Title
Students
Students
Book
FET FIRST
Level 3
FET FIRST
ELECTRICAL Author
SYSTEMS
AND
Level 3
CONSTRUCTION
Author
NQF Level 4
Student's Book
T. Neeuwfan, B. Els
While every effort has been made to ensure the information published in this work is
accurate, the authors, editors, publishers and printers take no responsibility for any
loss or damage suffered by any person as a result of reliance upon the information
contained therein. The publishers respectfully advise readers to obtain professional
advice concerning the content.
Contents
Topic 1: Electrical infrastructure and construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unit 1.2: The ratings on switchgear, transformers, control gear and instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unit 1.3: How alternators can be switched into or out of the grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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12
25
Unit 1.6: Radial and ring feeds and the effects of faulty transmission lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
35
Summative assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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47
53
54
58
65
68
69
Summative assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
77
82
Unit 3.3: The components and equipment list, terrain assessment and marking out the route. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
87
92
Summative assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
97
108
113
Unit 4.4: Inspecting the installation for compliance with statutory requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
114
116
Summative assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
120
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128
129
151
152
154
156
160
161
161
Unit 7.4: Recording data and maintenance scheduling on the three-phase AC system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
162
Summative assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
165
Glossary
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Topic 1
Electrical
infrastructure and
construction
Module 1
Electrical infrastructure
and construction
Overview
At the end of this module, you will be able to:
understand the concepts of high-voltage networks, mediumvoltage networks and low-voltage networks
understand the ratings on switchgear, transformers, control gear
and instruments
understand how alternators can be switched into or out of the
grid
explain with the aid of diagrams the main components of a
coal-fired power station
explain with the aid of diagrams the main components of a
typical small town power grid
explain radial and ring feeds and the effects of faulty
transmission lines (short circuit and open circuit)
list and explain component parts and equipment required to
install medium-voltage overhead networks.
Range: Includes, but is not limited to, knowledge of the layout of
the South African power grid, operating principles of coal-fired
power stations, layout of a typical small town power grid and how
to install and terminate medium-voltage overhead networks.
Units in this module
Unit 1.1: High-, medium- and low-voltage networks
Unit 1.2: The ratings on switchgear, transformers, control gear and
instruments
Unit 1.3: How alternators can be switched into or out of the grid
Unit 1.4: The main components of a coal-fired power station
Unit 1.5: The main components of a small town power grid
Unit 1.6: Radial and ring feeds and the effects of faulty
transmission lines
Unit 1.7: Medium-voltage overhead networks
Introduction
Electric power transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical power
over long distances. A power transmission network connects power
stations to substations located near residential, industrial and
commercial areas. The substations are connected to a distribution
network that delivers electricity to the consumer.
Electric power transmission allows distant energy sources such as coalfired or hydroelectric power stations to be connected to consumers
in population centres. It also allows low-grade fuel resources such as
coal to be exploited that would otherwise be too costly to transport to
generating facilities.
1.
The power generation station
2.
The transmission network starts at the power station
3 and 4. The transmission network ends at the substation where the
distribution network starts
5.
The distribution network ends at the consumer
Voltage networks
The power grid supplies electricity to residential, commercial and
industrial areas throughout the country. It can be divided into three
sections, namely generation, transmission and distribution. Power is
generated at the power stations. It is transmitted over long distances
and then distributed to consumers.
The different sections of the power grid are classed according to
voltage levels. Electric power is generated at a power station at a
different voltage to that used for transmission and distribution.
The reason for this is to minimise power loss between the point of
generation and the delivery point.
Transmission lines have a specific electrical resistance. If the voltage
at which a certain quantity of power is transmitted is increased, the
current decreases by the same amount. Voltage and current are both
4
Classification
Low voltage
Medium voltage
High voltage
Extra high voltage
Ultra high voltage
Three-phase networks
Three-phase networks are used to transmit electricity.
This means that three conductors that have the same
voltage across them with equal currents flowing
through them transmit power from the generation to
the load side. The current through and voltage across
each conductor are displaced from each other by 120
in time. Fig. 1.4 illustrates the superimposed voltages
across (or currents through) each conductor. Each sine
wave is displaced from the next by 120. Three-phase
theory is beyond the scope of this text and will not be
covered any further here. You are, however, strongly
advised to research three-phase electricity
generation and transmission.
360
0
120
240
Switchgear ratings
When a fault occurs in one section of the power grid or when
maintenance needs to be carried out on a section, this section of power
lines must be isolated from other sections. Switchgear is also used to
reroute the flow of power to optimise its use. Switchgear includes the
following:
1. Switches: Switches are used to de-energise sections when
maintenance work needs to be done on a section of power lines.
2. Fuses and circuit breakers: When a fault occurs, fuses or circuit
breakers disconnect the affected power lines from the rest of the
power grid to minimise damage.
Switchgear is
normally located
in a substation.
The function of
a substation is
to connect two
sections of the
transmission
network, for
example the
generation and
the transmission
network or the
transmission and
the distribution network. Power lines enter the substation and connect
to an arrangement of transformers and switchgear. Power lines then
exit the substation. A substation is shown in Fig. 1.5.
Switches, fuses and circuit breakers are rated for a specific area of
application, i.e. they are selected to handle a certain level of voltage
and current. Many other ratings are also considered when selecting
switchgear, including the following:
1. Rated voltage: This is the voltage at which the switchgear is
designed to operate.
2. Busbar circuit ratings: A busbar is a system of electrical
conductors in a generating or receiving station into which power
is fed for distribution. They usually carry large currents and are
therefore rated for the normal operating or rated current but must
also be able to withstand much higher short-circuit currents (fault
currents) for a certain period of time.
3. Rated frequency: This is the frequency at which the switchgear is
designed to operate.
4. Rated power frequency withstand voltage: This is the rms
value of sinusoidal power frequency voltage that the switchgear
can withstand during tests made under set conditions and for a
set time. It is the required withstand voltage of the equipment
between phase and earth and between phases.
5. Rated impulse withstand voltage: This is the maximum voltage
spike that the equipment can withstand.
6. Symmetrical breaking current: This is the rms value of the AC
component of the current in the pole at the time contacts are
separated.
7. Rated short-time current: This is the maximum current the
equipment can handle over a specified short time.
8. Rated peak making current: This is the maximum current the
circuit breaker can handle immediately after closing.
9. Degree of protection: This is the amount of protection that
the enclosure provides for the switchgear inside. This refers to
protection against the entry of water, dust and other foreign
bodies.
10. Also of importance when considering switchgear are the
dimensions of its enclosure, its volume and its
weight.
Transformer ratings
Transformers are devices used to change the
voltage level at which electricity is transmitted.
Step-up transformers increase the voltage level
while step-down transformers decrease the
voltage level.
In the national power grid, transformers step up
the voltage from, for example, 22 kV to 220 kV,
275 kV, 400 kV or 765 kV and feed the electricity
into the transmission network. This voltage is
stepped down at the substations to a voltage
8
Instruments
Various instruments are used in a power grid for many applications,
for example to measure voltage, current and power at different points
in the grid. These instruments include multimeters, voltmeters,
ammeters, voltage or current probes used with an oscilloscope,
wattmeters and varmeters. At the point of power generation, various
instruments are used to measure the speed at which the generator
turns. It is important to highlight that these are not the only types of
instruments that are used in a power grid.
Measuring instruments are also used to monitor a variable. The most
important consideration is whether the instrument is rated to operate
in the complete range of values of the variable being measured. For
example, an instrument that measures a voltage that varies between
0 V and 1 000 V must be able to read values up to and even beyond
1 000 V. The instrument must be rated to operate in the environment in
which it is used and be able to measure all values of voltage, current,
power or speed.
Assessment activity 1.2
1. Name and give a brief description of switchgear ratings.
2. What are the factors to be considered in rating a transformer?
3. What information typically appears on a transformer nameplate?
11
12
Boiler
(furnace)
Transmission
lines
Turbine
Steam
Coal
Water
River
Generator
Condenser
cooling water
Condenser
Transformer
13
12 Deaerator
21 Reheater
13 Feedwater heater
3 Transmission line
14 Conveyor
23 Economiser
4 Step-up transformer
15 Coal hopper
24 Air preheater
5 Generator
16 Coal pulveriser
25 Precipitator
6, 9, 11 Turbines
26 Fan
8 Surface condenser
19 Superheater
20 Fan
Coal
Coal is mined from the earth at mining sites. Coal hoppers crush the
coal into pieces of approximately 50 mm in size. The coal is processed
and then transported to the power station on a conveyor belt. Most of
the power generated in South Africa is from power stations located
near the coal fields.
14
Coal pulveriser
Next, the coal is sent through a pulveriser that crushes the coal to
a fine powder. The fine powder is used as an energy source and is
blasted into the coal furnace or boiler with streams of air.
Boiler
The coal powder that reaches the furnace burns instantly when it
comes into contact with the flames in the furnace. Purified water is
pumped through tubes that form part of the boiler walls. The high
temperatures caused by the burning coal turn the water to steam
under high pressure.
Clayton
feedwater pump
Saturated steam
to superheater
section
Condensate to
feedwater receiver
from receiver
Feedwater
Superheated
steam to process
Mechanical
separator
15
Precipitator
An electrostatic precipitator (ESP), or electrostatic air cleaner, is a
device that removes particles from a flowing gas such as air using
the force of an induced electrostatic charge. See Fig. 1.11. Electrostatic
precipitators are highly efficient filters that use electrostatic forces to
extract solids such as dust and smoke from an air stream. The filter is
designed to impede the flow of gases through the device as little as
possible.
Burning coal produces carbon dioxide (CO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2),
nitrogen oxide (NOx) and fly ash as by-products. These pollutants
need to be removed from the gases before exhausting the gases into
the atmosphere.
The electrostatic precipitator removes the fly ash by electrostatic
attraction to electrostatically charged plates. The plates are brushed
off, the fly ash collected in large hoppers or bins and washed into ash
lagoons. It can then be used to make cement.
Waste gases without
smoke particles
Smoke particles
are attracted to the
collecting plates
Positively charged
collecting plate
Smoke particles
pick up a negative
charge
Negatively charged
metal grid
Waste gases containing
smoke particles
16
Words &
Terms
flue gas path: th
e path
taken by exhaust
fumes.
Steam turbine
Steam turbines are used for the generation of electricity in thermal
power plants. The steam is passed to the turbine a massive shaft
with thousands of propeller blades. The blades are designed to use
the expansion energy from steam jet streams to cause the turbine
shaft to spin. Turbines are expensive to make and require precision
manufacturing and high-quality materials.
Turbines need to be run up to speed slowly to prevent damage.
Additionally, the generation of electricity requires precise speed control
so the turbine is controlled by means of a governor. Uncontrolled
acceleration of the turbine rotor can cause it to run so fast that a
trip is activated. The nozzle valves that control the flow of steam to
the turbine are then closed. If this fails, the turbine may continue
accelerating until it breaks apart.
The turbines used for electric power generation are usually directly
coupled to their generators. The most common speed is 3 000
revolutions per minute (rpm) for 50 Hz systems as used in South
Africa. Fig. 1.12 shows the size of these machines that can deliver as
much as 1 500 000 kW of mechanical energy.
Generator
In electricity generation, an electrical generator is a device that
converts the mechanical kinetic energy from the spinning shaft of the
steam turbine into electrical energy using electromagnetic induction.
The generators must rotate at constant synchronous speeds according
to the frequency of the electric power system. Some sets rotate at
1 500 rpm and have a four-pole generator. Modern generators in
thermal power plants typically produce 500 MW 600 MW of power.
See Fig. 1.13.
Module 1: Electrical infrastructure and construction
17
Condensers
The function of the condenser is to condense exhaust steam from the
steam turbine. The condenser operates on the principle of heat transfer
where the heat in the steam is transferred to the cold water in the tubes
over which the steam is passed. Alternatively, the steam can be inside the
tubes and the cooling water is passed over the tubes. When the steam
loses its heat, it turns into water droplets. These fall to the bottom of the
condenser where water collects and is passed on to the next process.
The cooling water, on the other hand, exits the condenser at a higher
temperature. Fig. 1.14 illustrates the basic operation of a condenser.
Steam in
Cold water in from
cooling tower
Condensers in which the cooling water flows inside tubes and the
steam flows over the tubes are called shell-and-tube heat exchangers.
18