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Hydraulic Design
Structural Design
Floor Design
Detailed Drawings
Solved Example

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Proper distribution of water carried by a main canal among the branch

canals depending upon it

Reducing the hydraulic slope (gradient) in a canal (if canal water slope is
greater than the allowable water slope)

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Reducing head on existing structures

Collecting sediments at US of structures (sand strap)

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ac = L * Slope (before)
ab = L * Slope (after)

rise (R) = ac ab
= L {Slope (before) slope (after)}

L = distance between weirs

L = R / (natural slope required slope)

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a) Free- Overfall Weir (Clear-Overfall)

Q = 2/3 Cd B (2g) 0.5 H1.5

DSWL is lower than crest level

Q is independent of DSWL
QH

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b) Submerged Weir

Q = 2/3 Cd B (2g) 0.5 H1.5 + Cd B h1 (2gh2)0.5

DSWL is higher than weir crest

Q H, h1, h2

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I. Hydraulic Design (determination of crest level and

(weir length according to head
II. Structural Design (Empirical Dimensioning check of
(stability

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1- Clear Over fall Weir

Q = 2/3 Cd B (2g) 0.5 H 1.5

2 Submerged Weir
Q = 2/3 Cd B (2g) 0.5 h21.5 + Cd B h1 (2*g*h2) 0.5

3 BroadCrested Weir
Q = 1.71 Cd B H 1.5

4 Fayum Type Weir

Q = 1.65 B H 1.5

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5 Standing Wave Weir

Q = 2.05 B H 1.5

1 The super structure

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A weir on solid rock (impervious foundation) does not need long apron (Floor), but
needs sufficient width b to resist soil stresses.

A weir on pervious soil needs length L to:

a) Cover percolation length,

b) Resist scour from falling water

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1- Measure Q for different heads

2- H1 ----- Q1, v1= Q1 / A
H2 ------Q2, v2. (k determined)
3- H..Hn varies until Hcritical (soil particles begin to move)

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Vcritical = Qcritical / A

vcr

vcr = k Hcr / L = K icr

k = vcr L / Hcr

Soil
Clean gravel
Clean sand
Fine sand + silt
Clay

L = K Hcr / vcr

= Qcr L / A Hcr

K (cm / min)
5000 50
50 0.05
0.05 0.00005
< 0.00005

Type of flow
Turbulent
Turbulent or laminar
Laminar
Always laminar

Permeability : (hydr. Conductivity)

Ability of fluid to move in the soil under certain head (dimensions of velocity)

v=ki
i=H/L
v porosity + arrangement of grains

Seepage or percolation below weirs on previous soils:

a weir may be subject to failure from under seepage

water head will force (push) the water to percolate through the soil voids

if water velocity at D.S. end is not safe (> v critical) then undermining occurs,
i.e. water at exit will carry away soil particles

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v = k I (Darcy,s law)
= k dP / dl = k H / L

In practice: icr = vcr / k

is unknown

Therefore we carry the 2nd experiment

e = voids ratio
e = vv/ vs

e = (1 vs) / vs = (1 / vs) 1

Or 1+e = 1 / vs

or

vs = 1 / (1+e)

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Upward force = H * A
Downward force =
(net weight)
= sp. Gr. Wt. Of soil under water

=(

-1) A L / (1+e)

for stability: H. A. = (
H / L = icr = (

-1) A L / (1 + e)

- 1) / (1 + e)

Safe percolation length

can be determined

L = H / icr

Or L = H / icr (F.S.)

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B
B

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L` = L + 2 t + 2 S1 + 2 S2
L`

LB (design is safe, no possibility of undermining)

L` < LB (design is unsafe, undermining occurs, leads to failure)

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Distance between sheet piles a-a and b-b

d1 + d2

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Water percolation length takes the right path -----safe

Distance between sheet piles a-a & b-b < d1 + d2;

Water percolation length takes a short cut from a to b;
Actual percolation length is smaller than designed
unsafe

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t1 = 0.5 1.0 m
t2 is taken 2.0 m
t3 = t2 / 2

assumed
or

t2 = 0.8 (H)0.5

1m

and l1 is assumed (1-2) H

L2 = is determined according to weir type

(3-8) m

LScour = Cs (Hs) 0.5

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Or
LScour = 0.6 CB (Hs) 0.5

Hs = USHWL DSBL Y c
= Scour head; Yc = critical depth

&

q=Q/B

where B is the weir length; q is the discharge per unit length

L` = l1 + l2 + ls + 2 t2
LB = CB . H

if L` LB no need for sheet pile

If L` < LB unsafe; use sheet pile

Depth of sheet piles = (LB L`) / 2
Sheet pile depth

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HD
h2 = H t1/CB l1 / CB
t2 = t / (m) * Factor of safety
t2 = F.S. [ h2 / (m)] m.; m = 2.2 t/m3
t2 = 1.3. [ h2 / (m)]
then t3 = t2/2

1 m.

t3 = F.S. [ h3 / (m)] m
thickness t3
L3 = CB * h3 = x + t3

then the head h3 which corresponds to floor

then get distance x

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A canal (A) is divided into two branches (i & ii).The discharge of branch (i)=2Q of
branch (ii) at all times. Two weirs have to be constructed at the entrance of each canal
.

Data :- Bed width of canals (i & ii )

= ( 23.0 & 8.0 ) m .

- Flood discharge of canal (A)

- Summer discharge of canal (A) =

105 cum/sec .
45

cum/sec .

- DSHWL in the two canals = ( 11.00 )

- minimum water depth in the two canal branches = 4.0 m .
- Difference between H.W.L & L.W.L in canal(A) = .7 m .
- Submergence in canal (i)
- Bligh coeff. of percolation

=
=

1/3
16

- Bed level is constant in canal (A) and its branches .

- Q = 2 B H1.5
If a Board crested weir is constructed at the entrance of the two branches (i&ii) it is
required to :-

1- Crest level of weirs ( i & ii ) .

2- Length of each weir .
3- HWL in canals (A) .
4- LWL in canal (A) & (i) .
5- Design of weir floor for canal (i) by applying Bligh method..

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QA = Qi + Qii

&

Qi =

2 Qii

QA = 2 Qii + Qii
At flood
QA

= 105

3 Qii

Qii = 35 m3/s

& Qi = 70 m3/s

At summer
QA

= 45

Qii = 15 m3/s

3 Qii
& Qi = 30 m3/s

For branch ( i )

Qmax /Qmin

= (2 B H11.5) / (2 B H21.5)

= H12/H22

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H1/H2 = (Qmax /Qmin )2/3

H1/H2 = 1.527
H1 - H2

&

= (70/30)2/3

H1 = 1.76 H2

.7

(1)

(2)

From (1) & (2)

1.76 H2 - H2

= .7

H2 = .92 m

H1 = 1.62 m
h1/H1 = 1/3

h1 = 1.62/3

1- Crest level of weirs ( i & ii ) = 11 - .54 =

( 10.46 )

2- length of weir (i)

Qmax = 70 = 2 B (1.62)1.5
Qmin = 30 = 2 B (.92)1.5

B = 17 m

B = 17 m

B = 17 m
Length of weir (ii)
Qmax = 35 = 2 B (1.62)1.5

B = 8.5 m

Qmin = 15 = 2 B (.92)1.5

B = 8.5 m

B = 8.5 m

3- HWL in canals (A) = 10.46 + 1.62 = (12.08)

4- LWL in canal (A) = 10.46 + .92 = (11.38)

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h2/H2 = 1/3

& h2 = .92/3 =

.3

LWL in canal (i) = 10.46 + .3 = ( 10.76 )

Design of weir floor for canal (i) by applying Bligh method

BED LEVEL = 10.76 4 = 6.76

HD = 12.08 - 11

= 1.08

HD = 11.38 - 10.76 = .62

HD = 10.46 - 6.76

= 3.7

take

LB = CB * HD

Assume L1 =

HD = 3.7 m

= 16 * 3.7 = 59.2

6m

L2 = 6 m

LS = CS (HS).5
HS = 12.08 - 6.76 - Ycr

CS = .6 CB
&

HS = 4.37

&

LS = 20 m

Assume t2 = 2 m
L\ = 6 + 6 + 20 + 2 * 2 = 36
L\ < LB

unsafe use sheet pile d = (59.2 36) / 2 = 11.6

Use two sheet pile d =7 m & d = 5 m

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h2 = 3.7 - .5/16 6/16- (2*7)/16 = 2.9

t2 = 2.9 * (1.3/1.2)

= 3.1 m

t3 = t2/2

> 1

= 1.6 m

1.6 = 1.3 * h3/1.2

h3 = 1.47

L3 = 16 * 1.47 = X + 2*5 + 1.6

&

X =

11.92 m

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