Meeting

No.

Topic

Lecture Objectives
(After the Lecture, the student must be able to do the following)

Suggested
Problems

Class Policies
1

Review of Statics
Equations of Equilibrium & Shear and
Bending Moment Diagram
Introduction to the Concept of Stress

Normal Stress and Centric Loading

Shear Stress

1. Identify the relationship of force, area of application and stress

developed from the previous quantities
2. Identify & calculate the different stresses developed in a
member/part of a structure

1.54, 1.98
(Hibbeler)
1.8; 1.55; 1.60
(Beer)

Bearing and Punching Stress

Strain Concepts
Normal Strain
3

Shear Strain

1. Determine the strains caused by stresses

2. Identify how materials react when stressed within the Elastic
Limit
3. Determine the limitations of the Hooke's Law
4. Understand the Stress-Strain Diagram for Axial Loading

2.3, 2.19
(Hibbeler)
2.26, 2.81-82
(Beer)

Material Properties
The Stress-Strain Diagram and Hooke's Law
Strain Energy
Poisson's Ratio & Generalized Hooke's Law
4

Shear Stress-Strain Diagram & Hooke's Law

for Shear

1. Determine how strains affect one another

2. Describe the General Form of the Hooke's law
3. Understand the stress-strain diagram for Shear stress
4. Determine the allowable stresses for a given Factor of Safety
and vice versa

3.16, 3.22
(Hibbeler)
2.63
(Beer)

Allowable Stresses and Factors of Safety

Stresses and Deformations Arising from Axial
Loading
5&6

Axial Deformation Formulae from Statics

Analysis of Statically Determinate Axially
Loaded Members
Temperature Effects, Thermal Stress

Axial Loading:
4.45, 4.59
(Hibbeler)

Statically Indeterminate Axially Loaded

Members

1. Derive the Axial Deformation Formulae

2. Apply the Axial Deformation Formula Correctly
3. Determine the stresses and/or strains caused by change in
temperature
4. Design/Analyze statically determinate/indeterminate, axially
loaded members (with the use of suitable compatibility
equations)

2.40, 2.41
(Beer)
Thermal:
4.86, 4.93
(Hibbeler)
2.49, 2.60
(Beer)

1st Long Exam

Engineering Sciences 13

Institute of Civil Engineering College of Engineering

University of the Philippines Diliman

For the same area, why do

you say that steel is
stronger than wood?

What is the design process

for structural members?
When can you say that the
design is safe?

 Material strength
based on its ability to sustain loads
inherent to the material itself and is
determined thru experiments

A0
Lo

L0

Lo: original gage length

Ao: original cross-sectional area

application of incremental loads...

P1
1
Ainitial

P1 P
2
Ainitial

P1 n P
... n
Ainitial

results to further elongation of specimen.

L1
1
Linitial

L2
2
Linitial

Ln
... n
Linitial

1. Elastic region: region in which no permanent deformation occurs

after unloading
proportional limit - upper limit of the linear elastic behavior
elastic limit limit before which permanent deformation will not
occur after unloading
7

2. Yielding: permanent deformation occurs if this region is reached

yield point stress that causes yielding. Then, specimen
continues to deform without any increase in load
8

3. Strain hardening: after yielding ends, additional load can be

applied. Curve becomes flatter until a maximum stress or
ultimate stress is reached.
9

4. Necking: after ultimate stress, reduction in cross-sectional area

in a localized region causing a decrease in load-carrying capacity.
Material breaks at fracture stress (rupture).
10

11

To determine yield strength of a material with no

defined yield point


E
where E = Modulus of Elasiticity or Youngs Modulus
= same units as stress
= describes the stiffness of a material
NOTE: Hookes law only applies to the elastic
region
Which is stiffer, E = 200 GPa? or E = 70 GPa?

Loading-Unloading

Loading-Unloading-Reloading

Stress-strain for Materials with Permanent

Strain

application of incremental loads...

P1 n P
n
Ainitial

P1 n P
n
Ainstant

results to further elongation of specimen.

Ln
n
Linitial

P1 n P Pinstant
n

Ainstant
Areduced
1. CONVENTIONAL: uses
the ORIGINAL crosssectional area
2. TRUE: uses the ACTUAL
cross-sectional area
18

large deformation before failure

necking or decrease in diameter of a
portion of the specimen
rupture occurs along a cone-shaped
surface that forms an angle of
approximately 45 with the original
surface of the specimen.
Failure:by shear of material in the region 19

 Rupture occurs without any significant

elongation, and along a surface perpendicular
to the load
Example: cast iron, glass, stone, concrete
Normal stresses are responsible for failure

20

Which kind of material do you want in

structures? Brittle or ductile?

During deformation, a material tends to store

energy internally throughout its volume.
Strain energy:

U 1 / 2 V
Strain energy density (energy per unit volume):

U 1
u

V 2
If Hookes Law applies,
Strain energy density is:

1
u
2 E

Modulus of Resilience
strain energy density the material can absorb
without yielding
If the yield stressarea under the elastic region
of the stress-strain diagram

1
1 2 pl
ur pl pl
2
2 E

,

Modulus of Toughness
strain energy density required for the material
to rupture
area under the entire stress-strain diagram

The stress-strain diagram for elastic fibers that make

up human skin and muscle is shown. Determine the
modulus of elasticity of the fibers and estimate their
modulus of resilience and modulus of toughness.

ANS:
E = 5.5 psi
Ur = 11 lb-in / in3
Ut = 19.25 ib-in / in3

A tension test was performed on a steel specimen

having an original cross-sectional area of 125 mm2
and a gauge length of 200 mm. Determine the
following:
Ultimate Stress
Fracture Stress
Modulus of Elasticity
Modulus of Resilience
Modulus of Toughness

P (kN)

(mm)

(Mpa)

4.725

0.09

37.8

0.00045

9.45

0.18

75.6

0.0009

14.175

0.27

113.4

0.00135

18.9

0.36

151.2

0.0018

19

0.44

152

0.0022

22.65

0.56

181.2

0.0028

20.65

0.64

165.2

0.0032

200

181.2 180
165.2 160
151.2
140

37.8

0.00045

75.6

0.0009

113.4

0.00135

151.2

0.0018

152

0.0022

181.2

0.0028

165.2

0.0032

120

(MPa)

(Mpa)

100

80

60

40

20

0
0

0.0005

0.001

0.0018

0.0015

0.002

(mm/mm)

0.0022

0.0025

0.003

0.0028

0.0032

0.0035

Determine the elongation of the square solid bar

when it is subjected to the axial force of 150 kN. If
this axial force is increased to 250 kN and released,
find the permanent elongation of the bar. The bar is
made of a metal alloy having a stressstrain diagram
which can be approximated as shown.

HOOKES LAW for

SHEAR:
where G: Modulus of
Rigidity (MPa)

within the elastic range, the ratio of

the strains along the lateral and
longitudinal direction of a member
under axial load is constant

=
=

The material constants, E (Modulus of

Elasticity), G (Modulus of Rigidity), and
(Poissons Ratio) is related by the equation:

E
G
2(1 )

A bar made of A-36 steel has dimensions shown in

the figure. If an axial force of 80 kN is applied to the
bar, determine the change in its length and the new
cross-sectional area after applying the load. The
material behaves elastically. (E = 200 GPa and G =
75.7 GPa)

Normal strain components resulting from the stress

components may be determined from superposition

x
y
z

x y z
E

x
E

y z
E

x y
E

z
E

The steel block shown is subjected to a uniform

stress on all of its faces. Knowing that the change
in length of edge AB is -0.03 mm determine (a) the
change in length of the other two edges, (b) the
stress applied on the faces of the block. Assume E
= 120 GPa and = 0.29.

Beer, F.P. et al. (2006). Mechanics of

materials. 6th Ed. SI. McGraw-Hill

Hibbeler, R.C. (2000). Mechanics of

materials. 4th Ed. Prentice Hall

Design considerations
Strength
Serviceability
Economy

If you were the

designer,
would
you let the actual
stresses approach
the stresses the
material
can
handle?

To ensure safety:
Allowable (Actual) Stress < Material Strength
Variability in strength of material
Variability in loadings
Safety reserves a portion of the load-carrying
capacity to assure its safe performance.


= . . =

NOTE: FS > 1
value depends on several factors

FAILURE: state or condition in which a member or

structure no longer functions as intended

Some Types of Failure:

1. Elastic failure: excessive elastic deformation
2. Slip failure: excessive plastic deformation due to slip

3. Creep failure: excessive plastic deformation over a

long period of time

4. Fracture: complete separation of material

Two forces are applied to

the bracket BCD as shown.
Given the ultimate stresses
and factors of safety of the
components of the system,
determine
the
most
economic a) diameter of
steel rod AB, b) diameter of
pin C, c) thickness of
bracket supports at C.
Member

Ultimate Stress

FS

Steel rod AB

Normal stress, 600 Mpa

Pin C

Shearing stress, 350 Mpa

Bracket Supports at C

Bearing stress, 300 MPa

The load W is supported by

two tie rods. The properties
of the tie rods are as follows:
Rod A
12 mm
u = 270 Mpa
FSfrac = 4

Rod B
9 mm
u = 340 Mpa
FSfrac = 4

Determine the maximum safe

load W that can be
supported.

The rigid bar AB shown in the

figure is supported by a steel
rod AC having a diameter of 20
mm and an aluminum block
having a cross-sectional area
of 1800 mm2. The 18-mmdiameter pins at A and C are
subjected to single shear.
Determine the maximum load
P that the system can carry
given the properties of the
materials below.
Member

Ultimate Stress

FS

Steel rod AC

Normal stress, 680 Mpa

Pins A and C

Shearing stress, 900 Mpa

Aluminum block

Normal stress, 105 MPa

Beer, F.P. et al. (2006). Mechanics of

materials. 6th Ed. SI. McGraw-Hill

Hibbeler, R.C. (2000). Mechanics of

materials. 4th Ed. Prentice Hall

Modified True or False. Write true if the statement is

correct. If the statement is false, write a word or group of
words to replace the underlined words to make the
statement true.

1. The region after yielding in which additional

load can be applied is called kissing.
2. In true stress-strain diagram, the stress
decreases after the ultimate since the actual
cross-sectional area is used.
3. Proportional limit is the limit before which
stress no longer proportional to strain, but
still exhibits elastic behavior

Modified True or False. Write true if the statement is

correct. If the statement is false, write a word or group of
words to replace the underlined words to make the
statement true.
4. The area under the whole stress strain diagram is the
modulus of resilience.
5. The slope of the shear stress-shear strain diagram is
called the shear modulus.