I.

e.m.f. Method Proposed by Prof. Behn Eschenberg

for Non-Salient Pole machine.

Assumptions:
1. Zs is a constant. Saturation effect not considered.
(For low values of If, Zs is high & for high values of If, Zs is low)
2. Flux under test condition is not the same as that under load
condition. (Amount of flux depends on magnitude of load current
and also on p.f.)
3. Effect of Armature Reaction is considered as a voltage drop IXa &
same is added to leakage reactance voltage drop IXl.
ie. We consider a single value, IXs or a combined reactance drop.
4. Magnetic reluctance of armature flux is constant, regardless of p.f.
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II. Ampere Turn / m.m.f. / Optimistic / Rothertz AT method

- Proposed by Prof. Rothert

Applicable only for Non-salient pole machines.

Converse of the e.m.f. method in the sense that, instead of

having phasor addition of various voltage drops to the
terminal voltage, we have the phasor addition of m.m.fs

that are required to produce the terminal voltage & m.m.fs

required to overcome the various voltage drops.
Effect of armature leakage reactance is replaced with an
additional armature reaction reactance and hence the
deviation from actual value.
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m.m.f. Method (contd.)

Following tests are to be conducted to pre-determine the

voltage regulation.
(i) Open circuit test
(ii) Short circuit test
(iii) Armature resistance measurement
Analytical Method

Eo V I Ra j I X s
^

I f I f 1 I f 2

Phasor addition of m.m.f. is required.

But since Nf is unknown, we work
with field current.

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m.m.f. Method - Analytical method (contd.)

Plot OCC and SCC on the same graph.

Eo

E1 V I Ra

OCC
E0

IRa is vectorially added to

E1
SCC
ISC

terminal voltage V, and we

get E1. An mmf in terms of If1
corresponding to this voltage

is found out from OCC.

If2

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If1

If

If

m.m.f. Method - Analytical method (contd.)

From SCC, field current If2 necessary to circulate rated current is
determined.
During Short circuit condition,
Eo

If2 causes an e.m.f. which is

OCC

just sufficient to overcome

E0
E1

the Synchronous impedance

SCC
ISC

drop. E0 I Z s
Ra usually negligible. Hence,

E0 I sc X s
ie. If2
current

corresponds to field
required

compensate IXs drop.

If2

to
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If1

If

If

m.m.f. Method - Analytical method (contd.)

^

I f I f 1 I f 2
where If is the resultant field
current which would generate a
voltage

E0

under

Eo

no-load

OCC
E0

condition.

E1
SCC

The open circuit e.m.f. E0

ISC

corresponding to field current If

is found from OCC.
After

determining

E0,

Voltage Regulation can be predetermined

for

any

If2

load

If1

If

If

condition.
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m.m.f. Method - Analytical method (contd.)

For lagging pf,

I I

V V 00

E1 V 0 ( I ) Ra

E1 E1

Refer to OCC and find the field current If1

required to develop this emf E1.

0
From the phasor diagram, I f 1 I f 1(90 )

0
Refer to SCC and find If2 corresponding to the rated current. If 2 If 2(180 )

If If1 If2 If (900 )

Compute
Refer to OCC and find the open circuit e.m.f . E0 corresponding to the

field current If.

E E
o

Percentage Voltage Regulation %V .R

E0 V
*100
V

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m.m.f. Method - Analytical method (contd.)

For leading pf,

V V 0

I I

E1 V 0 ( I ) Ra

E1 E1

Refer to OCC and find the field current If1

required to develop this emf E1.

0
From the phasor diagram, I f 1 I f 1(90 )

0
Refer to SCC and find If2 corresponding to the rated current. If 2 If 2(180 )

If If1 If2 If (900 )

Compute
Refer to OCC and find the open circuit e.m.f . E0 corresponding to the

field current If.

E E
o

Percentage Voltage Regulation %V .R

E0 V
*100
V

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m.m.f. Method - Analytical method (contd.)

For upf,

I I 0

V V 00

E1 V 0 ( I 0) Ra

E1 E10

Refer to OCC and find the field current If1

required to develop this emf E1.

From the phasor diagram,

I f 1 I f 1900

Refer to SCC and find If2 corresponding to the rated current.

If 2

If 21800

If If1 If2 If (900 )

Compute
Refer to OCC and find the open circuit e.m.f . E0 corresponding to the

field current If.

E E
o

Percentage Voltage Regulation %V .R

E0 V
*100
V

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m.m.f. Method
Note:
1. Even though the field current is DC, the m.m.f. which
produces the flux is sinusoidally distributed in space. Only
sinusoidal quantities can be represented by a phasor diagram.
2. Compared to e.m.f. method, m.m.f. method involves more
number of complex calculations.
3. For predetermining % voltage regulation, OCC is referred
twice, while SCC is referred once. OCC takes care of
saturation effect.
4. Final result is very close to actual value, hence this method is
called Optimistic Method.
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