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Complete report of basic biology observations with the title how to use
microscope. Which made by:
name

: Achmad Setiawan. S

id

: 1612440009

class

: ICP of physics education

group

: 1 (one)

After checked by assistant and assistant coordinator, so this report accepted

Makassar, 15november 2016

Assistant

Assistant Coordinator

Muhammad Afdal Fadli

ID: 1314440014

Muhammad Afdal Fadli

ID:131444014

Known,
Lecture of Responsibility

Drs.H.Hamka L,MS
NIP:1921231 198702 1 005

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Along with the development of science and technology, has found a lot
of tools to solve problems. One of invention is a microscope.
The microscope is an imstrument that is most widely used and most usefull in
biology lab activity, because almost all the subjects of Biology require a
microscope in a laboratory activity.
Because human beings are national, intelegent and have a high
curiocity, but they have limited sense, cannot see objects or parts of
organisms such us the small size of cells and tissues, the microscope was
created to look at the smallest unit an organism. Along with the development
of technology. The use of microscope is often used is the biological
miscroscope light souces coms from the sun or light.
Microscope also sove the problem of human. The microscope that
allow us to observe objects that are so small that cannot seen with the normal
eye (lass than 0,1 mm.
The student needs to do practicum on introduction and use the
microscope in order to avoid errors in observing an object in order to assit
the lectureto leran about the constituent bodies of living things.
B. Purpose
Students has a skill to use microscope safely and use it biological
microscope quickly and safely to look simple preparation.
C. Benefit
Student can learn more obout the components of microscope from the
microscope optical techniques.

CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

Microscope are instruments that produce an enlarged image of a specimen.

The eye pieces and the objectives are the main components of the magnifications
system of the microscope,the product of the magnification of the objective lens
and the ocular lens give the total magnification of the microscope. The visibility
of the magnified specimen depends on contracts and resolution. Other kinds of
microscope systems are available to enchance contrats in living samples : these
include phase contract, dark field, differential interference contrats (DIC) and
fluorescence microscopy. (cell biology protokol, 2007 : 7)
Words or terminologies microscope comes from the greek namely Micros
which means small and scopein which means see. So, a Microscope is a tool to
see objects that are too small to be seen with rough. Science study small thing by
using this tool called microscope and said clocks are very small, is not easy to be
seen by the eye (anonymous, 2012).
The microscopes first used by Renaissance scientists, as well as the
microscopes you are likely to use in the laboratory, are all light microscopes. In a
light microscope (LM) , visible light is passed through the specimen and then
through glass lenses. The lenses refract (bend) the light in such a way that the
image of the specimen is magnified as it is projected into the eye or into a
camera .(Campbell, 2010 : 94-95)
Three important parameters in microscopy are magnifica-tion,
resolution, and contrast. Magnification is the ratio of an objects image size to its
real size. Light microscopes can mag-nify effectively to about 1,000 times the
actual size of the specimen; at greater magnifications, additional details can-not be
seen clearly.

Resolution is a measure of the clarity of the image; it is the

minimum distance two points can be sepa-rated and still be distinguished as two
points. For example, what appears to the unaided eye as one star in the sky may
beresolved as twin stars with a telescope, which has a higher re-solving ability
than the eye. Similarly, using standard tech-niques, the light microscope cannot
resolve detail finer than about 0.2 micrometer (m), or 200 nanometers (nm),

regard-less of the magnification

. The third parameter, contrast, accentuates

differences in parts of the sample. Im-provements in light microscopy have

included new methods for enhancing contrast, such as staining or labeling cell
com-ponents to stand out visually. on the next page, shows different types of
microscopy; study this figure as you read the rest of this section. (Campbell,
2010 : 95)
Until recently, the resolution barrier prevented cell biolo-gists from
using standard light microscopy to study organelles, the membrane-enclosed
structures within eu-karyotic cells. To see these structures in any detail required
the development of a new instrument. In the 1950s, the electron microscope was
introduced to biology. Rather than light, theelectron microscope (EM) focuses a
beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface
Resolution is inversely related to the wavelength of the radia-tion a microscope
uses for imaging, and electron beams have much shorter wavelengths than visible
light. Modern electron microscopes can theoretically achieve a resolution of about
0.002 nm, though in practice they usually cannot resolve structures smaller than
about 2 nm across. Still, this is a hun-dredfold improvement over the standard
light microscope.(Campbell, 2010 : 95)
The scanning electron microscope (SEM)is especially useful for
detailed study of the topography of a specimen. The electron beam scans the
surface of the sam-ple, usually coated with a thin film of gold. The beam excites
electrons on the surface, and these secondary electrons are de-tected by a device
that translates the pattern of electrons into an electronic signal to a video screen.
The result is an image of the specimens surface that appears three-dimensional.
(Campbell, 2010 : 95)
The transmission electron microscope (TEM) is used to study the
internal structure of cells The TEM aims an electron beam through a very thin
section of the specimen, similar to the way a light microscope transmits light

through a slide. The specimen has been stained with atoms of heavy metals, which
attach to certain cellular struc-tures, thus enhancing the electron density of some
parts of the cell more than others. The electrons passing through the specimen are
scattered more in the denser regions, so fewer are transmitted. The image displays
the pattern of transmitted electrons. Instead of using glass lenses, the TEM uses
electro-magnets as lenses to bend the paths of the electrons, ulti-mately focusing
the image onto a monitor for viewing.(Campbell, 2010 : 95)
Electron microscopes have revealed many organelles and other
subcellular structures that were impossible to resolve with the light microscope.
But the light microscope offers ad-vantages, especially in studying living cells. A
disadvantage of.(Campbell, 2010 : 95)
The eyepieces, body tube, nosepiece, and objectives are part of the
magnification system o the microscope. The condenser, condenser-iris diapgrham,
filters, field iris diapghram and light source are the parts that compose the
illumination system of the microscop. To use a microscope and function of each of
the microscopes components. (cell biology protokol, 2007 : 8)

Optical microscope consists of 2 that is, a microscope biology and a

microscope stereo. A Microscope observing objects biological used for a
Microscope biological thin transparent. this generally have a lens okuler and
objective lens with strength enlargement as follows:
a)
b)
c)
d)

Objective 4x with okuler 10x, 40x magnification

Objective okuler 10x to 10x , enlargement 100x
Objective okuler 40x to 10x , enlargement 400x
Objective 100x with okuler 10x , enlargement 1000x
The most powerful objective in optical microscope 1000 is called a

microscope emersi, because its use must be with oil emersi and how to wear it in
the special.

A Microscope stereo used to observe things that are not too big,
transparent or not. Penyinarannya can be stated from the top of the brightness and
from beneath nature or the light. Have two objective and two okuler, so that by
three-dimensional shadow with monitoring two sides. power expansion is not too
strong generally are as follows:
Objective 1x or 2x with okuler 10x or 15x. (Organizer Team 2016)
Mikcroscope has so many kinds, such us field light microscope, field dark
microscope and etc. microscope also completely with they part, to make easy
when we use it. No just professional researcher, student also know about
microscope. In education curriculum identification to microscope has included.
Student must know more about part and function of microscope. (Nurhasanah,
2015)

CHAPTER III
OBSERVATION METHOD

A. Time and place

Day/date
: Thursday/November 15th 2016
Time
: 03.50-05.00 pm
Place
: at Biology Laboratory FMIPA UNM west 3rd floor
B. Tools and materials
1. Tools prepared by Laboratory
a. Biological microscope
b. Toolbox consists of :
1). Glass objects
2). Glass cover
3). Petri dish
4). Tweezers
5). Hand pipette
2. Tools prepared by student
a. New razor sharp
b. New flannel cloth
c. Cotton towel
d. Drawing book and pencil
e. Tooth sick
3. Materials prepared by laboratory
a. Distillated water
b. filter paper
c. cotton
4. Materials prepared by student
a. Hibiscus leaf (Hibiscus rosasinensis)
b. Hibiscus leaf (Hibiscus tilaceus)
c. Pumpkin leaf (Cucurbita moschata)
d. Red onion (Allium cepa)
C. Work Procedure
a. Preparing Microscope
1.1 Put on the table microscope work right in front of us.
1.2 Clean up the microscope with flannelette. Never to polish lens
with cain besides cain planel.
1.3 Opened a box equipment, issued petri dish that contains a glass
objects and glass lid. Clean glass objects with cotton cloth or
paper filter it.

1.4 On the table work there is only a microscope, tool box and
everything, a guide book and the records, materials practicum. But
ruled out at the place where others that were prepared.
b. Log Set its Light into Tube
2.1 Implementing the pool practicum, where toward a light
coming (from the front, left or right).

Direct mirror a

microscope to source of light. Open diaphragm or playing

plate in a position hole is. Set up the position that have
kondensor microscope to near a table and using a mirror flat.
For a microscope without kondensor mirror concave.
2.2 Set up the position revolver and objective lens most amounted
to appear on the table preparations to click.
2.3 He sent tubus to distance the objective table with a 5-10 mm
or tubus down maximal.
2.4 Observing through okuler with eyes left without closed eyes
right (need to exercise) will appear medan round white. If he
explained not evenly distributed, moving a little mirror to light
evenly. If dazzled, narrow diaphragm or a hole on the plates. If
medan's point that is still vague means less than a light that
check-in, to open diaphragm and then use the hole that higher
than in the plates .
2.5 A Microscope ready to use observed preparations.
c. How to Set Distance Lens with Preparations
3.1 Play officers rough or macrometer with his hands to the empu
fingers, tubus down, the distance objective table with a smaller,
then it is the opposite. A Microscope other models tubusnya
crazy or could not be up and down, then desk preparations that
move up and down when makometer and micrometer shown.
3.2 Put a glass objects that contains a awetan on the table
preparations in such a manner so that it was observed materials
that are found in the middle hole desk, sandwich glass objects
with sengkeling so that he would not be upended.
3.3 Implementing distance objective with glass objects not more than
10 mm. If the distance is great, but turned down makrometer

tubus while looking at from beside the objective approach glass

objects to a maximum 5-10 mm.
3.4 Observing through okuler while his play makrometer raise tubus
slowly. Look at medan field to appear shadow. If tubus have been
taken, and a half makrometer round has not yet emerged shadow,
it means miss this opportunity. Repeat back from the section c; if
there are a shadow but still fuzzy, then we used to continue while
playing micrometer up or down until it is clear that shadow lines
or limits-limitation is.
3.5 Check okuler (a kind of enlargement) and objective (a kind of
enlargement), then count enlargement shadow, which we see.
3.6 Issue, from a table if it has been observed.
d. Creating Simple Mixture Observing cotton fibers/cotton
4.1 Take glass objects that has been cleaned then hung throughout
may.
4.2 Drop clean water or distilled water a drop in the middle.
4.3 With tweezers, to pull out of these materials and relegated amid
drops of water.
4.4 His hands on the side hold glass enclosed between empu fingers
with the finger with side or the contrary.
4.5 Press with glass enclosed in glass objects near drops of water
with slope 45

then let him go so precise cover drops of

water. Absorb excess water pervasive on the brink glass with

paper filter it.
4.6 Set up a man-made in the table and observed as a step 3.2, 3.3,
3 .4 and 3.5.
e. Viewing Magnification
5.1 If the observations 4.6 already successfully, shadows grew longer
visible. Position preparations or tubus do touch
5.2 Rotate such that the longer the objective lens perpendicular to the
table preparation and a click.
5.3 Scrutinize while playing micrometer to appear shadow is greater.
5.4 If fails to find a shadow is greater. Raising tubus with play
macrometer in opposite directions empu fingers. Play again
revolver to place the position lens to the initial position objective

weak. Without changing position,, take it back treatment 3.3,

3.4., 3.5, go to 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 to succeed.
5.5 When will look at other things, then we aka raise tube. Issue,
which has been observed and clean glass objects and glass lid.
5.6 To Make a new step 4.1. up to 4.6.
5.7 In the last activity which is a microscope, have to notice the
following things:
a) Mixture should not be stored on the counter preparations,
must be removed.
b) Mixture should be cleaned with a wet filter paper or cotton
cloth (glass cover slip + objects). Store in a petri dish and put
in the gear box.
c) Cleaned the microscope body with a flannel cloth .TUBE
down as low as possible.
d) Keep the box microscope.
e) All the equipment has been cleaned with a cotton cloth used
and stored in a box.
f) Practican own equipment, kept themselves to be used for the
next activity.
g) The remaining materials are not used again thrown in the
trash available.

CHAPTER IV

OBSERVATION RESULT
A. Result
1. Biological Microscope

1. . Hibiscus leaf (Hibiscus rosasinensis)

Pitcure

Information

with endargement 10x10

Compared picture
2.

Hibiscus leaf (Hibiscus tilaceus)

Pitcure

with endargement 10x10

Information

Compared pitcure
3. Pumpkin leaf (Cucurbita moschata)

Pitcure

Information

with endargement 10x10

Compared pitcure
4.

Red onion (Allium cepa)

Pitcure

with endargement 10x10

Information

Compared picture

B. Discussion
Based on practicum that has been carried out, by describing a picture with
his explanation From these results, can we know that the most powerful
microscopes were divided into two optical component, which is comprised of
about a mirror, condensor, objective lens and lens okuler components, and nonoptic or mechanical component consists of his feet and stem a microscope, knop
fueling optical part that consists of a prime mover knop rough (makrometer) and a
knop smooth (micrometers), desk objects and revolver or bearer objective.
The following parts of the most powerful microscopes with its function :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Foot a microscope, as a support for a microscope to stand firm.

Arms or position a microscope, which was held when removed.
Mirror, tools and capturing pamantul light.
Officers kondensor, if shown to raise or reduce kondensor.
Kondensor, the lens that brings together the light rays of the mirrors into

the hole desk preparations.

6. Diaphragm, tools that can be closed and open, amount of light that amasuk
to kondensor.
7. A Table, where the glass objects (objects glass).
8. Chopsticks or officers lies the preparations (objects glass).
9. Management tool Mechanical, driving the layout glass objects in the table.
10. The Hole desk preparations, a hole in the middle of the table a place where
rainfall by light from kondensor into glass object to the lens objective.
11. Makrometer, officials harsh, means a prime mover tubus over or under a
rough or a rapid pace.
12. Micrometer, officials, a prime mover tubus over or under a smooth.

13. Tubus tube or a microscope, as the liaison or introduction shadow objects

through the lens objective lens to okuler.
14. Revolver or player a breastbone, discs objective lens objective various
sizes.
15. Lens objective, the function of which is perpendicular to is that in the table
a, receive a shadow preparations and bring him up.
16. Lens okuler, angles by asian observer, receive a shadow of objective and
bring him up.
Another/objects that could be observed are:
1. Kembang sepatu leaf (hibiscus rosasinensis) observed with endargement
10x10. Leaf cells contain substances leaf green or chlorophyll
2. Leaves waru (hibiscus tiliaceus), trikoma leaves was observed with
endargement 10x10, tricoma look like stars and fibrous.
3. Leaves pumpkin (curcubita muschata), trikoma leaves was observed with
endargement 10x10, tricoma looks like a stick hair (non-grandula that does
not have the oil) which is located on the brink has.
4. Red Onion ( Allium cepa), observed with endargement 10x10. From the
observation was seen cells has the likeness of the bricks (cube multilayered) with a cell nucleus fritter.

CHAPTER V
CLOSING
A. Conclusion
The conclusions that can be drawn from the lab Introduction and use of
the Microscope. This is a microscope is the main means of observing and
studying objects that canbe seen with the maked eye. The microscope has two
mains parts : the opticts (mirror, eye pieces, pbjective lens, conseder, and
diapgram) and mechinal parts (tubus, macrometer, micrometers, revolves, table
microscope, microscope arm, leg microscope, and inclination) each of part has a
function.

B. Suggestion
1. For the practioner : the practioner should remain orderly with members
of each group and not create noisy and the practioner must on time.
2. For assistant : that must give a right direction. So, it can be minimize the
mistakes by the practioner in the laboratory
3. For laboratory : should the tools provided by note, so that the
practinioner does not use bad tools.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Campbell, Neil A et al, dkk. 2012. Biology 9th edition. Jakarta : Erlangga

Cell biology protokol. Harris, dkk. 2007. cell biology protocols. UK

Anonim 1 . 2012. Asal usul mikroskop/ http://asal-usul-motivasi.blogspot.com/
diakses pada tanggal 5 November 2012. Makassar.
Penyusun, Tim. 2016. Penuntun Praktikum Biologi Dasar. Makassar: Universitas
Negeri Makassar.
Tim Dosen Pembina. 2012. Petunjuk Praktikum Biologi Dasar. Jember : FKIP
Unej

PENGGUNAAN MIKROSKOP SERTA PENGAMATAN BENTUK DAN

STRUKTUR SEL

Oleh:

Nama

: NURHASANAH

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN FISIKA

JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN MIPA
FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
UNIVERSITAS JEMBER
2015

1. JUDUL :

PENGGUNAAN MIKROSKOP SERTA PENGAMATAN BENTYUK DAN

STRUKTUR SEL

1. TUJUAN :
1. Memperkenalkan komponen-komponen mikroslkop dan cara
penggunaan nya
2. Mempelajari cara menyiapkan bahan-bahan yang akan diamati di
bawah mikroskop
3. Mengamati bentuk dan struktur sel hewan dan tumbuhan
DASAR TEORI
Panca indera manusia memiliki kemampuan daya pisah yang terbatas, karena ini
banyak masalah mengenai organisme yang akan diamati hanya dapat siperiksa
dengan menggunakan alt-alat banru. Salah satu alat bantu yang sering di gunakan
dalam pengamatan mikroskopis adalah mikroskop. Mikroskop (Latin : micro:
kecil. Scopium: penglihatan), yang berfungsi untuk meningkatkan kemampuan
daya pisah seseorang, sehingga memungkinkan untuk dapat mengamati obyek
yang sangat halus.Ada beberapa jenis mikroskop, diantaranya mikriskop

monokuler, bayangan yang tampak memiliki panjang dan lebra, hanya sedikit
memberi gambaran tentang tingginya, obyek yang akan di selidiki harus memiliki
ukuran yang kecil dan tipissehingga bisa ditembus cahaya (Biologi Umum ,
2015 : 2).
Mikroskop yang pertama kali digunakan oleh ilmuawan (saintis) zaman
Renaisans, dan mikroskop yang mungkin digunakan di laboratorium, merupakan
mikroskop cahaya. Dalam mikroskop cahaya (light microscope, LM), cahayatampak diteruskan melalui spesimen dan kemudian melalui lensa kaca. Lensa ini
merefraksi (membengkokkan) cahaya sedemikian rupa sehingga citra spesimen
diperbesar ketika diproyeksikan ke mata, ke film fotografi atau sensor digital, atau
ke layar video. Dua parameter penting dalam mikroskopi (teknik-teknik dalam
penggunaan mikroskopi) adalah perbesaran dan daya resolusi atau daya urai.
Perbesaran adalah perbandingan ukuran citra obyek dengan ukuran sebenarnya.
Resolusi adalah ukuran kejelasan citra : jarak minimum yang dapat memisahkan
dua titik sehingga masih bisa dibedakan sebagai dua titik. Seperti daya resolusi
mata manusia yang terbatas, mikroskopi cahaya tidak dapat meresolusi detail yang
lebih kecil. Resolusi ini dibatasi oleh panjang gelombang cahaya. ( Campbel.
2010 : 103-104 )
Mikroskop secara sederhana diartikan sebagai sebuah alat yangmemungkinkan
manusia untuk mengamati suatu benda atau makhluk hidupyang berukuran terlalu
kecil sehingga tidak bisa dilihat dan diamati hanyadengan menggunakan mata
telanjang. Hadirnya mikroskop memunculkancabang ilmu baru yang diberi nama
Mikrobiologi. Ilmu ini berkembang pesatdengan bertumpu pada kemampuan
mikroskop menampilkan hal-hal yangsangat detail dari objek yang
diamati.Mikroskop merupakan penemuan yang luar biasa dan
berjasamengembangkan multidisiplin ilmu. Sejarah mikroskop tak bisa lepas
dari penemuan lensa oleh seorang ilmuanThonius Philips Van Leewenhoek(16321723). Sejak belia, ia memang sudah terpesona dengan lensa. Hal iniyang
menjadikan ia begitu giat mempelajari lensa selama hidupnya.Leewenhoek
terdaftar sebagai salah satu mahasiswa Ilmu Pengetahuan Alamyang lahir dan
besar di Belanda. Ia dipenuhi dengan imajinasi tentang makhluk berukuran mikro
yang hidup bebas dan luput dari perhatian manusia.Imajinasi ini, serta
ketertarikannya pada lensa juga cermin yang kemudianmengilhami ia
menciptakan sebuah alat yang kini kita kenal dengan nama Mikroskop.Mikroskop
memiliki banyak jenis diantaranya ialah mikroskop medanterang, mikroskop
medan gelap dan lainnya. Mikroskop ini juga dilengkapidengan bagian-bagian
untuk mempermudah dalam pengguaannya.
Mikroskop adalah alat yang paling dasar dibutukan tenagakesehatan terutama
bekerja di alatlaboratorium yang berfungsiuntuk melihat atau mengenali bendabenda kecil yang tidakdapat dilihat oleh mata supayamenjadi lebih besar dari
aslinya.Mikroskop tak bisa lepasdari keseharian seorang
yang berkutat dalam bidang ilmu pengetahuan utamanya bidang biologi. Bukanha
nya para peneliti profesional, siswa juga sebaiknya mengenal mikroskopdengan

baik. Di dalam kurikulum pendidikan, pengenalan terhadap mikroskoptelah

tercantum. Siswa dituntut untuk lebih mengenal fungsi serta bagian bagian
mikroskop. Setelah itu , mereka biasanya
diajarkan cara menggunakanmikroskop yang baik.Musuh yang pertama dari
mikroskop

BAB II
KAJIAN PUSTAKA
Mikroskop adalah sebuah alat untuk melihat objek yang terlalu kecil untuk
dilihat dengan mata kasar. Ilmu yang mempelajari benda kecil dengan
menggunakan alat ini disebut mikroskopi, dan kata mikroskopik berarti sangat
kecil, tidak mudah terlihat oleh mata (Anonim, 2012).
Penggunaan mikroskop pertama kalinya untuk tujuan ilmiah adalah pada
abad ketujuh belas, yaitu dalam pekerjaan Cornelius Drebel (1621), Janssen
bersaudara di Belanda (1608), dan Antony Van Leuwenhoek (1632-1723).
Mikroskop digunakan untuk tujuan kedokteran dan ilmiah oleh Athanasius
Kircher of Fulda (1602-1680), dan dia dianggap sebagai orang pertama yang
menggunakan mikroskop untuk menginvestigasi penyebab penyakit (Timmreck,
1998).
Mikroskop optik terdiri atas dua yaitu, mikroskop biologi dan mikroskop
stereo. Mikroskop biologi digunakan untuk pengamatan benda tipis transparan.
Penyinaran diberikan dari bawah dengan sinar alam atau sinar lampu. Mikroskop
biologi ini umumnya memiliki lensa objektif dan lensa okuler dengan pembesaran
1.
2.

sebagai berikut:
Objektif 4x dengan okuler 10x, pembesaran 40x
Objektif 10x dengan okuler 10x, pembesaran 100x

3.
4.

Objektif 40x dengan okuler 10x, pembesaran 400x

Objektif 100x dengan okuler 10x, pembesaran 1000x