1, January 1989
586
A COMPUTER MODEL OF THE SECONDARY ARC IN SINGLE PHASE OPERATION OF TRANSMISSION LINES
by
Saul Goldberg, Member, IEEE
William F . Horton, Senior Member, IEEE
California Polytechnic State University
San Luis Obispo, California
Demetrios Tziouvaras, Member, IEEE
Pacific Gas and Electric Company
San Francisco, California
Abatract
The secondary arc phenomenon associated with
single phase autoreclosure (SPAR) procedures
in transmission lines has been modeled by A.
T. Johns, eta1 161.
Johns mathematical
model, based on empirical data, represents
the arc conduction characteristics and also
the arc withstand voltage characteristic.
This paper describes a computer model
developed from Johns mathematical model.
The computer model utilizes the widely used
Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP).
Block diagrams of the computer model as well
as a listing are provided.
Simulation
results utilizing the computer model compare
favorably with a previous simulation and
field test results.
Introduction
Single phase autoreclosure (SPAR) procedures
have been adopted by a number of utilities
to clear single phase faults from three
phase high voltage overhead transmission
A critical aspect of SPAR
lines [1,2,31.
operation is the extinction of the secondary
arc since the secondary arc must extinguish
before successful reclosure can occur. The
extinction time depends on a number of
factors including primary
arc current,
interphase coupling, system voltage and
[4,51.
For
atmospheric
conditions
simulation purposes it is quite useful to
have a computer model of the secondary arc
phenomenon.
Such a model allows users to
carry out realistic computer studies of
various SPAR procedures.
This paper describes a computer model of the
secondary arc which has been developed for
use in system simulation studies.
The
computer model is based on the mathematical
model described by Johns et a1 [ 6 , 7 ] .
Johns
mathematical
model
is
largely
empirical and was obtained by
fitting
mathematical equations to experimental data.
It is the most realistic mathematical model
of the secondary arc known to the authors.
88 WM 073-9
A paper recommended and approved
by the IEEE Transmission and Distribution Committee
of the IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentation at the IEEE/PES 1988 Winter Meeting, New York,
New York, January 31 February 5, 1988. Manuscript
submitted August 20, 1987; made available for printing
November 6, 1987.
the arc
range of
the arc
value of
vol ts/ cm ,
587
MULTIPLES OF Ip
ARC CYCLOGRAM
FIGURE 1
1 .o
0 .15 .38
.4
0.1
2.0
1.0
2.0
MULTIPLES OF Ip
SIMULATION ARC CYCLOGRAM
FIGURE 2
As.,JA tbAmd-
iec
PHASE A
DAMPING
RESISTOR
FAULT ISOLATION
SWITCH
FAULT INITIATION
SMTCH
Jvr(tr)J = [ 5 + 1620Te/(2.15+1~) I *
( t r-T e ) h ( t r-Te
kV/cm
SOURCE
SWITCHING nME
(zoon)
ISOTIM
l(tr)/lo =
1
for
10tr
for
5. 0.1 second
tr
In these equations:
vr(tr)
ARC
CONDUCTION
CIRCUIT
Te
=
time from initiation of
secondary arc to current zero, seconds
Is
Ip/J2
amps, rms
tr
=
time from initiation of
secondary arc, secs
1
for
(tr
for
(tr
- Te) <
ISOTIM
Te) > 0
h(tr)
l(tr)
length of arc, cm
10
-Arc .._Conductionarcu-it
-_
(75*XIP-.4)*GAPLEN*.01*RUNT1M,
RUNTIM > 100 ms
kV.
D1 is in volts.
588
whcrt.
x 1. I'
p e a k val.i.re o f s e c o n d a r y a r c
c u r r e n t ( I p assumi riq zcii-o a r c
r e s i s t a n c e i n amiss
GAPLEN
i n j . t i a l l e n g t h o f a r c i n cm
RUNTIM
(lo)
AJ-c Wi t l l s t a n d V o l t a g e C i r c u i t
time f r o m i r r j t i a t i o n o f
s e c o n d a r y arc: i n n i i llisecorrcis
(t,*103)
Note t h a t D Z = - D l .
T h e 5168 Q r e s i s t o r p r o v i d e s t h e p a t h s
t h e o r i g i n t o v p shown i n F i g u r e 2 .
from
T h e A r c W i t h s t a n d VCJLI.~:~. C i r c u i t c o m p u t e s
the. a r c k i t h s t a i i d v o l t a q e e a c h half cyc-1 e ,
following a n arc c u r r e n t z e r o .
T h i s is
shown i n F i g u r e 6 .
N o t e t h a t DELTAT a n d
internal
EW"
variables,
the
TIMEX a r e
time
step
and
running
time
siniujation
respectively.
The c o n t p u t a t i o n o f t h e a r c w i I hsl a n d v o l t a g e
(VARCW) i s g i v e n by:
r*
= [5+1.62*R~NTIM/(2.15t~~~~/~~)~~
VARCW
.Ol*GAPLEN*RUNTIM*RAMP
where,
RAMP
= ( t r - Te)*1O3
computed v a l u e of
HUNTIM i s z e r o .
r ) f o r t r < 0.1
given above, for
p a s s e d on t o t h e
L o g i c C i r c u i t a', e x ~ ~ l a t n e tble l o w .
I t can
0-1 1
be
seen
that
the
VARCW s t a r t s a t z e r o when
VARCk i s l e s s t h a n V a r c ( t
srcorid but e c ~ u a l sV r
( i I' 1 ,
t r > 0.1 second.
VARCW i s
.4rc Z e r o C i r c u i t
-----?-I
5 . t t i i a r c c u r r e n t (Tk324)
is s c a J e d by t h e f a c t o r ( 1 0 0 / I , , ) t o p r o d u c e
A H C I A , a v a r i a b l c whickj is t h e n t r u n c a t e d .
E a c h t i m e t h e t r u n c a t e d v a r i a b l e A R C l T goes
t h r o u g h h e r o , the I F c i rrii i t ( 60 1 p r o d w c s
a n outj'ut o f t 1 . T h i s o u t p u t (ARCZRO) i s a n
As
i n d i c a t i o n o f a zero o f t h e arc c u r r e n t .
a r e s u l t of t h e s c a l i n g t h i s v a l u e o f arc
LCPU is accurate t o a b o u t 0 . 0 1 r a d i a n o r 0.6
degrees.
As shown i n F i q i r r e
OPERATED
S W T
0. ISOTIM(TIMEX
INPUT. ISDTIU>TIMEX
ISDllM
nMEX
ARC MTHSTAND MLTAGE URCUIT
FIG 6
L G ~ I CC i r c u i t
7,
The
Logic
Circuit,
shown
in
Figure
p r o \ l d e s t h e s i g n a l (SWDRV) t o open t h e
In addition
s w i t c h ( 1 3 ) on e a c h h a l f c y c l e .
i t m a k e s t h e c o m p a r i s o r i b e t w e e n VARCW arid
t h e arc v o l t a g e .
the absolutc
v a l u e of
ABS(TB1A). I f
DVARC
-= \'ARCW - ABS(TB1A)
TACS TRANSFER
RAMRST
= LEAD
,001s
.ooozs +
i s n e g a t j v e , SWDRV = + 1 a n d t h e s w i t c h ( 1 3 )
is r e c l o s e d .
IS
DVARC
> 0,
t h e n SWDH\: = -1 a n d t h e s w i t c h ( 1 3 ) i s h e l d
open.
589
EMTP simulation
Figure 8 .
of
the
system
shown
in
In
this
simulation,
fault
initiation
occurred 2 0 milliseconds into the simulation
and fault isolation (ISOTIM) occurred 50
milliseconds into the simulation.
DELTAT
was selected to be 0 . 0 5 milliseconds, a
compromise between computation time and
accuracy.
DVARC
ARC ZRO
LCUC CIRCUIT
FIG. 7
FAULT
IsounoN
UUN
Y
SECONDARY
URCUA M I L E 3 94
SYSTEM IMPEDANCES AT Y N J N
z,
msin
b- ~ 0 4 . 3 0 ~ 1
100
In
-G4
z
a
a
=I
U
U
-100
M W V LINE
ROUND
MOUNTAIN
80,000
2
d>
z
W
5g
3
U
F i g u r e 10:
-80,000
Comparison of S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t s W i t h S t a g e d
Tests
I n O c t o b e r 1 9 8 6 , PGandE: s t a g e d a number o f
arc
tests
on
the
Malin-Round
secondary
The t e s t r e s u l t s
M o u n t a i n # 2 , 500 kV L i n e .
a r e g i v e n i n R e f e r e n c e 191.
A comparison
w i t h t h e s i m u l . a t i o n r e s u l t s m u s t b e made
with caution s i n c e t h e e f f e c t of primary
f a u l t current is not represented i n these
tests.
Of t h e 2 0 t e s t s r e p o r t e d i.n 1 9 1 , t e s t s 12-18
are a p p l i c a b l e
for
comparison
since
for
t h e s e t e s t s s e r i e s c a p a c i t o r s were by p a s s e d
taken off
line.
and l i n e
r e a c t o r s were
Osc:illograms f o r t e s t s 13-17 are a c t u a l l y
shown i n f 9 1 .
A comparison of
t h e wave f o r m s o f s e c o n d a r y
arc c u r r e n t s between t h e s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s
results
shows r e a s o n a b l y close
and test
correlation.
Of t h e f i v e t e s t s ( 1 3 - 1 7 ) ,
extinction t i m e s
ranged from
5.5 to
17
cycles.
The c o m p a r a b l e s i m u l a t i o n v a l u e i s
16.0 cycles.
Discussion
T h i s p a p e r p r e s e n t s a n EMTP s i m u l a t i o n m o d e l
o f t h e s e c o n d a r y arc: w k t i c;h i s hased on t h e
m a t h e m a t i c a l model o f J o h n s e t a l .
The m o d e l
d i f f e r s f r o m t h e m a t h e m a t i c a l model i n t . w o
d e t a i Is:
111
The f o r w a r d c o n d u c t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
is
nonof
the
s i m u l a t i o n model
h y s t e r e t i c , as d i s c u s s e d e a r l - i e r .
[ZJ
The a r c
(VARCV),
The underJ y i n q r e a s o n f o r t . h e s r d i f f e r e n c e s
i s t h a t , EMTP i s a somewhat r i g i d t o o l w h i c h
a
l a c k s many o f
the useful features of
modern p r o g r a m m i n g l a n g u a g e , s u c h as FORTRAN
77.
H o w e v e r , t h e s i n i u l a t i o n model ajrpc~ars
to
represent
the
mathematical
model
adequate1.y i n a l l import.ant a s p e c t s .
Comparison
of
siniulut.ion
results
with
published
simulation
results
show
close
correlation.
I n addition a reasonably close
correlation
is
Sound
with
results
from
staged tests.
Conclusion
S i m u l . a t i o r i o f SI-TAtt proc:edures arc made morr
re a 1 i s t i c
if
the
secondary
arc
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e i n c l u d e d as part o f t h e
paiwr
dcssc-1-i b e s
a
simulation.
This
sjmulation
model
of
the
secondary
arc
u t . i l i . z i n g EM'L'P,
ii
widely
used
computer
p r o g r a m f o r power s y s t e m s a n a l y s i s .
Through
t h i s paper., t. he modc.1 b e c o m e s a v a j 1 a b I e to A
I.arge segment of t h e i n d u s t r s - .
.
-100-
8
0
-1%-
TIME I N SECONDS
. 0.2 - 0 - 3
TIME I N SECOND'S
0-1
Appendix A
LISTING OF EMTP SPAR MODEL
c
C
c
C
C
C
C
C
C
..........................................................................
* MODEL E IS THE NOMINAL MODEL
..........................................................................
* THIS MODEL DEVELOPED BY POWER SYSTEMS CONSULTANTS (805)544-2154
* 3220 FLORA STREET SAN LUIS OBISPO, CA 93401
** ON
PG&E CONTRACT 210-5-295-85
AND MODEL IS BASED ON JOHNS IEEE PAPER
RUN
2/19/87
MODEL E
* USES EMTP TACS CAPABILITY
.*. . .SIMULATION
. . . . . . . . . . .BASED
. . . . . .ON
. . . FOUR
. . . . . .SECTION
. . . . . . . .PI
. . .MODEL
.................................
*****
*
*
*
**
*
*
**
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
.......................
...........................
C ** FORTRAN STATEMENT TO DEFINE XIP ........................
C ** XIP = PEAK VALUE OF FAULT CURRENT ASSUMING BOLTED.FAULT - IN AMPS *******
99XIP
= 35.0
C ***** FORTRAN STATEMENT TO DEFINE GAPLEN **************
C ** GAPLEN = INITIAL ARC LENGTH - IN CENTIMETERS
99GAPLEN = 400.
C ***** FORTRAN STATEMENT TO DEFINE ISOTIM
C ** ISOTIM = TIME OF ISOLATION OF FAULTED PHASE - IN SECONDS *****
G
99ISOTIM
C
= .05
.........................................................................
C
C
*****
592
APPENDlX A CONTINUED
99ARCIA
= (lOO.O/XIP)*TBZA
C ***** FORTRAN STATEMENT TO TRUNCATE ARC1 (ARCT = FAULT CURRENT)
Y9ARCIT
= TRUNC(ARCIA1
C ***** FORTRAN STATEMENT TO GENERATE INPUT SIGNAL DELTAT IN MILLISECS
99INPUT
= DELTAT*1000
TACS TRANSFER FUNCTION DEVICE TO GENERATE PULSE SIGNAL (DIFFERENTIATOR)
C
C
0 1LEAD
+ARCZRO
.001
0 .o
1 .0
1 .o
.0002
*****
C
C
*****
99ARCZR060tZERO
+PLUS1
+ZERO
0.0
ARCIT
**
*****
99RAMRST = +LEAD - 4 . 0
C ***** TYPE 65 ACCUMULATOR AND COUNTER
C
RAMP 1s TIME FROM LAST CURRENT ZERO IN MILLlSECONDS
98RAMP 65+INPUT
0.0
C
C ***** TYPE 60 IF DEVICE TO GENERATE INTERMEDIATE SlGNAL DVARQ
C
99DVARQ 6OtTWOV
+ZERO
+ZERO
0.0
*****
RAMRST
DVARC
*****
99DVARC
= -ABS(TBlA) t VARCW
= P.O*PLUSl
99TWOV
99MINUS2 = 2.0*MINUS1
C
............................................................................
C
C
OUTPUT VARIOUS TACS SIGNALS A "1" IN COL 2 OU'PPUTS ALL TACS SIGNALS
C
1
............................................................................
C
BLANK CARD ENDING TACS OUTPUT REQUESTS
593
APPENDIX A CONTINUED
C ***** EMTP SIMULATION FOLLOWS
C **********BRANCH DATA IN EMTP SECTION OF SIMULATION
**********
****
c ............................................................................
C
BLANK CARD TERMINATING BRANCH CARDS
C
SWITCH CARDS
C ***** TIME VARYING (DlODE SWITCH) NONLINEAR RESISTOR TO CLAMP ARC VOLTAGE
llBlA
Rl
llD2
B2A
C
END OF NONLINEAR RESISTOR
C *********************ISOTIM***
BKR 3ABKR 4A -1.0
.050
*****
*****
..............................
*****
*****
*****
*****
*****
*******
c **
*************
******
13D1
t7235.
0.
t7235.
0.
t72350.
13D1
+1235.
0.
-7235.
13D2
-7235.
0.
-72350.
13D2
-7235.
C ***** END OF SOURCE DEFINITIONS
BLANK CARD TERMINATING SOURCE CARDS
NODE VOLTAGE OUTPUT
C
TBlA D1
BLANK CARD TERMINATING NODE VOLTAGE OUTPUT
BLANK CARD TERMINATING THE CASE
*****
**
***
15
.90
* 15
.90
***
* 05
.15
,05
.15
15
1.05
15
1.05
e
594
References
I11
r21
181
EMTP
Rule
Book,
Bonneville
Power
Administration,
Portland,
Oregon,
Revised June 1984.
191
J)g.?e.t;rjosJkiouvaras
Discussion
595
the extinction times for PG&E tests (5.5 to 17 cycles) with the calculations
(16 cycles) cannot be considered convincing because of the relatively small
secondary arc currents and large statistical deviation of the field test arc
extinction times. Also, it would be useful to test the validity of the
secondary arc model for secondary arc currents greater than 50 A which
result in much longer extinction times. Finally, it i s quite important to
compare the arc model and the arc gap voltage withstand characteristics
used by the authors, with the arc and gap characteristics measured during
staged fault tests on 765-kV transmission lines. These parameters,
summarized in [l], include a full spectrum of arc characteristics, namely,
volt-ampere characteristic as a function of time, dynamic arc resistance,
secondary arc energy, as well as the arc gap withstand voltage characteristic
after the secondary arc extinction.
Reference
[l] A. J. Fakheri, et al., Single Phase Switching Tests on the AEP 765 kV