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Abraham in Islam
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Islamic Prophet
Ibrhm
Abraham
c. 2510 BH (c. 1813 BCE)
Ur Kadim, Chaldea
Died
Abraham ()
Hajar (Hagar), Sarah, Keturah
Ismail (Ishmael), Iaq (Isaac)
Contents
1 Family
2 Personality and wisdom
3 Life according to the Quran and Islamic tradition
3.1 Youth
3.2 Searching for the truth
3.3 The great fire
3.4 Confrontation with Nimrod
3.5 Sacrifice
3.6 Miracles
4 Title
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Family
Muslims maintain that Abraham's father was Aazar (Arabic: , translit. zar),[8][9] which could be derived
from the Syriac Athar,[10] who is known in the Hebrew Bible as Terah. Other Muslims maintain that Azar
was his paternal uncle.[11] Commentators and scholars believed that Abraham himself had many children,
but Ismail (Ishmael) and Ishaq (Isaac) were the only two who became prophets. Abraham's two wives are
believed to have been Sarah and Hjar, the latter of whom was originally Sarah's handmaiden.[12] Abraham's
nephew is said to have been the messenger Lut (Lot), who was one of the other people who migrated with
Abraham out of their community. Abraham himself is said to have been a descendant of Nuh through his son
Shem.[13]
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Ibrahim was born in a house of idolaters in the ancient city of Ur in Chaldea (present-day Iraq). His father
Azar was a well known idol sculptor that his people worshipped. As a young child, Ibrahim used to watch his
father sculpting these idols from stones or wood. When his father was done with them, Ibrahim would ask
his father why they could not move or respond to any request and then would mock them; therefore, his
father always ground him for not following his ancestors's rituals and mocking their idols.[17]
Despite his opposition to idolatry, his father Azar would still send Ibrahim to sell his idols in the marketplace.
Once there, Ibraham would call out to passersby, "Wholl buy my idols? They wont help you and they cant
hurt you! Wholl buy my idols?" Then Ibrahim would mock the idols. He would take them to the river, push
their faces into the water and command them, "Drink! Drink!" Once again, Ibrahim asked his father, "How
can you worship what doesnt see or hear or do you any good?" Azar replied, "Dare you deny the gods of
our people? Get out of my sight!" Ibrahim replied, "May God forgive you. No more will I live with you and
your idols." After this, Ibrahim left his father's home for good.
During one of the many festivals that would take place in the city, the people would gather in their temple
and place offerings of food before their idols. Ibrahim would ask them, "What are you worshipping? Do
these idols hear when you call them? Can they help you or hurt you?" The people would reply, "It is the way
of our forefathers." Ibrahim declared "I am sick of your gods! Truly I am their enemy."[18] After several
years, Ibrahim became a young man. He still could not believe that his people were worshipping the statues.
He laughed whenever he saw them entering the temple, lowering their heads, silently offering the statues the
best of their food, crying and asking forgiveness from them. He started feeling angry towards his people,
who could not realize that these are only stones that could neither benefit nor harm them.[19]
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thrown in. During this time, Angel Jibreel came to him and said: "O Ibrahim! Is there anything you wish
for?" Ibrahim could have asked to be saved from the fire or to be taken away, but Ibrahim replied, "Allah is
sufficient for me, He is the best disposer of my affairs." The catapult was released and Ibrahim was thrown
into the fire. Allah then gave an order to the fire, "O fire! Be coolness and safety for Ibrahim." A miracle
occurred, the fire obeyed and burned only his chains. Ibrahim came out from it as if he was coming out from
a garden, peaceful, his face illuminated and not a trace of smoke on his clothes. People watched in shock
and exclaimed: "Amazing! Ibrahim's God has saved him from the fire!"
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Abraham, in the eyes of many Muslims, also symbolized the highest moral values essential to any person.
The Quran details the account of the angels coming to Abraham to tell him of the birth of Isaac. It says that,
as soon as Abraham saw the messengers, he "hastened to entertain them with a roasted calf."[25] This action
has been interpreted by all the scholars as exemplary; many scholars have commentated upon this one
action, saying that it symbolizes Abraham's exceedingly high moral level and thus is a model for how men
should act in a similar situation. This incident has only further heightened the "compassionate" character of
Abraham in Muslim theology.[26]
Sacrifice
In the mainstream narrative, it is assumed that Abraham's dream of
sacrificing his son was a command by God. The verse in reference i.e.
(37:104-105) is in Surah As-Saffat and the quoted ayahs are translated by
known Islamic scholar Abul A'la Maududi as "We cried out O' Ibraheem
you have indeed fulfilled your dream. Thus do we award the good do-ers."
However, the words of the Quran never explicitly state that Abraham's
dream was a Divine command. The Quran only states that Abraham had a
dream, which he interpreted as a command from God, and Abraham was
eventually stopped by God Himself from "sacrificing" his son. This is in
stark contrast to the Jewish/Christian narratives, and also the mainstream
Sunni/Shia narratives which assume the biblical narrative is true. According
to Islam, the problem with this interpretation is that it yields a logical
contradiction, as it is clearly stated that no life can be taken without a just
cause, and there was no just cause for Abraham to take the life of his son.
There are non-mainstream translations and expositions of the Quran which
Ibrahim's Sacrifice. Timurid
harmonize the incident of Abraham's sacrifice and make the narrative of
Anthology, 1410-11.
these verses consistent with the Quran's own laws, such as the one by
Ghulam Ahmed Pervez, who translates the key verses as follows: 'We
immediately removed this thought from Abrahams mind and called out to
him, O Abraham. You considered your dream as Allah's command and laid your son for the purpose of
slaughtering him! This was not Our command, but merely a dream of yours. Therefore We have saved you
and your son from this. We have done so because We keep those who lead their lives according to Divine
guidance safe from such mishaps.' (37: 104-105).[27] As for the term "sacrifice", the meaning of this term as
it relates to Ishmael in the following verses is explained as: "As far as the son is concerned, We saved him
for a far greater and tremendous sacrifice. (This great sacrifice refers to the fact that instead of keeping his
leadership confined to Syria, We wanted him to become the custodian of Our House Kaaba, which was
located in the far off barren land of Arabia and which had to become the center and gathering place of all
those the world over, who believed in the unity of God (internal reference 14:37.))" [27]
On the other hand, in the mainstream narrative, it is assumed that Abraham dreamt God ordered him to
sacrifice his son Ishmael, he agreed to follow God's command and perform the sacrifice, however, God
intervened and informed him that his sacrifice had been accepted. Unlike the Bible, there is no mention in
the Qur'an of an animal (ram) replacing the boy, rather he is replaced with a 'great sacrifice' (Zibhin
azeem).[28] Since the sacrifice of a ram cannot be greater than that of Abraham's son (and a prophet in Islam
at that), this replacement seems to point to either the religious institutionalization of sacrifice itself, or to the
future self-sacrifices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his companions (who were destined to emerge
from the progeny of Ishmael) in the cause of their faith. From that day onwards, every Eid al-Adha once a
year Muslims around the world slaughter an animal to commemorate Abraham's sacrifice and to remind
themselves of self-abnegation in the way of Allah. This is called Qurbani ("sacrifice").[29]
Miracles
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Abraham encountered several miracles of God during his lifetime. The Quran records a few main miracles,
although different interpretations have been attributed to the passages. Some of the miracles recorded in the
Quran are:
Abraham was shown the kingdom of the Heavens and the Earth.[30]
Abraham and the miracle of the birds.[31]
Abraham was thrown into a fire, which became "cool" and "peaceful" for him.[32]
The first passage has been interpreted both literally, allegorically and otherwise. Although some
commentators feel that this passage referred to a physical miracle, where Abraham was physically shown the
entire kingdom of Heaven (Jannah),[33] others have felt that it refers to the spiritual understanding of
Abraham; these latter scholars maintain that the Chaldeans were skilled in the observance of the stars, but
Abraham, who lived amongst them, saw beyond the physical world and into a higher spiritual realm. The
second passage has one mainstream interpretation amongst the Quranic commentators, that Abraham took
four birds and cut them up, placing pieces of each on nearby hills; when he called out to them, each piece
joined and four birds flew back to Abraham.[34] This miracle, as told by the Quranic passage, was a
demonstration by God to show Abraham how God gave life to the dead. As the physical cutting of the birds
is not implied in the passage, some commentators have offered alternative interpretations, but all maintain
that the miracle was for the same demonstrative purpose to show Abraham the power God has to raise the
dead to life.[35] The third passage has also been interpreted both literally and metaphorically, or in some
cases both. Commentators state that the 'fire' refers to main aspects. They maintained that, firstly, the fire
referred to the physical flame, from which Abraham was saved unharmed. The commentators further stated
that, secondly, the fire referred to the 'fire of persecution', from which Abraham was saved, as he left his
people after this with his wife Sarah and his nephew Lot.[36]
Title
Khalil Allah
Abraham is given the title Khalilullah (Arabic:
Quran says:
[2][37] The
Who can be better in religion than one who submits his whole self to Allah, does good, and
follows the way of Abraham the true in Faith? For Allah did take Abraham for a friend.
Quran, sura 4 (An-Nisa) ayat 125[38]
This particular title of Abraham is so famous in Muslim culture and tradition that, in the areas in and around
Mecca, Abraham is often referred to solely as The Friend.[39] This title of Friend of God is not exclusive to
Islamic theology. Although the other religious traditions do not stress upon it, Abraham is called a Friend of
God in the second Book of Chronicles and the Book of Isaiah in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament)[40] as
well as in the New Testament.[41]
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Scrolls of Abraham
The Quran refers to certain Scrolls of Abraham, which have
alternatively been translated as the Books of Abraham. All
Muslim scholars have generally agreed that no scrolls of
Abraham survive, and therefore this is a reference to a lost
body of scripture.[44] The Scrolls of Abraham are understood
by Muslims to refer to certain revelations Abraham received,
which he would have then transmitted to writing. The exact
contents of the revelation are not described in the Quran.
The 87th chapter of the Quran, sura Al-Ala, concludes saying the subject matter of the sura has been in the
earlier scriptures of Abraham and Moses. It is slightly indicative of what were in the previous scriptures,
according to Islam:
Therefore give admonition in case the admonition profits (the hearer).
The admonition will be received by those who fear (Allah):
But it will be avoided by those most unfortunate ones,
Who will enter the Great Fire,
In which they will then neither die nor live.
But those will prosper who purify themselves,
And glorify the name of their Guardian-Lord, and (lift their hearts) in prayer.
Nay (behold), ye prefer the life of this world;
But the Hereafter is better and more enduring.
And this is in the Books of the earliest (Revelation),The Books of Abraham and Moses.
Quran, sura 87 (Al-Ala), ayah 9-19 [45]
Chapter 53 of the Quran, sura An-Najm, mentions some more subject matters of the earlier scriptures of
Abraham and Moses.
Nay, is he not acquainted with what is in the Books of MosesAnd of Abraham who fulfilled his engagements?Namely, that no bearer of burdens can bear the burden of another;
That man can have nothing but what he strives for;
That (the fruit of) his striving will soon come in sight:
Then will he be rewarded with a reward complete;
That to thy Lord is the final Goal;
That it is He Who granteth Laughter and Tears;
That it is He Who granteth Death and Life;
That He did create in pairs,- male and female,
From a seed when lodged (in its place);
That He hath promised a Second Creation (Raising of the Dead);
That it is He Who giveth wealth and satisfaction;
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Significance as a patriarch
Abraham is also extremely important as a leader of Islam and as a patriarch of the Islamic faith. Muslims
recognize Abraham as the ancestor through whom many other prophets and saints (Wali) came, including
Moses, Jesus (Isa) and Muhammad. The Quran lists, in the sixth chapter, some of the greatest figures to have
through Abraham's progeny:
That was the reasoning about Us, which We gave to Abraham (to use) against his people: We
raise whom We will, degree after degree: for thy Lord is full of wisdom and knowledge.
We gave him Isaac and Jacob: all (three) guided: and before him, We guided Noah, and among
his progeny, David and Solomon and Job and Joseph and Moses and Aaron: thus do We reward
those who do good:
And Zakariya and John, and Jesus and Elias: all in the ranks of the righteous:
And Isma'il and Elisha, and Jonah, and Lot: and to all We gave favour above the nations:
(To them) and to their fathers, and progeny and brethren: We chose them, and we guided them
to a straight way.
Quran, sura 6 (Al-An'am), ayat 83-87[51]
Abraham's narrative in the Quran indirectly refers to his role as one of the great patriarchs. The Quran says
that God made Abraham "an Imam to the Nations."[3] and his narrative records him praying for his
offspring.[52] The Quran further states that Abraham's descendants were given "the Book and Wisdom,",[53]
and this fact is reinforced in a verse which states that Abraham's family was one of those in which the gift of
prophecy was established as a generic trait.[54] The Quran emphasizes upon Abraham's significance as it
states that Abraham's family, Noah, Adam and the family of Amram were the four selected by God above all
the worlds.[55] As a result of his significance as a patriarch, Abraham is sometimes given the misleading title
Father of the Prophets, which contradicts the teachings of the Quran, which establishes that many prophets,
such as Noah, lived before Abraham. Of Abraham's immediate sons, the Quran repeatedly establishes the
gifts God bestowed upon them. Ishmael, along with Elisha and Dhul-Kifl (possibly Ezekiel), is regarded as
being "of the Company of the Good."[56] and one of the men who was given "favour above the nations."[57]
In addition, Ishmael is described as being "true to what he promised, and he was a messenger (and) a
prophet."[58] Likewise, the Quran says of Isaac that he was "of the company of the Elect and the Good."[59]
and was a "a prophet,- one of the Righteous."[60] and further describes him as "of Power and Vision."[61]
Commemoration
Abraham is commemorated by all Muslims. As is the case with every prophet and apostle, it is Islamic
custom to say "Peace be upon him" after saying Abraham's name. Abraham's unique position as the
constructor of the Kabba as well as the establisher of the pilgrimage rites is indirectly commemorated when
Muslims perform the pilgrimage, or Hajj, in Mecca. Muslims sacrifice (Qurban) a domestic animal on Eid
al-Adha, which is done in part to remember Abraham's bravery during his trial of the near-sacrifice of his
son. Muslims further mention Abraham in their canonical prayer everyday, in which they ask God to bless
Muhammad's family as He blessed Abraham's family.
Burial place
Some Muslims believe that Abraham was buried, along with his wife Sarah, at the Cave of the Patriarchs in
Hebron. Known to Muslims as the Sanctuary of Abraham it is also thought to be the burial site of Isaac, his
wife Rebecca and Jacob and his wife Leah.
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/060-qmt.php#060.004)
Development of the Kaaba: 2:127 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
/002-qmt.php#002.127)
Abraham's pilgrimage: 2:128 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
/002-qmt.php#002.128), 22:27 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
/022-qmt.php#022.027)
Abraham as God's friend: 4:125 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
/004-qmt.php#004.125)
Punishment to Abraham's people: 9:70 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
/009-qmt.php#009.070)
Moving to Syam: 21:71 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
/021-qmt.php#021.071), 29:26 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
/029-qmt.php#029.026)
Abraham, Hagar, and Ismael: 14:37 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
/014-qmt.php#014.037), 37:101 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
/037-qmt.php#037.101)
Dreaming of resurrecting a dead body: 2:260 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran
/verses/002-qmt.php#002.260)
Arguing with Nimrod: 2:258 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
/002-qmt.php#002.258)
Abraham and his father
Abraham preached to his father: 6:74 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
/006-qmt.php#006.074), 19:4245 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
/019-qmt.php#019.042), 21:52 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
/021-qmt.php#021.052), 26:70 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
/026-qmt.php#026.070), 37:85 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
/037-qmt.php#037.085), 43:26 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
/043-qmt.php#043.026)
His father's idolatry: 6:74 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
/006-qmt.php#006.074), 26:71 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
/026-qmt.php#026.071)
Abraham asked forgiveness for his father: 14:41 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religioustexts/quran/verses/014-qmt.php#014.041), 19:47 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religioustexts/quran/verses/019-qmt.php#019.047), 60:4 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religioustexts/quran/verses/060-qmt.php#060.004)
Arguing with the people: 21:6263 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
/021-qmt.php#021.062), 21:6566 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
/021-qmt.php#021.065)
Abraham moved away from the people: 19:4849 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religioustexts/quran/verses/019-qmt.php#019.048), 29:26 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religioustexts/quran/verses/029-qmt.php#029.026), 37:99 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religioustexts/quran/verses/037-qmt.php#037.099), 43:26 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religioustexts/quran/verses/043-qmt.php#043.026), 60:4 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religioustexts/quran/verses/060-qmt.php#060.004)
Abraham's warnings for the idols: 21:5758 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran
/verses/021-qmt.php#021.057), 21:60 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
/021-qmt.php#021.060), 37:93 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
/037-qmt.php#037.093)
Thrown into the fire: 21:68 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
/021-qmt.php#021.068), 29:24 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
/029-qmt.php#029.024), 37:97 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
/037-qmt.php#037.097)
Saved from the fire: 21:6970 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
/021-qmt.php#021.069), 29:24 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
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See also
Biblical narratives and the Quran
Legends and the Quran
Muhammad in the Quran
Notes
1. Quran 87:19 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/087-qmt.php#087.019)
2. Siddiqui, Mona. "Ibrahim the Muslim view of Abraham". Religions. BBC. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
3. Quran 2:124 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.124)
4. Quran 16:120 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/016-qmt.php#016.120)
5. Concise Encyclopedia of Islam, C. Glasse, p. 18
6. Concise Encyclopedia of Islam, C. Glasse, Kaaba
7. Quran 2:128 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.128)
8. Prophet, Ibrahim. "Father". Islamicity. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
9. Ibrahim, Prophet. "Father". Haq Islam. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
10. Geiger 1898 Judaism and Islam: A Prize Essay (https://books.google.com/books?id=4d81AQAAMAAJ&
pg=PA101).,p. 100
11. "SURAH AL-ANAAM-6 Makkah. 20 Sections. 165 verses.Ayyah 74-81". alahazrat.net.
12. Lings, Martin. "Muhammad". House of God Chap. I (cf. Index: "Abraham"), Suhail Academy Co.
13. "Ibrahim". Encyclopedia of Islam, Online version.
14. Quran 11:75 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/011-qmt.php#011.075)
15. Quran 19:46 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/019-qmt.php#019.046)
16. Lives of the Prophets, L. Azzam, Suhail Academy Co.
17. http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2637&Itemid=76 abraham opposition to
idols
18. "Abraham and the Idols (Middle Eastern, Islamic, Muslim Legends, Stories)". aaronshep.com.
19. Pan India Internet Pvt Ltd. "Ibrahim - Father of Prophets - Prophets of Muslim community - Prophet Ibrahim".
festivalsofindia.in.
20. "Prophet Ibrahim The Father of all the Prophets". missionislam.com.
21. History of the Prophets and Kings, Tabari, Vol. I: Prophets and Patriarchs
22. "The Father of the Prophets". islamicity.com.
23. "Ibn Kathir: Story of Prophet Ibrahim/Abraham (pbuh)". islamawareness.net.
24. Book 1: The Prophet Abraham, Harun Yahya, The Unbeliever Advised By Abraham, Online. web.
25. Quran 11:69 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/011-qmt.php#011.069)
26. Book 1: The Prophet Abraham, Harun Yahya, Angels Who Visited Abraham, Online. web.
27. http://www.tolueislam.org/Parwez/expo/expo_037.htm
28. Quran 37:100111 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/037-qmt.php#037.100)
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/038-qmt.php#038.045)
70. Quran 2:132133 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.132)
71. Quran 2:123141 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.123), 3:6568
(http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/003-qmt.php#003.065), 3:9597 (http://www.usc.edu
/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/003-qmt.php#003.095), 4:125 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religioustexts/quran/verses/004-qmt.php#004.125), 4:2629 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
/004-qmt.php#004.026) and 22:78 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses
/022-qmt.php#022.078)
72. Quran 2:135 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.135)
73. Quran 3:67 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/003-qmt.php#003.067)
74. Weinstein, Simcha (2006). Up, Up, and Oy Vey! (1st ed.). Leviathan Press. ISBN 978-1-881927-32-7
75. World Jewish Digest (Aug, 2006; posted online 25 July 2006): "Superman's Other Secret Identity", by Jeff
Fleischer
76. Quran 37:97 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/037-qmt.php#037.097) and 21:6870
(http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/021-qmt.php#021.068)
77. 21:5173 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/021-qmt.php#021.051)
78. Quran 28:47 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/028-qmt.php#028.047)
79. Quran 2:58 (http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.058)
80. Stories of the Prophets, Ibn Kathir, Ibrahim; Tales of the Prophets, Kisa'i, Ibrahim
81. Diversity Calendar: Eid al-Adha (http://www3.kumc.edu/diversity/ethnic_relig/eid-al-adha.html) Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20121019040746/http://www3.kumc.edu/diversity/ethnic_relig/eid-al-adha.html)
19 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. University of Kansas Medical Center
82. J. Eisenberg, EI, Ibrahim
References
Saad Assel, Mary (2010). 25 Icons of Peace in the Qur'an: Lessons of Harmony. iUniverse. p. 244.
ISBN 9781440169014.
Mehar, Iftikhar Ahmed (2003). Al-Islam: Inception to Conclusion. AL-ISLAM. p. 240.
ISBN 9781410732729.
Islam Kotob. Stories Of The Prophets By Ibn Kathir. Islamic Books.
Lalljee, compiled by Yousuf N. (1993). Know your Islam (3rd ed.). New York: Taknike Tarsile Quran.
p. 255. ISBN 978-0-940368-02-6.
Further reading
General
P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of
Islam Online. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.
Cyril Glasse, Concise Encyclopedia of Islam, Pgs. 1819 (Abraham), Suhail Academy
Abraham and the Kaaba
Martin Lings, Mecca: From Before Genesis Until Now, Archetype
Leila Azzam, Lives of the Prophets, Abraham and the Kaaba, Suhail Academy
Abraham's life
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, History of the Prophets and Kings, Vol. II: Prophets and Patriarchs
Ibn Kathir, Stories of the Prophets, Chapter VI: Story of Abraham
External links
3.12.2016 23:36
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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham_in_Islam&printab...
The Story of the Prophet Ibrahim & His Wife Hajar (http://muslimways.com/library/islamic-history
/stories-of-the-prophets/the-story-of-the-prophet-ibrahim-his-wife-hajar.html)
The Sacrifice Of Abraham: Isaac or Ishmael? (http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Contrad
/MusTrad/sacrifice.html)
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