PROGRAM - MBA

SUBJECT CODE & NAME - MU0018 Change

Management
1.
Describe Kotters Eight Step Change
Model
Kotters Eight Step Change Model
Step 1: Establishing a sense of urgency
Help others in realizing the need for change and the importance of acting
immediately.
Examining the realities of market and competition.
Identifying and discussing potential crises.
Step 2: Creating the guiding coalition
Assuring that the change is guided by a powerful groupthat has leadership
skills, bias for action, credibility, communication skills andauthority and
analytical skills.

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2. What are OD interventions? How are they useful

to the organizations?
OD interventions

Interventions are principal learning processes in the action stage of

organization development. Interventions are structured activities used
individually or in combination by the members of a client system to improve
their social or task performance. They may be introduced by a change agent
as part of an improvement program, or they may be used by the client
following a program to check on the state of the organizations health, or to
effect necessary changes in its own behavior. Structured activities mean
such diverseprocedures as experiential exercises, questionnaires, attitude
surveys, interviews, relevant group discussions,

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3.
Discuss the reasons
resistance to change.

for

employees

Some of the reasons for employees resistance to change are:

(i) The individuals predisposition towards change:This could be verypersonal
and deeply innate. This determines the individuals attitude towards
change which could be negative.
(ii) Fear of the unknown:Fear or inability to handle an unknown situation
tends to dissuade individuals from accepting change.

(iii) Uncertainty:Employees often resist change because they are uncertain

about the impact the change will have on their lives. They may worry about
job security or they may be anxious in face of the ambiguity associated with
a new way of doing things.

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4.
What do you mean by Organizational
Effectiveness? Explain the approaches involved in
achieving Organizational Effectiveness
Meaning of Organizational Effectiveness
As a wider concept, organizational effectiveness as represented by several
perspectives comprises
an
organizations
fit with
its external
environment, configuration of its internal subsystems for high performance,
emphasis upon organizational learning and ability to satisfy the needs of key
stakeholders. This is very complex and includes lot many key terms like
organizational performance, success, goodness, health, competitiveness,
excellence, and so on.
Organizational effectiveness has been defined as the degree of goal
achievement. The determination of an organizations goal(s) is crucial in
evaluating effectiveness of an organization. The first step in the
determination of goals is to distinguish between official and

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5. What do you mean by Change Agent?

Describe the characteristics of successful
Change Agents.
Definition of Change Agent
Change agents are people who usually have specialized training in organizational
behaviour and can help guide and advice the change process.They strive to alter
human capability or organizational systems to achieve a higher degree of output or
self actualization. Their objective is to make goals that stick. They
have a clear vision as to how the process of change will begin and culminate, and
the activities they will perform to enable people to do more, or find a new and
better perspective on life. Change agents could be the existing managers, nonmanagers, employees or outside consultants. In fact, change agents may
be either external or internal and their success will depend on how well and skilfully
they are able to

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6. Write a brief note on the following:

a)Herzbergs Motivation Theory
b) Kurt Lewins Model of Change
a)Herzbergs Motivation Theory
Frederick Herzberg, an American clinical psychologist, explored things that
stimulated workers to present their best performance.He stated that
employees have two possible categories of motivators: a wish to avoid pain
or deprivation (hygiene factors) and a longing to learn and develop
(motivators). Herzberg explains that while the presence of these
hygienefactors does not directly enhance employee motivation, the absence
of any one of these will definitely hinder performance.
In a nutshell, the behavioural approach says that studying the impact of
individual behaviours and motivators in terms of enhancingperformance and
reducing resistance will help to

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