SECTION V-8

WATERPROOFING AND WATERPROOFING MEMBRANE

508.01 Description. Waterproofing and waterproofing membrane shall be as indicated on the Drawings, as
specified herein and as directed by the Engineer.
Unless otherwise indicated on the Drawings or indicated in the Particular Specifications, the Contractor shall
furnish and install waterproofing membrane, Type A, on all structures as specified in these Standard
Specifications.
508.02 Waterproofing.
a.

General. The Contractor shall apply waterproofing and silane/siloxane sealer to all surfaces as indicated
on the Drawings at all foundations and piers including, but not by way of limitation, at abutments,
wingwalls, retaining walls, piers, and similar foundations where directed by the Engineer.

b.

Materials. All materials used for waterproofing shall comply with the requirements as specified under
Clause 508.03, Waterproofing Membrane, Type A, or under Clause 508.04, Waterproofing Membrane,
Type B, as applicable and shall be compatible with the waterproofing membrane as specified therein.

c.

Preparation of Surface. The surface to which the waterproofing coating and silane/siloxane sealer are to
be applied shall be cleaned of all loose and foreign material and dirt and shall be dry. When necessary
the Engineer may require the surface to be scrubbed with water and a stiff brush, after which the surface
shall be allowed to dry before application of the primer.

d.

Application. Concrete or other surfaces which are to be protected by waterproofing shall be thoroughly
cleaned before the primer is applied. They shall then be brush or spray painted with two coats (as
indicated herein) of tar or asphalt primer for absorptive treatment. Below ground not less than two coats
shall be applied, using .56 liter per square meter of surface. On the well-primed surface one application
of tar or asphalt seal coat shall be applied by brush, using 0.45 liter per square meter.
Care shall be taken to confine all paints to the areas to be waterproofed and to prevent disfigurement of
any other parts of the structure by dripping or spreading of the tar or asphalt.
Apply two coats of silane/siloxane sealer to the exposed surfaces of retaining walls, abutments,
wingwalls, piers, isolated foundations and similar structures from the top of the waterproofing to a line
one meter above the final finished grade. The clear sealer is to be applied by spray or roller at the rate
of 0.10 liter per square meter and in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.
The surfaces to which waterproofing coating and silane/siloxane sealer are to be applied shall be cleaned
of all loose and foreign material and dirt and shall be dry.
Application of silane/siloxane sealer shall be in accordance with the manufacturer's recommended
methods.

508.03 Waterproofing Membrane, Type A.

a.

General. The Contractor shall furnish and install waterproofing membrane, Type A, as specified herein
to all surfaces as indicated on the Drawings including, but not by way of limitation, abutments,
wingwalls, retaining walls, piers and similar foundations where directed by the Engineer. The Works
under this Clause shall include the furnishing and applying of self-adhering waterproofing protective
membrane and asphalt protection board courses on all surfaces noted to receive waterproof membrane,
Type A.
The Contractor shall furnish affidavits to the Engineer from the manufacturer that the self-adhering
waterproofing membrane system has been used successfully in like application for at least five years.

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The Contractor shall furnish the Engineer evidence that the material applicator is a qualified,
manufacturer-approved applicator.
b.

Submittals. The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer three samples of each type of the following
materials in accordance with the Special Conditions of the Contract.
1.

Self-adhering waterproofing membrane sheet, 12 inches by 12 inches.

2.

Bituminous mastic: one-pint containers.

3.

Primer: one-pint containers.

The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer certificates that materials to be furnished comply with
specification requirements.
c.

Product Delivery, Storage and Handling. The Contractor shall deliver products to the job site in their
original unopened containers clearly labeled with the manufacturers name, brand designation, type and
class as applicable.
The Contractor shall store products in an approved dry area with roll goods laid flat, one pallet high,
and shall protect them from contact with soil and from exposure to the elements. Products shall be kept
dry at all times.
Products shall be handled in a manner that will prevent breakage of containers and damage to products.
Surfaces to which the waterproofing materials will be applied shall be surface dry, smooth and free of
dirt, grease or oil.

d.

Materials. Waterproof Membrane: Waterproof membrane shall be self-adhering sheet membrane

consisting of a rubberized asphalt compound coated to one side of a polyethylene film. The membrane
shall have a minimum overall thickness of 1.5 millimeters and a tensile strength of 140 kilograms per
square centimeter and shall in all respects comply with the requirements of British Code of Practice 102.
Rubberized Mastic: Special compound provided by the self-adhering membrane manufacturer,
formulated for its intended use.
Primer: Special compound provided by the self-adhering membrane manufacturer, formulated for its
intended use.
Protection Board: A multi-ply, semi-rigid board composed of a mineral-filled asphaltic core between a
layer of asphalt-saturated felt or kraft liner and a glass fibre mat liner which is weather-coated and has a
polyethylene film facing.
Protection Boards shall be 120 cm wide by 240 cm long by 3.2 mm thick and have a minimum 75
percent asphalt content, by weight.

e.

Application
1.

General Procedures:
(a) The Contractor shall coordinate the self-adhering waterproofing membrane work so that the
placement of the concrete protection will follow the waterproofing membrane application by
not more than five days.
(b) Application of primer materials may be by brush or roller.
(c) The Contractor shall apply the membrane sheet with 12 cm overlaps at edges and ends, rolled
down firmly and completely.

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(d) The Contractor shall follow the self-adhering membrane manufacturer's approved written
recommendations for specific procedures, details and materials not specified herein.
(e) If the work must be left partially complete, finish the exposed edges on outside strips of
membrane with a trowelled bead of mastic.
2.

Application of Membrane to Concrete:

(a) Over the cleaned concrete surface, to the extent shown on the Drawings, the Contractor shall
apply primer in a manner and using quantities in accordance with the membrane
manufacturer's printed instructions. Allow to dry before proceeding but re-prime if not covered
with membrane within 36 hours.
(b) After the primer has dried, the Contractor shall apply the self-adhering membrane to the
concrete without stretching, with the polyethylene face out. Smooth down with heavy hand
pressure or a small roller. Lap edges and ends as specified.
(c) The Contractor shall double inside and outside corners by using an initial strip of 30 cm width
membrane, centered along the axis of the corner.
Cover this strip by the regular application of self-adhering membrane. Exposed edges of
membrane shall have a trowelled bead of mastic over these edges.
(d) Membrane on horizontal slabs shall extend to the outer edge of the slab and shall be protected
until subsequent overhead work is completed. Sidewall membrane shall extend down and out
to the edge of the previously applied horizontal slab membrane. Where the top of the
membrane terminates at a reglet, extend the membrane therein and fill the reglet with
rubberized mastic.
(e) Areas around piping and protrusions shall be double covered with an additional layer of selfadhering membrane for a minimum of 300 mm in each direction. Coat the membrane edges
and fill the gap between the membrane and protrusions with rubberized mastic.

3.

Installation of Asphalt Protection Board Courses: Within five days after membrane application, the
Contractor shall install asphalt protection board to vertical and horizontal membrane-on-concrete
surfaces. The Contractor shall install board with polyethylene face out, in two layers and with
butted edges and ends, adhered to membrane by means of mastic or other approved compound.
Joints in second layer shall be staggered in relation to the joints in the first layer. Point up with
mastic the exposed edges and gaps between penetrations and edges of the protection board.
Protection board on horizontal slab shall terminate at the outer corners of the concrete structure
above. Sidewall protection board shall extend down and out to cover the horizontal slab membrane.

4.

Repairs: The Contractor shall repair gouges and other damage to the completed membrane by
means of membrane patches applied prior to placement of the protection courses.

508.04 Waterproofing Membrane, Type B

a.

General. The Contractor shall furnish and install waterproofing membrane, Type B, as specified herein
to all surfaces as indicated on the Drawings and as specified in the Particular Specifications and to
foundations where directed by the Engineer.

b.

Materials
1.

Asphalt shall comply with the Specifications for Asphalt used in Damp-proofing and
Waterproofing, AASHTO M115 (ASTM D312), and Type I shall be used below grade.
Primer for use with asphalt in waterproofing membrane shall comply with the Specification for
Asphalt Primer used in Roofing,Damp-proofing and Waterproofing, AASHTO M116 (ASTM D41).

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2.

Pitch shall comply with the Specification for Coal-Tar Bitumen used in Roofing, Damp-proofing
and Waterproofing, AASHTO M118 (ASTM D450), and Type II pitch shall be furnished unless
otherwise specified.
Primer for use with coal-tar pitch in waterproofing membrane shall comply with the Specification
for Creosote for Priming Coat with Coal-Tar Pitch in Dampproofing and Waterproofing, AASHTO
M121 (ASTM D43).

3.

The fabric shall comply with the Specification for Bitumen-Saturated Cotten Fabrics used in
Roofing and Waterproofing, AASHTO M117 (ASTM D173).

4.

Tar for absorptive treatment shall be a liquid water-gas tar which complies with the following
requirements:
Specific Gravity at 25C
1.030 to 1.100
Specific viscosity at 40C
(Engler) , not more that
3.0
Total distillage, percent by weight,
to 300C, not more that
50.0
Bitumen (soluble in carbon disulfide),
not less than, percent
98.0
Water, not more than, percent
3.0

5.

Tar seal coat shall comply with the Specification for Tar for Use in Road Construction, AASHTO
M52, Grade RTCB-5 (ASTM D490).

6.

Silane/siloxane sealer for use in waterproofing exposed concrete surfaces shall comply with the
following requirements:
After preparation of the concrete surface as recommended by the sealent manufacturer two coats of
an approved silane/siloxane penetrating sealer shall be applied to the surface of the concrete. The
interval between the application of the coats shall be as recommended by the manufacturer.
Coating trials shall be carried out in the presence of the manufacturers technical representative
prior to use of the sealent on site. Acceptable certification will be required as to the sealents
compatibility with any other coatings that are proposed.
The system shall be a high performance, penetrating silane/siloxane system capable of reacting
chemically with the concrete substrate to produce a bonded hydrophobic lining. The silane/siloxane
system shall have no less than 18 - 20% solids content. The coating shall exhibit the following
typical properties:
Reduction in chloride ion penetration
Reduction in water absorption

> 90%
> 85%

A high build epoxy resin based protective coating shall be applied in compliance with the approved
manufacturers recommendations. The coating shall be certified as being compatible with the
underlying silane/siloxane sealer and shall comply with the following requirements:
Dry film thickness 400 microns (in 2 coats)
Volume of solids
100%
Reduction in chloride ingress
>99%
7.

Filler for use in horizontal joints in waterproofing membrane work shall be a straight refined oil
asphalt complying with the following requirements:
Flash point:
Softening point:
Penetration:

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Not less that 232C.

48.9C to 54.4C.
At 0C, 200 grams, 1 minute, not less than 15.
At 25C, 100 grams, 5 seconds, 50 to 60.

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Loss on Heating:
Ductility:
Total bitumen
(Soluble in carbon disulfide):

At 46C, 80 grams, 5 seconds, not more than 300.

At 163C, 50 grams, 5 hours, not more than 0.5
percent.
At 25C, 5 centimeters per minute, not less than
85.
Not less than 99.5 percent

Filler for use in vertical joints in waterproofing membrane work shall be an asphalt complying
with the requirements specified above for horizontal joint filler, to which has been added 20
percent, by weight, of asbestos fiber. The incorporation of the asbestos fiber with the asphalt
shall be done at the factory of the manufacturer to ensure a uniform distribution of the fibre
throughout the mix.
c.

Inspection and Delivery. All waterproofing membrane materials shall be tested before shipment.
Unless otherwise ordered by the Engineer, they shall be tested at the place of manufacture, and when so
tested, a copy of the test results shall be sent to the Engineer by the chemist or inspection bureau which
has been designated to make the tests, and each package shall have affixed to it a label, seal, or other
mark of identification, showing that it has been tested and found acceptable, and identifying the package
with the laboratory tests.
Factory inspection is preferred, but, in lieu thereof, the Engineer may order that representative samples,
properly identified, be sent to him for test prior to shipment of the materials. After delivery of the
materials, representative check samples shall be taken which shall determine the acceptability of the
materials.
All materials shall be delivered on the work in original containers, plainly marked with the
manufacturer's brand or label.
The fabric shall be stored in a dry, protected place. The rolls shall not be stored on end.

d.

Preparing of Surface. All concrete surfaces which are to receive waterproofing membrane shall be
reasonable smooth, and free from projections or holes which might cause a puncture of the membrane.
The surface shall be dry, so as to prevent the formation of steam when the hot asphalt or tar is applied,
and immediately before the application of the waterproofing membrane, the surface shall be thoroughly
cleaned of dust and loose materials.
No membrane waterproofing shall be done in wet weather, nor when the temperature is below 2C,
without special authorization from the Engineer. In the event the surface of the concrete becomes
temporarily damp, it shall be covered with a 5 cm layer of hot sand, which shall be allowed to remain in
place from one to two hours, or long enough to produce a warm and surface-dried condition, after which
the sand shall be swept back, uncovering sufficient surface for beginning work, and operation repeated
as the work progresses.

e.

Application. Asphalt shall be heated to a temperature between 149C and 177C, and tar for hot
application shall be heated to a temperature between 93C and 121C, with frequent stirring to avoid
local overheating. The heating kettles shall be equipped with thermometers.
In all cases, the waterproofing membrane shall begin at the low point of the surface to be covered with
waterproofing membrane, so that water will run over and not against or along the laps.
The first strip of fabric shall be of half width; the second shall be full width, lapped the full width of the
first sheet; and the third and each succeeding strip shall be full width and lapped so that there will be
two layers of fabric at all points with laps not less than 5 cm wide. All end laps shall be at least 30 cm.
Beginning at the low point of the surface to be covered with waterproofing membrane, a coating of
primer shall be applied and allowed to dry before the first coat of bitumen is applied. The waterproofing
membrane shall then be applied as follows:

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1.

Beginning at the low point of the surface to be covered, a section of about 50 cm wide and the full
length of the surface shall be mopped with the hot asphalt or tar, and there shall be rolled into it,
immediately following the mopping the first strip of fabric, or half width, which shall be carefully
pressed into place so as to eliminate all air bubbles and obtain close conformity with the surface.
This strip and an adjacent section of the surface of a width equal to slightly more than half of the
width of the fabric being used shall then be mopped with hot asphalt or tar, and a full width of the
fabric shall be rolled into this completely covering the first strip, and pressed into place as before.
This second strip and an adjacent section of the concrete surface shall then be topped with hot
asphalt or tar and the third strip of fabric "shingled" on so as to lap the first strip not less than 5 cm.
This process shall be continued until the entire surface is covered, each strip of fabric lapping at
least 5 cm over the last strip. The entire surface shall then be given a final topping of hot asphalt or
tar.

2.

The completed membrane waterproofing shall be a firmly bonded membrane composed of two
layers of fabric and three toppings of asphalt or tar, together with a coating of primer. Under not
circumstances shall one layer of fabric touch another layer at any point or touch the surface, as there
must be at least three complete toppings of asphalt or tar.

3.

In all cases the topping on concrete shall cover the surface so that no grey spots appear, and on
cloth it shall be sufficiently heavy to completely conceal the weave. On horizontal surfaces, not less
than 5 liters of asphalt or tar shall be used for each square meter of finished work, and on vertical
surfaces not less than 6 liters shall be used. The work shall be so regulated that, at the close of a
day's work, all cloth that is laid shall have received the final topping of asphalt or tar. Special care
shall be taken at all laps to see that they are thoroughly sealed down.
At the edges of the membrane and at any points where it is punctured by such appurtenances as
conduit or pipes, suitable provisions shall be made to prevent water from getting between the
waterproofing membrane and the surfaces.
Joints which are essentially open joints but which are not designed to provide for expansion shall
first be caulked with oakum and lead wool and then filled with hot joint filler.
Care shall be taken to prevent injury to the finished membrane by the passage over it of vans or
wheelbarrows, or by throwing any material on it. Any damage which may occur shall be repaired
by patching. Patches shall extend at least 30 cm beyond the outermost damaged portion and the
second ply shall extend at least 8 cm beyond the first.

508.05 Measurement and Payment. No separate measurement or payment for waterproofing membrane will
be made by the Department. Such work shall be considered as a subsidiary obligation under the various Items
in the Bills of Quantities unless otherwise specified in the Particular Specifications and included in the Bills of
Quantities.

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SECTION V-9
BEARINGS AND SHEAR TRANSFER UNITS FOR CONCRETE WORKS

509.01 Description. Bearings and shear transfer units for concrete Works, including those that are to be
furnished and included as a part of the Work under Section VIII, Prestressed Concrete Works, and Section
XIII, Post-Tensioned Concrete Works, of these Standard Specifications, shall be as indicated on the Drawings,
as specified herein and as directed by the Engineer.
Bearings required by Sections VIII and XIII shall be included in the Items under the respective Sections.
509.02 Elastomeric Bearings.
a.

General. Elastomeric bearings shall consist of laminated elastomeric pads or assemblies of laminated
elastomeric pads with externally bonded structural steel bearing plates, structural steel top bearing plate
and required stainless steel and PFC sheets, as indicated on the Drawings and as specified herein.
Variation in thickness of an individual elastomer lamination shall not exceed 3 mm within the width or
length of a bearing pad and the variation in thickness of all elastomer laminations within a bearing pad
shall be such that each metal or fabric lamination will not vary by more than 3 mm from a plane parallel
to the top or bottom surface of the bearing pad.
The total out to out thickness of a bearing pad shall not be less than the thickness indicated on the
Drawings nor more than 6 mm greater than that thickness. Variation of total thickness within an
individual bearing pad shall not exceed 3 mm.
The length and width of a bearing pad shall not vary more than 3 mm from the dimensions indicated on
the Drawings.
The bond between the elastomer and the steel laminate shall be such that, when a sample is tested for
separation, failure shall occur within the elastomer and not between the elastomer and the steel.

b.

Materials. All material used in the manufacture of the bearing assemblies shall be new and unused with
no reclaimed material incorporated into the finished assembly. All bonding of components shall be
done under heat and pressure during the vulcanizing process. The bond shall be continuous throughout
the plan area with no voids or air spaces greater than 0.25 mm within the bonding material. The
bearing assemblies shall be furnished as complete units from one manufacturing source.
The materials for the elastomeric bearings and assemblies shall comply with the following requirements:
1.

Elastomeric Materials. The elastomeric materials of the compounds shall be 100% virgin
polychloroprene synthetic rubber meeting the requirements of Table 509.02. The properties of the
elastomeric compounds shall be determined from test specimens complying with ASTM D3182
through D3190 inclusive and D3192. A variation of 10% in tensile strength and ultimate
elongation under "physical properties" will be permitted when test specimens are cut from the
finished product.

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Table 509.02
ASTM
Standard

Physical Properties

Value

D2240

Hardness, ASTM D2240

60 5

D412

Tensile strength, min. kg/cm

Ultimate elongation, min. %

156 (2,250 psi)

350

Heat Resistance

D573
70 hr.
@ 100 C

Change in durometer hardness,

max. points

+15

Change in tensile strength,

max. %

-15

Change in ultimate elongation,

max. %

-40

Compressive Set
D395
Method B

22 hours @ 10C, max. %

35

Ozone
D1149

D429, A
D429, B

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100 pphm ozone in air by

volume, 20% strain, 37.7C
1C, 100 hours mounting
Procedure D518, Procedure A
Adhesion to Steel
Bond made during vulcanization
Bond Strength
Peel Strength

V-72

No
Cracks

80% R (Z1)
6.9 kn/m
6.9 kn/m

Table 509.02
Polychloroprene - Synthetic Rubber
(Continued)
ASTM
Standard
D746

Physical Properties

60 Duro

Low Temperature Test - Durometer Change

Bearing or sample to be exposed for 96 hrs.
@-28C, 2C. (The specimen shall have a
24 hr. conditioning period at room temperature
prior to low temperature exposure). The durometer
test shall be made at 28C on an unbuffed
surface. Durometer hardness increase, Max.
ASTM D2240, 30 second reading. Durometer to
be placed in freezer with test specimen.
+15 (Z2)
Brittleness temp., 3 min., at -40C

Procedure B

No cracks

Structural Steel. The internal steel laminates

for the laminated elastomeric bearings shall be
rolled mild steel sheets conforming to SAE 1020
or AASHTO M183.
Laminated elastomeric bearings shall be
individually molded to the required size.
Corners and edges may be rounded with a radius
at the corners not exceeding 9 mm and a radius
at the edges not exceeding 6 mm. All edges of
the steel laminations shall be covered with not
less than 3 mm and not more than 6 mm of elastomer.
The dimensions of the elastomeric bearings shall
be within the following listed tolerances:

2.

Internal Steel Laminates. The internal steel laminates for the laminated elastomeric bearing pads
shall be rolled carbon steel sheets complying with ASTM A570 or AASHTO M183 (ASTM A36).

3.

Laminated Elastomeric Bearing Pads. Laminated elastomeric bearing pads shall be individually
molded to the required size. Corners and edges may be rounded with a radius at the corners not
exceeding 9 mm and a radius at the edges not exceeding 6 mm. All edges of the steel laminations
shall be covered with not less than 4 mm and not more than 6 mm of elastomer. The properties and
dimensions of the elastomeric bearing pads shall be within the following listed tolerances:
a)

Overall Vertical Rubber Dimension.

Average total rubber thickness 32 mm or less
Average total rubber thickness over 32 mm

b) Overall Horizontal Rubber Dimension.

0.914m or less
more than 0.914m
c)

-0, + 3 mm
-0, + 6 mm

0, + 6 mm
0, + 12 mm

Thickness of individual layers of elastomer at any point within the Bearing

(Laminated Bearings Only)
20% of Design Value
<3

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d) Thickness of Top and Bottom Layer (if required)

- 0 the smaller of
1.5 mm and +20%
of the nominal cover
layer thickness

e)

Parallelism with Opposite Face Top and Bottom Sides

.005 radians
.02 radiams

f)

Position of exposed connection members holes,

slots or inserts

3mm

g) Edge cover of embedded laminates or connection members

h) Size of holes, slots or inserts.

3 mm

The rubber laminates shall be of uniform integral units, capable of being separated by mechanical
means into separate, well-defined elastomeric layers. The ultimate breakdown limit of the
elastomeric bearing under compressive loading shall be not less than 140 kg/cm. In addition to the
requirements of Table A, the compressive stress-strain relationship of the finished elastomeric
bearings at room temperature shall not exceed the following limitations:
Stress
Strain*

35 kg/cm
5%

56 kg/cm
7%

*Percent of total thickness of all elastomer laminations.

In addition, shear resistance of the bearing shall not exceed 40 psi (2.80 kg/cm) for 60 durometer,
Table A compounds at 25% strain of the total effective rubber thickness after an extended four-day
ambient temperature of -28C.
The Contractor shall furnish to the Engineer a certification by the manufacturer that the elastomer, in
the elastomeric bearing pads to be furnished conforms to all of the above requirements. The certification
shall be supported by a certified copy of the results of tests performed by the manufacturer upon samples
of the elastomer to be used in the pads.
c.

Bearing Installation
The concrete bearing surfaces on which elastomeric bearing pads are to be placed shall be wood float
finished to a level plane which shall not vary more than 3 mm from a straightedge placed in any
direction across the area. The finished bearing seat shall not vary more than 3 mm from the elevation
shown on the Drawings.
Concrete or metal surfaces on which the bearing pads are to be set shall be dry, clean and free from dirt,
grease, latency, and contaminants. No bearing pad shall be placed until the Engineer has inspected and
approved the seat conditions.
All elastomeric bearing pads shall be fixed in position on the bearing seat with an approved epoxy and
applied in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturer of the bearing pads.
For expansion bearings only, concrete bond to the top surface of the bearing pad shall be prevented by
the use of polyethylene sheeting or other removable bond breaking material as approved by the
Engineer.

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d.

Stress Relieving of Expansion Bearings.

After a minimum period of 30 days subsequent to the final stressing and grouting of the prestressing
steel, the concrete superstructure at expansion bearings shall be raised with jacks to relieve the shear
strain in the elastomeric bearing pads caused by the elastic shortening and shrinkage of the concrete.
The Contractor shall provide steel flat jacks with steel shims for jacking between the superstructure end
diaphragm and the abutment seat. Flat jacks shall have a maximum outside diameter of 600 mm, a
minimum capacity of 350 metric tons, and minimum travel of 25 mm and shall be as approved by the
Engineer in writing.
Jacks shall be located as shown on the Drawings and shall be operated simultaneously through a
manifold to equalize pressure. The jacks shall be extended no more than the minimum to relieve the
load and shear deflection from the bearing pads and to allow removal of the bond breaking material.
Stress relieving of bearing pads will be required at the expansion bearings only and for the two span
continuous structures, jacking will be restricted to one abutment at a time.
To avoid compounding the cumulative stresses in the bearing pads with those due to temperature
changes, the jacking operation shall only be performed when the abutment air temperature is between
20 and 32C. After the jacking operation is completed, the pressure in the jacks shall immediately be
released and the jacks removed to avoid complications because of expansion or contraction of the
superstructure due to temperature changes.
To ensure reliability, only new jacks shall be used and any re-use of jacks shall be subject to approval of
the Engineer. The jacking operation shall be performed under the direct supervision of the Engineer.

e.

Measurement and Payment.

The furnishing and installing of the elastomeric bearing pads, structural steel for fixed bearings, flat
jacks and jacking work will not be measured or paid for but will be considered a subsidiary obligation
under this Contract and included under the various concrete items of work included in the Bill of
Quantities.

509.03 Pot Type Bearings - Guided Expansion and Fixed Bearings.

a.

General. The Contractor shall furnish and install pot type, guided expansion and fixed bridge bearings
of the sizes specified at the locations shown on the Drawings. The bearing assemblies shall be complete
and ready for installation.
Expansion bearings shall have sliding surfaces of polythtrafluorethylene (PTFE) and shall be subject to
the requirements of this specification and as shown on the Drawings.
Fixed bearings shall be rotational fixed units as shown on the Drawings.
Expansion and fixed bearings shall be capable of supporting the maximum total vertical and horizontal
loads as shown on the Drawings.
The PTFE material consisting of filled or unfilled sheet, as shown on the Drawings, together with the
adhesive materials, stainless steel mating surface and manufacturing processes shall conform to the
requirements given in these specifications.
The Contractor shall furnish Certified Test Reports, Materials Certificates and a Certificate of
Compliance for each bearing in accordance with the Engineers instructions.

b.

Design. PTFE sliding surfaces are designed to translate or rotate by sliding of a self-lubricating
polytetrafluorethylene surface across a smooth hard mating surface of stainless steel.

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Expansion bearings having sliding surfaces of PTFE shall have provision for rotation or equalization of
the stress on the PTFE sliding surface. Rotation shall be considered the sum of live load rotation,
changes in camber during construction and misalignment of the bearing seats due to construction
tolerances. Rotational capability shall not be less than 1:50. The design, materials and construction of
the means of equalizing the stress or provision for rotation in the bearing shall be in accordance with
these specifications and as shown on the Drawings.
PTFE sliding surfaces shall have the following minimum and maximum thickness:
Unfilled or filled PTFE 0.79 mm (1/32") minimum, 2.38 mm (3/32") maximum.
The PTFE sliding surface must be bonded under factory controlled conditions to a rigid back-up
materials capable of resisting may bending stresses to which the sliding surfaces may be subjected.
Alternatively, PTFE material of twice the thickness specified above may be recessed for half its
thickness in the back-up material.
The mating stainless steel surface to the PTFE should be an accurate flat surface as required by the
design and shall have a minimum Brinell hardness of 125 and a surface finish of less than 20 micro
inches rms (root mean square). The mating surface shall completely cover the PTFE surface in all
operating positions of the bearing.
The average bearing pressure on the PTFE sliding surface due to all loads shall not exceed:
Filled PTFE
Unfilled PTFE (Recessed)
Unfilled PTFE (Not recessed)

246 kg/cm (3500 PSI)

246 kg/cm (3500 PSI)
140 kg/cm (2000 PSI)

The design shall include means to positively locate all elements of the bearings. Where a thin noncorrosive smooth facing materials is used as a mating surface, it shall be structurally bonded by an
approved adhesive system and may also be mechanically fastened by means of either screws, or rivets to
the back-up materials or if the material permits, seal welded around the entire perimeter of the facing
material.
c.

Description. PTFE Bearing Surfaces. Prefabricated fixed and expansion bearings having a working
surface of PTFE conforming to the design requirements, shall conform with the following materials,
manufacturing and test requirements.

d.

Materials.
1.

General. The virgin PTFE resin, filled or unfilled PTFE sheets, back-up materials and all other
parts of the fixed or expansion bearings shall have the friction, mechanical, physical and
weathering properties prescribed in this specification.

2.

PTFE Resin. PTFE resin shall be virgin material (not reprocessed) meeting with requirements of
ASTM designation D1457. Specific Gravity shall be 2.13-2.19. Melting point shall be 327C
(623F2).

3.

Filler Material. Filler material when used, shall be milled glass fibers, carbon or other approved
inert filler materials.

4.

Adhesive Material. Adhesive material shall be an epoxy resin meeting the requirements of Federal
Specification MMM-A-134 FEP Film or equal, as approved by the Engineer.

5.

Unfilled PTFE Sheet. Finished unfilled PTFE sheet shall be made from virgin PTFE resin and
shall conform to the following requirements:
Tensile Strength (min)
Elongation (min)

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ASTM D1457

V-76

197 kg/cm (2800 PSI)

200%

6.

Filled PTFE Sheet. Filled PTFE sheet shall be made from virgin PTFE resin uniformly blended
with inert filler material.
Finish filled PTFE sheets containing glass fiber or carbon shall conform to the following
requirements:
Mechanical
Tensile Strength (min)
Elongation (min)
Physical
Specific Gravity (min)
Melting Point

ASTM Method
D1457
D1457
ASTM Method
D792
D1457

15% Glass Fibers

25% Carbon

140 kg/cm (2000 PSI)

150%

91 kg/cm (1300 PSI)

75%

15% Glass Fibers

25% Carbon

2.20
327C10C

2.10
327C10C

7.

Surface Treatment. Where PTFE sheets are to be epoxy bonded, one side of the PTFE sheet shall be
factory treated by an approved manufacturer by the sodium ammonia or sodium nepthalene process.

8.

Stainless Steel Mating Surface. Stainless steel mating surfaces when used shall be 20-gage
minimum thickness and conform to ASTM A240 Type 304 with a surface finish of less than 20
micro inches rms. Stainless steel mating surfaces shall be polished or rolled as necessary to meet the
friction requirements of this specification.

9.

Structural Steel. All structural steel bearing components including masonry plate, pot base, top
plate, sole plate, piston and guide bars shall conform to the requirements of ASTM A588.
Anchor studs, as shown on the Drawings, shall be welded to the sole plates in accordance with
requirements of Section XII, Metal Works.
High tensile strength guide bar bolts shall be as specified by the manufacturer and shall develop full
resistance to the lateral forces as shown on the Drawings for each bearing.
All structural steel shall be given a 0.254 mm (10 mil) epoxy coal tar finish after fabrication in
accordance with the paint manufacturers specifications.

10. Anchor Bolts. Anchor bolts provided to anchor the masonry plate to the concrete substructure shall
conform to the requirements of ASTM A307 and shall be galvanized in accordance with the
requirements of ASTM A153.
11. Elastomeric Components. The elastomeric bearing disc, seal rings for containing elastomer in
expansion bearings and seal for fixed bearings shall be made from neoprene of 50 Durometer A
hardness in accordance with the requirements specified herein for Elastomeric Bearings.
e.

Manufacturing Requirements.
1.

General. The expansion bearing shall be manufactured to the dimensions, and the requirements of
the method of fastening to the structure as shown on the Drawings. Guide bar to bearing clearance
of 3 mm maximum shall be maintained on all guided bearings.
PTFE material shall be factory bonded, mechanically connected, or recessed into the back-up
material as shown on the Drawings.

2.

PTFE Sheets. The bonding shall be performed at the factory of the bearing manufacturer of the
expansion bearings under controlled conditions and in accordance with the written instructions of
the manufacturer of the approved adhesive system. After completion of the bonding operation, the
PTFE surface shall be smooth and free from bubbles. Filled PTFE surfaces shall then be polished.

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f.

Testing and Acceptance.

1.

General. The manufacturer of the bearings shall furnish facilities for the testing and inspection of
materials and of the completed bearings in his plant or at an independent test facility approved by
the Engineer or his duly authorized representative, who shall be allowed free access to the
manufacturers plant and test facility.

2.

PTFE cold Flow Test. The manufacturer of the bearings shall demonstrate to the Engineer, by
approved methods of testing, that the cold flow of the PTFE material proposed to be used, filled or
unfilled, will not deform laterally, by more than 1.6 mm (1/16") radially (i.e., diameter of the
Teflon shall not increase by more than 3.2 mm (1/8"), under a uniform loading of 246 kg/cm (3500
PSI) imposed continuously for a period of not less than one hundred (100) hours. The dynamic
loading shall include the sliding of the stainless mating surface in a back and forth motion of 25.4
mm (1").

3.

Test Specimens. After the manufacture of all bridge bearings one expansion bearing from each
load range will be selected at random by the Engineer for testing. The load ranges are as follows:
Maximum Total Load

Minimum Dead Load

953 metric tons

499 metric tons
159 metric tons

612 metric tons

261 metric tons
79 metric tons

If all tests performed on the selected bearing in a given load range meet specified requirements, all
bearings within that load range will be acceptable. In the event that any test on a bearing in a given
load range does not meet specified requirements, the tested bearings and all other bearings in that
same load range will be rejected unless each individual bearing is satisfactorily tested and approved
by the Engineer.
4.

Testing for Coefficient of Friction. The test shall be arranged so that the coefficient of friction on
first movement and during sliding can be measured. The test method and equipment shall be
subject to the approval of the Engineer.
The Static Coefficient of Friction shall be determined at breakaway by dividing the horizontal force
to start motion by the certically applied force which shall be equivalent to application pressure. The
Dynamic Coefficient of Friction shall be determined by the same method.
The testing procedure shall be as follows:
(a) The bearing shall be loaded with the Maximum Total Load indicated for the load range and
this load shall be applied continuously for 12 hours immediately prior to measuring the
coefficient of friction.
(b) The bearing load shall be reduced to a Minimum Dead Load indicated, and the first movement
static and dynamic coefficient of friction for the test bearing shall be determined at a sliding
speed not exceeding 0.01 inches (0.25 mm) per minute.
(c) The bearing shall then be loaded with the Maximum Total Load and be subjected to 100
movements of the full design relative movement at a speed of less than one foot (30 cm) per
minute. If the test facility does not permit the full design movement to be used, the Engineer
may permit a reduced movement to be used, but this shall not be less than 25.4 mm (one inch).
(d) The static and dynamic coefficients of friction shall then be determined again with the bearing
loaded with the Minimum Dead Load.

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(e) The static and dynamic coefficients of friction between the polished stainless steel sliding
surface and the PTFE bearing surface when tested as provided herein, at the Minimum Dead
Load, shall not exceed four (4) percent.
(f) In addition to the above requirements, to be acceptable, the bearings shall show no appreciable
sign of failure or other defects.
Bearings represented by the test specimens passing the above requirements will be approved for use
in the structures subject to on-site inspection for visible defects.
g.

Packaging and Identification Marking. Each bearing shall be assembled at the plant, shall be marked
for identification and shall be delivered to the construction site as a complete unit. Packaging shall be
accomplished in such a manner so as to ensure that the bearings during shipment and storage will be
protected against damage from handling, weather or any other hazard. Each completed bearing shall
have its components clearly identified, be securely taped or otherwise fastened for shipment and marked
on its top as to location in each structure in the project in conformity with the Drawings.

h.

Bearing Installation. The Contractor shall certify to the Engineer that a skilled representative of the
bearing manufacturer will be available to the Contractor to give such aid and instruction in the
installation of bearings as is required to obtain satisfactory results.
The skilled representative shall be present during the initial installation of the bearings. The
representative shall remain on the job until, in the opinion of the Engineer, the bearing installation is
proceeding smoothly and the workmen are familiar with the work required for each installation. The
Contractor shall also arrange to have the representative present at such other times as the Engineer may
request.
Anchor bolts shall be cast monolithically with the substructure concrete by the use of templates to the
exact locations and with bolt projections above bearing seat precisely as shown on the Drawings and
approved shop drawings.
Bearing grout pads shall be placed as shown on the Drawings and as hereinbefore specified for Grout
Pads using an epoxy and quartz sand grout as recommended by the bearing manufacturer. The top
surfaces of the epoxy grout pads shall be perfectly level and any perceptible deviations from a
straightedge shall be ground level or filled with epoxy mortar and ground until a true level surface is
obtained.
The bearings shall be placed at the time of superstructure form erection and all temporary restraints
shall be removed as directed by the bearing manufacturer.
The bearings shall be set on the exact alignment as shown on the Drawings for each location and shall
be oriented in the proper direction. Extreme care shall be exercised in aligning both the base and the
upper part of the guided expansion bearing parallel to the expansion axis of the structure to avoid a
wedging action in the bearing during movements of the superstructure. The location of the upper part of
the bearing shall be adjusted relative to the base to allow for temperature at the time of erection.
If for any reason the bearings are disassembled, extreme care shall be used to ensure that the rubber pads
and piston rings are properly seated in the recess with the piston ring gaps 180 apart.

509.04 Shear Transfer Units at Abutments.

a.

General. The Contractor shall furnish and install shear transfer units between the superstructure
abutment shear blocks and where indicated on the Drawings, as specified herein, as detailed on the
Drawings and as directed by the Engineer.

b.

Materials. Elastomeric materials shall comply with the requirements as specified in Clause 509.02,
Elastomeric Bearings.

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All steel components shall comply with the requirements of all applicable Clauses under Section XII,
Metal Works, of these Standard Specifications.
The PTFE layers shall comply with the requirements as specified in Clause 509.03, Pot Type Bearings.
c.

Installation. Installation of shear transfer units shall comply with the details as indicated on the
Drawings and the manufacturers printed directions.

509.05 Measurement and Payment. No separate measurement or payment will be made by the Department for
the work or details as described in Section V-9, Bearings and Shear Transfer Units for Concrete Works, of
these Standard Specifications. All materials, labor, tools, equipment and appurtenances as required or as
directed by the Engineer to complete bearings or shear transfer units shall be considered as a subsidiary
obligation to the Items included in the Bills of Quantities unless otherwise specified in the Particular
Specifications.

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SECTION VI
STORM WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM

600.01 Description. Construction of the Storm Water Drainage System consists of all associated earthwork,
furnishing and installation of all materials, all testing and all subsidiary and related work items as indicated on
the Drawings, as specified herein and/or in the Particular Specifications, and included in the Bills of
Quantities.
600.02 Standards and Codes. The following Standards and Codes in their latest edition shall be particularly
applied to Works covered by these specifications:
AASHTO:
T-180

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using a 10-1b. (4.54kg) Rammer and an 18-in.(457
mm) Drop
T-259
Resistance of Concrete to Chloride Ion Penetration
T-260
Sampling and Testing for Total Chloride Ion in Concrete and Concrete Raw Materials
M-252
Corrugated Polyethylene Perforated Pipe, 250mm dia. and smaller
M-292
Corrugated Polyethylene Perforated Pipe, sizes larger than 250mm dia.

ACI:
318

American Concrete Institute

Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete

AISI:
316

American Iron and Steel Institute

ASTM:
American Society for Testing and Materials
A185
Welded Steel Wire Fabric for Concrete Reinforcement
A276
Stainless and Heat-Resisting Steel Bars and Shapes
A497
Welded Deformed Steel Wire Fabric for Concrete Reinforcement
A536
Ductile Iron Castings
A615M
Deformed and Plain Billet-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement (Metric)
A760
Corrugated Steel Pipe, Metallic-coated for Sewers and Drains
A761
Corrugated Steel Structural Plate, Zinc-coated for Field-Bolted Pipe, Pipe Arches, and
Arches
A775
Epoxy Coated Reinforcing Steel Bars
A862
Application of Bituminous (Asphalt) Coatings to Corrugated Steel Sewer and Drainage
Pipe
A885
Steel Sheet and Aramid Fiber Composite Coated for Corrugated Steel Sewer, Culvert and
Underdrain Pipe
C4
Clay Drain Tile
C14M
Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Culvert Pipe (Metric)
C31
Method of Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field
C33
Concrete Aggregates
C39
Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
C43M
Structural Clay Products
C76M
Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe (Metric)
C150
Portland Cement
C207
Hydrated Lime for Masonry Purposes
C301
Test Methods for Vitrified Clay Pipe
C309
Liquid Membrane-Forming Compounds for Curing Concrete
C361M
Reinforced Concrete Low-Head Pressure Pipe (Metric)
C412
Concrete Drain Tile (Metric)
C425
Compression Joints for Vitrified Clay Pipe and Fittings
C443M
Joints for Circular Concrete Sewer and Culvert Pipe, Using Rubber Gaskets (Metric)
C444M
Perforated Concrete Pipe (Metric)

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