Nazism and occultism

Nazism and occultism describes a range of theories,

speculation and research into origins of Nazism and its
possible relation to various occult traditions. Such ideas
have been a part of popular culture since at least the
early 1940s, and gained renewed popularity starting in the
1960s. There are documentaries and books on the topic,
among the most signicant of which are The Morning of
the Magicians (1960) and The Spear of Destiny (1972).
Nazism and occultism has also been featured in numerous lms, novels, comic books and other ctional media.
Perhaps the most prominent example is the lm Raiders
of the Lost Ark.

described the racially elitist Pan-Germanism movement

of ethnic German Austrians as a reaction to Austria not
being included in the German Empire of Bismarck.[2]

Goodrick-Clarke opined that the Ariosophist movement

took Vlkisch ideas but added occultish themes about
things like Freemasonry, Kabbalism, and Rosicrucianism
in order to prove the modern world was based on false
and evil principles. The Ariosophist ideas and symbols ltered through to several anti-semitic and Nationalist groups in late Wilhelmian Germany, from which the
early Nazi Party emerged in Munich after the First World
War. He showed some links between two Ariosophists
Historian Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke analyzed the topic in and Heinrich Himmler.[2]
The Occult Roots of Nazism in which he argued there were
in fact links between some ideals of Ariosophy and Nazi
ideology. He also analyzed the problems of the numer- 2 The modern mythology of Nazi
ous popular occult historiography books written on the
occultism
topic. He sought to separate empiricism and sociology
from the Modern Mythology of Nazi Occultism that
There is a persistent idea, widely canvassed
exists in many books which have represented the Nazi
in a sensational genre of literature, that the
phenomenon as the product of arcane and demonic inNazis were principally inspired and directed by
uence. He considered most of these to be sensational
occult agencies from 1920 to 1945.[3]
[1]
and under-researched.
Appendix E of Goodrick-Clarkes book is entitled The
Modern Mythology of Nazi Occultism. In it, he gives
1 Goodrick-Clarke, the Vlkisch a highly critical view of much of the popular literature
on the topic. In his words, these books describe Hitler
movement, and ariosophy
and the Nazis as being controlled by a hidden power
. . . characterized either as a discarnate entity (e.g.,
Historian Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke's 1985 book, The 'black forces', 'invisible hierarchies', 'unknown superiOccult Roots of Nazism, discussed the possibility of links ors') or as a magical elite in a remote age or distant
between the ideas of the Occult and those of Nazism. The location.[4] He referred to the writers of this genre as
books main subject was the racist-occult movement of "crypto-historians".[4] The works of the genre, he wrote,
Ariosophy, a major strand of Nationalist Esotericism in
Germany and Austria during the 1800s and early 1900s.
were typically sensational and underHe described his work as an underground history, conresearched. A complete ignorance of the pricerned with the myths, symbols, and fantasies that bear on
mary sources was common to most authors and
the development of reactionary, authoritarian, and Nazi
inaccuracies and wild claims were repeated by
styles of thinking. He focused on this unexamined topic
each newcomer to the genre until an abunof history because fantasies can achieve a causal status
dant literature existed, based on wholly spurionce they have been institutionalized in beliefs, values,
ous 'facts concerning the powerful Thule Soand social groups.[2]
ciety, the Nazi links with the East, and Hitlers
occult initiation.[5]
He describes the Vlkisch movement as a sort of antimodernist, anti-liberal reaction to the many political, social, and economic changes occurring in Germanic Eu- In a new preface for the 2004 edition of The Occult
rope in the late 1800s. Part of his argument is that the Roots... Goodrick-Clarke comments that in 1985, when
rapid industrialization and rise of cities changed the tra- his book rst appeared, Nazi 'black magic' was regarded
ditional, rural social order and ran into conict with the as a topic for sensational authors in pursuit of strong
pre-capitalist attitudes and institutions of the area. He sales.[6]
1

2 THE MODERN MYTHOLOGY OF NAZI OCCULTISM

In his 2002 work Black Sun, which was originally intended to trace the survival of occult Nazi themes in
the postwar period,[7] Goodrick-Clarke considered it necessary to readdress the topic. He devotes one Chapter of the book to the Nazi mysteries,[8] as he terms
the eld of Nazi occultism there. Other reliable summaries of the development of the genre have been written by German historians. The German edition of The
Occult Roots... includes an essay Nationalsozialismus
und Okkultismus (National Socialism and Occultism),
which traces the origins of the speculation about Nazi
occultism back to publications from the late 1930s, and
which was subsequently translated by Goodrick-Clarke
into English. The German historian Michael Rimann
has also included a longer excursus about Nationalsozialismus und Okkultismus in his acclaimed book on
Adolf Hitlers religious beliefs.[9]
According to Goodricke-Clarke the speculation of Nazi
occultism originated from post-war fascination with
Nazism.[3] The horrid fascination of Nazism upon the
Western mind[10] emerges from the uncanny interlude
in modern history that it presents to an observer a few
decades later.[3] The idolization of Hitler in Nazi Germany, its short lived dominion on the European continent
and Nazisms extreme antisemitism set it apart from other
periods of modern history.[10] Outside a purely secular
frame of reference, Nazism was felt to be the embodiment of evil in a modern twentieth-century regime, a
monstrous pagan relapse in the Christian community of
Europe.[10]
By the early 1960s, one could now clearly detect a mystique of Nazism.[10] A sensationalistic and fanciful presentation of its gures and symbols, shorn of all political and historical contexts, gained ground with thrillers,
non-ction books and lms and permeated the milieu of
popular culture.[10]

2.1

Historiography Concerning The Occult

Roots of Nazism

between Ariosophic ideologies rooted in certain Germanic cultures and the actual agency of Nazi hierarchy; the problem, as Housden remarks, lies in the ecacy of these Ariosophic practices. As he remarks, The
true value of this study, therefore, lies in its painstaking elucidation of an intrinsically fascinating subculture
which helped colour rather than cause aspects of Nazism.
In this context, it also leaves us pondering a central issue: why on earth were Austrian and German occultists,
just like the Nazi leadership, quite so susceptible to,
indeed obsessed by, specically aggressive racist beliefs anyway?[12] Noakes continues this general thought
by concluding, (Goodrick-Clarke) provides not only
a denitive account of the inuence of Ariosophy on
Nazism, a subject which is prone to sensationalism, but
also fascinating insights into the intellectual climate of
the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.[13] These
reviews reect the greatest dilemmas in Nazi Occultist
scholarship; the discernment between actual ecacy of
possible Occult practices by Nazi leaders, purpose of
these practices, and modern notions and applications of
Occultism today largely impact the appropriate scholarship in general in making connections between plausible
Nazi Ariosophic practices and blatant popular myth.[11]
The linkages Goodrick-Clarke makes concerning Ariosophy and German society are further detailed in Peter
Merkls Political Violence under the Swastika, pre-1933
Nazis, various NSDAP members, volunteered to write
their memoirs and recollections about the rise of the Nazi
Party in order to provide a coherent, statistical analysis
of the motivations and ideals these early members hoped
to pursue in German politics. From the ndings, Merkl
has found, through statistical evidence, that there were
aspects of ideology within German society that favored
intense German nationalism, ranging from what was considered to be a German Romantic, one who was beholden to the cultural and historical traditions of old Germany [14] to someone classied as a part of an alleged
Nordic/Hitler Cult, one who followed Voelkisch (traditional, anti-Semitic) beliefs. To further prove the point,
Merkl discovered that of those willing to submit their
testimonies, Protestants tended to be German Romantics, Catholics to be anti-Semites, superpatriots, and solidarists. Areas of religious homogeneity were particularly
high in anti-Semitism or in the Nordic-German cult,[15]
of which members of both religious groups were prone to
Judenkoller, an alleged sudden and violent sickness that
would manifest either in blatant hatred or hysteria at being within proximity of Jewish persons. Coincidentally,
Merkl mentions a relationship to this Nordic/Germanagrarian cult in relation to 19th-century to a crypto-Nazi
tradition, despite being written ten years prior to The Occult Roots of Nazism.

The Occult Roots of Nazism is commended for specically addressing the fanciful modern depictions of Nazi
Occultism, as well as carefully reecting critical scholarly
work that nds associations between Ariosophy with Nazi
agency. As scholar Anna Bramwell writes, One should
not be deceived by the title into thinking that it belongs
to the 'modern mythology of Nazi occultism', a world of
salacious fantasy convincingly dismembered by the author in an Appendix, [11] referring the various written,
depicted, and produced material that delves into Nazi
Occultism without providing any reliable or relevant evidence. Instead, it is through Goodrick-Clarkes work that
several scholarly criticisms addressing Occult relevance Some of this modern mythology even touches GoodrickClarkes topic directly. The rumor that Adolf Hitler had
in conjunction with Ariosophist practices arise.
encountered the Austrian monk and anti-semitic publiHistorians like Martyn Housden and Jeremy Noakes com- cist, Lanz von Liebenfels, already at the age of 8, at
mend Goodrick-Clarke for addressing the relationship

2.2

Claims of Nazi occultism

Heilgenkreuz abbey, goes back to Les mystiques du soleil the demonic seed within himself will never give birth to
(1971) by Michel-Jean Angbert. This episode is wholly a magical world.[23]
imaginary.[16]
Theosophist Alice A. Bailey stated during World War
Nevertheless, Michel-Jean Angbert and the other authors II that Adolf Hitler was possessed by what she called
discussed by Goodrick-Clarke present their accounts as the Dark Forces.[24] Her follower Benjamin Creme has
real, so that this modern mythology has led to several stated that through Hitler (and a group of equally evil men
legends that resemble conspiracy theories, concerning, around him in Nazi Germany, together with a group of
for example, the Vril Society or rumours about Karl militarists in Japan and a further group around Mussolini
Haushofer's connection to the occult. The most inuen- in Italy[25] ) was released the energies of the Antichrist,[26]
tial books were Trevor Ravenscrofts The Spear of Des- which, according to theosophical teachings is not an intiny and The Morning of the Magicians by Pauwels and dividual person but forces of destruction.
Bergier.
According to James Herbert Brennan in his book Occult
In Ravenscrofts book a specic interest of Hitler concerning the Spear of Destiny is alleged. With the
annexation of Austria in 1938, the Hofburg Spear, a relic
stored in Vienna, had actually come into the possession of
the Third Reich and Hitler subsequently had it moved to
Nuremberg in Germany. It was returned to Austria after
the war.

2.2

Claims of Nazi occultism

One of the earliest claims of Nazi occultism can be found

in Lewis Spence's book Occult Causes of the Present War
(1940). According to Spence, Alfred Rosenberg and his
book The Myth of the Twentieth Century were responsible
for promoting pagan, occult and anti-Christian ideas that
motivated the Nazi party.
2.2.1

Demonic possession of Hitler

For a demonic inuence on Hitler, Hermann Rauschning's Hitler Speaks is brought forward as source.[17] However, most modern scholars do not consider Rauschning
reliable.[18] (As Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke summarises,
recent scholarship has almost certainly proved that
Rauschnings conversations were mostly invented.)[19]

Reich, Hitlers mentor, Dietrich Eckhart (to whom Hitler

dedicates Mein Kampf), wrote to a friend of his in 1923:
Follow Hitler! He will dance, but it is I who have called
the tune. We have given him the 'means of communication' with Them. Do not mourn for me; I shall have
inuenced history more than any other German.

2.2.2 New World Order

Conspiracy theorists frequently identify German National Socialism inter alia as a precursor of the New
World Order.[27] With regard to Hitlers later ambition
of imposing a National Socialist regime throughout Europe, Nazi propaganda used the term Neuordnung (often poorly translated as the New Order, while actually
referring to the re-structurization of state borders on
the European map and the resulting post-war economic
hegemony of Greater Germany),[28] so one could probably say that the Nazis pursued a new world order in terms
of politics. But the claim that Hitler and the Thule Society conspired to create a New World Order (a conspiracy
theory, put forward on some webpages)[29] is completely
unfounded.[30]

Similarly to Rauschning, August Kubizek, one of Hitlers

closest friends since childhood, claims that Hitler17
years old at the timeonce spoke to him of returning 2.2.3 Aleister Crowley
Germany to its former glory"; of this comment August
said, It was as if another being spoke out of his body, There are also unveriable rumours that the occultist
and moved him as much as it did me.[20]
Aleister Crowley sought to contact Hitler during World
An article Hitlers Forgotten Library by Timothy Ry- War II. Despite several allegations and speculations to
back, published in The Atlantic (May 2003),[21] mentions the contrary (e.g. Giorgio Galli) there is no evidence
a book from Hitlers private library authored by Dr. Ernst of such an encounter.[31] In 1991, John Symonds, one
Schertel. Schertel, whose interests were agellation, of Crowleys literary executors published a book: The
dance, occultism, nudism and BDSM, had also been ac- Medusas Head or Conversations between Aleister Crowley
tive as an activist for sexual liberation before 1933. He and Adolf Hitler, which has denitively been shown to be
had been imprisoned in Nazi Germany for seven months literary ction.[31] That the edition of this book was limand his doctoral degree was revoked.[22] He is supposed ited to 350 also contributed to the mystery surrounding
to have sent a dedicated copy of his 1923 book Magic: the topic.[31] Mention of a contact between Crowley and
History, Theory and Practice to Hitler some time in the Hitlerwithout any sources or evidenceis also made in
mid-1920s. Hitler is said to have marked extensive pas- a letter from Ren Gunon to Julius Evola dated October
sages, including one which reads He who does not have 29, 1949, which later reached a broader audience.[31]

4
2.2.4

2 THE MODERN MYTHOLOGY OF NAZI OCCULTISM

Erik Jan Hanussen

When Hitler and the Occult describes how Hitler seemed

endowed with even greater authority and charisma after
he had resumed public speaking in March 1927, the documentary states that this may have been due to the inuence of the clairvoyant performer and publicist, Erik Jan
Hanussen. It is said that Hanussen helped Hitler perfect
a series of exaggerated poses, useful for speaking before
a huge audience. The documentary then interviews Dusty
Sklar about the contact between Hitler and Hanussen, and
the narrator makes the statement about occult techniques
of mind control and crowd domination.
Whether Hitler had met Hanussen at all is not certain.
That he even encountered him before March 1927 is not
conrmed by other sources about Hanussen. In the late
1920s to early 1930s Hanussen made political predictions
in his own newspaper, Hanussens Bunte Wochenschau,
that gradually started to favour Hitler, but until late 1932
these predictions varied.[32] In 1929, Hanussen predicted,
for example, that Wilhelm II would return to Germany in
1930 and that the problem of unemployment would be
solved in 1931.[32]

2.2.5

Winston Churchill

Sir Winston Churchill wrote in his memoir The Gathering Storm about Hitler and Moloch: "[Hitler] had conjured up the fearful idol of an all-devouring Moloch of
which he was the priest and incarnation.[33]

2.2.6

Nazi mysticism, occultism and science ction

Nazi mysticism in German culture is further expanded

upon within Manfred Nagl's article SF (Science Fiction),
Occult Sciences, and Nazi Myths, published in the journal Science Fiction Studies. In it, Nagl writes that the racial
narratives described in contemporary German Science
Fiction stories, like The Last Queen of Atlantis, by Edmund Kiss, provide further notions of racial superiority
under the auspices of Ariosophy, Aryanism, and alleged
historic racial Mysticism, suggesting that writings associated with possible Occultism, Ariosophy, or Aryanism
were products intended to inuence and justify in a sociopolitical manner, rather than simply establish cultural heritage. The stories themselves dealt with "...heroes, charismatic leader types, (who) have been chosen by fate with
the resources of a sophisticated and extremely powerful technology."[34] Nagl considers science ction pieces
like Atlantis further fueled the violent persuasiveness of
Nazi leaders, such as Adolf Hitler and Heinrich Himmler,
as further justication for a Nazi elite (envisioning) for
itself in occupied East European territories.[34] This, in
turn, allegedly propagated public support of Nazi ideology, summated by Nagl as a tremendous turning back of
culture, away from the age of reason and consciousness,

toward the age of a 'sleepwalking certainty', the age of

supra-rational magic.[35]

2.3 Crypto-historic books on Nazi occultism

In the essay that is included in the German edition of
The Occult Roots..., H. T. Hakl, a German publisher
of esoteric works,[36] traces the origins of the speculation about National Socialism and Occultism back to
several works from the early 1940s. His research was
also published in a short book, Unknown sources: National Socialism and the Occult, translated by GoodrickClarke. Already in 1933 a pseudonymous Kurt van Emsen described Hitler as a demonic personality, but his
work was soon forgotten.[37] The rst allusions that Hitler
was directed by occult forces which were taken up by
the later authors came from French Christian esotericist
Ren Kopp.[38] In two articles published in the monthly
esoteric journal Le Chariot from June 1934 and April
1939, he seeks to trace the source of Hitlers power
to supernatural forces.[38] The second article was titled:
"L'Enigme du Hitler".[38] In other French esoteric journals of the 1930s, Hakl could not nd similar hints.[38]
In 1939 another French author, Edouard Saby, published
a book: Hitler et les Forces Occultes.[39] Saby already
mentions Hanussen and Ignaz Trebitsch-Lincoln.[40] Hakl
even hints that Edouard Saby would have the copyright on
the myth of Nazi occultism.[40] However, another signicant book from 1939 is better known: Hermann Rauschning's Hitler Speaks. There it is said (in the chapter Black
and White Magic), that Hitler surrendered himself to
forces that carried him away. (...) He turned himself over
to a spell, which can, with good reason and not simply in a
gurative analogy, be described as demonic magic. The
chapter Hitler in private is even more dramatic, and was
left out in the German edition from 1940.[41]
Goodrick-Clarke examines several pseudo-historic
books written about Nazi occultism between 1960
and 1975, that were typically sensational and underresearched.[42] He terms this genre crypto-history,
as its dening element and nal point of explanatory
reference is an agent which has remained concealed to
previous historians of National Socialism.[4] Characteristic tendencies of this literature include: (1) a complete
ignorance of primary sources and (2) the repetition
of inaccuracies and wild claims, without the attempt
being made to conrm even wholly spurious 'facts".[43]
Books debunked in Appendix E of The Occult Roots of
Nazism are:
Louis Pauwels and Jacques Bergier, 1960, The
Morning of the Magicians[44]
Dietrich Bronder, 1964, Bevor Hitler kam[45]
Trevor Ravenscroft, 1972, The Spear of Destiny[46]

5
Michel-Jean Angbert, 1971, Les mystiques du
soleil[16]
J. H. Brennan, 1974, The Occult Reich[45]
Otto Rahn, 1937, Luzifers Hofgesind, eine Reise
zu den guten Geistern Europas (Lucifers Court: A
Heretics Journey in Search of the Light Bringers).
These books are only mentioned in the Appendix. Otherwise the whole book by Goodrick-Clarke does without any reference to this kind of literature; it uses other
sources. This literature is not reliable; however, books
published after the emergence of The Occult Roots of
Nazism continue to repeat claims that have been proven
false:
Wulf Schwarzwaller, 1988, The Unknown Hitler[47]
Alan Baker, 2000, Invisible Eagle. The History of
Nazi Occultism[48]

Documentaries on Nazism and

the occult

More than 60 years after the end of the Third Reich,

National Socialism and Adolf Hitler have become a re- Hitler speaking at a huge mass meeting, the Nuremberg Rally
curring subject in history documentaries. Among these 1934
documentaries, there are several that focus especially on
the potential relations between Nazism and Occultism,
Instead of providing a translation of his versuch as the History Channel's documentary Hitler and the
bal crescendos, the sequence is overlaid with
Occult.[49][50] As evidence of Hitlers occult power this
a speaker talking about something dierent.
documentary oers, for example, the infamous statement
All this combines to demonize Hitler as an evil
by Joachim von Ribbentrop of his continued subservience
wizard spellbinding an unwitting German peoto Hitler at the Nuremberg Trials.[51] After the author
ple to become his zombied servants until they
Dusty Sklar has pointed out that Hitlers suicide happened
are liberated from the spell by the Allied vicat the night of April 30/May 1, which is Walpurgis Night,
tory after which, suddenly, there were no Gerthe narrator continues: With Hitler gone, it was as if a
man Nazis left among the populace. How conspell had been broken. A much more plausible reason
venient it would be if this image were corfor Hitlers suicide (that does not involve the paranormal)
rect. National socialism could be defeated with
is that the Russians had already closed to within several
garlic. Watchdog groups could be replaced
hundred meters of Hitlers bunker and he did not want to
with a few vampire killers, and resources being
be captured alive.
directed into anti-racist community programs
could be directed at something else. [...]
From the perspective of academic history, these docuThe truth, however, is that millions of ormentaries on Nazism, if ever commented, are seen as
dinary
German workers, farmers and businessproblematic because they do not contribute to an actual
men
supported
the national socialist program.
understanding of the problems that arise in the study of
[...]
They
were
people who probably conNazism and Neo-Nazism. Without referring to a spesidered
themselves
good citizens, which is far
cic documentary Mattias Gardell, a historian who studmore
frightening
than
had they merely been
ies contemporary separatist groups, writes:
demons.[52]
In documentaries portraying the Third Reich, Hitler is cast as a master magician;
these documentaries typically include scenes in
which Hitler is speaking at huge mass meetings. [...] Cuts mix Hitler screaming with regiments marching under the sign of the swastika.

Hitler and the Occult includes a scene in which Hitler is

seen as speaking at a huge mass meeting. While Hitlers
speech is not translated, the narrator talks about the German occultist and stage mentalist Erik Jan Hanussen:
Occultists believe, Hanussen may also have imparted oc-

5 FICTIONAL ACCOUNTS OF NAZI OCCULTISM

cult techniques of mind control and crowd domination on

Hitler (see below). When historians have noted the existence of such myths as those about Erik Jan Hanussen,
they have displayed nothing but academic contempt for
their originators.

Adolf Hitler Occult History of the Third Reich

3.1

The Enigma of the Swastika Occult History

of the Third Reich

Ernst Schfers expedition to Tibet

At least one documentary, Hitlers Search for the Holy

Grail, includes footage from the 1939 German expedition to Tibet. The documentary describes it as the most
ambitious expedition of the SS. This original video material was made accessible again by Marco Dolcetta in
his series Il Nazismo Esoterico in 1994.[53] An interview
that Dolcetta conducted with Schfer does not support
the theories of Nazi occultism, neither does Reinhard
Greves 1995 article Tibetforschung im SS Ahnenerbe (Tibet Research Within the SS Ahnenerbe),[54] although the
latter does mention the occult thesis.[53] Hakl comments
that Greve should have emphasized the unreliability of
authors like Bergier and Pauwels or Angbert more.[53]
Ernst Schfer's expedition report explicitly remarks on
the worthless goings-on by a whole army of quacksalvers concerning Asia and especially Tibet.[53]

The SS: Blood and Soil Occult History of the

Third Reich
Himmler the Mystic Occult History of the
Third Reich

"Decoding the Past" Episode: The Nazi Prophecies

by the History Channel[56][57]
The Riddle Of Rudolph Hess/Himmlers Castle:
Wewelsburg
In 1994, Channel 4 ran a Michael Wood documentary entitled Hitlers Search for the Holy Grail, as
part of its "Secret History" series.[58]
Unsolved Mysteries of World War II: Occult & Secrets, also known as Volume 3 in the series.
Rudolf Hess (Occult)
Hitlers Secret Weapons
Enigma of the Swastika (Occult)

List of documentaries

4.1

German

Himmlers Castle: Wewelsburg (Occult)

The Last Days of Hitler
Decision At Dunkirk/Stalins Secret Armies

[59][60][61]
Schwarze Sonne documentary by Rdiger Snner. (Dierent editions have dierent episodes)
Snner also produced a book to accompany this documentary.

Hans-Jrgen Syberberg's Hitler Ein Film aus

Deutschland (Hitler, A Film From Germany), 1977.
Originally presented on German television, this is
a 7-hour work in 4 parts: The Grail; A German
Dream; The End Of Winters Tale; We, Children Of Hell. The director uses documentary
clips, photographic backgrounds, puppets, theatrical stages, and other elements from almost all the
visual arts, with the actors addressing directly the
audience/camera, in order to approach and expand
on this most taboo subject of European history of
the 20th century.

5 Fictional accounts of Nazi occultism

The image of a connection between Nazism and the occult is a common theme in fantasy ction. One could also
ask whether The Morning of the Magicians should not be
considered as ction, since the authors fail to clearly state
that it was supposed to be fact. Aside from such considerations, there are also many accounts of Nazi occultism
that are clearly ctional.

5.1 Literature
4.2

English

Nazis: The Occult Conspiracy (1998), directed

by Tracy Atkinson and Joan Baran, Narrated by
Malcolm McDowell.
The Occult History of the Third Reich, Narrated
by Patrick Allen, Director: Dave Flitton (originally
shown on The History Channel)[55]

Dennis Wheatley's novel They Used Dark Forces.[62]

Occult-obsessed Nazis have long been a staple of
superhero comic books:
Neo-Nazis are recurring villains in Warrior
Nun Areala, most notably Dr. Frederick Ottoman, a mad scientist with eets of NaziUFOs and spies in every government.

5.1

Literature
In the 1980s, DC Comics writer Roy Thomas
invented a retcon to explain why Superman,
the Spectre, and the Justice Society of America had been unable to defeat the Nazis: Hitler
possessed the Spear of Destiny (Spear of
Longinus) which gave him magical control
over any superheroes who ventured into his
territory. Later appearances of the Spear in
DC continuity also suggested that it was the
Gungnir, the spear wielded by Odin in Norse
mythology.
In the Marvel Comics comic book series The
Invaders, Thor was summoned by Hitler to
battle that superhero group; however, Thor
soon realized he was being used, and returned
to Asgard.
The Thule Society appears in Steve Gerber's
brief run on Cloak and Dagger.
The Hellboy comic books and movies also portray the Nazis and the Thule Society as powerful occult gures; in that universe, Hitler
lived until 1958 and waged a secret war from
South America after the collapse of the Third
Reich.
David Brins novelette "Thor Meets Captain
America" and graphic novel The Life Eaters
center on this theme, as well.
The Danger Girl comic book features as its
villains a modern-day Nazi group called 'The
Hammer', which intends to use occult artifacts
from Atlantis to establish a Fourth Reich.
The Zenith series, which appeared in the
British science ction comic 2000 AD heavily features Nazi mysticism as the earthly conduit of extra-dimensional entities that threaten
to destroy the universe.

James Herbert's novel, The Spear, deals with a neoNazi cult in Britain and an international conspiracy
which includes a right-wing US general and a sinister
arms dealer, and their obsession with and through
the occult with resurrecting Himmler.

7
Kouta Hiranos manga series Hellsing features
Millennium, a group of Nazis with the purpose of
creating a reich that will last a thousand years (in
accordance with Hitlers vision). This organization
is heavily mystical, including among its number a
werewolf, a catboy, and an army of 1,000 vampires
known as the Letztes Bataillon (Last Battalion). It
is led by a former SS ocer whose true intention is
the pursuit of absolute war.
Dylan Lumley The Three Nails
James Twining The Black Sun
James Rollins Black Order
Charles Stross features the ctitious Ahnenerbe activities in his The Atrocity Archives
Daniel Easterman's 1985 novel, The Seventh Sanctuary, features the Ahnenerbe and a Nazi city in the
Saudi desert, where the Ark of the Covenant has
been discovered, and from which it is planned that a
Fourth Reich will be created.
Nazi occultism plays a large role in several of the
stories in the Rook Universe written by Barry Reese
Barbara Hamblys Sun-Cross books feature poor
wizards in a parallel universe who inadvertently
travel through a wormhole to Nazi Germany and are
forced to magically assist Hitlers Reich.
Mack Bolan draws the wrath of the Order of Thule
by stealing a Nazi holy artifact in The Devils Guard
by Mark Ellis.
The Vril Codex by Ben Manning (2011), mythologises the ancient Norse Nazi connections, Nazi
UFO conspiracy theories, and the Thule ancient land
myth. Vril power is the central theme and BulwerLytton is referenced in the novel.

Katherine Kurtz's novel Lammas Night presents

Nazis as powerful magicians who must be opposed
by British witches.

Sun of the Sleepless by Patrick Horne reveals that the

eponymous neo-chivalric Order inltrated the Vril
Society and Society for Truth in Nazi Germany during WWII in order to access funding from the Third
Reich to build Die Glocke (the so-called Bell) with
the intention of usurping their masters and creating
a New World Order.

The villains of Clive Cussler's novel Atlantis Found

are modern Nazis who operate out of a secret base
in Antarctica who are linked to the ancient culture
of Atlantis.

The radio drama "Ritual of the Stiing Air by Paul

A Green, broadcast on BBC Radio 3 in 1977, depicts a modern group of Neo-Nazi occultists attempting to contact the ghost of the Fuehrer.

The Island of Thule is an important location in the

Silver Age Sentinels superhero role playing game
and collections of short stories based upon the game.
It was raised from the Atlantic Ocean by Kreuzritter (Crusader), a Nazi superhuman who wears a
mystical suit of armor made by a long-disappeared
Aryan culture.

Zombies vs. Nazis by Scott Kenemore imagines

that Nazi operatives sought to weaponize Haitian
voodoo.
In the Rivers of London novels by Ben Aaronovitch
the main protagonist Peter Grant learns that most of
the British and Allied Wizards were killed defeating

5 FICTIONAL ACCOUNTS OF NAZI OCCULTISM

their Nazi counterparts in a forest somewhere near
Ettersberg.
Graham Masterton's 1993 novel The Hymn (published in the USA as The Burning)
Secrets of the Last Nazi by Iain King, which examines the Third Reichs fascination with astrology and
predicting the future.[63]

5.2

Film

are opposed by a Schutzstael (SS) ocer who is attempting to raise from the dead a supernatural army
of crusaders from the 12th-century Order of the Sacred Cross and enlist them in the Nazi cause. Most
of the teenage crew die, except for the protagonist
Nadia. She is taken to a secret Soviet lab that studies
supernatural phenomena, especially contacts with
the dead. Nadias task is to dive into the world of
the dead for reconnaissance. There, in the Gloomy
Valley, she meets her dead friends and tries to persuade them to continue ghting.

Nazi occult-hunters have been featured in Steven

Spielbergs Indiana Jones lms. The Ahnenerbe organization was the basis for the Nazi archaeologist
villains in these movies. They involve several plots
related to Nazi mysticism, especially as related to
archaeology. As one of the characters in Raiders of
the Lost Ark says, Hitler is obsessed with the occult. Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade connects
the Holy Grail legend with Nazi occultism.[64]

Frankensteins Army depicts a deranged Nazi scientist who believes he was given divine genius to create supersoldiers out of the bodies of dead German
troops.

La Bestia in Calore

Grindhouse

Blood Creek features a Nazi scholar attempting to

gain immortality by drinking blood and soaking
power from ancient Viking runes

Hannibal Rising

BloodRayne: The Third Reich

Hellboy touches upon a ctional group of mysticist

Nazis bent on summoning forces from other dimensions.

Blubberella
Bulletproof Monk features a group of Nazis attempting to get the Scroll of the Ultimate, giving them
unlimited power of good and evil.
The Bunker
Captain America: The First Avenger deals with the
Nazi deep-science division, HYDRA, who use occult magic to power their machines. A brief mention
is also made by the Red Skull of Hitler searching in
the desert for trinkets, which may be a reference
to Raiders of the Lost Ark.
Constantine features the Holy Lance as a main plot
point. It is found buried in Mexico, wrapped in a
Nazi ag.

Frostbite features an elderly Swedish Nazi trying to

create a master race from the blood of a girl vampire.
Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie: Conqueror of Shamballa

Hanussen (1988 lm)

Hellsing features a surviving branch of the SS (ttingly dubbed The Last Battalion) which were under the order of Hitler to create a battalion of 1000
vampire soldiers. The branch, ocially named Millenium, went to hide in South America preparing for
their revenge.
Invincible
Invisible Agent
Iron Sky
JoJos Bizarre Adventure
The Keep

Dead Snow

Nazis at the Center of the Earth

Death Ship

Outpost

The Devils Rock

Philadelphia Experiment II

Elves
Eye of the Needle
First Squad Set during the opening days of World
War II on the Eastern Front. Its main cast are a
group of Soviet teenagers with extraordinary abilities; the teenagers have been drafted to form a special unit to ght the invading German army. They

Puppet Master
Puppet Master: Axis of Evil
Puppet Master III: Toulons Revenge
Puppet Master X: Axis Rising
The Rise of Valhalla

5.3

Games

She Demons
Shock Waves (lm)
SS Doomtrooper
They Saved Hitlers Brain
Tras el cristal
The Unborn
Unholy
A View to a Kill
Worst Case Scenario
Zone Troopers

5.3

Games

The computer game Return to Castle Wolfenstein

featured a plotline involving Nazi obsession with the
occult. It portrays an organization (SS Paranormal
Division) based on the Ahnenerbe practicing occult rituals and magic. The game drew themes of
Nazi mysticism, among other things, from its predecessors, Wolfenstein 3D and its prequel, Spear of
Destiny, the latter of which also featured a storyline
concerning Nazi mysticism. Wolfenstein, for example, features a number of inspirations from the realworld Nazi regime, but departs from historical reality in a number of ways. For example, the game aggrandizes the Kreisau Circle to be an extensive resistance network of paramilitary ghters and informants that aides and abets B.J. [the protagonist] in
his exploits, depicts the Thule Society (that Hitler
formally disavowed while in power) as a powerful
nest of high-ranking Nazi ocials within the Third
Reich who are heavily involved in, and in some cases
personally lead, the Reichs paranormal research efforts, and goes beyond Himmlers symbolic use of
the Black Sun to make it a limitless energy source
that the Nazis are hell-bent on manipulating toward
their own nefarious ends.[65]
The video game BloodRayne involves a plotline concerning the Thule society and its members, and features a lot of in-game Thule society imagery (especially the character High Priest Von Blut).
A ctional division of the Ahnenerbe, the
Karotechia, has a prominent place in the mythology
of the Delta Green setting for the role playing game
Call of Cthulhu, and stories based upon the setting.
In it, the survivors of the Karotechia, a group
founded to study occult tomes and conduct magical
research, live on in South America, training sorcerers and cultists to found the Fourth Reich, all under
the sway of Hitlers ghost (actually Nyarlathotep in
disguise).

9
The role playing game Hollow Earth Expedition features a ctionalized Thule Society's attempts at inltrating the Hollow Earth. The sourcebook, Secrets
of the Surface World, further expands the eorts of
Nazis to discover and use occult relics.
The action game Indiana Jones and the Emperors
Tomb revolves around a ctional Chinese artifact
called the Heart of the Dragon which grants the
wielder immense power. A large number of the
opponents encountered by the protagonist, Indiana
Jones, works for the Nazi commander Albrecht Von
Beck who intends to bring the artifact to Hitler.
The PlayStation game Medal of Honor: Underground featured a mission where the main character had to inltrate Wewelsburg Castle. The intro
video and end video for the mission described occultism in the SS. During the mission, the character
had to retrieve the Knife of Abraham, ght knights,
and eventually ended up in a room with the Black
Sun found on the oor, where the Nazis planned to
bury their leaders, codenamed Valhalla.
The Xbox 360 game Operation Darkness features
supernatural British commandos (werewolves etc.)
ghting Nazi vampires, zombies, and other monsters
conjured by Hitler.[66]
In the game Uncharted: Drakes Fortune the main
character Nathan Drake comes across a derelict,
long-abandoned Nazi U-Boat stranded on rocks below a waterfall in the jungles of Central America.
On it, he nds that the crew are dead and mutilated
as well as a map to a mysterious island where the
statue of El Dorado was taken to by the Spanish
Conquistadors. Near the end of the game, Nathan
nds himself in an abandoned German U-Boat base
built into the island in which he nds that the Germans had sought to unlock the power of the statue
of El Dorado but learned too late that it carried a
curse that had mutated them into monsters.
In the sequel to Uncharted, Uncharted 2: Among
Thieves, Nathan Drake discovers the bodies of Nazi
SS members in the Himalayas. It is revealed that
they were attempting to nd Shambhala and the
Cintamani Stone.
In Clive Barkers Jericho, an entire chapter of the
game throws the Jerichos into World War II, where
they are to defeat undead Nazis and their occultist
leader Hanne Lichthammer.
Tannhauser (board game) pits Allies against agents
of the defeated Third Reich using occult powers.
Day After Ragnarok is a post-apocalyptic roleplaying game by Kenneth Hite set in a devastated
world following the Nazis summoning of the world
serpent.

10

7 NOTES

The eroge 11eyes deals with the occultist Thule

Society as being a collaboration between the Nazi
Party and the witch Lieselotte Werckmeister and its
battle against the Vatican's secret agents.

[11] Bramwell, Anna. 1988. Review. The English Historical

Review 103 (407). 156.
[12] Housden, Martyn. 1994. Review. History 79 (255).
179.
[13] Noakes, Jeremy. 1988. Review. History 73 (238).364.

See also
Adolf Hitler in popular culture
Adolf Hitlers religious beliefs
Ariosophy

[15] Peter H. Merkl. 1975. Political Violence Under The

Swastika: 581 Early Nazis. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton
University Press. 687.

Ahnenerbe

[16] Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 224.

Esoteric Nazism

[17] Demonic Possession of World Leaders

Esotericism in Germany and Austria

German Christians
Julleuchter
Magic: History, Theory and Practice
Nazi archaeology

[18] Theodor Schieder (1972), Hermann Rauschnings

Gesprche mit Hitler als Geschichtsquelle (Oppladen,
Germany: Westdeutscher Verlag) and Wolfgang Hnel
(1984), Hermann Rauschnings Gesprche mit Hitler":
Eine Geschichtsflschung (Ingolstadt, Germany: Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle), cit.
in Nicholas
Goodrick-Clarke (2003), Black Sun, p. 321.

Nazis: The Occult Conspiracy

[19] Goodrick-Clarke (2003: 110). The best that can be said

for Rauschnings claims may be Goodrick-Clarkes judgment that they record ... the authentic voice of Hitler by
inspired guesswork and imagination (ibid.).

Neo-vlkisch movements

[20] Hitler and the Holy Roman Empire

Nazi UFOs

The Occult History of the Third Reich

Positive Christianity
Protestant Reich Church
Religion in Nazi Germany
Religious aspects of Nazism
Walter Johannes Stein

[14] Peter H. Merkl. 1975. Political Violence Under The

Swastika: 581 Early Nazis. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton
University Press. 453.

Notes

[1] Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 218225

[21] Ryback, Timothy W. Hitlers Forgotten Library. The

Atlantic, May 2003. Accessed 27 June 2009.
[22] German Wikipedia: Ernst Schertel
[23] Kelley, JH. New Translation of German Book Links
Hitler to Satanism (press release). PRLog, May 17,
2009. Accessed 28 June 2009.
[24] Bailey, Alice A. The Externalisation of the Hierarchy New
York:1957 (Compilation of earlier revelations by Alice A.
Bailey) Lucis Publishing Co. Page 425
[25] Bailey, Alice A. The Externalisation of the Hierarchy New
York:1957 (Compilation of earlier revelations by Alice A.
Bailey) Lucis Publishing Co. Page 258

[3] Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 217.

[26] Creme, Benjamin Maitreya's Mission Volume III

Amsterdam:1997 Share International Foundation Page
416

[4] Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 218.

[27] Goodrick-Clarke 2002: 288.

[5] Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 224,225

[28] Sare, William. On Language; The New, New World

Order. The New York Times, February 17, 1991. Accessed 27 June 2009.

[2] The Occult Roots of Nazism, Introduction.

[6] Goodrick-Clarke 2004: vi.

[7] Goodrick-Clarke 2002: 6.
[8] Goodrick-Clarke 2002: 107128.
[9] Rimann 2001: 137172.
[10] Goodrick-Clarke 2002: 107.

[29] Historic Results of Hitlers Thule Societies pursuit of the

NWO
[30] Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 201; Johannes Hering, Beitrge
zur Geschichte der Thule-Gesellschaft, typescript dated
June 21, 1939, Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, NS26/865.

11

[31] Hakl 1997: 205.

[32] Frei 1980: 85.
[33] Churchill, Winston S. The Gathering Storm: The Second
World War, Volume 1 Page 64

[60] Unsolved Mysteries of World War II: Decision at

Dunkirk/Stalins Secret Armies DVD
[61] Unsolved Mysteries of World War II: The Eagle & The
Swastika/The Last Days of Hitler (1998)
[62] http://www.denniswheatley.info/firsteditions08.htm

[34] Nagl, Manfred. SF, Occult Sciences, and Nazi Myths.

Science Fiction Studies. 1 (3): 190.
[35] Nagl, Manfred. SF, Occult Sciences, and Nazi Myths.
Science Fiction Studies 1 (3): 188.
[36] Entry for Hans Thomas Hakl from the German National
Library.
[37] Hakl 1997: 209.
[38] Hakl 1997: 210.
[39] Hakl 1997: 212.
[40] Hakl 1997: 214.
[41] Hakl 1997: 211.
[42] Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 224, 225.
[43] Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 225.
[44] Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 219220.
[45] Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 221.
[46] Goodrick-Clarke 1985: 221223.
[47] If The Unknown Hitler is quoted correctly in The Vril
Society, the Luminous Lodge and the Realization of the
Great Work, then this book makes false allegations about
Karl Haushofer and G. I. Gurdjie.
[48] Chapter 5 of the Free online version of Invisible Eagle is
mainly based on Ravenscroft.
[49] The History Channel online Store: The Unknown Hitler
DVD Collection
[50] Another critique of Hitler documentaries: Mark Schone
All Hitler, all the time
[51] Even with all I know, if in this cell Hitler should come to
me and say 'Do this!', I would still do it. Joachim von
Ribbentrop, 1946
[52] Gardell 2003, 331, 332
[53] Hakl 1997: 204
[54] Reinhard Greve: Tibetforschung im SS Ahnenerbe; in:
Thomas Hauschild: Lebenslust durch Fremdenfurcht,
Frankfurt (Main), 1995, pp. 168209.
[55] Hitler and the Occult DVD
[56] DECODING THE PAST: Nazi Prophecies
[57] Decoding The Past: Nazi Prophecies DVD
[58] Robin Cross, "The Nazi Expedition"
[59] Unsolved Mysteries: V1-5 World War Ii (1998)

[63] Link to Booktrade Announcement

[64] Rebecca A. Umland and Samuel J. Umland, "Indiana
Jones and the Last Crusade (1989), The Use of Arthurian
Legend in Hollywood Film: From Connecticut Yankees to
Fisher Kings (Contributions to the Study of Popular Culture) (Greenwood Press, 1996.), 167171.
[65] Real-life Insanity: Wolfensteins events are ctional, but
are inspired by the reality of the Nazi regime, Game Informer 184 (August 2008): 36.
[66] Gerald Villoria, "Operation: Darkness Preview, GameSpy (September 23, 2007).

8 Bibliography
8.1 Further reading
Carrie B. Dohe. Jungs Wandering Archetype: Race
and Religion in Analytical Psychology. London:
Routledge, 2016 ISBN 978-1138888401
Michael Rimann. 2001. Hitlers Gott. Vorsehungsglaube und Sendungsbewutsein des deutschen Diktators.(German). esp. pp. 137172; Zrich, Munich. Pendo
Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke. 1985. The Occult Roots
of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Inuence
on Nazi Ideology: The Ariosophists of Austria and
Germany, 18901935. Wellingborough, England:
The Aquarian Press. ISBN 0-85030-402-4. (Several reprints.) Expanded with a new Preface, 2004,
I.B. Tauris & Co. ISBN 1-86064-973-4
Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke. 2002. Black Sun:
Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity. New York University Press. ISBN 0-81473124-4. (Paperback, 2003. ISBN 0-8147-3155-4)
H. T. Hakl. 1997: Nationalsozialismus und Okkultismus. (German) In: Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke:
Die okkulten Wurzeln des Nationalsozialismus. Graz,
Austria: Stocker (German edition of The Occult
Roots of Nazism)
Florian Evers. 2011. Vexierbilder des Holocaust. LIT Verlag Mnster. ISBN 3643111908,
9783643111906.
Julian Strube. 2012. Die Erndung des esoterischen
Nationalsozialismus im Zeichen der Schwarzen
Sonne. (German) In: Zeitschrift fr Religionswissenschaft, 20(2): 223268.

12

Igor Barinov. 2013. Tabu i mify Tret'ego Reikha

(Taboo and Myths of the Third Reich). Moscow,
Pskov. ISBN 9785945422896.

8.2

Other References

Bruno Frei. 1980. Der Hellseher: Leben und Sterben des Erik Jan Hanussen. ed.: Antonia Gruneberg.
Cologne: Prometh (German)
Mattias Gardell. 2003. Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism. Durham, NC:
Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-3071-4

External links
The Occult Roots of Nazism by Nicholas GoodrickClarke Short article at www.lapismagazine.org.
Magic Realism A book review by William Main
of The Occult Roots of Nazism, taken from the December 1994 issue of Fidelity Magazine.
Nationalsozialismus und Okkultismus? Die ThuleGesellschaft (German) Article on an information
page from the Swiss Reformed Church.
NARA Research Room: Captured German and
Related Records on Microform in the National
Archives: Captured German Records Filmed at
Berlin (American Historical Association, 1960).
Microlm Publication T580. 1,002 rolls, including
among, others, les of the Ahnenerbe and the Nachlass of Walter Darr.
Hitler and the Occult: Nazism, Reincarnation, and
Rock Culture.
White Blood, White Gods: An Assessment of
Racialist Paganism in the United States A Senior
Honors Thesis by Damon Berry in June 2006.
Hitler and the Secret Societies by Julius Evola
(from Il Conciliatore, no. 10, 1971; translated from
the German edition in Deutsche Stimme, no. 8,
1998).
Von Aldebaran bis Vril. Interview ber esoterischen Neonazismus (German) Interview, Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst, April 2013.

EXTERNAL LINKS

13

10
10.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Nazism and occultism Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism_and_occultism?oldid=742853379 Contributors: Bryan Derksen,

The Anome, Fubar Obfusco, Stevertigo, Frecklefoot, Michael Hardy, Kwertii, Nixdorf, Liftarn, Sannse, Delirium, Fcp, Tregoweth, Mk270,
Omegatron, Topbanana, Scott Sanchez, Sam Spade, Nach0king, Cholling, Nagelfar, Dbenbenn, DocWatson42, Tom harrison, Karn, Jfdwol, Ceejayoz, Metaphorge, Eequor, Quadell, Loremaster, Cberlet, Curtsurly, ZZyXx, Joyous!, Gazpacho, PhotoBox, Discospinster, Rich
Farmbrough, Guanabot, Pjacobi, WGFinley, Antaeus Feldspar, Dbachmann, WegianWarrior, Bender235, Livajo, Fenevad, Pjrich, Mulder1982, Mjk2357, C1k3, RoyBoy, Yono, Mboedick, Wilfredo Martinez, Viriditas, Apyule, Flammifer, Jonathunder, Anthony Appleyard,
Hektor, Sherurcij, Eric Kvaalen, Moanzhu, Hipocrite, Goldom, SlimVirgin, Goodoldpolonius2, Melaen, Max rspct, Stephan Leeds, Evil
Monkey, RJFJR, Pfahlstrom, P Ingerson, Arthur Warrington Thomas, DSatz, Blaxthos, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Firsfron, Mel
Etitis, TSP, Woohookitty, Asav, Morning star, Municent, Polyparadigm, Tickle me, Marudubshinki, Lusitana, Yasha~enwiki, Lawrence
King, Marcg106, Yuriybrisk, Cuchullain, BD2412, Qwertyus, Josh Parris, Rjwilmsi, Quale, Lendorien, KharBevNor, Averroes~enwiki,
MacRusgail, Demnevanni, RexNL, Gurch, EMan, Luminade, Algri, TeaDrinker, Kazuba, MrKeith2317, Bartleby, Satanael, YurikBot,
Hairy Dude, Jimp, RussBot, Hede2000, Pigman, DanMS, Gaius Cornelius, Theelf29, Canageek, MosheA, EWS23, Bloodofox, Retired
username, Stijn Calle, Chal7ds, Trainra, MartinStennert, Tuckerresearch, PTSE, TheMadBaron, Zuwiki, Jack Deth, Shyam, Ukslim,
Piecraft, Neonblue2, Pdraic MacUidhir, Curpsbot-unicodify, Mhkay, KSevcik, Serendipodous, Dex2177, Crystallina, Lundse, SmackBot, Avengerx, Reedy, Hanchi, Alephh, Eskimbot, Kintetsubualo, Portillo, Hmains, The Gnome, Dave Kielpinski, Rampart, OrangeDog,
Droll, Ikiroid, Kungming2, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Frap, Toko loko, KaiserbBot, Avb, Morton devonshire, Ben Grimm, Weie
Rose~enwiki, Steve Hart, Clean Copy, NickPenguin, Nummymun, Marcus Brute, Wikipedical, Rory096, JzG, M. Stern, John F. T.
Cashin, CPMcE, Ampersand777, James.S, Redeagle688, CharlesMartel, E-Kartoel, Arctic-Editor, Armon, Hu12, N0osphR~enwiki,
Nonexistant User, Joseph Solis in Australia, Ewulp, ArrEmmDee, Armandd, S Hunter Haggard, INkubusse, CmdrObot, Ali strachan,
Patchouli, Estban, Kylu, Frankly Man, MikeWren, Joshua BishopRoby, Cydebot, A876, CovenantD, Jeremy68, Lugnuts, Spylab, Ameliorate!, Georeybrooks, After Midnight, Raschd, EnglishEfternamn, Konradek, Keraunos, Callmarcus, Bobblehead, JustAGal, RoboServien,
John Smythe, AntiVandalBot, Fayenatic london, LuckyLouie, Dylan Lake, Keycollective, TlatoSMD~enwiki, Kent Witham, Amarkov,
Miketzhistorian, J Greb, .anacondabot, Dragonnas, Vanish2, JNW, Froid, MidnightSoldier, Makerowner, Theroadislong, Cgingold,
Teknomegisto, Hoversh, DerHexer, Simerian, Textorus, Gerrado, Grandia01, Kovrov, Keith D, R'n'B, A Nobody, Johnbod, Kangie,
P4k, Tarotcards, Zara1709, JN322, Zorn2006, Trippz, Gnostrat, Vader Terence, Fences and windows, Aeuio, Christopher Burton, Ivan
Boyes, Melsaran, Metasailor, StillTrill, Shatterprone, Schwalker, Suriel1981, Nave.notnilc, Spinningspark, Scrawlspacer, Peaceful Demon,
Runerr, AlleborgoBot, GirasoleDE, Digital sextant, AusJeb, SieBot, StAnselm, Ttonyb1, Kwork, Taken By Robots, Helikophis, Kalidasa 777, Brian Geppert, WickerGuy, ImageRemovalBot, Soonhuat95, Niceguyedc, TeaganMago, Jusdafax, Obe19900, Nicholasweed, Dj
manton, Freelion, Editor2020, Bearsona, AnotherSolipsist, Dthomsen8, Thegolden, Proofreader77, Apoyon, ThePug, Firedrop, Tide rolls,
Yobot, Dede2008, GerMMM, HoloInfo, AnomieBOT, VanishedUser sdu9aya9fasdsopa, MikeWattHCP, Citation bot, LilHelpa, Jaws2007,
Redfezwriter, Patchman123, Anonymous from the 21st century, Alvin Seville, FreeKnowledgeCreator, FrescoBot, Surv1v4l1st, Hyju,
Kierzek, Parallaxvision, Robert Berkshire, Scribemole, Hart, aber ungerecht, Syrius5077, Hereticus obstinatus, Diannaa, Hriber, TheBearPaw, Bossanoven, Autumnalmonk, John of Reading, GoingBatty, Italia2006, Zezen, , Sky380, Morgan Hauser, AgentSni,
ClueBot NG, Gareth Grith-Jones, MBFCPresident, Snotbot, MerlIwBot, Benmanninguk, Cole Hawlings, BG19bot, Mgokuda, PeteyL0rr,
Mark Arsten, BawlzOfGlory, Cottonop, BattyBot, VonRith, Pratyya Ghosh, Danragnar, SNAAAAKE!!, RotlinkBot, Dristarg, Animus93,
Dolan Draper, Pntkrts101, Sandshark23, Vorbeireden, Skatoulaki, YiFeiBot, Alizeor, Hjalmar Lange, Mckross2000, Zumoarirodoka, Glovacki, ZeppoShemp, McCann27, Clint de Henri van Hoyt, Progressingamerica, Alecto-holmes, Itstoolatetothinkofsomethingclever, Denniscabrams, River Streaming, Fomoir, Shesellscshels and Anonymous: 367

10.2

Images

File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04051A,_Reichsparteitag,_Rede_Adolf_Hitlers.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/

commons/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04051A%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Rede_Adolf_Hitlers.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: This image was provided to Wikimedia Commons by the German Federal Archive (Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part
of a cooperation project. The German Federal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of the originals as provided by the Digital Image Archive. Original artist:
Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https://
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590'
/></a>
File:Edit-clear.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

10.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0