EC

Electronics and Communic ations

Section 1: En gineer ing Mathem atics

Line ar Alg e bra: Ve c tor sp a c e, b asis, line ar d e p end en c e and ind e p end enc e, m atrix
alge bra, eig en values and eig en ve c tors, rank, solution of line ar e qua tions existen c e
and uniqueness.
C alculus: Me an value theorems, theore ms of inte gral c alculus, evaluation of d efinite and
im pro p er inte grals, p artial d eriva tives, m axim a and minim a, multiple inte grals, line, surfa c e
and volum e inte grals, Taylor series.
Differential Equations: First ord er e qua tions (line ar and nonline ar), higher ord er line ar
differential e quations, C au chy's and Euler's e qua tions, m etho ds of solution using varia tion
of p ara m eters, c o m plem entary func tion and p articular inte gral, p artial differential
e qua tions, varia ble se p ara ble m ethod, initial and b ound ary value pro blems.
Ve c tor An alysis: Ve c tors in plane and sp a c e, ve c tor o p erations, gra dient, diverg en c e and
curl, G auss's, Green's and Stoke's theorems.
Com plex Analysis: Analytic func tions, C au chy's inte gral theorem, Cauc hy's inte gral
formula; Taylor's and Laurent's series, residue the ore m.
Num eric al Metho ds: Solution of nonline ar e qua tions, single and multi-ste p m etho ds for
differential e quations, c onverg enc e criteria.
Pro b a bility and Statistics: Me an, m edian, m o d e and stand ard d eviation; c om bina torial
pro b a bility, pro b a bility distribution func tions - binomial, Poisson, exp onential and norm al;
Joint and c onditional pro b a bility; Correlation and re gression analysis.

Section 2: Networ ks, Signals an d System s

Netw ork solution m etho ds: no d al a nd m esh analysis; Netw ork theorems: sup erp osition,
Thevenin and Nortons, m aximum p ow er transfer; WyeDelta transform a tion; Ste a dy sta te
sinusoid al analysis using phasors; Tim e d om ain analysis of sim ple line ar circ uits; Solution of
netw ork e qua tions using La pla c e transform; Fre quen cy d o m ain analysis of RLC circuits;
Line ar 2p ort netw ork p ara m eters: driving p oint and transfer fun c tions; Sta te e qua tions for
netw orks.
Continuous-tim e signals: Fourier series and Fourier transform re presenta tions, sa m pling
the ore m and a p plic ations; Discrete-tim e signals: discrete-tim e Fourier transform (DTFT),
DFT, FFT, Z-transform, interp olation of discrete-tim e signals; LTI systems: d efinition and
pro p erties, c ausality, sta bility, im pulse resp onse, c onvolution, p oles and zeros, p arallel and
c asc a d e stru c ture, fre quen cy resp onse, group d elay, phase d elay, digital filter d esign
te chniques.

Section 3: Electr onic Devices

Energy b ands in intrinsic and extrinsic silic on; C arrier transp ort: diffusion c urrent, drift
current, m o bility an d resistivity; Genera tion and re c o m bination of c arriers; Poisson and
c ontinuity e qua tions; P-N junc tion, Zener dio d e, BJT, MOS c a p a citor, M OSFET, LED, photo
dio d e and solar c ell; Inte gra te d circuit fa bric a tion pro c ess: oxid a tion, diffusion, ion
im planta tion, photolitho gra phy and twin-tub CMOS pro c ess.

Section 4: Analog Cir cuits

Sm all signal e quivalent circuits of dio d es, BJTs and MOSFETs; Sim ple dio d e circuits:
clip ping, cla m ping and re ctifiers; Single-sta ge BJT and MOSFET a m plifiers: biasing, bias
sta bility, mid-fre quen cy sm all signal analysis and fre quen cy resp onse; BJT and MOSFET
a m plifiers: multi-sta g e, differential, fee d b a ck, p ow er and o p erational; Sim ple o p-a m p
circuits; A c tive filters; Sinusoid al oscillators: criterion for oscillation, single-transistor a nd o pa m p c onfigura tions; Fun c tion g enera tors, w ave-sha ping circuits and 555 tim ers; Volta g e
referen c e circuits; Po w er sup plies: rip ple rem oval and re gulation.

Section 5: Digital Cir cuits

Num b er syste ms; Co m binatorial circuits: Boole an alg e bra, minimization of func tions using
Boole an id entities and Karnaugh m a p, logic g ates and their sta tic CMOS
im plem enta tions, arithm etic circ uits, c o d e c onverters, multiplexers, d e c o d ers and PLAs;
Se quential circuits: lat ches and flipflo ps, c ounters, shiftre gisters and finite sta te m a chines;
Da ta c onverters: sa m ple and hold circuits, ADCs and DACs; Se mic onduc tor m em ories:
ROM, SRAM, DRAM; 8-bit micro pro c essor (8085): archite c ture, pro gra m ming, m emory and
I/ O interfa cing.

Section 6: Contr ol System s

Basic c ontrol syste m c o m p onents; Fee d b a ck prin ciple; Transfer fun c tion; Blo ck dia gra m
re presenta tion; Sign al flo w gra ph; Transient and ste a dy-state analysis of LTI syste ms;
Fre quen cy resp onse; Routh-Hurwitz and Nyquist sta bility criteria; Bo d e and root-lo cus plots;
La g, le a d and la g-le a d c om p ensation; Sta te varia ble m o d el and solution of sta te
e qua tion of LTI syste ms.

Section 7: Com m unication s

Rand om pro c esses: auto c orrelation and p ow er sp e c tral d ensity, pro p erties of white noise,
filterin g of rand o m signals through LTI syste ms; Analo g c o m munic ations: a m plitud e
m o dulation and d e m o dulation, angle m o dulation and d e m o dulation, sp e c tra of AM and
FM, sup erhetero dyne re c eivers, circuits for an alog c om munic ations; Inform a tion the ory:
entro py, mutual inform ation and channel c a p a city the ore m; Digital c om munic a tions:
PCM, DPCM, digital m o dulation sc hem es, a m plitud e, phase and fre quency shift keying
(ASK, PSK, FSK), QAM, MAP and ML d e c o ding, m atche d filter re c eiver, c alculation of
b and wid th, SNR an d BER for digital m o dulation; Fund a m entals of error c orre c tion,
Ha m ming c o d es; Timing and fre quency synchroniza tion, inter-sym b ol interferen c e and its
mitig a tion; Basics of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA.

Section 8: Electr om agnetics

Ele c trosta tics; M axwells e quations: differential and inte gral forms and their interpreta tion,
b ound ary c onditions, w ave e qua tion, Poynting ve c tor; Plane w aves and pro p erties:
refle c tion and refra c tion, p olariza tion, p hase and group velo city, pro p a g a tion through
various m e dia, skin d e pth; Transmission lines: e quations, chara c teristic im p e d an c e,
im p e d an c e m atching, im p e d anc e transform a tion, S-p ara m eters, Smith chart;
Wave guid es: m o d es, b ound ary c onditions, cut-off fre quen cies, disp ersion rela tions;
Antennas: antenn a typ es, ra dia tion p a ttern, g ain and dire c tivity, return loss, antenna
arrays; Basics of ra d ar; Light pro p a g ation in o p tic al fib ers.