Phase Behavior by EOS

Ministry of Higher Education and
Scientific Research
University of Baghdad
College of Engineering
Petroleum Engineering Department
Prediction of Phase Behavior Using

Multi-Parameters Equation of State
By:
Laith Warid Frhan
(B.Sc.2015)
Supervised by:
Dr. Hussein Ali Baker
A project presented to the college of engineering (department of
petroleum engineering) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of higher diploma in petroleum engineering
2016 A.C
November

(

)

()48
II
We certify that we have read this thesis and as examining committee,

examined the student in its contents and that in our opinion it meets the standard of
thesis for the higher diploma degree of Science in petroleum engineering.
Signature:
Name: Dr. Hussain A. Baker
(Supervisor)
Signature:
Name: Name: Dr. Ghanim M. Farman Al-Zubaidy
(Chairman)
Signature:
Name: Dr. Dorgham Sakban
(Member)
Approved by the college of Engineering, University of Baghdad.

Signature:
Name:
Dean of the Engineering College.
Date:
/
III
Abstract
Phase behavior of any substance is important fundamental to observe
the changing of that substance with pressure and temperature, this behavior
helping us for understanding the behavior of reservoir fluid during production.
Akkas condensate gas field is a development field, therefore the
behavior of this field is unknown for us and for preventing liquid loading problem,
and we should determine critical gas velocity.
Depending on a certain chromatographic analysis, we used PVTsim
(version 20) software to draw phase behavior of Akkas gas field, then we doing
constant volume depletion (CVD) and constant composition expansion (CCE)
experiments during the same program. At last, we calculate critical gas velocity
from certain equations.
Akkas gas field is lean gas condensate reservoir, and the Liquid will
form at (2031.73 psi) and increase even reaching maximum condensate value
(CGR = 1 %) at 1100 psi. critical gas velocity at 1100 psi that represents
maximum CGR equal to 3 ft/sec.
IV
List of Contents
Subject
Page
Abstract
IV
List of Contents
List of Figures
VII
List of Tables
VIII
Nomenclature
IX
1
Chapter One / Introduction

1.1 Overview
1.2 Field under Study
1.3 Aim of Study
1.4 PVTsim Software
5
7
Chapter Two / Literature Review

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Definitions
2.3 Phase Behavior of Pure Substances
2.4 Phase Behavior Binary System
13
2.5 Phase Behavior of Three-Component
15
System
2.6 Phase Behavior of Multi-Component
16
System
V
2.7 Classification of Reservoirs
17
2.8 Classification of Reservoir Fluids
18
2.9 Comparison of The Phase Diagrams
27
Of Reservoir Fluids
28
Chapter Three / Theoretical

Background
3.1 Introduction
28
3.2 Equation of State
28
3.3 Gas Condensate PVT Analysis
33
3.4 Liquid Loading in Gas Well
36
38
Chapter Four / Results And

Discussions
4.1 Introduction
38
4.2 Phase Behavior
39
4.3 Constant Volume Depletion
42
4.4 Constant Mass Expansion
42
4.5 Composition Changes
46
4.6 Calculations of Critical Gas Velocity
48
50
Chapter Five/ Conclusions

5.1 Conclusions
50
5.2 Recommendations
50
VI
References
51
List of Figures
Figure
Page
Figure(1-1) Location Of Akkas Field
Figure(1-2) The Drilled Wells In Akkas Field
Figure(1-3) Geological Formations Of Akkas Gas Field
Figure (1-4) the Enter New Fluid Input Screen
Figure(2-1) P-T Diagram For A Single Component System
Figure(2-2) Vapor Pressure For Hydrocarbon Components
11
Figure(2-3) P-V Diagram For A Pure Component
12
Figure(2-4) P-T Diagram For Binary System
13
Figure(2-5) P-V Diagram for Binary System
14
Figure(2-6) Properties Of Three-Component System
15
Figure(2-7) Phase Diagram For Multi-Component Systems
16
Figure(2-8) Phase Diagram Of Black Oil
20
Figure(2-9) Phase Diagram Of Volatile Oil
21
Figure(2-10) Phase Diagram Of Retrograde Condensate Gas
23
Figure(2-11) Typical Liquid Dropout Curve
24
Figure(2-12) Phase Diagram For A Wet Gas
25
Figure(2-13) Phase Diagram Of Dry Gas
26
VII
Figure(2-14) Relative Positions Of Phases Envelopes
27
Figure(3-1) Schematic Illustration Of The CVD Test
34
Figure(3-2) Schematic Illustration Of The CCE Test
36
Figure(4-1) Phase Behavior By SRK Equation
39
Figure(4-2) Phase Behavior By PR Equation
41
Figure (4-3) Constant Volume Depletion (Liq.Vol. Vs.
43
pressure)
Figure (4-4) Constant Volume Depletion (Produced mole vs.
43
pressure)
Figure (4-5) Constant Volume Depletion (Z factor vs.
44
pressure)
Figure (4-6) Constant Volume Depletion (two phase z-factor
44
vs. pressure)
Figure (4-7) Constant Volume Depletion (viscosity vs.
45
pressure)
Figure (4-8) Constant Mass Depletion (relative volume vs.
45
pressure)
Figure (4-9) Constant Mass Depletion (liquid volume% vs.
46
pressure)
List of Tables
Table
Page
table(4-1) reservoir fluids composition of Akkas field for S1 well
38
table(4-2) properties of phase behavior by SRK equation
40
VIII
table(4-3) properties of phase behavior by PR equation
41
table(4-4) produced well stream (gas phase) as a function of BHP
47
table(4-5) calculations of critical gas velocity
48
Nomenclature
a, b, c
p
Pc
R
T
Tc
Tct
v
Z
Pv
Pb
Pd
Xn
Ln
Pi
API
bbl
BHP
CGR
CMC
CMG
CVD
EOS
Exp.
GOR
ZRA
Vgc
Qgc
SRK
Constants In Various Equations Of State, Dimensionless

Pressure, psi
Critical Pressure, psi
Gas Constant
Absolute Temperature
Critical Temperature
Cricondentherm Temperature of
Molar Volume
Compressibility Factor
Vapor pressure ,psi
bubble point pressure,psi
dew point pressure, psi
nth component
liquid percentage of component,%
Initial pressure, psi
Acentric factor, dimensionless
Equation of state parameter, dimensionless
American Petroleum Institute
Barrel
Bottomhole Pressure, psi
Condensate Gas Ratio
Constant Mass Expansion
Computer Modeling Group
Constant Volume Depletion
Equation of State
Experimental
Gas-Oil Ratio SCF/ STB
Rackett compressibility factor
Critical gas velocity, ft/sec
flow rate gas velocity ,MMSCF/d
Soave-Redlich-Kwong
IX
Chapter One
Introduction
Chapter One: Introduction
1.1 Overview
Phase behavior is a key aspect in understanding the nature and behavior
of reservoir fluids both in relation to their state in the reservoir and the changes
which they experience during various aspects of the production process1.
The manner in which hydrocarbons behave when pressure and
temperature are changed is explained best by a consideration of the behavior of the
individual molecules. Three factors are important to the physical behavior of
molecules2:
Pressure.
Temperature
Intermolecular forces.
The conditions under which these phasessolid, liquid and gas exist are a
matter of considerable practical importance. The testal or the mathematical

determinations of these conditions are conveniently expressed in different types of
diagrams commonly called phase diagrams. One such diagram is called the
pressure-temperature diagram3.
Phase diagrams are useful ways of presenting the behavior of systems.

They are generally plots of pressure versus temperature and show the phases that
exist under these varying conditions1.
Phase behavior plays an important role a variety of reservoir engineering

applications ranging from pressure maintenance to separator design to enhanced oil
recovery (EOR) process4.
1.2 Field under Study

1.2.1 General information
The Akkas gas field is situated in the Al-Anbar Governorate, 25 km
south of Al Qaim city by the Syrian border, as shown in figure (1-1). The akkas
gas field is one of the giant fields in Iraq. It contains around 5.68Tcf (160 Bcm) of
potential reserve of natural gas and 4.55 Tcf (130 Bcm) of proved reserve6.
Figure (1-1) Location of Akkas Field7
The first vertical exploratory well (SA-1) was drilled in this field in 25th
August 1992. The drilling was supposed to reach a depth of 5000 m, but this was
not achieved due to technical difficulties. The drilling operations in this reached a
depth of 4238 m well and it confirmed the presence of natural gas with a flow out
of around 6-8 MMscf/d. In 2001 the development of Saladin gas field was referred
to the Syrian Petroleum Company (SPI), according to the "Combined Cooperation
2
Deal" signed between Iraq and Syria. The company started its operations in the
western region of Iraq in 15th August 2001. The operations consist of horizontal
drilling of 5 new wells, as well as the workover of the previously drilled well (SA1) by drilling it again horizontally7.
The explorations made by the company were ended in mid-2002 after
completing the drilling of the following wells (as shown in figure 2-2)7 :
(a) Work over of (SA-1) well which was completed in April 2002.
(b) Drilling of (SA-2) well which was completed in April 2002.
(c) Drilling of (SA-3) well which was completed in March 2002.
(d) Drilling of (SA-4) well which was completed in March 2002.
(e) Drilling of (SA-5) well which was completed in June 2002.
(f) Drilling of (SA-6) well which was completed in June 2002.
Figure (2-1) the Drilled Wells in Akkas Field5

3
1.2.2 Geological Information7

Akkas gas field consists of three geological formations (as shown in figure
1-3), these are:
(I) Ora Kaista Pirispiki Formation:
This formation is composed of successive layers of Sand Stone, compact Shale
layer of low and medium porosity followed by Dolomite and Limestone layers.
(II) Akkas Formation:
It consists of successive layers of Sand Stone and compact Shale layer of low
porosity.
(III) Khabour Formation:
This formation is also composed of Sand Stone and compact Shale layer of low
porosity.
Figure (1-3) Geological Formations of Akkas Gas Field

4
1.3 Aim of Study

The aim of this study is illustrating the phase behavior of akkas gas
field and knowledge the type of gas presence there. After that, we interest with
studying the analysis of the fluid compositions of this field by doing the tests
related with the condensate gas reservoir that is: constant composition expansion
test (CCE) and constant volume depletion test (CVD). Then, we illustrate how the
composition of Akkas field will change with depletion pressure.at the end, we
calculate the critical gas velocity required for lifting the condensate to avoid liquid
loading problem.
1.4 PVTsim Software

The PVTsim Help system is divided into two parts, Help and Method
documentation. The Help contains a description to how the different modules are
used and help on using specific menu items in PVTsim. The Method
Documentation gives a description of the methods and models used in the different
modules in PVTsim.
This program helps us in these functions:

Fluid management
PVT & regression
Flow assurance
Flash & unit operations
It is also possible to enter a composition of an already characterized

fluid. In the pull-down menu, select <Fluid/Enter new fluid> and the input screen
displayed in Figure (1-4) will appear. In the Fluid Type frame, select
Characterized.
Figure (1-4) the Enter New Fluid Input Screen6

6
Chapter Two
Literature Review
Chapter Two: Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
Petroleum reservoir fluids are multicomponent mixtures consisting
primarily of hydrocarbons. Methane (CH4) is the simplest of all hydrocarbons, and
also the most common component in petroleum reservoir fluids. Because methane
contains one carbon atom, it is often referred to as C1. Similarly, the term C2 is
used for ethane (C2H6), C3 for propane (C3H8), and so on. Hydrocarbons with
seven and more carbon atoms are called C7+ components, and the entity of all C7+
components is called the C7+ fraction8. These hydrocarbons Accumulations may
occur in the gaseous state, the liquid state, the solid State, or in various
combinations of gas, liquid, and solid3.
A phase may be defined as that portion of a system that is

Homogeneous, bounded by a surface and physically separable from other phases
present. Equilibrium phase diagrams offer convenient representations of the ranges
of temperature, pressure, and composition within which various combinations of
phases coexist. Phase behavior plays an important role in a variety of reservoir
engineering applications ranging from pressure maintenance to separator design to
enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes5.
Petroleum reservoirs are broadly classified as oil or gas reservoirs.

These broad classifications are further subdivided depending on3:
The composition of the reservoir hydrocarbon mixture.
Initial reservoir pressure and temperature.
Pressure and temperature of the surface production .
2.2 Definitions1
System: a number of substances within given boundaries under specific
conditions composed of a number of components. Everything within these
boundaries is part of the system and that existing outside of the boundaries are not
part of the system. If anything moves across these boundaries then the system will
have changed.
Components: those pure substances which produce the system under all
conditions. For example, in the context of reservoir engineering, methane, ethane,
carbon dioxide and water are examples of pure components.
Phases: This term describes separate, physically homogenous parts which are
separated by definite boundaries.
Equilibrium: When a system is in equilibrium then no changes take place with
respect to time in the measurable physical properties of the separate phases.
Intensive and extensive properties: physical properties are termed either
intensive or extensive. Intensive properties are independent of the quantity of
material present. For example density, specific volume and compressibility factor
are intensive properties whereas properties such as volume and mass are termed
extensive properties; their values being determined by the total quantity of matter
present.
Temperature: is an indication of the kinetic energy of molecules.
Pressure: is reflecting the frequency of the collision of the molecules on the
walls of its container.
2.3 Phase Behavior of Pure Substance:

The simplest type of hydrocarbon system to consider is that containing
one component. A single-component system is composed entirely of one kind of
atom or molecule. We often use the word pure to describe a single-component
system9. .A phase diagram is a graph of pressure plotted against temperature
showing the conditions under which the various phases of a substance will be
present2. There are two uses of the phase diagram, the first between pressure and
temperature, the other between pressure and volume.
2.3.1 Pressure Temperature diagram1:
It is beneficial to study the behavior of a pure hydrocarbon under varying
pressure and temperature to gain an insight into the behavior of more complex
hydrocarbon systems
Figure (2-1) shows a phase diagram for a single component system. Phase
diagrams are often called pressure-temperature diagrams.
Figure (2-1) Pressure - Temperature Diagram for a Single Component System1
Vapor Pressure Line

The vapor pressure line divides regions where the substance is a liquid, 2, from
regions where it is a gas, 3. Above the line indicates conditions for which a
substance is a liquid, whereas below the line represent conditions of which it is a
gas. Conditions on the line indicate where both liquid and gas phases coexist.
Critical Point
The critical point C. is the limit of the vapor pressure line and defines the critical
temperature, Tc and critical pressure, Pc of the pure substance. For a pure
substance, the critical temperature and critical pressure represent the limiting state
for liquid and gas to coexist. A more general definition of the critical point which
is both applicable to the multi-component as well as single component systems is;
the critical point is the point at which all the intensive properties of the gas and
liquid are equal.
Triple Point
The triple point represents the pressure and temperature at which solid, liquid and
vapor co-exist under equilibrium conditions. Petroleum engineers seldom deal
with hydrocarbons in the solid state, however, more recently solid state issues are a
concern with respect to wax, asphaltenes, and hydrates.
Sublimation-Pressure Line
The extension of the vapor-pressure line below the triple point represents the
conditions which divide the area where solid exists from the area where vapor
exists and is also called the sublimation - pressure line.
Melting Point Line
The melting line divides solid from a liquid. For pure hydrocarbons the melting
10
point generally, increases with pressure so the slope of the line is positive. (Water
is exceptional in that its melting point decreases with pressure).
Vapor pressure (Pv):
A state of equilibrium is eventually reached when the number of molecules leaving
and returning is equal. The molecules in the vapor phase obviously exert a pressure
on the wall of the container and this pressure is defined as the vapor pressure. A
method that is particularly convenient for expressing the vapor pressure of pure
substances as a function of temperature is shown in figure (2-2)9.
Figure (2-2) Vapor Pressures for Hydrocarbon Components.10
11
Now, we can recognize:

p < Pv system is entirely in the vapor phase.
p > Pv system is entirely in the liquid phase.
p =Pv vapor and liquid coexist in equilibrium.
2.3.2 Pressure Volume diagram:8
The pressure-volume diagram of a pure substance is shown in Figure (2-3)
Consider the compressed liquid, Point A, at a temperature below the critical
temperature. The reduction of fluid pressure at constant temperature increases its
volume. As the liquid is relatively incompressible the fluid expansion is small until
the vapor pressure is reached, at Point B, where the first bubble evolves. Further
expansion of the system results in changing the liquid into the vapor phase. For a
pure substance the pressure remains constant and equal to the vapor pressure, a
consequence of the phase rule until the last drop of the liquid vaporizes, Point D.
This point, where the vapor is in equilibrium with an infinitesimal amount of liquid
is called the dew point.
Figure (2-3) Pressure Volume Diagram for a Pure Component8

12
2.4 Phase Behavior of Binary System

Reservoir fluids contain many components but we will first consider a
system containing two components, such a system is called a binary.
2.4.1 Pressure Temperature diagram:1
Compared to the single line representing the vapor pressure curve for pure
substances there is a broad region in which the two phases co-exist. The two-phase
region of the diagram is bounded by the bubble point line and the dew point line,
and the two lines meet at the critical point. Points within a loop represent twophase systems (Figure 2-4).
Figure (2-4) Pressure Temperature Diagram for Binary System1
13
2.4.2 Pressure Volume diagram1

The behavior of a mixture of two components is not as simple as for a pure
substance. Figure (2-5) shows the P-V diagram of a two-component mixture for a
constant temperature system.
Figure (2-5) Pressure-Volume Diagram for Binary System
The isotherm is very similar to the pure component but the pressure
increases as the system pass from the dew point to the bubble point. This is
because the composition of the liquid and vapor changes as it passes through the
two-phase region. At the bubble point, the composition of the liquid is essentially
equal to the composition of the mixture but the infinitesimal amount of gas is
richer in the more volatile component. At the dew point, the composition of vapor
is essentially the mixture composition whereas the infinitesimal amount of liquid is
14
richer in the less volatile component. Breaks in the line are not as sharp as for pure
substances.
2.5 Phase Behavior of Three-Component System9

The phase behavior of mixtures containing three components (ternary
systems) is conveniently represented in a triangular diagram, such as that shown in
Figure (2-6) Such diagrams are based on the property of equilateral triangles that
the sum of the perpendicular distances from any point to each side of the diagram
is a constant and equal to the length on any of the sides. Thus, the composition xi
of the ternary system as represented by point A in the interior of the triangle of
Figure (2-6) is:
Component 1
(2-1)
Component 2
.... (2-2)
Component 3
. (2-3)
Where
LT = L1 + L2 + L3 . (2-4)
Figure (2-6) Properties of the Three-Component Diagram9

15
2.6 Phase Behavior of Multi-Component System1

Using two-component systems we have examined various aspects of
phase behavior. Reservoir fluids contain hundreds of components and therefore are
multicomponent systems. The phase behavior of multicomponent hydrocarbon
systems in the liquid-vapor region, however, is very similar to that of binary
systems however the mathematical and experimental analysis of the phase
behavior is more complex. Figure (2-7) gives a schematic PT & PV diagram for a
reservoir fluid system. Systems which include crude oils also contain appreciable
amounts of relatively non-volatile constituents such that dew points are practically
unattainable.
Figure (2-7) Phase Diagrams for Multicomponent Systems

16
2.7 Classification of Reservoirs

In general, reservoirs are conveniently classified on the basis of the
location of the point representing the initial reservoir pressure pi and temperature T
with respect to the pressure-temperature diagram of the reservoir fluid.
Accordingly, reservoirs can be classified into basically two types. These are3:
Oil reservoirs: if the reservoir temperature T is less than the critical temperature
Tc of the reservoir fluid, the reservoir is classified as an oil reservoir.
Gas reservoirs: if the reservoir temperature is greater than the critical
temperature of the hydrocarbon fluid, the reservoir is considered a gas reservoir.
2.7.1 Oil reservoirs:

Depending on initial reservoir pressure (Pi), oil reservoirs can be
subclassified into the following categories3:
(I) Undersaturated oil: reservoir If the initial reservoir pressure, pi is greater than
the bubble-point pressure, Pb, of the reservoir fluid, the reservoir is an
undersaturated oil reservoir.
(II) Saturated oil reservoir: when the initial reservoir pressure is equal to the
bubble-point pressure of the reservoir fluid the reservoir is a saturated oil reservoir.
(III) Gas-cap reservoir: If the initial reservoir pressure is below the bubble point
pressure of the reservoir fluid, the reservoir is termed a gas-cap or two-phase
reservoir, in which the gas or vapor phase is underlain by an oil phase. The
appropriate quality line gives the ratio of the gas-cap volume to reservoir oil
volume.
17
2.7.2 Gas reservoirs:

In general, if the reservoir temperature is above the critical temperature of
the hydrocarbon system, the reservoir is classified as a natural gas reservoir. On the
basis of their phase diagrams and the prevailing reservoir conditions, natural gases
can be classified into four categories3:
Retrograde gas-condensate.
Wet gas.
Dry gas.
2.8 Classification of Reservoir Fluids2

There are five types of reservoir fluids. These are usually called black oil,
volatile oil, retrograde gas, wet gas and dry gas. The five types of reservoir fluids
have been defined because each requires different approaches by reservoir
engineers and production engineers.
The petroleum engineer should determine the type of the fluid very early
in the life of his reservoir. Fluid type is deciding factor in many of the decision
which must be made regarding the reservoir. The method of fluid sampling, the
types and sizes of surface equipment, the calculation procedure for determining oil
and gas in place, the techniques of predicting oil and gas reserves, the plan of
depletion, and the selection of enhanced recovery method are all dependent on the
type of reservoir fluid
Reservoir fluid type can be confirmed only by observation in the
laboratory. Production information usually will indicate the type of fluid in the
reservoir. Rules of thumb will be given for identification of each of the five fluid
18
types. Three properties are readily available: the initial producing gas-oil ratio, the
gravity of the stock-tank liquid, and the color of the stock-tank liquid.
2.8.1 Black oil

Black oils, or ordinary oils, are the most common type of oil
reserves. The name does not reflect the color, but to distinguish it from the
volatile oil. The oil is generally composed of more than about 20 mole%
heptanes and heavier compounds. Its phase envelope, therefore, is the widest of
all types of reservoir fluids, with its critical temperature well above the
reservoir temperature11. A typical black oil phase diagram is shown in Figure (28). The quality lines are broadly spaced at reservoir conditions with separator
conditions lying on relatively high-quality lines. The above characteristics lead
to a low shrinkage of oil when produced.
The summary characteristics for black oil sometimes termed a heavy oil or
low Shrinkage oil are as follows:
Broad-phase envelope.
A high percentage of liquid.
A high proportion of heavier hydrocarbons.
GOR < 500 SCF/STB.1
2.8.2 Volatile Oil

Volatile oils have many common features with gas condensates, but as
they contain more heavy compounds they behave liquid-like at reservoir
conditions. The phase envelope of a volatile oil is relatively wider than that of a
gas
condensate,
with
a higher
critical
19
temperature
due
to
its larger
concentration of heavy compounds11. A typical volatile oil phase diagram is

shown in Figure (2-9).
The summary characteristics for a volatile sometimes termed heavy oil or
high shrinkage oil when compared to black oils are as follows:
Not so broad phase envelope as black oil
Fewer heavier hydrocarbons
Deep coloured
API < 50
GOR < 8000 SCF/STB
Figure (2-8) Phase Diagram of Black Oil1
20
Figure (2-9) Phase Diagram of Volatile Oil1

2.8.3 Retrograde Condensate Gas
If the reservoir temperature T lies between the critical temperature Tc and
cricondentherm Tct of the reservoir fluid, the reservoir is classified as a retrograde
gas condensate reservoir (as shown in figure 2-10). This category of gas reservoir
is a unique type of hydrocarbon accumulation in that the special thermodynamic
behavior of the reservoir fluid is the controlling factor in the development and the
depletion process of the reservoir. When the pressure is decreased on these
mixtures, instead of expanding (if a gas) or vaporizing (if a liquid) as might be
expected, they vaporize instead of condensing, that belong for the attraction
between the molecules of the light and heavy components causes them to move
farther apart. As this occur3.
21
Condensation and loss of valuable compounds in reservoirs

could be avoided by maintaining the reservoir pressure above the fluid dew
point by gas recycling. In practice, however, this is very seldom carried out
because of a shortage of gas. Partial pressure maintenance is more common
to minimize the losses of condensate, where it is economical to do so. In
recycling operations, intermediate and heavy compounds of the produced
fluid are separated and the remaining lean gas is injected back into the reservoir.
The recycled gas which is predominantly methane, not only reduces the
pressure decline rate but also makes the system leaner. The removal of a
sufficient amount of heavy hydrocarbons from a gas condensate reservoir
may
ideally shift the entire phase diagram farther away from the reservoir
temperature to form a wet gas reservoir. The reservoir can then be produced
by blow down without much loss of valuable liquid. But the lack of complete
displacement and mixing of the recycled gas with the in-situ fluid limits the
success of the above operation. However, the liquid loss by depletion will be
lower after recycling.11
The summary characteristics for a retrograde gas condensate fluid are as follows1:
Contains lighter HCs and fewer heavier HCs than high-shrinkage oil
API up to 60 API.
GOR up to 70,000 SCF/STB.
Stock tank oil is water-white or slightly colored.
22
Figure (2-10) Phase Diagram of Retrograde Condensate Gas1

Figure (2-11) shows a typical liquid shrinkage volume curve for a
relatively rich condensate system. The curve is commonly called the liquid dropout
curve. The maximum liquid dropout (ldo) is 26.5%, which occurs when the
reservoir pressure drops from a dewpoint pressure of 5900 psi to 2800 psi. In most
gas-condensate reservoirs, the condensed liquid volume seldom exceeds more than
1519% of the pore volume. This liquid saturation is not large enough to allow any
liquid flow. It should be recognized, however, that around the well bore, where the
pressure drop is high, enough liquid dropout might accumulate to give a two-phase
flow of gas and retrograde liquid9.
23
Figure (2-11) Typical Liquid Dropout Curve.9
24
2.8.4 Wet gas

A typical phase diagram of a wet gas is shown in Figure (2-12), where the
reservoir temperature is above the cricondentherm of the hydrocarbon mixture.
Because the reservoir temperature exceeds the cricondentherm of the hydrocarbon
system, the reservoir fluid always remains in the vapor phase region as the
reservoir is depleted isothermally
The summary characteristics for wet gas are as follows9:
Condensate liquid > 50 API.
GOR < 100,000 SCF/STB.
Figure (2-12) Phase Diagram for a Wet Gas1
25
2.8.5 dry gas

The phase envelope of the dry gas, which contains a smaller fraction of the
C2-C6 Components, is similar to the wet gas system but with the distinction that the
separator Also lies outside the envelope in the gas region (Figure 2-13).The term
dry indicates therefore that the fluid does not contain enough heavier HCs to form
a liquid at surface conditions.
The summary characteristics for a dry gas are as follows1:
GOR > 100,000 SCF/STB.
Figure (2-13) Phase Diagram of Dry Gas
26
2.9 Comparison of The Phase Diagrams Of Reservoir Fluids 1

Figure (2-14) gives a better indication of the various reservoir types
with respect to a specific pressure and temperature scales. As the
proportion of heavier components in the respective fluids increases the
phase envelope moves to the right.
Figure (2-14) Relative Positions of Phases Envelopes
27
Chapter Three
Theoretical Background
Chapter Three: Theoretical Background
3.1 Introduction
For reservoir engineering purposes the description of the composition is an
important characterization parameter for the determination of a range of physical
parameters important in various reservoir volumetric and flow calculations.
The two compositional characterization approaches used are the
compositional model and the black oil model. The basis of the compositional
model is a multicomponent description in terms of hydrocarbons and the black oil
model is a two component description in terms of produced oil, stock tank oil and
produced gas, solution gas1.
3.2 Equation of State

The majority of PVT calculations carried out for oil and gas mixtures are
based on a cubic equation of state. This type of equations dates back more than 100
years to the famous van der Waals equation (Van Der Waals, 1873). The cubic
equations of the state most commonly used in the petroleum industry today are
very similar to the Van Der Waals equation, but it took almost a century for the
petroleum industry to accept this type of equation as a valuable engineering tool.
The first cubic equation of state to obtain widespread use was the one presented by
Redlich and Kwong in 1949. Soave (1972) and Peng and Robinson (1976 and
1978) further developed this equation in the 1970s. In 1982 Peneloux et al.
presented a volume-shift concept with the purpose of improving liquid density
predictions of the two former equations. The increased use of cubic equations of
state seen over the past 30 years is greatly due to the availability of affordable
computer power that has made it possible, within seconds, to perform millions of
multicomponent phase equilibrium and physical property calculations using an
equation of state as the thermodynamic basis.
28
The most used EOS in studying gas condensate behavior is PR and

SRK; therefore, the present study is concerned with these two equations
to study the phase behavior of Akkas gas field.
3.2.1 The Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) Equation

Soave (1972)13 observed that the pure-component vapor pressures
calculated from the RedlichKwong equation (1949)14 (RK) to be somewhat
inaccurate, therefore, he suggested replacing the term ( ) in the RK equation by a
more general temperature dependent term, (T), giving an equation of state of the
form:
RK equation
P=
.. 3-1)
SRK equation
P=
. (3-2)
Where
a(T) = ac T
. 3-3)
ac = 0.42747
3-4)
b = 0.08664
. (3-5)
.. 3-6)
.3
3-7)
29
Where:
p= pressure, psia
v= molar volume, ft3
R= universal gas constant equals to 10.732
T= absolute temperature, R
Tc and Pc= critical temperature and critical pressure, respectively.
= acentric factor
For any pure component, the constants a and b in Equation (3-2) are found
by imposing the classical van der Waals critical point constraints on Equation (32), and solving the resulting equations, to give:
.. 3-8)
.. 3-9)
Where a and b are the Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) dimensionless pure
component parameters and have the following values:
a = 0.42747 and b = 0.08664.3
3.2.2 Peng-Robinson (PR) Equation

Peng and Robinson (1976)15 conducted a comprehensive study to evaluate
the use of the SRK equation of state (EOS) for predicting the hydrocarbon systems
behavior. Due to the fact that the liquid-phase densities predicted using the SRK
equation are in general too low; therefore, they illustrated the need for an
improvement in the capability of the EOS to predict liquid densities and other fluid
properties, particularly in the vicinity of the near-critical region. Peng and
30
Robinson proposed the following equation of state (PR EOS), as a basis for
creating an improved model:
.. 3-10)
Where
.. 3-11)
.
(3-12)
(3-13)
(3-14)
.3
. (3-15)
Two years later, Peng and Robinson (1978) presented a modification of

Equation (3-15) to be used for > 0.498:
.3
.. (3-16)
3.2.3 Peneloux Volume Correction

Until 1982, the application of the SRK equation was only used in
calculation of phase equilibrium and gas-phase density. Having low predictions of
liquid density, the SRK equation was often applied with external liquid density
correlations. This caused problems, especially, when dealing with near critical
systems because it is hard to distinguish between gas and liquid phase. In 1982,
31
Peneloux et al.16 presented a SRK modification with a volume translation

parameter. The Peneloux equation (SRK-Peneloux) as follow:
. (3-17)
The parameter C is called a volume translation or volume-shift parameter. It is
possible to relate the molar volumes and the b-parameters entering into the SRK
and SRKPeneloux equations as follows:
VPen = VSRK C
.. (3-18)
bPen = bSRK C
.. (3-19)
Where the subindex SRK stands is for SRK equation and Pen for
SRKPeneloux equation.
Where:
.
.. (3-20)
Where ZRA is the Rackett compressibility factor.

.
. (3-21)
It should be noted that the Peneloux volume translation is not only

limited to the SRK equation but also is applicable to the PR equation (Jhaveri and
Youngren, 1988).17 With the Peneloux volume correction, the PR equation
becomes (PRPeneloux) as follows:
.. (3-22)
32
Generally, it is necessary to correct the volume in SRK liquid densities

calculations, whether it is less obvious whether such correction is needed for the
PR equation because the PR equation was developed with more focus on liquid
density predictions.
3.3 Gas Condensate PVT Analyses

The standard experiments for a gas condensate mixture involve (1) constant
volume depletion (CVD) and (2) constant composition expansion (CCE) (or
constant mass expansion (CME)). The two experimental data (CVD and CCE) are
measured with a high-pressure visual cell where the dew point pressure is
calculated visually. The liquid drop out and total volume/pressure behavior is
measured in the CCE experiment, while phase volumes defining condensate
behavior are measured in the CVD experiment together with Z factors and
compositions of the produced gas through C7+.
Gas condensate fluid is investigated primarily using constant volume
depletion (CVD) to simulate reservoir production behavior and constant
composition (mass) expansion (CCE/CME) to obtain the dew point.
3.3.1 Constant Volume Depletion (CVD)

The CVD experiment is designed to provide compositional and
volumetric data for a specific amount of reservoir mixture (gas condensate
producing by pressure depletion at a fixed temperature, often the reservoir
temperature). A CVD is an experiment where the overall compositions vary during
the process. The CVD experiment on a gas condensate system is based on the
assumption that the condensate is immobile. Figure (3-1) shows a schematic of the
33
CVD experiment. The system is brought to its dewpoint which is normally found
from the CCE experiment, after which a series of expansions are conducted by
expelling gas at constant pressure until the cell volume equal to the volume at the
dewpoint. For each stage, the pressure, liquid, and gas volumes are recorded. The
expelled gas is collected and determined it's composition then the new overall
composition is calculated based on material balance. The assumption that the
condensate phase is immobile is only valid if the condensate saturation is below
the critical condensate saturation. Also, the CVD experiment does not take into
account the net accumulation of the gas condensate due to relative permeability
effect.
Figure (3-1) Schematic Illustration of the CVD Test9
The CVD test provides five important laboratory measurements that can
be used in a variety of reservoir engineering predictions18:
34
a) Dewpoint pressure.
b) Composition changes of the gas phase with pressure depletion.
c) Deviation (Compressibility) factor at reservoir pressure and temperature.
d) Recovery of original in-place hydrocarbons at any pressure.
e) Retrograde condensate accumulation that is liquid saturation.
3.3.2 Constant Composition Expansion (CCE)

The constant composition expansion (CCE) (or constant mass
expansion (CME)) experiment is showed in Figure (3-2) for a gas condensate
mixture. This experiment provides information about the dewpoint pressure at the
reservoir temperature and about the relative volumetric amounts of gas and
condensate in the reservoir at various stages of the production time of the
reservoir.19
In this experiment, a fixed amount of a reservoir fluid is put in a closed
cell in which the temperature remains constant, usually at the reservoir
temperature. The experiment is started with a pressure higher than the dewpoint
pressure. The initial mixture volume is recorded. The pressure is then reduced
stepwise by increasing the cell volume while maintaining the temperature and
composition of the mixture constant. At each step, the mixture volume and the cell
pressure are measured. Furthermore, the dewpoint pressure is recorded. For a gas
condensate mixture, the gas phase compressibility factor Z is recorded above the
saturation pressure. Below the dewpoint, the liquid (condensate) volume of a gas
condensate (liquid dropout) is recorded as the percentage of the total volume of the
mixture at the dewpoint.
35
Figure (3-2) Schematic Illustration of the CCE Test9
3.4 Liquid Loading In Gas Wells

Liquid loading in gas wells happens when the gas velocity drops below a
certain gas critical velocity, and the gas can no longer lift the liquids
(hydrocarbon condensate liquid or reservoir water) up to the surface. The liquids
will fall back and accumulate at the bottom of the well, reduce gas production, or
even kill the well19.
There are several models to calculate the gas critical velocity, vgc in ft/s.
One of the most commonly used is Turner (1969) droplet model20:
36
.
.
.. (3-23)
is the surface tension in dynes/cm (g-cm/s2) and densities in lb/ft3
Where
Once the tubing size is known, the tubing cross-sectional area, A, can be
calculated. Further, the gas critical flow rate can be obtained as (Avgc) in ft3/s. By
using gas law, the gas critical flow rate in MMscf/d can be calculated:
.
(3-24)
Where A in ft2, T in R , v in ft/s, p in psi and q in MMscf/d

The constant 3.06 equals to 60 60 24 520/ (14.7 106).
Eq. (3-23) and (3-24) are valid at any given well depth but for convenience, the gas
critical velocity is usually evaluated at the wellhead. It is clear that if there is no
liquid in the wellbore or the gas rate is high enough to lift the liquid upwards, then
liquid loading problem can be prevented or alleviated.
Therefore several approaches can be used to reduce liquid loading in gas
wells8:
Prevent liquids formation in the downhole.
Use smaller tubing.
Lower wellhead pressure.
Use pump or gas lift.
Foam the liquids.
37
Chapter Four
Results and Discussions
Chapter Four: Results And Discussions
4.1 Introduction
A proper analysis and fluid characterization is an essential key for
successful modeling the behavior of gas condensate reservoir. Reservoir
engineering techniques are applied to improve the understanding of the reservoir
performance and fluid properties. This chapter includes the performance of an EOS
using PVTsim software to describe the phase behavior of the reservoir fluid.
We will use the reservoir fluid composition for S1 well of Akkas field
(table 4-1). The initial conditions of this reservoir are 3720 psi and 210 F.
Table 4.1 Shows Reservoir Fluid Composition of Akkas Field for S1 Well6:
Component
Mole %
Co2
2.0683
C1
80.5299
C2
8.9407
C3
3.3636
i-C4
0.3788
n-C4
0.9898
i-C5
0.2924
n-C5
0.3768
n-C6
0.6784
n-C7
0.7881
n-C8
0.6262
n-C9
0.5222
n-C10
0.1409
n-C11
0.3037
38
4.2 Phase Behavior

By using PVTsim software we can get the phase behavior of S1 well of
Akkas gas condensate reservoir. We used two types of the equation of state: SRK
and PR.
4.2.1 Phase Behavior By SRK Equation
The phase behavior of Akkas field by SRK equation illustrate in figure (4-1).
The properties of this figure illustrate in the table (4-2).
From figure (4-1) we can conclude the type of reservoir fluid is lean
condensate gas because initial point remote from critical point.
Figure (4-1) Phase Behavior by SRK Equation
39
Table (4-2) Properties of Phase Behavior By SRK Equation

Property
value
Tc
-59.57 F
Pc
1369.28 psi
cricondentherm
245.63 F
cricondenbar
2702.58 psi
Maximum CGR
0.015
1st saturation pressure
2031.73 psi
2nd saturation pressure
233.38 psi
4.2.2 Phase Behavior By PR Equation

The phase behavior of Akkas field by PR equation illustrate in figure (4-2).
The properties of this figure illustrate in the table (4-3).
To choice the better equation that represents the behavior of our field we
must compare these behaviors with testal data, and the most agreement is chosen
as the best equation for our study.
From figure (4-2) we can conclude the type of reservoir fluid is lean
condensate gas because initial point remote from critical point.
40
Figure (4-2) Phase Behavior by PR Equation

Table (4-3) Properties of Phase Behavior By PR Equation
Property
value
Tc
-48.74 F
Pc
1496.15 psi
cricondentherm
239.27 F
cricondenbar
2575.29 psi
Maximum CGR
0.011
1st saturation pressure
1811.96 psi
2nd saturation pressure
252.47 psi
From above information, Akkas gas field shows a condensate gas behavior
with maximum CGR (0.011 0.015) at a pressure close to 1100 psi.
41
4.3 Constant Volume Depletion (CVD)

Due to the lack of laboratory data, examined CVD depending on
chromatograph analysis of the sample, using PVTsim program got results outlined
in figures (4-3) to (4-7).
Figure (4-3) illustrates the maximum CGR that is close to 1 % at a pressure
close to 1100. And this figure and figure (4-4) illustrate the liquid will form at
2020 psi and below.
Figure (4-5) illustrate changing of z-factor with pressure, the behavior
shows z-factor will decrease even the liquid begins to form that belong to attractive
and repulsive forces.
Figure (4-6) shows two phases z-factor will increase as pressure decrease
this belong to attractive and repulsive forces.
Figure (4-7) Clarifies viscosity decreasing with pressure decreasing, that
belong to the fluid will be less resistant to flow.
4.4 Constant Mass Expansion (CME)

Due to the absence of laboratory data, tested CME calculation on
chromatograph analysis of the sample, using PVTsim program gain results defined
in figures(4-8),(4-9).
42

1.00
0.90
0.80
Liq Vol %
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
Pressure, psia
Series 1
Figure (4-3) Constant Volume Depletion (Liq.Vol. Vs. pressure)

100
90
80
Produced Mole %
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
Pressure, psia
Series 1
Figure (4-4) Constant Volume Depletion (Produced mole vs. pressure)

43

1.000
0.980
Z Factor
0.960
0.940
0.920
0.900
0.880
0.860
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Pressure, psia
Series 1
Figure (4-5) Constant Volume Depletion (Z factor vs. pressure)

0.930
tow phase Z Factor
0.920
0.910
0.900
0.890
0.880
0.870
0.860
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
Pressure, psia
Series 1
Figure (4-6) Constant Volume Depletion (two phase z-factor vs. pressure)
44

0.0650
0.0600
Viscosity, lb/ft hr
0.0550
0.0500
0.0450
0.0400
0.0350
0.0300
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Pressure, psia
Series 1
Figure (4-7) Constant Volume Depletion (viscosity vs. pressure)

4.00
relative Volume %
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Pressure, psia
Series 1
Figure (4-8) Constant Mass Depletion (relative volume vs. pressure)

45
2200

1.20
1.00
liquid Volume %
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
Pressure, psia
Series 1
Figure (4-9) Constant Mass Depletion (liquid volume% vs. pressure)
4.5 Compositional Changes

As the heavier components are dropped out in the reservoir, the
composition of the producing well stream will change significantly during
depletion. Due to the difference in mobility of both gas and condensate
which caused by relative permeability, the composition of the produced
well stream and the composition of mixture near the wellbore will change.
The flowing gas composition in the reservoir becomes lighter during its
way to the wellbore region due to the low pressure at this region. The
heavy components drop out from the gas phase as pressure decrease. The
produced well stream composition varies with the flowing bottomhole
pressure (BHP) and the average reservoir pressure.
46
Table (4-4) shows the composition of produced well stream as a function

of pressure which simulated with the CVD test. The simulation results show that
the mole% of the light component such CO2, C1, and C2 increase as the pressure
decrease while the mole% of the other component(C3+) decrease as
pressure decrease.
Table (4-4) Produced Well Stream (Gas Phase) Mole% as a Function of BHP
Pressure (psia)
Temp (F)
CO2
C1
C2
C3
iC4
nC4
iC5
nC5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10+
Total
1811.957
210
2.068304
80.53006
8.940718
3.363607
0.378801
0.989802
0.292401
0.376801
0.678401
0.788102
0.626201
0.522201
0.444601
100
1800
210
2.0686
80.54791
8.941001
3.362886
0.378622
0.989195
0.292091
0.376341
0.676955
0.785541
0.623331
0.518606
0.43892
100
47
1500
210
2.075208
80.91513
8.951083
3.350547
0.37521
0.977413
0.285808
0.366906
0.646155
0.730231
0.560885
0.440949
0.324474
100
1300
210
2.078712
81.0772
8.960691
3.348462
0.374132
0.973398
0.283294
0.363021
0.631935
0.703508
0.529874
0.402408
0.273361
100
1100
210
2.081311
81.17168
8.971622
3.351151
0.374074
0.972712
0.28233
0.361389
0.623965
0.686806
0.509058
0.375404
0.238499
100
1000
210
2.08219
81.19026
8.977428
3.354494
0.374496
0.973859
0.282568
0.361627
0.622983
0.683229
0.503366
0.366832
0.226665
100
4.6 Calculations Of Critical Gas Velocity

To avoid liquid loading problem, we must fulfil gas velocity
greater than the critical gas velocity that calculated from eq. (3-23) and
eq. (3-24). That illustrating in the table (4-5) with transformations to
flow rate when the production tubing is 3.5in.
The temperature used in these calculation is 670 R. the properties
of fluid that used in this table calculation from empirical equations from
PVTsim software.
Table (4-5) Calculations of Critical Gas Velocity
Pressure
Surf.
Density
Density
Ten.
Vap.
Factor
Liq.
psia
dynes/cm
lb/ft
lb/ft
ft/s
MMscf/d
500
8.4
1.63
0.94
39.04
5.35
0.868361
608.33
7.7
0.93
38.53
4.7
0.93812
716.67
7.03
2.38
0.92
38.03
4.18
0.993601
825
6.39
2.77
0.91
37.55
3.77
1.042937
933.33
5.78
3.17
0.9
37.07
3.41
1.079075
1041.67
5.2
3.58
0.89
36.6
3.11
1.110721
1150
4.66
0.88
36.14
2.84
1.132499
1258.33
4.15
4.43
0.87
35.67
2.6
1.147501
48
Vgc
Qgc
(3.5in)
1366.67
3.67
4.87
0.86
35.21
2.39
1.158957
1475
3.22
5.33
0.85
34.74
2.19
1.159636
1583.33
2.81
5.8
0.85
34.27
2.02
1.148175
1691.67
2.44
6.28
0.84
33.79
1.85
1.136874
1800
2.09
6.78
0.83
33.31
1.7
1.124987
From above calculation we conclude that flow rate required

when liquid forming must be greater than 1.2 MMscf/d to prevent liquid
loading problem.
49
Chapter Five
Conclusions
Chapter Five: Conclusions And Recommendations
5.1 Conclusions
1- Akkas gas field is retrograde condensate gas field, this mean at certain pressure
(first dew point pressure) liquid will form and as pressure decrease, condensate
will increase even reach maximum value of CGR, after that as pressure decrease,
the condensate will decrease even reach (second dew point pressure), the last state
represents complete vapor phase.
2- There is little difference between phase envelope obtained by PR and SRK
equations, this belong to the differences in bases between the two methods. To
choice the best one we should compare these results with experimental data.
3- Liquid phase will form at (2031.73) psi and continues with increasing until
reaches value close to (1100 psi), that state represent maximum CGR, the pervious
results according SRK equation.
4- When reach to first dew point pressure, the produced gas will be lighter as the
pressure decrease that belongs to separating the heavy components to form
condensate phase.
5- Akkas condensate gas field classifies as lean condensate gas field because
maximum CGR consider very small.
Condensate gas reservoir be lean when initial condition remote with critical point
and be rich when initial point close to critical point that belong to hurry liquid
forming.
5.2 Recommendation
Making the pressure more than 2100 psi to avoid accumulation of
condensate, if that not happen, making flow rate from well (S1) greater than 1
MMSCF, if that not happen, we must making gas cycling.
Gas cycling has been applied to prevent or reduce the dropout of
condensate and thus to enhance the recovery of condensate. In this process, the wet
gas is produced and separated into condensate and dry gas upon which the dry gas
is reinjected into the reservoir. This dry gas displaces the wet gas and keeps the
pressure from falling too drastically11.
50
References
1- Reservoir engineering handbook, heriot-watt University, 2010.
2- McCain, W.D. (1990) The properties of petroleum fluids. 2nd edn. Tulsa, OK:
PennWell Books.
3- Ahmed, T.H., PE and Ph.D., T.A. (2010) Reservoir engineering handbook,
fourth edition. 4th edn. Amsterdam: Gulf Professional Publishing.
4- - Ahmed, T. H. : "Comparative Study of Eight Equations of State for
Predicating Hydrocarbon Volumetric Phase Behavior" , SPE 15673, February
1988.
5- PVTsim software /help.
6- Wisam Al-Shalchi, Development of Akkas Gas Field in Iraq, Amman 2008.
7- www.energy-pedia.com
8- Pedersen, K.S., Christensen, P.L. and Shaikh, J.A. (2014) Phase behavior of
petroleum reservoir fluids, Second edition. Boca Raton, FL, United States: CRC
Press.
9- Ahmed, T.H. (2007) Equations of state and PVT analysis: Applications for
improved reservoir modeling. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing Company.
10- Katz, D., et al., Handbook of Natural Gas Engineering. New York:
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1959.
11- Danesh, A., PVT Phase Behaviour of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids,

51
Elsevier science B.V., 1998.

12- Edmister, Byung Ik Le, Applied Hydrocarbon Thermodynamics 2nd Edition,
CRC Press; 2 edition (August 31, 1988)
13- Fancher , G. H. Jr. and Brown, K. E. : "Prediction of pressure gradients for
multiphase flow in tubing", SPE Journal, (March 1963).
14- Duns, H. Jr. and N. C. Ros: "Vertical flow of gas and liquid mixtures in wells",
6th-word petroleum congress, Frankfurt Germany.
15- Aziz, K. Govier, G. W. Fogarasi, M.: "Pressure drop in wells producing oil
and gas", Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, (July- September 1972).
16- Beggs, H.D. and Brill, J.P. : " A study of Two-Phase Flow in inclined Pipes".
JPT, (May 1973).
17- Mukherjee, H. and Brill, J.P. : " Liquid holdup correlations for inclined TwoPhase Flow" . JPT, (May 1983). P. 1003.
18- H. H. Rachford and J. D. Rice: "Procedure for use the electronic digital
computers in calculating flash vaporization hydrocarbon equilibrium", Trans.
AIME, Vol. 195, (1952).
19- C. D. Holland and R. Davison: "simplify flash distillation calculations", Pet.
Refiner, (Mar.1957).
20- B.C. Craft and M.F. Hawkins: "Applied Petroleum Reservoir Engineering",
published in 1962, by Prentice-Hall, lnc.
52

, .
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.

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Ministry of Higher Education and

Prediction of Phase Behavior Using

We certify that we have read this thesis and as examining committee,

Approved by the college of Engineering, University of Baghdad.

Chapter One / Introduction

1.2 Field under Study

1.3 Aim of Study

1.4 PVTsim Software

Chapter Two / Literature Review

2.3 Phase Behavior of Pure Substances

2.4 Phase Behavior Binary System

2.5 Phase Behavior of Three-Component

2.7 Classification of Reservoirs

2.8 Classification of Reservoir Fluids

2.9 Comparison of The Phase Diagrams

Chapter Three / Theoretical

3.2 Equation of State

3.3 Gas Condensate PVT Analysis

3.4 Liquid Loading in Gas Well

Chapter Four / Results And

4.2 Phase Behavior

4.3 Constant Volume Depletion

4.4 Constant Mass Expansion

4.5 Composition Changes

4.6 Calculations of Critical Gas Velocity

Chapter Five/ Conclusions

Figure(1-1) Location Of Akkas Field

Figure(1-2) The Drilled Wells In Akkas Field

Figure(1-3) Geological Formations Of Akkas Gas Field

Figure (1-4) the Enter New Fluid Input Screen

Figure(2-1) P-T Diagram For A Single Component System

Figure(2-2) Vapor Pressure For Hydrocarbon Components

Figure(2-3) P-V Diagram For A Pure Component

Figure(2-4) P-T Diagram For Binary System

Figure(2-5) P-V Diagram for Binary System

Figure(2-6) Properties Of Three-Component System

Figure(2-7) Phase Diagram For Multi-Component Systems

Figure(2-8) Phase Diagram Of Black Oil

Figure(2-9) Phase Diagram Of Volatile Oil

Figure(2-10) Phase Diagram Of Retrograde Condensate Gas

Figure(2-11) Typical Liquid Dropout Curve

Figure(2-12) Phase Diagram For A Wet Gas

Figure(2-13) Phase Diagram Of Dry Gas

Figure(2-14) Relative Positions Of Phases Envelopes

Figure(3-1) Schematic Illustration Of The CVD Test

Figure(3-2) Schematic Illustration Of The CCE Test

Figure(4-1) Phase Behavior By SRK Equation

Figure(4-2) Phase Behavior By PR Equation

Figure (4-3) Constant Volume Depletion (Liq.Vol. Vs.

table(4-1) reservoir fluids composition of Akkas field for S1 well

table(4-2) properties of phase behavior by SRK equation

table(4-3) properties of phase behavior by PR equation

table(4-4) produced well stream (gas phase) as a function of BHP

table(4-5) calculations of critical gas velocity

Constants In Various Equations Of State, Dimensionless

Chapter One: Introduction

matter of considerable practical importance. The testal or the mathematical

Phase diagrams are useful ways of presenting the behavior of systems.

Phase behavior plays an important role a variety of reservoir engineering

Chapter One: Introduction

1.2 Field under Study

Figure (1-1) Location of Akkas Field7

Chapter One: Introduction

Figure (2-1) the Drilled Wells in Akkas Field5