Introduction
In determining wave forces on offshore structures the
use of wave theories is considered to be of great value.
No attention is paid in this context to how the waves
have been generated--they are assumed to be nonbreaking swell-waves. For the description of such
waves in the open sea the fifth-order sinusoidal
approximation developed by Skjelbreia and Hendrickson 1 seems to be the most suitable.
Given measurements for the maximum wave height,
the still water depth and the wave period, all other
relevant wave parameters can be computed
approximately. Experimental investigations showed
that the assumptions and simplifications involved in
these computations are justified to a large extent. In a
different approach the maximum wave height Hma x is
obtained by means of probability analysis, i.e., Hma x
is taken from an extreme value distribution with
respect to a certain risk probability which depends on
the importance of the project under consideration. In
this paper, which deals with the applicability of
high order wave theories in general, Hmax will be
assumed to be known.
The fifth-order wave theory is valid only for
relatively deep water and the relative depth is defined
by the ratio between the still water depth, y and the
wave length, L. According to investigations by KbiS
and Le M6haut6, 2 the fifth-order sinusoidal appr0ximation is superior to other wave theories for y/L > 0.25.
In the following, two procedures which provide basic
information for the design of offshore structures are
described and applied to the problem of wave forces
on vertical cylinders.
"1
Z" i u
/
Z
/ /
I
~ux
Figure 1
A~b = ~ x 2 + ~ = 0
(1)
where
t3x - ux
and
~zz = us
(2)
(o
Z(z) e ix
(3)
(4)
[St) = ~ ( x -
ct)
(5)
119
Wave forces on vertical cylinders for design of offshore structures." L. A. Siegerstetter and A. Kleinschroth
where
Bernoulli's equation:
pg
2gL l Ox ]
10~s + g
g c~t
~ Oz ] ]
K 2 = 22(A22 + 22A2)
K 3 = 23(A33 + 22/135)
(6)
h+-~g
~-z
~Ox!
K4 = 24A44
K s = 25A55
Further, the wave profile is given by:
h= -
K} sin(jx)
(13)
~j=l
where
K'I -- 2
(7)
+ g--~+K=0
K~ = 22(B22 + 22B24)
K~ -----23(B33 + 22335)
K~ = 24B44
K~ = 25B35
dh
Oh
Oh
Uz = d-t = O--[+ u~ 3x
(8)
(14)
= 0
(9)
z=0
K" = ! ( 2 2 C 3 + 24C4)
(15)
ux = - c
(16)
j=l
OX
0x
2rt
L
and
Ox
0t
2rt
c
L
(c - ux) z + Uz2 = c 2
2g(K"+ h)
(10)
-Uz
-
ax
(11)
C -- u x
(12)
3=1
120
(17)
j=l
(18)
Wave forces on vertical cylinders for design of offshore structures." L. A. Siegerstetter and A. I(lemscnrotn
and equation (13) that:
Equation (21)
From equation (14):
Ih~ I '~I0 -5
] ~o:~o + A~
Equation (22) I
~o:'~o+A~ I
No
2ny
gr2
(20)
is obtained. Introducing:
= 2n y
L
and
Figure 2
n = 2
we obtain:
H
[n "q- r13B33 "q- nS(B35 + B55)] = 2y
4n2y
(19')
(20')
of a + ef An
f(~, n) ~ f(~o, t/o) + ~-~
and Newton's iterative method, which starts with
initial estimates ~o and no and successively improves
the accuracy of the solution by means of correction
factors A~ and An, i.e. ~o: = ~o + A and no: =
no + An, lead to the following system of equations for
A~ and At/:
dP
p = d---~- =
A~ =
H
2--y-
Ofl~f2
On ~
~f, af2
O~ ~n
(21)
Ofl
si
~'~
(22)
(23)
qT z
L = - ~ tanh(2ny/L)
while the initial value for 2 (or r/0) was chosen to be
0.1 for all runs.
IFigure 3
-I
121
Wave forces on vertical cylinders for design of offshore structures," L. A. Siegerstetter and A. Kleinschroth
Integration over the time-dependent water depth
yields the total force on the cylinder:
y+h
P =
t p dz
(24)
ql
4) =
f p dz
J'o(j~a )
J'~(jTa )
H~),(jc~a) and Dj,, = -2imH~),(jcca) (29
Djo -
sgn(ux)CDpac z x
j2K sin2(jz) x
J
[sinh(jez) cosh(jc~z)/(2j~) + z] +
4)
c ~ Kj cosh(j~z) x
2
jKj sin(j)0 ~
IK lsin(lZ) x
~j=l
l=j+l
[j sinh(j~z) cosh(&z) -
,_.,7 x
m~=o~Smis Sm(JO~r) H~),(j~a ) H'"
m (J~,yj
-h
cos(m0)t e-ira,
constant
(25)
4) = c-c-~_, Kj cosh(j~z) e Ox
(26)
~j=l
e ij a r
ces(m0)l e-zj~,
J
(32)
2fl c ~
.rd --4
0~j=l
ij#t
(27)
m=l
cos 0 - ..._~
(33)
ljKj cosh(j~z) x
mJ
4)(t) = c ~ Kj cosh(jaz)[Jo(j~r) +
(31)
(30)
2n
(28)
Px = a / D(0) cos 0 dO
0
(34)
Wave forces on vertical cylinders for design of offshore structures: L. A. Siegerstetter and A. Kleinschroth
the distribution of forces over the wave period and the
distribution of the maximum force over the pile.
For larger diameters which were also used this
agreement is even better.
4c2p
Px = - -
Ct
K i cosh(jaz)
j=l
(35)
Px =
4c2p 5~ Kj
Px dz = ~
Conclusions
j~l= - 7 sinh(j~y) x
0
16
(36)
Px = 17a j- h2 cos 0 dO
0
where h = (P/?)==r" Analogous to the kinematic
component of the force for the method of superposition
Chakrabarti~ ~ suggests a component which accounts
for the horizontal velocity of the water particles.
It is a function of the Reynolds number and is caused
by the viscosity of the water. However, as this
component is much smaller than the dynamic part of
the force, it can be neglected in almost all cases.
It can be shown that for very small diameters of the
piles, i.e. a/L --+ 0 and thus ~a -- (2n/L)a --+ O, the
method of superposition and the diffraction method
are identical 4. With the diffraction method in general
the component of the force due to the velocity of the
particles can be neglected since for large diameters of
the piles, where the method is best suitable, its
influence is of minor importance.
o j"
\I
,/
I
!
-8
-16
Example
The practical application of the theoretical results
presented above will now be demonstrated for an
example. We shall compute the variation of wave
forces during the time interval of one wave period for a
cylinder with circular cross-section and radius
a = 1.0 m. Furthermore, the distribution of forces
over the submerged cylinder will be determined for the
maximum force.
Given: wave height, H = 5.0 m; water depth,
y = 50.0 m; wave period, T = 10.0 sec the initial
estimate for L obtained from the formula for the linear
wave theory is L ~ 151.30 m. The algorithm described
in the previous section yields the solutions for the fifthorder approximation L = 152.78 m and 2 = 0.1023.
Below the additional input parameters for the method
of superposition and/or the diffraction method are
listed: x = 0.00 m; C O = 0.70; C M = 2.00; p = 0.105
Mp secZ/m 4. A computer routine was used to obtain the
results shown in Figures 4 to 7.
It can be noted that both methods yield almost
identical results with these input parameters for both
IO
t (sc)
Figure 4 Total force on the pile according to the method of
superposition.
, P;
PM; . . . .
, PD
50
3C
w
03
0-5
07
# (Mp/rn)
Figure 5 Distribution of force over the pile w i t h respect to the
w a t e r depth z according to the m e t h o d of superposition
123
Wave forces on vertical cyfinders for design of offshore structures." L. A. Siegerstetter and A. Kleinschroth
16
50
30
IO
[
"E
C~I
O
~t
O-3
p (M p/m)
0-5
0-7
-8
_161
O
IO
t (sec)
Figure 6
method
124
References
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2005
Skjelbreia,L. Engineering Foundation Council on Waves
Research, Berkeley(1959)
Kleinschroth,A. and Siegerstetter, L. A. Mitt. Hydraul.
Gewiisserk. TU Miinchen, No. 18 1975, p 1
Morison,J. R., O'Brien, M. P., Johnson, J. W. and Schaaf,
S. A. Petroleum Trans. AIME 1950, 189, 149
Burkhardt, O. Mitt. Franzius-lnst. Grund- Wasserbau TU
Hannover, No. 30 1968, p 283
Havelock,T. H. Proc. R. Soc. (A) 1940, 175, 409
MacCamy,R. C. and Fuchs, R. A. Tech. Mere. Beach Erosion
Board Corps Eng. No. 69 1954, p 1
Chakrabarti, S. K. Proc. ASCE 1972, 98, (HY 11), 1895
Chakrabarti, S. K. Proc. ASCE 1974, 100 (HY 7), 1073
Chakrabarti, S. K. Proc. ASCE 1973, 99, (HY 8), 1219
Chakrabarti, S. K. and Naftzger, R. A. Proc. ASCE 1974, 100,
(WW 3), 189