‘aay Deak Notes AD 38. Boat ight reserve, Use of his docurent subject tothe tems ar condone o the Steir cence Aaree Ig] aly of Connaried Pas wit Sted Haka Ee AD 238: Bearing capacity of connected parts with slotted holes The SCI recently carried out an experimental investigation with the aim of devising design guidance on the bearing capacity of plates with slotted holes. The conclusion was that plates with slotted holes had a lower bearing capacity than standard clearance holes. Therefore, it is recommended that when ordinary bolts are used and the plate is loaded perpendicular to the direction of the slot the bearing capacity Pbs is reduced by a reduction factor kbs taken as: : 0.7 for short slots (d + 6 mm) : 0.5 for all other lengths up to 3.5d Bearing capacity covers several different possible failure modes, including possible “shear- out” or “tear-out” at the end of the plate as well as actual bearing stresses, but the criterion that is most affected by using slotted holes is the deformation of the connection under service loads. The reduction factors kbs have been determined so that the deformation of the plate at working load is limited to 1.5 mm, which is in line with the current BS 5950-1 recommendations for clearance holes. For slotted holes that are designed to act as part of an expansion joint, it is not sufficient to apply these reduction factors. For an expansion joint to slide freely under load, the bearing stresses and deformations permitted by these recommendations (or the existing BS 5950-1 checks for ordinary holes) will be too high to allow efficient operation. A reduced bearing stress based on the Hertz contact pressure would be more appropriate for such joints. On the other hand, connections with preloaded HSFG bolts are designed not to slip under service loading, so deformation under service loading is not considered in their bearing capacity. Provided that sufficient end distance is available (generally about 3d), much higher bearing capacities are recommended in BS 5950-1 in its check on capacity after slipping into bearing. In such cases the proposed bearing capacity reduction factor for slotted holes need not be applied (though the current reduction factors for HSFG bolts in slotted holes still apply). Based on the tests carried out, the report recommends that the bearing capacity Pos is based on: Pos = kbs dt pbs where d is the bolt diameter t is the plate thickness pbs _is the bearing strength of the plate kbs is a reduction factor Subject to the limits investigated in the tests: - 14D s end distance < 3.0d - edge distance > 1.25D‘aay Deak Notes AD 38. Boat F 2 g & : 5 5 aly of Connaried Pas wit Sted Haka Ee and proposes that the reduction factors be increased to 1.0 when end distance is three times the bolt diameter or greater. In making proposals to the BSI committee for inclusion in an amendment to BS 5950 : Part 1, the recommendations have been reviewed and refined, The scope has been extended to include oversize holes, and the kbs factors have been applied to the current BS 5950-1 capacity, including the effect of end distance. This provides a sliding scale and avoids the need for a sudden increase at an end distance of 3d. In addition, it provides a more robust solution for the small number of cases where the experimentally determined value of kbs would otherwise be less than 0.5. It also provides a simple safe solution to a subsidiary problem not investigated in the tests, the possible effect of slotted holes on shear-out. In summary, the recommendation is to determine Pos using: Pos = kbsdt pbs but Ps < 0.5 kbs @ t pbs where kbs has the value: 1.0 for normal holes 0.7 for short slotted holes or oversize holes 0.5 for long slotted holes up to 3.5d.‘aviary Desk Notes ~AD 236: Bearing Capachy of Comecied Pats wih Slotad Holes 4 3 5 i 3 i Si 10100) sr AD 239: Direct Tension Indicators (load indicating washers) Readers who look at the small print may have read note 12 under Table 1 from AD 226 and wondered what Direct Tension Indicators are. Direct Tension Indicators are specified in BS 7644: 1993: Part 1 for compressive washers and Part 2 for nut face and bolt face washers. The note following Clause 1 of Part 1 reads ‘Compressible washer-type direct tension indicators are also know as load indicating washers’ The requirements of Part 1 generally follow the advice given over many years by Cooper and Turner on the use of their ‘Coronet’ load indicating washers, average indicator gaps being the same but with the possibility of tightening by bolt rotation added. However, this method of tightening is not generally the preferred approach and might require a bolt face washer. Being little used, these washers are not produced as a stock item. Nut face washers and bolt face washers to Part 2 are very similar, the difference being that the hole in the bolt face washer is slightly bigger. Nut face washers are marked with an indented letter ‘M’ on one face and bolt face washers with the letters ‘BM’ Annex A of Part 1 describes the use of these indicators and refers to Figures 2 & 3 for the correct assembly for each method of tightening. These figures are reproduced below. Betore im Ml Betore 7 See 7 Tough sakes Not tace ~ con, [rg Stes asc He rosea I vy 2) Under bl nes itd 21 Under nt ting ve 7 sete setae i + sat face ed cuneate ser K- ate Fig. 2: Bolt tightening by rotation of the nut| Fig. 3: Bom tightening by rotation of the bol (normal method of assembly faterative method of assembly It ehauld he nated that averaae indicator aane are emailer for the cases ehawn in Fiauree 2th)pay of Connased Pas wit Sed Paks Note: See also AD226 ‘aay Deak Nose AD 28. Boarng ewonity sour gens suegpun pu ut os uRuREOp i} oP Sy ful tm‘aviary Desk Noles ~ AD 238: Bourg Gapaciy of Connected Pars wit Sood Hoes documents atjct othe tame and cordon othe Sti isos Agreement hts reserved, Use Ee AD 240: Imposed Load Reduction When Designing Multi-storey Columns A recent question concerned the application of load reduction when designing multi-storey columns. The query came to light because the engineer was using the multi-storey design example at the end of Chapter 2, Sheet 4, in the Stee/ Designers Manual (SDM) 5” Edition and had been told (incorrectly) by his checking engineer that this did not properly apply the load reduction given in Table 2 of BS 6399: Part 1: 1996 Specified loading for building: code of practice for dead and imposed loads. What BS 6399 requires can be illustrated using the simple example in Figure 1 Roof Fifth floor Fourth floor Third floor Column No. 1 Second floor First floor Ground Level SRA SAK Fig. 1: Column in a typical multi-storey building Consider the column between second and third floor levels (marked No 1 in Figure 1). This column carries four floors. According to Table 2, a 30% reduction can be applied to the imposed loadings on all four floors (including the roof) in the design. However, consider also the column at ground level (marked No. 2 in the Figure); it carries six floors and therefore a 40% reduction can be applied to the imposed loads on all six floors carried by this column. As the design of the various columns throughout a multi-storey building proceeds (downwards, from the roof}, the percentage reduction to the imposed loading allowed by Table 2 increases. This means that the design load of a particular column is not simply the load (after reduction) of the column above plus the reduced loading on the floor above; the unreduced load must first be totalled and then the appropriate reduction should be applied. This is the correct way to apply Table 2, and will give a greater reduction than summing reduced loads. This might appear to require a lot of design work, especially for hand calculations, but the mmultietarey decian avamnle (Gheet A) in the GAM chawe that it pan he earried mut eueily hy a‘aay Deak Nose AD 28. Boarng Ee 1, At level 6, for column 1: the column imposed loads (unreduced) for the six floors are given in the third column of the Table as 40.4, 189.2, 152, 152, 152, 152, totalling 837.6 kN. Applying the 40% reduction for 6 floors, gives a value of 502.56 KN, which agrees with the value in the seventh column of the Table. 2. At Level G, for column 2: the column imposed loads (unreduced) for the twelve floors are given in the fourth column of the table as 72.1, 334.9, 269.2 x 10, totally 3099 KN. Applying the 50% reduction for over ten floors, gives a value of 1549.5 kN, which agrees with the value in the eighth column of the Table. Needless to say, the reductions should never be applied to any dead loading ight essved. Use fhe document subject tothe tee and cndons ofthe Stable Lisnce Agreement oprah‘aay Deak Notes AD 38. Boat F 2 g & : 5 5 aly of Connaried Pas wit Sted Haka Ee AD 241: Transverse Reinforcement in Composite Beams Transverse reinforcement in the form of mesh or additional loose bars is required in composite beam design to transfer the longitudinal shear force from the shear connectors into the effective width of the slab. Traditionally, light mesh reinforcement has been used throughout the slab, as a ‘deemed to satisfy’ approach, but design to BS 5950: Part 3 and Eurocode 4 can lead to the requirement for additional reinforcement, particularly within the high shear regions of primary beams. The question often posed to SCI by designers is: what is the effect of light mesh reinforcement on the longitudinal shear resistance, and therefore on the bending resistance of a beam, when this reinforcement is less than that required according to code rules for transverse reinforcement? There are two important aspects to this question: 1, Often, composite beams are not designed to their full bending resistance, Mc, because serviceability limits control the design. If the utilisation factor on bending resistance at the ultimate limit state is given by the factor M/Mc, it may be shown that the longitudinal shear force transferred between the beam and the slab reduces conservatively in proportion to M/Mc. 2, Failure by concrete splitting along the line of the shear connectors is a ‘ductile’ mode of failure, provided the amount of reinforcement is above a certain minimum. In principle, the effective shear resistance of the shear connectors may be ‘down-rated’ according to the amount of transverse reinforcement provided, rather than having to provide sufficient transverse reinforcement to equate to the design resistance of the shear connectors. The minimum amount of transverse reinforcement that is provided should be sufficient to achieve the minimum degree of shear connection for the beam span multiplied by the utilisation factor, M/M- (see below) These observations are based on full-scale composite beam tests at the University of Cambridge in which only light mesh reinforcement was provided in the primary beam tests. In these 9 m span tests, the secondary beam connections also acted as effective transverse ties to control splitting. In design terms, the minimum longitudinal shear force that should be transferred by the concrete splitting mode of failure is conservatively given by: Fae 2 Fa (M/Me) Kran where Fav is the longitudinal shear force per unit length due to the splitting mode of failure, as influenced by the transverse reinforcement that is provided (and any anchorage effect of the steel decking crossing the beams). Fe is the longitudinal shear force per unit length due to the shear connectors, as required for full shear connection, and M/Mé is the utilisation of bending resistance at the ultimate limit state. Knin is the minimum degree of shear connection required for a symmetrical steel section for a beam span, L, in metres (where Knin > (L-6)/10 but Kmin 2 0.4) If this equation is not satisfied, the ratio M/M: should be reduced so that the magnitude of Fa, that is determined from the transverse reinforcement provided equates to the right hand‘aay Deak Notes AD 38. Boat F 2 g & : 5 5 aly of Connaried Pas wit Sted Haka Ee For example, in the case of 10m span beam, Kin = 0.4, and for a typical design M/Mc = 0.8, Therefore, Far should exceed 0.32 Fs, If Far is inadequate, additional reinforcement is required Assuming that full shear connection is based on the compressive resistance of the slab and the beam is subject to 2 point loads, it may be shown that the minimum percentage of reinforcement in the shear plane should be at least 0.2% of the cross-sectional area of the slab (in this case the concrete topping). It follows that A193 mesh would be sufficient as transverse reinforcement. Therefore, in practical design cases, additional bar reinforcement would not be necessary. This simplified approach gives designers a quick and safe way of determining whether a beam designed with a small amount of transverse reinforcement is adequate. If not, a more sophisticated analysis should be performed, based on the partial shear connection principles."airy Desk Nees AD 238 Boatag Capa of Connatied Pas win Sted Aoks| ight essved. Use fhe document subject tothe tee and cndons ofthe Stable Lisnce Agreement i cena Ee AD 242: Varying Depth Beams: BS 5950 : Pt 1 Appendix B3 Recently a question arose concerning the use of Appendix B3 in BS 5950 : Part 1 in checking a beam of varying depth for lateral torsional buckling. On inspection of Appendix B3 this proves more complex than appears at first sight. Consider the following beam subjected to any bending moment arrangement with a maximum value of Ms In order to check for lateral torsional buckling, Appendix B3 clearly states that ps (bending strength) must be determined from the cross section properties at the point where maximum moment occurs in the beam. This may be at the maximum or minimum depth, or some intermediate point, and W, u, v, x and r, must be taken from this point in order to determine ps. Once this has been done, the appropriate value of Sx (plastic modulus about the major axis) must be determined for equation 4.3.7.3, Me=Ss pe In fact, Sx must be taken from the critical cross section in the beam, i.e. where the bending stress (#] has its maximum value. This may not be at the point of maximum moment. To \Z find the critical cross section, the bending stress must be calculated at several locations to find the point of maximum value. When the critical cross section has been located, Ss is determined for this location using the gross section properties at that point. This is what is meant by the sentence in Appendix B3 which states “This value of ps applies throughout the length between adjacent restraints.” It is intended to make this issue clearer in the forthcoming amendment to BS 5950 Part 1 (io ok ‘el depth y a Maximum depth Fig. 1: Beam length L between points of lateral restraint. m=1.0 (see Note 1,Table 18, BS 5950 : Pt 1) > M = mM.=M‘aay Deak Notes AD 38. Boat F 2 g & : 5 5 aly of Connaried Pas wit Sted Haka Ee AD 243: Splices within unrestrained lengths Ideally 2 splice in a compression member, or a laterally unrestrained beam, should be positioned close to a restraint, or, if the member is continuous, at a point of inflexion of the buckled shape. If the splice cannot be located at such a point, it may be possible to achieve the desired effect by adding an additional restraint instead. Nevertheless it is sometimes unavoidable to locate a splice within the unrestrained length of a member, and the purpose here is to explain how to design such splices. The procedures given are based on those expected to be included in the forthcoming amendment to BS 5950: Part 1 The first thing to note is that these design procedures only affect the splice. The member itself is not affected, provided that it has been correctly designed in the first place and that the recommended procedure is used for the splice. De: irements n req The basic requirements are that the splice must be both: © stiff enough to avoid reducing the buckling resistance of the member below that required, and also * strong enough to transmit the forces and moments in the member. Providing a splice that is more flexible than the member itself is considered to be bad practice, because it would be liable to be both uneconomic and potentially unsafe. In any case it would be a complex matter to calculate the buckling resistance of a member in which the splice did not have at least the same stiffness as the member. It is recommended, if possible, to use a splice with cover plates sized to provide adequate stiffness, by making the moment of inertia of the splice material at least as great as that of the member, considering both axes. This is normally relatively easy to achieve by providing at least as much area in the cover plates as in the relevant element of the member cross. section. In a splice connection with end plates it is generally more difficult to achieve the same stiffness as the member. An accurate elastic analysis of the connection should be used to verify that it is at least as stiff as the member. It is likely that relatively thick end plates will be needed. Extended end plates may be required if there is a significant moment. Even where a splice connection is entirely in compression, it is advisable to maintain full continuity of stiffness through the connection to safeguard the robustness of the structure. Whichever type of splice is adopted, preloaded HSFG bolts should be used. In the case of cover-plate splices, they should be designed to prevent slip under ultimate limit state loading, by using a coefficient of 0.9 rather than 1.1 in the formula for slip resistance. An alternative would be to use fitted bolts. The capacity of the splice connection needs to be checked for all the forces and moments in the member at that point. Besides the internal forces and moments derived from equilibrium with the applied loads, allowance must be made for the following ‘second order’ effects, as outlined below: a) moments due to “strut action”; b) moments due to lateral-torsional buckling, and‘aay Deak Notes AD 38. Boat F 2 g & : 5 5 aly of Connaried Pas wit Sted Haka Ee For an explanation of these effects see AD 244. Design procedures: Note: In addition to the procedures that follow, any localised forces and moments resulting from the detailed design of the splice, such as those due to the transfer of shear across the connection, or due to eccentricity between the centroidal axes of the sections either side of the splice, should also be included. 1) Splice for members subjected to compression only: Design forces and moments for the splice: Fespce =F applied force Mrs = (Mav) {a) strut action ~ major axis My = May) (a) strut action - minor axis Include only one of the terms in square brackets - the one with the most onerous effect.] where: M is a strut action moment, obtained from: Ms = Moax sin (180 Ls/Le) (M. should be calculated for major (Msixx) and minor May) axes, using Lee and Ley with the respective values for L:); Le is the distance along the member to the nearest point of inflexion; Le is the effective length (i.e. the distance between points of inflexion); Mra is the maximum internal moment due to strut action, given by: Moos = Pulp 1) eS f is the compressive stress due to axial force; Pe is the compressive strength; By is the design strength; Ss is the plastic modulus of the strut for bending about the axis of buckling 2) Splice for members subjected to major axis moments only. Design moments for the splice: Mas = M applied major axis moment at the splice My: = My {b) lateral-torsional buckling (LTB) where Mn is the additional minor axis moment at a distance J: along the member from the nearest point of inflexion, which is obtained from: Mn = Mymex sin (180 Le/Le) The additional minor-axis moment (an internal “second-order” moment equivalent to the strut action moment in a compression member) in a member subject to major axis moment should be taken as having a maximum value Mynx midway between points of inflexion of the buckled shape (the points between which the effective length L: is measured), given by: Myx = (pyle ~ 1) (Mey/Mex) trex Memax where: Mex and Mz are the major and minor axis moment capacities of the section, for zero‘aay Deak Notes AD 38. Boat aly of Connaried Pas wit Sted Haka Ee Msrwx is the maximum major axis moment in the length Li: between lateral restraints; ma is the equivalent uniform moment factor for lateral-torsional buckling; po is the bending strength for resistance to lateral-torsional buckling, 3) Splice for members subjected to combined axial compression and bending: Design forces and moments for the splice: Fesotee = Fe applied Msoice My + [Mex] + (Mosixs) applied + (a) strut + (c) amplification Mysoice My + [Matyi] + (Myx) + Masays applied + (a) strut + (b) LTB + (c) amplification [include only the more onerous of the strut action terms in square brackets and the more onerous of the two terms in round brackets. where: Maxx and Mays) are strut action moments, see (1); My is the minor axis moment at the splice; My is the additional minor-axis moment due to lateral-torsional buckling, see (2); Messe and Mussye are additional moments due to amplification of Mx and My by F: each at its appropriate distance 4: along the member from the relevant point of inflexion, obtained from: Note: See also AD244 : 2 3 Matson = Masseoe Sin (180 LefLee) 5 Mossy = Mossy Sin (180 LelLer). 5 ke is the effective length for flexural buckling about the major axis; 5 ky is __ the effective length for flexural buckling about the minor axis; © Mesto = My 2 (ex !fe = 9) 5 mM, 5 Medéymm = i bey Ife = = om is the equivalent uniform moment factor for flexural buckling about the i major axis; 5 om is ‘the equivalent uniform moment factor for flexural buckling about the i minor axis; 3 _ WE i ae i aa _ ne : yy i a‘ary Deak Notes AD 238: Boag Capac a copy -l ghtsraarvad, Use ofthis documartis subject tathe tna and condone of the Stel Lcsroe Agreement sr 101300) 1s AD 244: Second order moments The aim in this item is to give a simple explanation of the three types of additional ‘second: order’ moment encountered in AD 243, namely: = moments due to strut action; = moments due to lateral-torsional buckling; = moments due to amplification. Moments due to strut action: It is well known that compression members need to be designed using a compressive strength jc, which is less than the design strength py of the steel. The value of ps depends on the design strength py and the slendemess 4. The formula from which the tables giving p- are derived are based on the fact that the actual stress in a slender compression member is higher than the apparent stress f., and at failure the actual stress at mid-length reaches the design strength py. The strut action moment accounts for the difference between the compression strength p- and the design strength py The strut action moment arises from the eccentricity of the axial force relative to the deformed shape of the member as it buckles. This process is initiated by the naturally occurring imperfections in a real member. The moment varies along the length of a member. It is zero at pinned ends. Its effect on an un-spliced member is covered by using :, but in a spliced member it needs to be accounted for explicitly at the splice, unless this is at a pinned end or a point of contraflexure Moments due to lateral-torsional buckling: By analogy with a compression member, the effects on a beam subject to lateral-torsional buckling resulting in a bending strength pe less than py can be simply represented by an additional moment similar to a strut action moment. The analogy is convenient, but only approximate. This type of additional moment arises from a moment applied about the major axis of the section, but needs to be considered as acting about its minor axis. Like a strut action moment, it varies along the length of the member and is zero at points of contraflexure Moments due to amplification: In a similar way to strut action, the axial force in a member acts at an eccentricity from the deformed shape caused by an applied moment, producing an extra moment. The difference between the applied moment and the final amplified moment is an additional moment due to flexure, which needs to be accounted for in designing a splice within the length of the member. Unlike one due to lateral-torsional buckling, an additional moment due to flexure acts in the same plane as the applied moment causing it. As in the other cases, it varies along the length of the member and is zero at points of contraflexure. Note: In line with the treatment of member buckling adopted in BS 5950 Part1, it is logical to ‘acciime that annivina a maiar avic mament ta an avially Ilnaadad member leade ta anlv ane‘aay Deak Nose AD 28. Boarng Ee additional moment, either My about the minor axis due to lateral-torsional buckling, or else Mnaaxe about the major axis due to amplification, but not both (see (3) in AD 243) Note: See also AD243 ight essved. Use fhe document subject tothe tee and cndons ofthe Stable Lisnce Agreement oprah‘aay Deak Notes AD 38. Boat F 2 g & : 5 5 aly of Connaried Pas wit Sted Haka Ee AD 245: Allowance for Bolt Holes The effect of bolt holes on moment capacity and shear capacity is not as clear in BS 5950: Part 1: 1990 as is the effect on tension capacity or compression resistance, although the basic rules on net and gross areas are intended to apply in all cases. The question has also arisen of the effect of bolt holes at plastic hinge locations. This answer is based on clarifications expected to be included in the forthcoming amendment to the code. Tension: A bar in tension will fail either at its yield strength Y- on its gross cross-sectional area As or in rupture at its ultimate tensile strength Us on its net area Ay at bolt holes. It should also not suffer permanent deformation under service loading. The resulting design criteria are: * yielding A Aa YoYo + rupture: Po Ag Us Ia * deformation: P< Phase An Yel and, allowing for the values of the various y factors, this leads to the code rule: P = Ap in which Ay = KAn but As Al K = Wel ph 11.2 but Kos 12 Py but py SUD Accordingly, no allowance need be made for bolt holes in a tension member unless As < Ao! Ke Compression: Resistance to buckling of a compression member is based on the gross area Ay. The capacity of a cross-section can also be based on A, because reaching the yield strength in compression on the net area cannot lead to necking, as in tension, and strain hardening takes over. Bending moment: The tension flange of a beam is similar to a bar in tension, whereas the compression flange is similar to a compression member. Thus, bolt holes in the tension flange may need to be allowed for. However, the code does not currently describe how this should be done. It is recommended that, as in Eurocode 3, the same rules as for a tension member should be applied to the tension flange itself. Holes in the tension zone of the web need not be allowed for unless there are also holes in the tension flange. If there are bolt holes in the web and the flange at the same point in the length of the member, the rules for a tension member should be applied to the complete tension zone comprising the tension flange plus the tension zone of the web. Shear: Nothing is currently said in the code about the effect of bolt holes on shear, but current good practice is to follow the procedure given in the “Green book”, which covers this issue along with the “block shear” effect. The forthcoming amendment to the code is expected to cover these two items separately. The resistance of a web to shear rupture is, about 70% of its resistance to rupture in tension, whereas its resistance to yielding in shear is about 60% of its resistance to yielding in tension. Accordingly, it is recommended that no allowance be made for the effect of bolt holes on shear canacitv unless 70% of Aum is‘aay Deak Notes AD 38. Boat F 2 g & : 5 5 aly of Connaried Pas wit Sted Haka Ee Tension flange: From the above it can be seen that no allowance need be made for bolt holes in a tension flange provided that An > Ay/Ks. If this is not satisfied, either the bolt holes can be staggered or a reduced moment capacity can be calculated by taking an effective area for the tension flange of Ke An. For a simple but conservative check, the moment capacity can be reduced by multiplying it by the ratio Ke An / As Plastic hinges: In the case of plastic analysis, in the region of a plastic hinge location it is necessary for the tension flange to be able to stretch plastically without any other damage. Punching of bolt holes hardens the steel locally around the holes, making it liable to crack in such circumstances. Accordingly, at plastic hinge locations, and within a length each side equal to the depth of the member: * full size punching of holes is not acceptable. For a plastic hinge to rotate, it is necessary for the flange to yield uniformly over a similar length, rather than just deforming locally at bolt holes. Accordingly at plastic hinge locations: * drilled holes are acceptable - but only if, for the tension flange: Ay > As / Ke This is not currently stated in the code (although it is implied in Eurocode 3) but it is expected to be included in the forthcoming amendment.‘aay Deak Nose AD 28. Boarng ight essved. Use fhe document subject tothe tee and cndons ofthe Stable Lisnce Agreement oprah Ee AD 246: Standards Organisations BSI (Bi th Standards Institution) BSI is an independent body incorporated by Royal Charter. Representative BSI committees, each with an independent chairman and secretariat, are responsible for issuing and maintaining British Standards. BSI is the UK member body of CEN and ISO. Appropriate BSI committees "mirror" the relevant CEN and ISO committees and nominate the UK delegates to them. BSI shares in providing the chairmen and technical secretariats of CEN and ISO committees. All CEN Standards and appropriate ISO Standards are also issued as BS! Standards. The contents of all BS! Standards, including those produced by CEN or ISO, are copyright. The documents of all BSI committees are marked “private circulation” and not to be used for any purpose other than the work of the committee. However, for briefing purposes, committee members may circulate these documents within the organization they represent. Contact information BSI Standards, British Standards House, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL. Tel: 0181 996 9000 Fax: 0181 996 7400 E-mail: info@bsi.org.uk Web-site: www.bsi.org.uk CEN (European Committee for Standardization) CEN is an international association, established under Belgian law by an agreement between 15 national standards bodies. Its aim is to implement standardization on a Europe-wide basis. It now has 19 members, the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. CEN Standards exist in three official versions (English, French and German). Versions in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN Standards are issued in member countries by the national standards body - BSI in the UK Delegates to CEN meetings are experts chosen to represent their national standards organization, which is the committee member. National delegations must always speak as one, but positions must be flexible for the work to result in European standards The members of CEN are also members of ISO. In recent years the so-called "Vienna agreement” has helped avoid duplication of work between CEN and ISO. Many draft standards are now presented for parallel approval by both organizations. Contact information CEN Central Secretariat, Rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels. Belaium‘aay Deak Notes AD 38. Boat F 2 g & : 5 5 aly of Connaried Pas wit Sted Haka Ee Fax: 00 32 2519 68 19 E-mail: infodesk@cenorm.be Web-site: www.cenorm,be ISO (International Standards Organisation) ISO and IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) together form a system for international standardization as a whole. They develop and maintain international standards through technical committees. ISO working languages are English, French and Russian. All ISO Standards are published in English and French (and sometimes in multi-lingual editions including Russian and other languages). These versions are equivalent, and each is regarded as an original-language version. The character of ISO Standards varies. Some are intended for direct adoption as (or in place of) national standards, whilst others are intended as a basis for drafting national standards. Some ISO Standards become British Standards through being adopted as CEN Standards Others are implemented directly as British Standards, but some are not adopted by BSI for various reasons. This can be due to their character, or because the relevant BSI committee does not consider their content to be appropriate, or regards them as irrelevant to the UK. Alternatively there may be an established BSI or CEN Standard, or work in progress in CEN, that is regarded as more relevant. In recent years the so-called "Vienna agreement” has helped avoid duplication of work, and many drafts are now presented for parallel approval by both CEN and ISO Contact information ISO Central Secretariat, 1 Rue de Varambé, Case postale 56, CH-1211 Gendve 20, Switzerland. Tel: 00 41 22 7490111 Fax: 00 41 22 733 34 30 E-mail: central@isocs.iso.ch Web-site: www.iso.ch‘aay Deak Notes AD 38. Boat F 2 g & : 5 5 aly of Connaried Pas wit Sted Haka Ee AD 247: Use of Composite Construction in an Aggressive Environment Composite construction, using hot-rolled steel beams and composite steel deck slabs, is widely used for medium and high rise buildings in the UK. In internal ‘mild’ exposure conditions the G275 galvanising layer on the decking ensures the desired design life can be achieved. Leaving the upper surfaces of the beam top flanges unpainted, so that the shear studs can be ‘through-deck’ welded after laying out the decking, does not present a corrosion risk in these conditions In more aggressive (moderate or severe) environments, protection of the steel decking and steel beams requires further consideration. The following recommendations identify ways in which the steel components may be detailed/specified in order to overcome problems of increased exposure to the underside of the slabs. In some situations, such as car parks, it will also be necessary to take measures to prevent corrosion of the steel components due to water percolating through cracks in the slab. This may be achieved by controlling cracking, or by applying protection to the top surface of the slab, Decking 6275 galvanising (275 g of zinc coating per square metre) is the standard for decking. Although thicker coatings (up to G600) can be applied, decking with this degree of galvanising is difficult to obtain and likely to require a large minimum order. A far better solution than trying to obtain non-standard galvanising may be to specify coated steel or additional paint protection. Such an additional layer of protection has the advantage that it can be regularly inspected and remedial work undertaken. Clearly, manufacturer’s/specialist advice should be sought before specifying a particular product. Beams Through-deck welding of the shear studs is beneficial because it enables continuous sheets of decking to be laid on the steel beams prior to fixing the studs. It also enhances the way in which the decking behaves as transverse reinforcement of the slab. However, in a potentially severe corrosive environment the need to keep the upper surfaces of the beams free from paint (to avoid contamination of the stud welds) is not acceptable. This leaves the designer who wishes to use composite beams and slabs with two options * Use shear connectors that are attached to the beams without the need for welding. A number of connectors that use shot-fired pins are available. © Weld the studs to the beams in the fabrication shop, prior to applying the corrosion protection. ‘An implication of adopting the latter approach is that the decking can no longer be laid in sheets that are continuous over two spans. The sheets must be laid in single spans and butted up to the studs, or have pre-punched holes to allow the decking to be dropped over the studs. Both these approaches have disadvantages * Single span decking is less structurally efficient than when it can be made continuous. © Trying to align holes and studs is easier said than done, and the resistance of the shear studs may be reduced.