stages, each of which is itself modeled as an idealized thermodynamic
process.