Eon

Era

Periode[
1]

Fanerozoikum

Kala/Seri

Peristiwa utama

Mulai, juta
tahun yang lal

Holosen

Akhir glasiasi dan kebangkitan peradaban manusia.

0.011430
0.00013[4]

Pleistose
n

Berkembangnya dan selanjutnya punahnya banyak mamalia besar (megafauna Pleistosen). Evolusi
manusia modern secara anatomis. Awal Zaman Es terkini.

1.806 0.005 *

Pliosen

Iklim dingin dan kering. Australopitheca; banyak mamalia dan moluska yang saat ini ada mulai
muncul.Homo habilis muncul.

5.332 0.005 *

Miosen

Iklim moderat; Orogeny di belahan utara. Mamalia dan familia burung modern dikenali.
Berbagai kuda danmastodon berkembang. Rumput tumbuh di mana-mana. Kera pertama muncul.

23.03 0.05 *

Oligosen

Iklim hangat; Evolusi dan diversifikasi pada fauna pesat, terutama mamalia. Evolusi dan penyebaran
utama berbagai jenis tumbuhan berbunga modern.

33.90.1 *

Eosen

Mamalia kuno (mis. Creodont, Condylarth, Uintatheriidae, dll) berkembang. Munculnya beberapa
keluarga mamalia "modern". Paus primitif terdiversifikasi. Rumput pertama. Ice cap berkembang
di Antarktika.

55.80.2 *

Paleosen

Iklim tropis. Tumbuhan modern muncul; Mamalia terdiversikasi menjadi beberapa garis keturunan
primitif menyusul kepunahan dinosaurus. Mamalia besar pertama (sampai seukuran beruang atau
kuda nil kecil).

65.50.3 *

Neogen
[3]

Kenozoiku
m

Paleoge
n
[3]

Atas/Akhi
r
Kapur
Bawah/A
wal

Atas/Akhi
r

Jura

Tengah

Mesozoiku
m
Bawah/A
wal

Tumbuhan berbunga berkembang, bersama dengan jenis-jenis baru insekta. Ikan bertulang sejati
(Teleostei) modern mulai
bermunculan. Ammonita, Belemnoidea, Bivalvia rudist, Echinoidea dan Porifera umum ditemukan.
Banyak jenis baru dinosaurus (mis. Tyrannosauridae, Titanosauridae, Hadrosauridae,
danCeratopsidae) berkembang, juga Crocodilia modern; mosasaurus dan hiu modern muncul di
laut. Burungprimitif perlahan menggantikan pterosaurus.
Mamalia monotremata, marsupialia and eutheria bermunculan.Gondwana terpecah.

Tengah

Gymnospermae (terutama tumbuhan runjung, Bennettitales dan sikas) dan paku-pakuan umum
ditemukan. Banyak jenis dinosaurus, seperti sauropoda, carnosaurus, and stegosaurus. Mamalia
kecil umum ditemukan. Burung pertama dan hewan melata bersisik
(Squamata). Ichthyosaurus dan plesiosaurusberkembang. Bivalvia, ammonita dan Belemnoidea jug
a banyak dijumpai. Bulu babi sangat umum, juga lili laut, bintang
laut, Porifera, Brachiopoda, Terebratulida, dan Rhynchonellida.
Terpecahnya Pangaea menjadiGondwana dan Laurasia.

Lopingian

Perm

Guadalup
ian

Cisuralia
n

Karbon[5]
/
Pennsyl-

Atas/Akhi
r

175.6 2.0 *

199.6 0.6

228.0 2.0
Dinosaurus mendominasi: Archosaurus di daratan, Ichthyosaurus dan Nothosaurus di lautan,
danPterosaurus di udara. Cynodonta menjadi lebih kecil dan lebih menyerupai
mamalia; mamalia dan crocodiliapertama muncul. Dicrodium merupakan flora umum di daratan.
Banyak terdapat amfibi Temnospondylus .Ammonita sangat umum. Koral modern dan ikan bertulang
sejati (Teleostei) muncul, dan juga banyakinsekta.

Bawah/A
wal

Paleozoiku
m

145.5 4.0

161.2 4.0

Atas/Akhi
r

Trias

99.60.9 *

245.0 1.5

251.0 0.4 *

Daratan bergabung menjadi superbenua Pangaea, membentuk Pegunungan Appalachia. Akhir

tahap glasial Permo-Carboniferous. Reptilia Synapsida (Pelycosaurus dan Therapsida) melimpah,
sementara parareptiliadan [Amfibia Temnospondylia masih umum ditemukan. Pada zaman Perm
pertengahan, flora zaman Karbon mulai digantikan oleh tumbuhan runjung (tumbuhan berbiji sejati
pertama) dan tumbuhan lumut sejati pertama. Kumbang dan serangga bersayap dua berevolusi.
Kehidupan laut berkembang di bagian terumbudangkal yang
hangat; Brachiopoda (Productida dan Spiriferida) , Bivalva, Foraminifera,
dan amonitOrthocerida melimpah. Kepunahan massal antara Perm dan Trias terjadi 251 juta tahun
yang lalu: 95 persen kehidupan di bumi pun, termasuk seluruh trilobita, graptolita, dan Blastoidea.

Winged insects radiate suddenly; some (esp. Protodonata and Palaeodictyoptera) are quite
large.Amphibians common and diverse. First reptiles and coal forests (scale trees, ferns, club
trees, giant horsetails, Cordaites, etc.). Highest-ever oxygen levels. Goniatites, brachiopods,

260.4 0.7 *

270.6 0.7 *

299.0 0.8 *

306.5 1.0

Tengah
vanian

Karbon[5]
/
Mississippian

Devon

bryozoa, bivalves, and corals plentiful in the seas. Testate forams proliferate.
Bawah/A
wal

318.1 1.3 *

Atas/Akhi
r

326.4 1.6

Tengah

Atas/Akhi
r

385.3 2.6 *

Tengah

First clubmosses, horsetails and ferns appear, as do the first seed-bearing plants
(progymnosperms), firsttrees (the tree-fern Archaeopteris), and first
(wingless) insects. Strophomenid and atrypid brachiopods,rugose and tabulate corals,
and crinoids are all abundant in the oceans. Goniatite ammonoids are plentiful, while squidlike coleoids arise. Trilobites and armoured agnaths decline, while jawed fishes (placoderms,lobefinned and ray-finned fish, and early sharks) rule the seas. First amphibians still aquatic. "Old Red
Continent" of Euramerica.

416.0 2.8 *

418.7 2.7 *

Atas/Akhi
r
(Ludlow)

422.9 2.5 *
First vascular plants (the whisk ferns and their relatives), first millipedes and arthropleurids on land.
Firstjawed fishes, as well as many armoured jawless fish, populate the seas. Sea-scorpions reach
large size.Tabulate and rugose corals, brachiopods (Pentamerida, Rhynchonellida, etc.),
and crinoids all abundant.Trilobites and mollusks diverse; graptolites not as varied.

[6]

[7]

428.2 2.3 *

Bawah/A
wal
(Llandove
ry)

443.7 1.5 *

Atas/Akhi
r

460.9 1.6 *

Tengah

Invertebrates diversify into many new types (e.g., long straight-shelled cephalopods). Early corals,
articulatebrachiopods (Orthida, Strophomenida,
etc.), bivalves, nautiloids, trilobites, ostracods, bryozoa, many types
of echinoderms (crinoids, cystoids, starfish, etc.), branched graptolites, and other taxa all
common.Conodonts (early planktonic vertebrates) appear. First green plants and fungi on land. Ice
age at end of period.

471.8 1.6

Bawah/A
wal

488.3 1.7 *

Atas/Akhi
r
(Furongia
n)

501.0 2.0 *

Tengah

Major diversification of life in the Kambrium Explosion. Many fossils; most

modern animal phyla appear. First chordates appear, along with a number of extinct, problematic
phyla. Reef-building Archaeocyathaabundant; then vanish. Trilobites, priapulid worms, sponges,
inarticulate brachiopods (unhinged lampshells), and many other animals
numerous. Anomalocarids are giant predators, while many Ediacaran fauna die
out.Prokaryotes, protists (e.g., forams), fungi and algae continue to present
day. Gondwana emerges.

Bawah/A
wal

Prote Neoprotero
rozoiku zoikum
m

397.5 2.7 *

Pridoli

Wenlock

Prakam
brium

345.3 2.1

359.2 2.5 *

Silur

Kambriu
m

Large primitive trees, first land vertebrates, and amphibious sea-scorpions live amid coal-forming
coastalswamps. Lobe-finned rhizodonts are big fresh-water predators. In the oceans,
early sharks are common and quite diverse; echinoderms (esp. crinoids and blastoids)
abundant. Corals, bryozoa, goniatites and brachiopods (Productida, Spiriferida, etc.) very common.
But trilobites and nautiloids decline. Glaciation in East Gondwana.

Bawah/A
wal

Bawah/A
wal

Ordovisi
um

311.7 1.1

513.0 2.0

542.0 0.3 *

Ediacara
n

Good fossils of multi-celled animals. Ediacaran fauna (or Vendobionta) flourish worldwide in seas. Trace
fossils of worm-like Trichophycus, etc. First sponges and trilobitomorphs. Enigmatic forms include ovalshaped Dickinsonia, frond-shapedCharniodiscus, and many soft-jellied creatures.

630

Cryogen
ian

Possible "snowball Earth" period. Fossils still rare. Rodinia landmass begins to break up.

850 [8]

Rodinia supercontinent persists. Trace fossils of simple multi-celled eukaryotes. First radiation of dinoflagellatelikeacritarchs.

1000 [8]

Tonian

+5/-30 *

Mesoprote
rozoikum

Paleoprote
rozoikum

Arke
an
[7]

Stenian

Narrow highly metamorphic belts due to orogeny as supercontinent Rodinia is formed.

1200 [8]

Ectasian

Platform covers continue to expand. Green algae colonies in the seas.

1400 [8]

Calymmi
an

Platform covers expand.

1600 [8]

Statheri
an

Kehidupan bersel tunggal pertama kompleks: protista dengan inti. Columbia adalah primordial

1800 [8]

Orosiria
n

The atmosphere became oxygenic. Vredefort and Sudbury Basin asteroid impacts. Much orogeny.

2050 [8]

Rhyacia
n

Bushveld Formation occurs. Huronian glaciation.

2300 [8]

Siderian

Oxygen Catastrophe: banded iron formations result.

2500 [8]

Neoarkean

Stabilization of most modern cratons; possible mantle overturn event.

2800 [8]

Mesoarkea
n

Stromatolit pertama (kemungkinan cyanobacteria yang hidup berkoloni). Makrofosil tertua.

3200 [8]

Paleoarke
an

Bakteri pertama yang menghasilkan oksigen. Mikrofosil tertua yang berhasil didefinis.

3600 [8]

Eoarkean

Kehidupan Sel Tunggal Sederhana (kemungkinan bacteria dan barangkali archaea). kemungkinan paling tua microfossils.

3800

Hade
an
Pembentukan bumi (4570 jtl). Zircon, mineral tertua yang diketahui (4400 jtl).
[7][9]

c.4570