NetworkModel

IntroductiontoBasicsof
CommunicationProtocol
ProfPallapa.Venkataram

DepartmentofElectricalCommunicationEngineering
IndianInstituteofScience
Bangalore560012,India

PhysicalCommunicationModel

Source

Transmitter

Transmission
System

Receiver

Destination

Communication
Itisanytransmission,emission,orreceptionofsigns,signals,
writings,imagesandsoundsorintelligenceofanynatureby
wire,radio,opticalorotherelectromagneticsystem

Communicationmodel

Acommunicationmodelcomprisesoffollowingsubsystems:
SourceGeneratesthedatatobetransmitted
TransmitterConvertsthedataintotransmittablesignals
TransmissionsystemCarriesthedata.
ReceiverConvertsreceivedsignalsintodata.
DestinationTakesincomingdata.

ElectronicsCommunicationModel

Workstation Modem

Modem
Telephone
Network

Server

The key communication tasks are:

Transmissionsystemutilization
Interfacing
Signalgeneration
Synchronization
Exchangemanagement
Errordetectionandcorrection
Addressingandrouting
Securityandnetworkmanagement

Network Model
SwitchingNode

WideAreaNetwork
SourceSystem

DestinationSystem

Transmission
System
Source

Receiver

Transmitter

LocalAreaNetwork

Destination

CommunicationSoftware
Itisasetofcomputerprogramswhichareusedforgeneration,
transmissionandreceptionofinformationbetween/amongthe
setofcomputersconnectedbywiredorwirelessmedia.
DifferentKindsofProgramsforCommunicationare:
Dialing:Dialingsoftwaretellsthecomputer,howtoplacea
callonthephonelineconnectedtoit.
FileTransfer:Transferoffiles,fromonetotheother
(Downloading/Uploadingoffiles)
TerminalEmulation:Programsrunningonanetworkthat
connectstoacomputerbulletinboardsystem
DataEncryption:Programtoencodedata

CommunicationSubsystems
Thedesignandimplementationoflargescalecommunication
systemsrequirestheinterconnectionandintegrationof
diversesubsystems.
Themainpurposeofthecommunicationenvironmentisto
keepallthesubsystemsinformedofanychangesinthe
designparameters.
1.Changereportedfromoneofthesubsystems.
2.Requestfordatafromonesubsystemtoanother

Communicationbetweentwosystem
UserA

UserB
Hi,Iwanttochatwithyou
Ok.Iamready
DialoguebetweenA&B
Hi,Letusfinishchatting
Ok.Letusdisconnect

Protocol
Itisasetofrulesgoverningtheformatandmeaningof
frames,packets,ormessagesthatareexchangedbypeer
entitieswithinalayer.
Protocolareusedforcommunicationsbetweenentitiesina
systems.
Entitiesuseprotocolsinordertoimplementtheirservice
definitions.
Thekeyelementsofaprotocolare:
Syntax:IncludeTimedataformatsandsignallevels
Semantics:Includescontrolinformationanderrorhandling.

Simplemessageexchangeprotocolflowchart
SENDER:A

no

RECEIVER:B

Isdataready
requestto
sendreceived

yes
getdata
TellhostB(receiver)

no

yes
Requestto
Send(RTS)

getreadytoreceive
tellsender

no

isreceiverready
yes
senddata

Readyto
Receive(RTR)
Data

yes

datasent
no

datareceived

dataconsumed
dataconsumed

ACK
tellsender

yes

no

RepresentationofProtocol
Theprocessofaprotocollike,senderandreceiverprotocolcan
beformallyspecifiedusing
2. FiniteStateMachine(FSM/PETRINETS)
3. Statetransitiontable
FiniteStateMachine(FSM)
A:FinitestatemachineMisaquintuple,M=(I;O;S;N;A)
I:Finiteandnonemptysetsofinputsymbols
O:Finiteandnonemptysetsofoutputsymbols
S:Finiteandnonemptysetsofstates
FiguregivesFSMofsimplemessageexchangeprotocol

FSMofsimplemessageexchangeProtocol
Sender

Idle

Ready_Send

ACK
Received

Send_Data

Wait_Ack

Receiver
Data_ready(i.e.1)
RTS

RTS

Idle

get_ready(i.e.3)
RTR

RTR
Data_sent(i.e.2)

ACK

Receive

ACK
sent

Data
Data_Cons
(i.e.,=internalevent)

ACK

StateTransitionTable

FSMstateandtransitionscanberepresentedintheformof
tablecalledasstatetransitiontables.
Input

State

i.e.1

(data_ready)

RTR

i.e.2

ACK

(data_ready)

S1

S2/RTS

S1/

S1/

S1/

S2

S2/

S3/

S2/

S2/

S3

S3/

S3/

S4/data

S3/

S4

S4/

S4/

S4/

S1/

Communicationprotocoldevelopmentmethods
Therearetwowaysofdesignanddevelopmentof
Communicationprotocols
1.Informal
2.FormalMethods

Informalmethods

Informalwayofspecificationoftheprotocolsinclude
textualdescription.
Notsuitableforlargecomplexprotocols.
Oftenleadsunclearandambiguousspecifications.
Thecomplexityofprotocolsmakethemveryhardto
analyzeinaninformalway.

InformalSpecifications
Informal
Specification
ofneeds
Concept

Compilable
Language
Debugging
(Execution)

Compilation

Implementation

Formalmethods

Useofformalspecificationlanguages.
Theseprotocolsmustbeofhighqualitywithhigher
performancewithlowcost.
Informal
Specification
ofneeds

Repeat
Until
Validation
OK

Formal
Specification
Simulation
Validation
Compilation
Programmer

FormalSpecifications

Implementation

Petrinetmodel
Apetrinetisafourtuple(P;T;IN;OUT;M0)where,
P=fp1;p;:::::::;pgisasetofplaces.
2
n
T=ft;t;:::::::;pgisasetoftransition.
1 2
n
M0=Initialmarking(tokenataplace).
IN:(PT)!Nisaninputfunctionthatdefinesdirectedarcs
fromplacestotransition
OUT:(PT)!Nisanoutputfunctionthatdefinesdirectedarcs
Fromtransitiontoplaces.

APetrinetmodelofasimpleprotocolwithatimeoutmechanism
i2

P2

P5

i1

P3

i6
i3
P1

P6
i7
i8

i4
P4

P7
i5

ProtocolEngineeringProcess
Needforprotocolengineering

Manyprotocolsifnotproperlydesignedandimplemented
aspertherequirements,leadstoimproperbehaviorof
networkandsystemmayjamthenetworks.
Henceitisrequiredto,engineertheprotocolsfortheir
correctnessreliability,optimizedperformance,reusability,
andcodeoptimization
Dealswithapplicationofformaltechniquesandsoftware
engineeringmethodologiestoprotocoldesignand
implementation

PhasesofProtocolEngineering
Service
Specification

Verification/
Validation

Synthesis
Protocol
Specification
Monitoring
Diagnosis

Protocol
Implementation

Performance
Analysis

Conformance
Testing

Functions:

Servicespecification:Theservicerequiredforperformingcertaintasksin
anygivenenvironment.
Synthesis:Itisanautomatedtooltogeneratetheformalspecificationofa
protocol.
Protocolspecification:Itlooksintosyntaxandsemanticsoftheprotocols
specifications.
Protocolverification/validation:Usermakesaboutthestructureof
possibledialogsbetweenprocessesofprotocol.
Performanceanalysis:Itanalysestheprotocolperformanceintermsof
messagecomplexity,timecomplexity,spacecomplexity,scalability.
Conferencetesting:ittestswhethertheprotocolconformstothe
specificationslaiddowninprotocolspecificationphasebygenerating
exhaustivesetoftestsequences.
Protocolimplementation:Itdealswiththerealcodingoftheprotocol
usingsoftwareengineeringaspects.
Monitoring/diagnosis:Itmonitorstheworkingofimplementedprotocol
andchecksfortheerrors.