this is a report on strategy.

Ho wot develop strategy

Strategy (from Greek st?at???a strategia, "art of troop leader; office of genera
l, command, generalship"[1]) is a high level plan to achieve one or more goals u
nder conditions of uncertainty. In the sense of the "art of the general", which
included several subsets of skills including "tactics", siegecraft, logistics et
c., the term came into use in the 6th century C.E. in East Roman terminology, an
d was translated into Western vernacular languages only in the 18th century. Fro
m then until the 20th century, the word "strategy" came to denote "a comprehensi
ve way to try to pursue political ends, including the threat or actual use of fo
rce, in a dialectic of wills" in a military conflict, in which both adversaries
interact.[2]
Strategy is important because the resources available to achieve these goals are
usually limited. Strategy generally involves setting goals, determining actions
to achieve the goals, and mobilizing resources to execute the actions. A strate
gy describes how the ends (goals) will be achieved by the means (resources). Thi
s is generally tasked with determining strategy. Strategy can be intended or can
emerge as a pattern of activity as the organization adapts to its environment o
r competes. It involves activities such as strategic planning and strategic thin
king.[3]
Henry Mintzberg from McGill University defined strategy as "a pattern in a strea
m of decisions" to contrast with a view of strategy as planning,[4] while Max Mc
Keown (2011) argues that "strategy is about shaping the future" and is the human
attempt to get to "desirable ends with available means". Dr. Vladimir Kvint def
ines strategy as "a system of finding, formulating, and developing a doctrine th
at will ensure long-term success if followed faithfully."[5]
Contents [hide]
1
Components of strategy
2
Formulating and implementing strategy
3
Military theory
4
Management theory
5
Strategies in game theory
6
See also
7
Further reading
8
References
9
External links
Components of strategy[edit]
Professor Richard P. Rumelt described strategy as a type of problem solving in 2
011. He wrote that good strategy has an underlying structure he called a kernel.
The kernel has three parts: 1) A diagnosis that defines or explains the nature
of the challenge; 2) A guiding policy for dealing with the challenge; and 3) Coh
erent actions designed to carry out the guiding policy.[6] President Kennedy ill
ustrated these three elements of strategy in his Cuban Missile Crisis Address to
the Nation of 22 October 1962:
Diagnosis: "This Government, as promised, has maintained the closest surveillanc
e of the Soviet military buildup on the island of Cuba. Within the past week, un
mistakable evidence has established the fact that a series of offensive missile
sites are now in preparation on that imprisoned island. The purpose of these bas
es can be none other than to provide a nuclear strike capability against the Wes
tern Hemisphere."
Guiding Policy: "Our unswerving objective, therefore, must be to prevent the use
of these missiles against this or any other country, and to secure their withdr
awal or elimination from the Western Hemisphere."
Action Plans: First among seven numbered steps was the following: "To halt this
offensive buildup a strict quarantine on all offensive military equipment under
shipment to Cuba is being initiated. All ships of any kind bound for Cuba from w

hatever nation or port will, if found to contain cargoes of offensive weapons, b

e turned back." [7]
Rumelt wrote in 2011 that three important aspects of strategy include "premedita
tion, the anticipation of others' behavior, and the purposeful design of coordin
ated actions." He described strategy as solving a design problem, with trade-off
s among various elements that must be arranged, adjusted and coordinated, rather
than a plan or choice.[6]
Formulating and implementing strategy[edit]
Strategy typically involves two major processes: formulation and implementation.
Formulation involves analyzing the environment or situation, making a diagnosis
, and developing guiding policies. It includes such activities as strategic plan
ning and strategic thinking. Implementation refers to the action plans taken to
achieve the goals established by the guiding policy.[3][6]
Bruce Henderson wrote in 1981 that: "Strategy depends upon the ability to forese
e future consequences of present initiatives." He wrote that the basic requireme
nts for strategy development include, among other factors: 1) extensive knowledg
e about the environment, market and competitors; 2) ability to examine this know
ledge as an interactive dynamic system; and 3) the imagination and logic to choo
se between specific alternatives. Henderson wrote that strategy was valuable bec
ause of: "finite resources, uncertainty about an adversary's capability and inte
ntions; the irreversible commitment of resources; necessity of coordinating acti
on over time and distance; uncertainty about control of the initiative; and the
nature of adversaries' mutual perceptions of each other."[8]
Military theory[edit]
Main article: Military strategy
Subordinating the political point of view to the military would be absurd, for i
t is policy that has created war...Policy is the guiding intelligence, and war o
nly the instrument, not vice-versa.
On War by Carl von Clausewitz
In military theory, strategy is "the utilization during both peace and war, of a
ll of the nation's forces, through large scale, long-range planning and developm
ent, to ensure security and victory" (Random House Dictionary).[4]
The father of Western modern strategic study, Carl von Clausewitz, defined milit
ary strategy as "the employment of battles to gain the end of war." B. H. Liddel
l Hart's definition put less emphasis on battles, defining strategy as "the art
of distributing and applying military means to fulfill the ends of policy".[9] H
ence, both gave the pre-eminence to political aims over military goals. U.S. Nav
al War College instructor Andrew Wilson defined strategy as the "process by whic
h political purpose is translated into military action."[10]
Eastern military philosophy dates back much further, with examples such as The A
rt of War by Sun Tzu dated around 500 B.C.[11]
Management theory[edit]
Main article: Strategic management
The essence of formulating competitive strategy is relating a company to its env
ironment.
Michael Porter[12]
Modern business strategy emerged as a field of study and practice in the 1960s;
prior to that time, the words "strategy" and "competition" rarely appeared in th
e most prominent management literature.[13][14] Alfred Chandler wrote in 1962 th
at: "Strategy is the determination of the basic long-term goals of an enterprise
, and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources necessar
y for carrying out these goals."[15] Michael Porter defined strategy in 1980 as

the "...broad formula for how a business is going to compete, what its goals sho
uld be, and what policies will be needed to carry out those goals" and the "...c
ombination of the ends (goals) for which the firm is striving and the means (pol
icies) by which it is seeking to get there."[12]
Henry Mintzberg described five definitions of strategy in 1998:
Strategy as plan
a directed course of action to achieve an intended set of goals
; similar to the strategic planning concept;
Strategy as pattern
a consistent pattern of past behavior, with a strategy reali
zed over time rather than planned or intended. Where the realized pattern was di
fferent from the intent, he referred to the strategy as emergent;
Strategy as position locating brands, products, or companies within the market,
based on the conceptual framework of consumers or other stakeholders; a strategy
determined primarily by factors outside the firm;
Strategy as ploy a specific maneuver intended to outwit a competitor; and
Strategy as perspective
executing strategy based on a "theory of the business" o
r natural extension of the mindset or ideological perspective of the organizatio
n.[16]
Strategies in game theory[edit]
Main article: Strategy (game theory)
In game theory, a strategy refers to the rules that a player uses to choose betw
een the available actionable options. Every player in a non-trivial game has a s
et of possible strategies to use when choosing what moves to make.
A strategy may recursively look ahead and consider what actions can happen in ea
ch contingent state of the game e.g. if the player takes action 1, then that prese
nts the opponent with a certain situation, which might be good or bad, whereas i
f the player takes action 2 then the opponents will be presented with a differen
t situation, and in each case the choices they make will determine their own fut
ure situation.
Strategies in game theory may be random (mixed) or deterministic (pure). Pure st
rategies can be thought of as a special case of mixed strategies, in which only
probabilities 0 or 1 are assigned to actions.
Strategy based games generally require a player to think through a sequence of s
olutions to determine the best way to defeat the opponent.
See also[edit]
Concept Driven Strategy
Odds algorithm (odds strategy)
Strategy game
Strategy pattern
Strategic planning
Strategic management
Strategist
Further reading[edit]
Burgleman, James. Strategy is Destiny (2002) http://www.amazon.com/Strategy-Is-D
estiny-Strategy-Making-Companys/dp/0684855542
Freedman, Lawrence. Strategy: A History (2013) excerpt
Heuser, Beatrice. The Evolution of Strategy (2010) [1]
Kvint, Vladimir. Strategy for the Global Market: Theory and Practical Applicatio
ns (2016) Excerpt from Google Books