CURSO: ELECTRICIDAD DEL VEHICULO

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GUIA DE TALLER - N3
BATERIAS

FACILITADOR

Daro Fras Serruto

NOMBRE DEL
ESTRUDIANTE
FECHA DE ENTREGA

NOTA:
OBJETIVOS:
Evaluar el estado y el rendimiento de la batera haciendo uso de procedimientos
estandarizados por el fabricante.
INTRODUCCIN:
The procedures and the tests refer to batteries of the following types:
General Service Battery
Maintenance Free Battery and Maintenance Free Accessible Battery
Low Maintenance Battery
Maintenance Battery
Identify the battery before you use any procedure or before you perform any test. Ensure that
the battery type and the battery voltage are known.

CURSO: ELECTRICIDAD DEL VEHICULO

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SEGURIDAD:
1. IMPLEMENTOS DE SEGURIDAD (Obligatorio)

2. PRECAUSIONES DE SEGURIDAD

3. ANALISIS DE TRABAJO SEGURO (ATS)

RIESGO
DESCRIPCIN DEL PELIGRO

FIRMAS

NOMBRES DE INTEGRANTES

CURSO: ELECTRICIDAD DEL VEHICULO

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4. EQUIPOS, HERRAMIENTAS Y MATERIALES:

EQUIPOS
HERRAMIENTAS
DESCRIPCIN
CANTIDAD
DESCRIPCIN
CANTIDAD
Multimetro
Juego de
destornilladores
Cargador de
bateras
Probador de
bateras
(mecnico)
Probador de
bateras
(Electrnico)
Refractomentro

MATERIALES
DESCRIPCIN
CANTIDAD
Baterias en
buen estado
Baterias en
mal estado

CURSO: ELECTRICIDAD DEL VEHICULO

ACTIVIDAD 1

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TEMPERATURA DE OPERACIN DE BATERIAS

Recomendaciones de Temperatura de Operacin:

The normal or ideal operating temperature range for batteries is 20 to 25C (68 to 77 F). The maximum
temperature of operation for batteries is 52 C (125 F). Battery life is cut in half for every 9.4 C (48.9 F) of
ambient temperature that is above 25 C (77 F). This equation is valid for any of the following types of
batteries that are lead acid: sealed, accessible, gelled, and industrial. The temperature of the battery should
not exceed 52 C (125 F) during normal operation. When the battery is exposed to extreme heat, electrolyte
is converted into hydrogen and oxygen gases. The result is a loss in performance, shorter service life, and the
potential for an explosion.
Batteries that are used in cool or moderate conditions can last between two and three times longer than
batteries used in hot climates. In colder climates, the duration of battery life is between 48 and 54 months. In
warmer locations, the duration of standard battery life is 18 months to 23 months. This data is based on normal
usage. Normal usage includes a good charge and a good condition of discharge.
Note: This data is based on no water additions and usage of flat voltage regulator on charging voltage. Water
additions and usage of temperature compensation of the charging voltage will prolong life of batteries.
Usando la informacin, responda las siguiente spreguntas:
Cul es la temperatura de operacin normal para
bateras de Equipo Pesado?
Cual es la mxima temperatura de trabajo
aceptable para bateras de Equipo Pesado?
Si la vida de una batera es de 24 meses y es puesta
en operacin a una temperatura ambiente de
34.40C, entonces su vida se acortar en:
Cuantos grados centgrados no debe superar una
Bateria usada en una operacin normal?
A condiciones ideales, la duracin de una batera en
climas frios es de:
A condiciones ideales, la duracin de una batera en
climas calidos es de:

CURSO: ELECTRICIDAD DEL VEHICULO

ACTIVIDAD 2

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IDENTIFICACION DE COMPONENTES DE LA BATERIA

Utilice el modulo de batera desmontada para realizar esta actividad. Complete el nombre del componente e
indique la funcin que cumple.
NOMBRE

10

11

FUNCIN

CURSO: ELECTRICIDAD DEL VEHICULO

ACTIVIDAD 3

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MANIPULACIN DE ACIDO DE BATERIAS

SEGURIDAD:
Note: When working with acid or when adding electrolyte to a battery, wear a face shield and protective
clothing to prevent contact with the battery electrolyte. If an accident occurs, use the following antidotes:
o

Eyes: If electrolyte is splashed into the eyes, proceed with the following steps:
Force the eyes open. Flood the eyes with cool, clean water for at least 15 minutes.
Seek immediate medical attention.
Internal: If electrolyte is consumed, proceed with the following steps:
Immediately drink large quantities of water or milk.
After you drink the milk or the water, drink one of the following liquids:
Milk of magnesia
Beaten eggs
Vegetable oil
Seek immediate medical attention.
External: If electrolyte burns the skin, proceed with the following steps:
Immediately flush the burned area with water.
Seek immediate medical attention.

Identifique un equipo para lavado de ojos y describa el proceidimiento adecuado de uso

Procedimiento
Imagenes
Paso 1:
Paso 2:

CURSO: ELECTRICIDAD DEL VEHICULO

ACTIVIDAD 4

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INSPECCION VISUAL

INSPECCION VISUAL:
There is no external visible damage in the area of the leak.
If the battery is eroded in areas that were in contact with the hold-downs, then replace the battery.
If the battery terminal is damaged, then replace the battery
Realice la inspeccin visual de la bateria y complete la tabla:
NSPECCIN
IMAGEN

Does battery leak or has broken

case or cover?

Is external damage visible

adjacent to leak source?

Is battery terminal
damaged?

CONCLUSION

CURSO: ELECTRICIDAD DEL VEHICULO

ACTIVIDAD 5

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MANTENIMIENTO DE BATERIAS

Limpieza de la Carcasa de la Bateria:

To prevent a leakage path (a type of short circuit), clean the top surface of the battery and the terminal posts
of the battery. A leakage path can cause electrical components and systems to appear as functioning even
though the disconnect switch (if equipped) is in the OFF position. A battery can be slippery and difficult to
maneuver if an acid film exists. An acid film can corrode the battery posts and the cable connections.
Batteries can be cleaned with one of the following solutions:
Baking Soda - Combine 0.1 kg (0.2 lb) of baking soda with 1 L (1.1 qt) of clean water.
Ammonia - Combine 0.1 kg (0.2 lb) of ammonia soda with 1 L (1.1 qt) of clean water.
Remove the cleaning solution from the battery and neutralize the battery by rinsing the battery with clean
water.
Elabore la mezcla segn indica el procedimiento y limpie la carcasa de la batera. Adjunte imgenes del
proceimiento de limpieza.
Procedimiento
Imagenes

Limpieza de los bornes de la bateria

The battery terminal posts may be corroded. If the battery post has a nonconductive coating, you cannot clean
the terminal with a cleaning solution or with a cleaning brush.
Use a fine grit sandpaper to remove the nonconductive coating if the terminal posts are corroded.
Limpie los bornes negattivo y positivo de la batera. Adjunte imgenes del proceimiento de limpieza.
Procedimiento
Imagenes

CURSO: ELECTRICIDAD DEL VEHICULO

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Inspeccin del nivel del Electrolito.

Maintenance/low antimony batteries, low maintenance/hybrid batteries, and maintenance free accesible
batteries require the addition of water. Maintain fluid levels to prevent battery dry out and maximize battery
useful/service life.
Inspect fluid levels every 1000 hours. In warmer climates, check more frequently, such as every 500 hours.
Fluid level should be maintained at 5 mm (0.20 inch) to 7 mm (0.28 inch) below the bottom of the cell
inspection hole. Plates/grids are not to be exposed. Add de-ionized water or mineral free water when
needed.
Battery types should never be mixed on a machine. If the battery types are mixed, some batteries may be
overcharged and some batteries may not be charged completely. If one battery needs to be replaced, all the
batteries should be replaced.
Responda las siguiente spreguntas:
Qu fluido se debe agregarce para bateras de
estndar y de bajo mantenimiento?
Cual es el intervalo adecuado para ispeccionar el
nivel de eletrolito de la batera en climas normales?
Cual es el intervalo adecuado para ispeccionar el
nivel de eletrolito de la batera en climas calidos?

Es recomenable instalar bateras de diferentes tipos

en el mismo equipo? Responda con Si o No y por
que.

Ispecciones el nivel de electrolito en una batera convencional. Revise el nivel en todas las celdas. Anote
los resultados a continuacin.
Procedimiento
Imagenes

CURSO: ELECTRICIDAD DEL VEHICULO

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Evaluacin de ajuste de cables de bornes de Bateria

Terminal connections must be tightened according to the drawing specifications of the terminal.
Ispecciones el estado del ajuste de los cables de los bornes de las bateras. Adjunte imgenes de la
evaluacin de los bornes positivo y negativo.
Procedimiento
Imagenes

Inspeccin de sistema de sujecin de la batera.

Batteries should be solidly mounted to a carrier that is attached in a robust manner to the machine. The design
of the hold-down device shall be sufficiently strong to retain the battery weight as well as any vibration or
dynamic forces generated by the off-road machine. Hold-down devices shall distribute the retention forc
uniformly over the perimeter of the battery and avoid stress concentrations in the battery case, hold-down
device, or battery carrier. Hold-down hardware should fit properly and must be torqued.
Torque hardware 6.8 +/- 1.4 Nm
Ispecciones en estado del sistema de sujecin de las bateras de la motoniveladora 16M. Verifique el
torque de ajuste segn la especificacin.
Procedimiento
Imagenes

CURSO: ELECTRICIDAD DEL VEHICULO

ACTIVIDAD 6

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ALMACENAMIENTO DE BATERIAS

Almacenamiento de bateras en almacen:

o

Keep battery inventory at a minimum and always rotate stock using the FIFO (First In, First Out) method.
As batteries age, they become discharged. Utilizing FIFO will prevent battery decay from por stock
rotation.
When the 12V battery is new, will measure 12.65 V or more. With long periods of storage, this charge
voltage drops (quicker in hot weather, slower in cold). If stock rotation is poor, every 90 days, measure
battery OCV. If below 12.45 V provide boost charge. ALWAYS TEST BATTERIES BEFORE INSTALLATION,
AND CHARGE IF NECESSARY.If batteries are stored until they are older than 18 months or until the voltage
drops below 12.0 V, they should not be sold as a new battery since performance and service life will be
reduced. You must know when the batteries were received which is when the shelf life begins. Refer to
"Identification of Battery Manufacturing, Shipping, and Final Charge Dates" for additional information.
Never stack batteries directly on top of each other unless the batteries are in cartons or on shipping pallets
protected by corrugated packaging. Do not stack batteries more than two high (three high if automotive
type batteries). Batteries must be in either cartons or have protected corrugated packaging placed
between each stacked layer.
Storage temperature is critical for batteries to maximize battery life. Batteries should be stored in a cool,
dry area in an upright position. Batteries should be stored in the coolest, but not freezing, location
possible. In hot climates, battery voltage will drop at a quicker rate. Batteries stored in a high-rise must
never be stored above the second rack or exposed to sunlight. Heat will discharge batteries quickly and
batteries must be kept away from ceiling heat.
Here is an example of battery discharge rate, base on heat:
Discharge Rate:
Three percent per month at 21 C (70 F)
Six percent per month at 32 C (90 F)
Add 3 percent for every 11 C or 20 F

Usando el procedimiento descrito responda lo siguiente:

Describa un ejemplo del modelo FIFO
Que se debe hacer si la batera se almacena
durante 3 meses sin usar.
Si el Valor de OCV de una batera almacenada llega
a 12.45 que debe hacer.
Indique el tiempo en meses y el valor de voltaje
para que una batera sea considerada como usada
inclusive si se ha almacenado sin usarla.
Si pretende almacenar bateras una encima de otra
que consideracin debe de tomar
En que casos es posible almacenar 3 baterias una
encima de otra.
Que consideraciones debe tomar en cuenta
respecto a las condiciones del ambiente en donde
pretende almacenar las bateras.

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Indique el porcentaje de carga que se pierde por

mes en una batera que esta almacenada a una
temperatura ambiente de 210C.
Indique el porcentaje de carga que se pierde por
mes en una batera que esta almacenada a una
temperatura ambiente de 440C.

Almacenamiento de bateras en Maquina:

o
o

If machine storage is extended to longer than 30 days (extended storage). Every 90 days, measure battery OCV. If
below12.45 V, provide a boost charge.
The disconnect switch and key switch must be turned off and cab door closed when the vehicle is not in use. Not
utilizing the switch and leaving the door open or any part of the electrical system on may discharge the battery.
Batteries older than 18 months or below 12.00 OCV are not to be recharged and used in prime product. Performance
and service life are severely reduced.

Usando el procedimiento descrito responda lo siguiente:

Que consideraciones debe de tomar en cuenta si un
equipo estar sin usar por al menos 90 das.
Conectado

Muestre una imagen del Key Switch en la posicin

conectado y desconectado

Desconectado

CURSO: ELECTRICIDAD DEL VEHICULO

ACTIVIDAD 7

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EVALUACION DE RENDIMIENTO DE LA BATERIA

Medicion del Voltaje de Circuito Abierto (OCV)

Using the Digital Multimeter, measure battery OCV. If OCV is less than 12.45 V provide boost charge.
Batteries should not be allowed to discharge below 12.00 V. The performance and service life are
severely reduced.
Note: The disconnect switch and key switch must be turned off and cab door closed when the
vehicle is not in use. Not utilizing the switch and leaving the door open or any part of the electrical
system on may discharge the battery.
Usando el procedimiento descrito mida el OCV de la bateria
Especificaciones
Imagen del Resultado
Conclusin

Battery

Min
Voltage

12Volt

12.45V

8Volt

8.27V

6Volt

6.2V

Si el OCV es que el voltaje de la tabla use el paso A

Si el OCV es < que el voltaje de la tabla use el paso B

Paso A: Procedimiento de Test de Carga:

Use The Battery Load Tester for 6, 8 V and 12 V
o Visually inspect the battery for obvious damage. Do not test battery if posts are loose, case
is cracked or fluid level in cells is below the top of the plates. Do not test a frozen battery.
o Be sure that the load adjustment knob is turned fully counterclockwise to be sure that the
load is off.
o Connect red clamp to the positive battery post and black clamp to negative battery post.
Rock clamps to be sure of good electrical connections.
o Adjust load to one half CCA rating of battery for 15 seconds (for CCA ratings see Batteries
Datasheet).
o With load on read and record the voltage.
o Turn load adjustment knob fully counterclockwise and remove battery clips.
o Battery passed load test, if OCV is less than or equal to the minimum Voltage in Table.

Failed load test, if the OCV is less than the minimum Voltage in Table.

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Failed load test, if the OCV is less than the minimum Voltage in Table and if the OCV is less
than 12.00 V.

Paso B: Procedimiento de Carga de la Bateria:

o Preparing The Battery: Clean the battery case and the battery terminal posts.
o Preparing The Battery Charger
o DO NOT attempt to charge more than one battery at a time.
o Before you connect the charger to the battery, ensure that the charger is in the OFF
position.
o Charging The Battery
o Follow these guidelines for charging the battery:
o DO NOT touch the charger leads or disconnect the charger leads while the charger is turned
ON.
Note: For a 12 V battery, do not exceed a terminal voltage of 16 V. However, the terminal
voltage may exceed 16 V ONLY for the first 15 minutes while the battery is beginning to accept a
charge. Overcharging may occur even if the charging voltage is under 16 V. Overcharging is
indicated by the following symptoms:
The battery becomes warm.
A smell of acid is present.
The battery emits smoke or the battery emits a dense vapor.
If any of these symptoms occur, reduce the charging rate to eliminate the overcharging.
Complete the charging at the LOWER charging rate. Use the charging voltage that is
recommended. If the recommended current is NOT exceeded, the initial charging voltage can be
equal to the capacity of the charger.
Use the following procedure to charge the battery:
o Connect the charger RED positive (+) lead to the battery's positive (+) terminal post and
connect the charger BLACK negative (-) lead to the battery's negative (-) terminal post.
o Adjust the battery charger to the correct voltage.
o Turn the battery charger ON.
If the charger is set at the highest voltage and the battery does not begin to accept the
recommended 50 percent minimum charging current within the first 15 minutes, replace the
battery.
Use the instructions and tables below to determine the proper charge rate and duration.

o
o

Use a digital voltmeter to measure the battery OCV.

Based off the battery OCV, determine the battery charge duration.

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The charging rates and charging times in Table will bring a battery to approximately 70
percent of a full charge. If a 100 percent state of charge is required to return the battery to
service, use the following procedure:
Charge the battery at the rate from the table to bring the battery to approximately
70 percent of a full charge.
Charge the battery at half of the same rate. Use the same amount of time that was
used to bring the battery to approximately 70 percent of a full charge.
For example, charging is needed for a battery with a rating of 100 ampere hours. The battery
has a voltage that is less than 12 V.
To reach 70 percent of the full charge, charge the battery at 20 A for 4 hours.
Alternatively, charge the battery at 10 A for 8 hours.
To reach a charge of 100 percent, charge the battery at 10 A for an extra 4 hours.
Alternatively, charge the battery at 5 A for an extra 8 hours.
Note: Since the amperes that are needed for charging will usually change with time,
periodically check the amperage. Adjust the amperage, if necessary. Stay near the
recommended rate. If the battery becomes warm or a smell of acid becomes noticeable,
reduce the charging rate.
Usando el procedimiento descrito cargue de la
batera asignada en el taller
Especificaciones
Resultado
Charge Rate (Amperios)
Charge Time (horas)

CURSO: ELECTRICIDAD DEL VEHICULO

DIAGRAMA DE FLUJO DE EVALUACION DE BATERIAS

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CURSO: ELECTRICIDAD DEL VEHICULO

OBSERVACIONES:

RECOMENCADIONES:

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