Salters Advanced Chemistry

Data Sheets

10509-29P363-376-GECKO.LTD 7/3/02 4:27 pm Page 363

Data Sheets

Contents
Table

Data

Fundamental constants and other useful constants

Standard temperature

Units of pressure

SI prefixes

Definition of billion

Use of parts per million (ppm)

The Periodic Table

Physical and thermochemical data for the first 36 elements

Standard enthalpy changes of atomisation for some elements

10

Electronegativity values for some elements on the Pauling scale

11

Ionic radii for some gaseous ions

12

First ionisation enthalpies for the first 36 elements

13

Electron affinities

14

Standard enthalpies of hydration of some positive ions (cations)

15

Lattice enthalpies for some ionic compounds

16

Standard molar enthalpy changes of formation of some inorganic compounds and ions

17

Solubility products

18

Ka and pKa values for some weak acids

19

Organic compounds: physical and thermochemical data

20

Bond lengths and bond enthalpies

21

Standard electrode potentials

22

Characteristic i.r. absorptions in organic molecules

23

Chemical shifts for some types of protons (1H) in n.m.r. spectra

24

The electromagnetic spectrum

Introduction
These Data Sheets contain some basic information that you will use throughout the Salters
Advanced Chemistry course. For more detailed information you will need to consult a data book
such as The Elements by John Emsley (Oxford, third edition, 1998) or S I Chemical Data by
Gordon Aylward and Tristan Findlay (Wiley, fourth edition, 1999).
The information in these Data Sheets is taken from these books, from where primary
references can be found, and from Inorganic Energetics by W E Dasent (Cambridge, second
edition, 1982) and the Salters Advanced Chemistry course.

Salters Advanced Chemistry 2000 see Copyright restrictions

363

10509-29P363-376-GECKO.LTD 7/3/02 4:27 pm Page 365

DATA SHEETS: TABLES 1 6

Table 1: Fundamental constants

Quantity

Symbol

Value

Unit
8

speed of light in a vacuum

3.00 10

m s1

Planck constant

6.63 1034

J Hz1

23

Avogadro constant

6.02 10

mol1

gas constant

8.31

J K1 mol1

Other useful constants

Symbol

Value

Unit

molar volume of an ideal gas at s.t.p. (273 K and 1 atmosphere)

Vm

22.4

dm3 mol1

specific heating capacity of water

cp

4.17

J g1 K1

Table 2: Standard temperature

For thermodynamic measurements, such as enthalpy and entropy changes and
standard electrode potentials, the standard temperature used is 298 K (25 C)
unless stated.
For measurements of gas volumes, the standard temperature used is 273 K
(0 C). Standard temperature and pressure (s.t.p.) is 273 K and 101.325 kPa.

Table 3: Units of pressure

Pressure is measured in pascals (Pa): 1 Pa = 1 N m2.
An atmosphere (atm) is the pressure needed to push a column of mercury in
a barometer to a height of 760 mm (standard atmospheric pressure):
1 atm = 101.325 kPa.

Table 4: SI prefixes
The following prefixes are used to indicate decimal fractions or multiples of SI
units:
1012
109
106
103
102
101

pico
nano
micro
milli
centi
deci

p
n
m
m
c
d

103
106
109
1012

kilo
mega
giga
tera

k
M
G
T

Table 5: Definition of billion

Throughout the course a billion refers to a thousand million: 1 billion = 1 109.

Table 6: Use of parts per million (ppm)

Parts per million are frequently used to express low concentrations. It is
important to know exactly what the measurements refer to.
For mixtures of gases, parts per million by volume are usually used: ppm (by
volume). For example, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere at
the time of publication is 367 ppm (by volume). This means that in 1 million
molecules of air there are 367 molecules of CO2; 367 ppm (by volume) is the
same as 0.0367% (by volume).
For solids and liquids, parts per million by mass are usually used. For
example, the concentration of pesticide residues in a plant may be measured in
ppm (by mass) of plant tissue. A pesticide concentration of 1 ppm means that 1 g
of plant tissue contains 1 106 g (1 mg) of pesticide.
Salters Advanced Chemistry 2000 see Copyright restrictions

365

366

Salters Advanced Chemistry 2000 see Copyright restrictions

Ca

(226)

Ra
88

(223)

Fr
87

actinium

Ac
89

(227)

lanthanum

La
57

138.9

yttrium

protactinium

thorium

relative atomic mass

symbol

Pa
91

(231)

praseo
dymium

Th
90

232.0

cerium

Pr
59

140.9

140.1

Ce
58

dubnium

Db
105

rutherfordium

(262)

Rf
104

tantalum

hafnium
(261)

Ta
73

Hf
72

181.0

niobium

zirconium
178.5

Nb
41

92.9

23
vanadium

50.9

Zr
40

91.2

Ti

22
titanium

47.9

Tc
43

(99)

Mn

25
manganese

54.9

Pm
61

(147)

bohrium

Bh
107

(264)

rhenium

Re
75

186.2

uranium

U
92

238.1

neptunium

Np
93

(237)

neodymium promethium

Nd
60

144.2

seaborgium

Sg
106

(266)

tungsten

W
74

183.9

molybdenum technetium

Mo
42

95.9

Cr

24
chromium

52.0

Mt
109

Hs
108

plutonium

Pu
94

(242)

samarium

Sm
62

150.4

americium

Am
95

(243)

europium

Eu
63

152.0

meitnerium

(268)

(269)

hassium

iridium

Ir
77

192.2

rhodium

Rh
45

102.9

Co

27
cobalt

58.9

osmium

Os
76

190.2

ruthenium

Ru
44

101.1

Fe

26
iron

55.9

d block

unununium

berkelium

Bk
97

(245)

terbium

Tb
65

158.9

f block

curium

Cm
96

(247)

gadolinium

Gd
64

157.3

(277)

mercury

Hg
80

200.6

cadmium

Cd
48

112.4

Zn

30
zinc

65.4

californium

Cf
98

(251)

dysprosium

Dy
66

162.5

ununbium

Uuu 112Uub
111

(272)

gold

Au
79

197.0

silver

Ag
47

107.9

Cu

29
copper

63.5

f block

ununnilium

Uun
110

(269)

platinum

Pt
78

195.1

palladium

Pd
46

106.4

Ni

28
nickel

58.7

einsteinium

Es
99

(254)

holmium

Ho
67

164.9

thallium

Tl
81

204.4

indium

In
49

114.8

Ga

31
gallium

69.7

Al

13
aluminium

27.0

5
boron

10.8

fermium

Fm
100

(253)

erbium

Er
68

167.3

ununquadium

Uuq
114

(285)

lead

Pb
82

207.2

tin

Sn
50

118.7

Ge

32
germanium

72.6

Si

14
silicon

28.1

6
carbon

12.0

mendelevium

Md
101

(256)

thulium

Tm
69

168.9

bismuth

Bi
83

209.0

antimony

Sb
51

121.8

As
33
arsenic

74.9

15
phosphorus

31.0

nobelium

No
102

(254)

ytterbium

Yb
70

173.0

ununhexium

Uuh
116

(289)

polonium

Po
84

(210)

tellurium

Te
52

127.6

Se

34
selenium

79.0

16
sulphur

32.1

8
oxygen

16.0

p block
14.0

7
nitrogen

An entry in brackets indicates the mass number of the longest-lived isotope of an element with no stable isotopes

lithium

Li
3

6.9

KEY

Actinide
elements

Lanthanide
elements

radium

barium

caesium

francium

137.3

Ba
56

132.9

strontium

Cs
55

rubidium

88.9

87.6

Sr
38

85.5

Rb
37

Y
39

21
scandium

Sc

45.0

20
calcium

19
potassium

40.1

39.1

Mg

12
magnesium

Na

11
sodium

atomic
number

24.3

23.0

Be

4
beryllium

Li

3
lithium

9.0

6.9

s block

Lr

103
lawrencium

(257)

Lu

71
lutetium

175.0

astatine

At
85

(210)

iodine

I
53

126.9

Br

35
bromine

79.9

Cl

17
chlorine

35.5

9
fluorine

19.0

1
hydrogen

Uuo
ununoctium

118

(293)

Rn
86
radon

(222)

Xe
54
xenon

131.3

Kr
36
krypton

83.8

Ar
18
argon

39.9

Ne
10
neon

20.2

He
2
helium

4.0

1.0

Group

Period 1

10509-29P363-376-GECKO.LTD 7/3/02 4:27 pm Page 366

DATA SHEETS: TABLE 7

Table 7: The Periodic Table

10509-29P363-376-GECKO.LTD 7/3/02 4:27 pm Page 367

DATA SHEETS: TABLE 8

Table 8: Physical and thermochemical data

for the first 36 elements

Atomic number

St

Normal physical state at 298 K and 1 atm pressure (s, solid; l, liquid; g, gas)

Molar mass of the element (the mole applies to single atoms)

r
Tm
Tb
DHfus!
DHvap!
S!

Density at 298 K and 1 atm pressure (or density of liquid at Tb for gases)

sub

Melting point
Boiling point

at 1 atm except where stated otherwise

Standard molar enthalpy change of fusion at Tm and 1 atm

Standard molar enthalpy change of vaporisation at Tb and 1 atm
Standard molar entropy at 298 K and 1 atm

sublimes; ign ignites; * variable; uncertain

Element

St

A/
g mol1

r/g cm3

Tm /K

DHfus! /
kJ mol1

DHvap!/
kJ mol1

S!!/
J K1 mol1

0.46
0.08
134.7
308.8
538.9

130.7
126.2
29.1
9.5
5.9

105.0

0.72
0.44
5.10

710.9sub

5.58
6.82
6.55

5.7
2.4
191.6
205.1
202.8

27
1156
1363
2740
2628

0.32
2.64
9.04
10.7
39.6

1.74
89.0
128.7
293.7
383.3

146.3
51.2
32.7
28.3
18.8

683
553
718
718
239

2.51

1.23
6.41

51.9

9.62
20.40

22.8
41.1
31.8

223.1
154.8
64.1
41.4
34.6
30.6

Tb /K

1
2
3
4
5

hydrogen
helium
lithium
beryllium
boron

H
He
Li
Be
B

g
g
s
s
s

1.0
4.0
6.9
9.0
10.8

0.0720K
0.154K
0.53
1.85
2.34

14
126atm
454
15515
2573

6
6
7
8
9

carbon (graphite)
carbon (diamond)
nitrogen
oxygen
fluorine

C
C
N
O
F

s
s
g
g
g

12.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
19.0

2.26
3.51
1.0321K
2.0055K
1.5285K

392570sub
>3820
63
55
54

10
11
12
13
14

neon
sodium
magnesium
aluminium
silicon

Ne
Na
Mg
Al
Si

g
s
s
s
s

20.2
23.0
24.3
27.0
28.1

1.4429K
0.97
1.74
2.70
2.33

15
15
16
16
17

phosphorus (red)
phosphorus (white)
sulphur (rhombic)
sulphur (monoclinic)
chlorine

P
P
S
S
Cl

s
s
s
s
g

31.0
31.0
32.1
32.1
35.5

2.20
1.82
2.07
1.96
2.03113K

18
19
20
21
22

argon
potassium
calcium
scandium
titanium

Ar
K
Ca
Sc
Ti

g
s
s
s
s

40.0
39.1
40.1
45.0
47.9

1.6640K
0.86
1.55
2.99
4.54

84
337
1112
1814
1933

87
1047
1757
3104
3560

1.21
2.40
9.33
15.9
20.9

6.53
77.5
150.0
304.8
428.9

23
24
25
26
27

vanadium
chromium
manganese
iron
cobalt

V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co

s
s
s
s
s

50.9
52.0
54.9
55.8
58.9

6.11
7.19
7.44
7.87
8.90

2160
213020
1517
1808
1768

3650
2945
2235
3023
3143

17.6
15.3
14.4
14.9
15.2

458.6
348.8
219.7
351.0
382.4

28.9
23.5
32.0
27.3
30.0

28
29
30
31
32

nickel
copper
zinc
gallium
germanium

Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge

s
s
s
s
s

58.7
63.5
65.4
69.7
72.6

8.90
8.96
7.13
5.91
5.32

1726
1357
693
303
1211

3005
2840
1180
2676
3103

17.6
13.0
6.67
5.59
31.7

371.8
304.6
115.3
256.1
334.3

29.9
33.2
41.6
40.9
31.1

33
34
35
36

arsenic (grey)
selenium
bromine
krypton

As
Se
Br
Kr

s
s
I
g

74.9
79.0
79.9
83.8

5.78
4.79
4.05123K
2.82117K

109028atm
490
266
117

24
371
922
934
1683
68343atm
317
386
392
172

20
4
1620
3243
3931
5100sub

77
90
85

0.12
0.02
4.60
9.80
22.2

889sub
958
332
121

Salters Advanced Chemistry 2000 see Copyright restrictions

27.7
5.1
10.8
1.64

31.9
26.3
30.0
9.05

35.1
42.4
152.2
164.1

367

10509-29P363-376-GECKO.LTD 7/3/02 4:27 pm Page 368

DATA SHEETS: TABLES 911

Table 9: Standard enthaply changes of

atomisation for some elements

The standard enthalpy change of atomisation (DHat!) is the enthalpy change that
occurs when 1 mole of atoms in the gaseous state is formed from the element in its
standard state, eg:

Na(s)

 Cl2(g)

Na(g)
Cl(g)

The values given are 298 K.

Element

D Hat! /kJ mol1

D Hat!/kJ mol1

Element

+218

Al

+330

Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs

+159
+107
+89
+81
+76

Cu
Zn
Ag
Hg

+337
+130
+285
+61

Be
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba

+324
+147
+178
+164
+180

C (graphite)
Si

+717
+450

N
P

+473
+317

O
S

+249
+277

Element

D Hat!/kJ mol1

F
Cl
Br
I

+79
+121
+112
+107

Table 10: Electronegativity values for some

elements on the Pauling scale
The electronegativity of an element is a measure of its ability to attract the
electron pair in a covalent bond, relative to that of other elements.
H
2.2
Li
1.0

Be
1.6

B
2.0

C
2.6

N
3.0

O
3.4

F
4.0

Na
0.9

Mg
1.3

Al
1.6

Si
1.9

P
2.2

S
2.6

Cl
3.2

K
0.8

Ca
1.0

Br
3.0

Rb
0.8

Sr
1.0

I
2.7

Table 11: Ionic radii for some gaseous ions

Positive ions
Ion

Radius/nm

Li+

0.078

368

Ion
2+

Negative ions
Radius/nm

Ion
3+

Radius/nm

Ion

Radius/nm

Ion

Radius/nm

O2

0.132

0.133

Na

0.098

Mg

0.078

K+

0.133

Ca2+

0.106

Br

0.196

Rb+

0.149

Sr2+

0.127

0.220

Al

0.057

Salters Advanced Chemistry 2000 see Copyright restrictions

Cl

0.181

10509-29P363-376-GECKO.LTD 7/3/02 4:27 pm Page 369

DATA SHEETS: TABLES 1213

Table 12: First ionisation enthalpies for the

first 36 elements
The first ionisation enthalpy (DHi(1)) is the enthalpy change under standard
conditions at 298 K for the reaction
X(g) X+(g) + e
Element

DHi(1)/kJ mol1

1318

He

2379

Li

519

Element

DHi(1)/kJ mol1

19

425

20

Ca

596

21

Sc

637

Be

905

22

Ti

664

807

23

656

1092

24

Cr

659

1407

25

Mn

723

1320

26

Fe

765

1687

27

Co

766

Ne

2087

28

Ni

743

10
11

Na

502

29

Cu

751

12

Mg

744

30

Zn

912

13

Al

583

31

Ga

585

14

Si

793

32

Ge

768

15

1018

33

As

953

16

1006

34

Se

947

17

Cl

1257

35

Br

1146

18

Ar

1526

36

Kr

1357

Ionisation energy represents a change in the internal energy (DU ) of the

process. The data given in this course have been corrected so that the values are
given in terms of enthalpy changes.

Table 13: Electron affinities

The first electron affinity (DHEA!(1)) of an element is the enthalpy change that
occurs when 1 mole of atoms in the gaseous state each gain a single electron to
form singly charged ions under standard conditions at 298 K:
C(g) + e C(g)
The second electron affinity (DHEA!(2)) refers to the process:
C(g) + e C2(g)
Element

DHEA!(1)/kJ mol1 DHEA!(2)/kJ mol1

73

Li
Na

Element

DHEA!(1)/kJ mol1 DHEA!(2)/kJ mol1

60
53

O
S

141
200

328

48

Cl

349

Rb

47

Br

324

Cs

46

259

Be

18

Ne

+29*

Mg

21

Ar

+35*

Ca

186

Kr

+39*

Sr

146

Xe

+41*

Ba

46

+753
+545

* Calculated values
Salters Advanced Chemistry 2000 see Copyright restrictions

369

10509-29P363-376-GECKO.LTD 7/3/02 4:27 pm Page 370

DATA SHEETS: TABLES 14 15

Table 14: Standard enthalpies of hydration

of some positive ions (cations)

The enthalpy of hydration (DHhyd!) is the enthalpy change for the reaction
Xn+(g) + aq Xn+(aq)

The values quoted refer to formation of a solution of concentration 1 mol dm3

at 298 K.
Ion

DHh yd! / kJ mol1

Ion

DHh yd! / kJ mol1

Ion

DHh yd! / kJ mol1

Al3+

4680

Li+

520

Na+

406

Mg2+

1926

K+

320

Ca2+

1579

Rb+

296

Sr2+

1446

Table 15: Lattice enthalpies for some ionic

compounds
The lattice enthalpy (DHLE!) is defined in this course as the standard enthalpy
change when 1 mole of solid is formed from isolated gaseous ions at 298 K.
For singly charged ions, it is the enthalpy change for the reaction
M+(g) + X(g) MX(s)
Using this definition, lattice enthalpies are always negative quantities. (You may
see lattice enthalpy defined for the reverse reaction is some books. In this case,
it is a positive quantity.)
Compound

370

DHLE!/kJ mol1

Compound

DHLE!/kJ mol1

Li2O

2806

Na2O

2488

MgO

3800

K2O

2245

CaO

3419

Rb2O

2170

SrO

3222

LiF

1047

NaF

928

MgF2

2961

KF

826

CaF2

2634

LiCl

862

MgCl2

2523

NaCl

788

CaCl2

2255

KCl

717

Compound
Al2O3

Salters Advanced Chemistry 2000 see Copyright restrictions

DHLE!/kJ mol1
15 916

10509-29P363-376-GECKO.LTD 7/3/02 4:27 pm Page 371

DATA SHEETS: TABLES 1618

Table 16: Standard molar enthalpy changes

of formation (DHf!) of some inorganic
compounds and ions
The values given are at 298 K and 1 atm pressure.
Compound/ ion

State

DHf!/kJ mol1

Compound/ ion

State

DHf!/kJ mol1

CO
CO2
CO32

g
g
aq

111
393
675

NO
NO2
HNO3

g
g
l

+90
+33
174

CaCO3
Ca2+

s
aq

1207
543

H2O
H2O
HF
HCl
HBr
HI

l
g
g
g
g
g

286
242
273
92
36
+26

SO2
SO3
H2SO4
S2
SO42

g
l
l
aq
aq

297
441
814
+33
909

Table 17: Solubility products

For a sparingly soluble salt M+X in contact with its saturated solution, the
solubility product Ksp is given by
Ksp = [M+(aq)] [X(aq)]
The values given are at 298 K unless stated otherwise.
Compound

Ksp /mol2 dm6

AgCl
AgBr
AgI

1.8 10
5.0 1013
8.3 1017

BaCO3
BaC2O4
BaCrO4
BaSO4

2.0
1.7
2.1
1.1

CaCO3
CaC2O4
CaSO4

3.3 109
2.3 109
2.4 105

Ksp /mol2 dm6

Compound

10

109
107
1010
1010

FeS

8.0 1019

MgCO3

2.0 105

PbCO3
PbCrO4
PbSO4
PbS

7.4
2.5
1.6
3.0

SrCO3

5.4 1010

ZnCO3

1.4 1011

1014
1014
108
1028

Table 18: Ka and pKa values for some weak

acids
For a weak acid HA, the acidity constant Ka is given by
Ka =

[H+(aq)] [A(aq)]
and pKa = lg Ka
[HA(aq)]

The values given are at 298 K.

Acid
methanoic
ethanoic
propanoic
1-butanoic
benzoic
chloric(I)
hydrocyanic
nitrous (nitric(III))

Formula
HCOOH
CH3COOH
CH3CH2COOH
CH3CH2CH2COOH
C6H5COOH
HClO
HCN
HNO2

Ka /mol dm3
1.6
1.7
1.3
1.5
6.3
3.7
4.9
4.7

10
105
105
105
105
108
1010
104

pKa
3.8
4.8
4.9
4.8
4.2
7.4
9.3
3.3

Salters Advanced Chemistry 2000 see Copyright restrictions

371

10509-29P363-376-GECKO.LTD 7/3/02 4:27 pm Page 372

DATA SHEETS: TABLE 19

Table 19: Organic compounds: physical and

thermochemical data

St

M
r
Tm
Tb
DHc!
DHf!

Normal physical state at 298 K and 1 atm pressure (s, solid; l, liquid;
g, gas)
Molar mass of the compound
Density at 298 K and 1 atm pressure (or density of liquid at Tb for gases)
Melting point
at 1 atm pressure
Boiling point
Standard molar enthalpy change of combustion at 298 K
Standard molar enthalpy change of formation at 298 K

Compound

372

Formula

St

M/g mol1

r/g cm3

Tm /K

Tb /K

DHc!/ kJ mol1

DHf!/kJ mol1

Straight-chain alkanes
methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
hexane
heptane
octane
nonane
decane
undecane
dodecane
eicosane

CH4
CH3CH3
CH3CH2CH3
CH3(CH2)2CH3
CH3(CH2)3CH3
CH3(CH2)4CH3
CH3(CH2)5CH3
CH3(CH2)6CH3
CH3(CH2)7CH3
CH3(CH2)8CH3
CH3(CH2)9CH3
CH3(CH2)10CH3
CH3(CH2)18CH3

g
g
g
g
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
s

16.0
30.1
44.1
58.1
72.1
86.2
100.2
114.2
128.3
142.3
156.3
170.3
282.5

0.466liq
0.572liq
0.585liq
0.601liq
0.621
0.655
0.680
0.698
0.714
0.726
0.737
0.745
0.785

90.5
89.7
85.3
134.6
143.3
177.7
182.4
216.2
219.5
243.3
247.4
263.4
309.4

111.5
184.4
230.9
272.5
309.1
341.7
371.4
398.7
423.8
447.1
468.9
489.3
616.8

890
1560
2220
2877
3509
4163
4817
5470
6125
6778
7431
8089
13300

Branched alkanes
2-methylpropane
2-methylbutane
2-methylpentane
2-methylhexane
2-methylheptane
2,2-dimethylpropane

(CH3)2CHCH3
(CH3)2CHCH2CH3
(CH3)2CH(CH2)2CH3
(CH3)2CH(CH2)3CH3
(CH3)2CH(CH2)4CH3
C(CH3)4

g
l
l
l
l
g

58.1
72.2
86.2
100.2
114.2
72.2

0.551liq
0.615
0.649
0.679
0.698
0.585liq

113.4
113.1
119.3
154.8
164.1
256.4

261.3
300.9
333.3
363.1
390.7
282.5

2868
3504
4157
4811
5465
3514

135
179
205
230
255
190

Cycloalkanes
cyclopropane
cyclobutane
cyclopentane
cyclohexane
cycloheptane
cyclooctane

(CH2)3
(CH2)4
(CH2)5
(CH2)6
(CH2)7
(CH2)8

g
g
l
l
l
l

42.1
56.1
70.1
84.2
98.2
112.2

0.720liq
0.689liq
0.740
0.774
0.810
0.835

145.6
182.3
179.1
279.6
261.1
287.4

240.2
285.5
322.3
353.7
391.6
421.1

2091
2746
3291
3920
4598
5267

+53
+27
107
156
157
168

Alcohols
methanol
ethanol
propan-1-ol
propan-2-ol
butan-1-ol
pentan-1-ol
hexan-1-ol
heptan-1-ol
octan-1-ol
ethane-1,2-diol
propane-1,2,3-triol
2-methylpropan-2-ol
cyclohexanol

CH3OH
CH3CH2OH
CH3CH2CH2OH
CH3CH(OH)CH3
CH3(CH2)2CH2OH
CH3(CH2)3CH2OH
CH3(CH2)4CH2OH
CH3(CH2)5CH2OH
CH3(CH2)6CH2OH
CH2(OH)CH2OH
CH2(OH)CH(OH)CH2OH
(CH3)3COH
CH2(CH2)4CHOH

l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
s

32.0
46.1
60.1
60.1
74.1
88.2
102.2
116.2
130.2
62.1
92.1
74.1
100.2

0.787
0.785
0.799
0.781
0.806
0.811
0.816
0.819
0.822
1.109
1.260
0.781
0.962

175.3
158.9
146.8
184.5
183.7
194.8
228.4
239.0
258.1
257.4
293.1
298.7
298.2

337.7
351.3
370.2
355.3
390.7
411.0
430.1
449.2
468.2
471.1
563.1
355.6
434.0

726
1367
2021
2006
2676
3331
3984
4638
5294
1189
1655
2644
3728

239
277
303
317
327
354
378
403
427
455
669
359
349

Carboxylic acids
methanoic (formic)
ethanoic (acetic)
propanoic
butanoic

HCOOH
CH3COOH
CH3CH2COOH
CH3CH2CH2COOH

l
l
l
l

46.0
60.1
74.1
88.1

1.214
1.044
0.998
0.952

281.4
289.7
252.3
267.3

373.6
390.9
413.8
436.3

254
874
1527
2183

425
485
511
534

Salters Advanced Chemistry 2000 see Copyright restrictions

74.8
84.7
104
126
173
199
224
250
275
301
327
351

10509-29P363-376-GECKO.LTD 7/3/02 4:27 pm Page 373

DATA SHEETS: TABLES 20 21

Table 20: Bond lengths and bond enthalpies

L
Bond length
E(XY) Bond enthalpy at 298 K and 1 atm pressure
Bond

BrBr
BrH
ClCl
ClH
FF
FH
II
HI
HH
HSi
HN
HP
HO
HS
NN
N=N
NN
OO (in H2O2)

L/nm

E(XY)/kJ mol1

0.228
0.141
0.199
0.127
0.142
0.092
0.267
0.161
0.074
0.148
0.101
0.144
0.096
0.134
0.145
0.120
0.110
0.148

192.9
366.3
243.4
432.0
158
568.0
151.2
298.3
435.9
318
391
321
464
364
158
410
945.4
144

Bond

L/nm

E(XY)/kJ mol1

OO (in O3)
O =O
Si Si
OSi
PP (in P4)
PP (in P2)
CC*
C =C*
C C*
C H*
C F*
C Cl*
CBr*
C I*
C O*
C O (in CH3OH)
C =O (in CO2)
C =0*

0.128
0.121
0.235
0.161
0.221
0.189
0.154
0.134
0.120
0.108
0.138
0.177
0.194
0.214
0.143
0.143
0.116
0.123

302
498.3
226
466
198
485
347
612
838
413
467
346
290
228
358
336
805
745

* Average bond enthalpies

Table 21: Standard electrode potentials

The values given are at 298 K.
E!!/V

Half-reaction
least oxidising

Li+(aq) + e
K+(aq) + e
Ca2+(aq) + 2e
Na+(aq) + e
Mg2+(aq) + 2e
Al3+(aq) + 3e
Zn2+(aq) + 2e
Fe2+(aq) + 2e
Ni2+(aq) + 2e
Sn2+(aq) + 2e
Pb2+(aq) + 2e
2H+(aq) + 2e
Sn4+(aq) + 2e
Cu2+(aq) + 2e
O2(g)+2H2O(l) + 4e
Cu+(aq) + e
I2(aq) + 2e
Fe3+(aq) + e
Ag+(aq) + e
Br2(aq) + 2e
O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e
Cr2O72 (aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e
Cl2(aq) + 2e
MnO4(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e

most oxidising

most reducing

Li(s)
K(s)
Ca(s)
Na(s)
Mg(s)
Al(s)
Zn(s)
Fe(s)
Ni(s)
Sn(s)
Pb(s)
H2(g)
Sn2+(aq)
Cu(s)
4OH(aq)
Cu(s)
2I(aq)
Fe2+(aq)
Ag(s)
2Br (aq)
2H2O(aq)
2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)
2Cl(aq)
Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)

least reducing

3.04
2.92
2.84
2.71
2.36
1.68
0.76
0.44
0.26
0.14
0.13
0.00
+0.15
+0.34
+0.40
+0.52
+0.54
+0.77
+0.80
+1.07
+1.23
+1.36
+1.36
+1.51

Salters Advanced Chemistry 2000 see Copyright restrictions

373

10509-29P363-376-GECKO.LTD 7/3/02 4:27 pm Page 374

DATA SHEETS: TABLE 22

Table 22: Characteristic i.r. absorptions in

organic molecules

M
S
*

Medium
Strong
hydrogen-bonded
Wavenumber/cm1

Intensity

alkanes

28502950

MS

alkenes, arenes

30003100

MS

alkynes

ca 3300

alkenes

16201680

arenes

several peaks in range

variable

Bond

Location

C H

C= C

14501650
C C

alkynes

21002260

C= O

aldehydes

17201740

ketones

17051725

carboxylic acids

17001725

esters

17351750

amides

16301700

C O

alcohols, ethers, esters

10501300

C N

nitriles

22002260

CF
CCl

fluoroalkanes

10001400

chloroalkanes

600800

CBr

bromoalkanes

500600

OH

alcohols, phenols

36003640

*alcohols, phenols

32003600

S (broad)

*carboxylic acids

25003200

M (broad)

NH

374

primary amines

33003500

MS

amides

ca 3500

Salters Advanced Chemistry 2000 see Copyright restrictions

10509-29P363-376-GECKO.LTD 7/3/02 4:27 pm Page 375

DATA SHEETS: TABLE 23

Table 23: Chemical shifts for some types of

protons (1H) in n.m.r. spectra

Chemical shifts are for hydrogen (1H) relative to TMS (tetramethylsilane).

Chemical shift (d) in ppm from TMS is given by

where B is the strength of the applied magnetic field at resonance.

R represents an alkyl group

R CH3

0.81.2

R CH2 R

1.4

Chemical shift (d)

in approximate region of

Type of proton

O CH3

(alcohol)

3.3

O CH2 R

(alcohol)

3.6

R C O CH3

(ester)

3.7

R
1.5

C= C CH3

1.6

C= C CH2 R

2.3
2.3

R C CH3

2.2

CH3

O
R CH2 Cl

3.6

R CH2 Br

3.5

R CH= CH R

4.56.0

R CH= CH C

6.08.0

R CH R

O
H
R C= O

R C CH2 R

2.4

6.09.0
(aldehyde)

10.0

O
2.6

C CH3

R OH

0.54.5*

OH
(amine)

2.3

N CH2 R

(amine)

2.5

4.510.0*

R NH2

(amine)

0.56.0*

R C NH2

(amide)

512*

(acid)

915*

N CH3

O
R C N CH3
O

(amide)

2.9

R C OH
=

Chemical shift (d)

in approximate region of

Type of proton

BTMS Bsample
106
BTMS

* Signals from hydrogens in OH and NH groups in alcohols, phenols,

carboxylic acids, amines and amides are very variable and often broad. The
chemical shift is sensitive to temperature, nature of the solvent and the
concentration. The stronger the hydrogen bonding the larger the chemical shift.

Salters Advanced Chemistry 2000 see Copyright restrictions

375

10509-29P363-376-GECKO.LTD 7/3/02 4:27 pm Page 376

DATA SHEETS: TABLE 24

Table 24: The electromagnetic spectrum

radiofrequency

106

Frequency /Hz

107

108

103

109

1010

infrared

1011

1012

1013

1014

10

ultraviolet

1015

1016

10

X-rays

1017

1018

-rays

1019

1020

10

Wavelength /m

microwave

visible

Enlargement of visible region

violet

invisible
ultraviolet

Converting frequencies to wavelengths

=

c
3.00 108 m s1
=
n
n

For l measured in nm and in s1(Hz)

l=

3.00 1017 nm s1
n

Relationship between energy, wavelength, frequency and

wavenumber

Regions of ultraviolet radiation

u.v. (A):
u.v. (B):
u.v. (C):

376

400 nm320 nm
320 nm280 nm
< 280 nm

Salters Advanced Chemistry 2000 see Copyright restrictions

invisible
infrared

n /1014 Hz

700

red

600

yellow
orange

500

green

450

blue-green

400

blue

Frequency

390

blue-violet

Wavelength l /nm
350 360 370 380