Universidad Tecnolgica de Panam

Facultad de Ingeniera Elctrica

Curso de Lneas de Transmisin y Antenas

Onda en la fronteras:
Reflexin y Transmisin de Ondas

Dra. Maytee Zambrano

maytee.zambrano@utpa.ac.pa

Panam 2014

Signal Refraction at Boundaries

Radiation by antenna
Wave propagation in lossless medium
Wave refraction across a
boundary

Wave propagation in lossy

medium
Antenna reception

Figure: Signal Path between a shipboard transmitter (Tx) and

a submarine receiver (Rx)

Signal Refraction at
Boundaries
Flow from the transmitter (Tx) to
the receiver (Rx)

A signal is created electrically and flows through a transmission

line
The signal goes to an antenna, where it is radiated into the air
When the signal reaches the air-water interface, it is refracted

At the receiving antenna, the signal is converted to electrical

impulses

The signal flows through a transmission line to a computer

The data is stored

Reflection and transmission

When a wave encounters a boundary between two
media, part is transmitted and part is reflected

The media are characterized by different values for 1

and 2.
We will use rays to represent the flow of electromagnetic
waves.
Rays are arrows that point in the direction of the k-vectors
and are orthogonal to the wavefronts
Wavefront = points where the field has
constant phase

Normal and Oblique Incidence

A signal can strike a boundary surface at any angle
Normal incidence = the k-vector of the signal is
orthogonal to the surface. SIMPLER AND IMPORTANT
Oblique incidence = the k-vector of the signal is not
orthogonal to the surface

Normal Incidence
All the transmission-line concepts
and techniques can be used to
analyze plane wave reflection and
transmission at interfaces between
dissimilar media

Figure: Discontinuity between two different transmission line is

analogous to that between two dissimilar media.

Modeling Normal Incidence

Individual Waves
Note sign

Note + sign

Note sign

Normal Incidence
(Boundaries conditions)
Lossless Media
There are no free charges or currents
The E and H fields are all continuous across the boundary
Fields in Medium 1 ( z < 0 ):
E1 ( z ) Ei ( z ) Er ( z ) x [ E0i exp( jk1 z ) E0r exp( jk1 z )],
1 i
i
r

H 1 ( z ) H ( z ) H ( z ) y [ E0 exp( jk1 z ) E0r exp( jk1 z )]

Fields in Medium 2 ( z > 0 ):

E0t
t
t
t
E 2 ( z ) E ( z ) x E0 exp( jk2 z ), H 2 ( z ) H ( z ) y exp( jk2 z )

Matching the fields at z = 0:

E1 (0) E 2 (0) E0i E0r E0t ,
H 1 (0) H 2 (0)

E0i

E0r

E0t

Normal Incidence
E1 (0) E 2 (0) E0i E0r E0t ,
H 1 (0) H 2 (0)

Reflected and transmitted amplitudes

E0r

E0i

E0r

E0t

2 1 i
22 i
i
t
i

E
,
E

E
0
0
0
0

0
2 1
2 1

= reflection coefficient
t = transmission coefficient; t = 1 +
Another expression: Using 1 0 / r1 , 2 0 / r2
we have

r2 r1

r2 r1

Nonmagnetic media

Analogy of Normal Incidence to Transmission Lines

Analogy of Normal Incidence to

Transmission Lines
Plane Wave

Transmission Line

E1 ( z) x E0i [exp( jk1 z) exp( jk1 z )]

V1 ( z) V0+ [exp( j 1 z ) exp( j 1 z )]

E0i
H1 ( z ) y [exp( jk1 z ) exp( jk1 z )]
1

V0+
I 1( z)
[exp( j 1 z ) exp( j 1 z )]
Z 01

E2 ( z) x E0i exp( jk2 z)

V2 ( z) V0+ exp( j 2 z )

E0i
H 2 ( z ) y exp( jk2 z )
2

V0+
I 2 ( z)
exp( j 2 z )
Z 02

(2 1 ) /(2 1 )

(Z 02 Z 01 ) /(Z 02 Z 01 )

22 /(2 1)

2Z 02 /(Z 02 Z 01)

Power Transfer
Medium 1

Medium 2

Radar Radome Design

in ( z) | E2 ( z) | /| H2 ( z) |
exp( jk r z ) exp( jk r z )
in ( z ) r
exp( jk r z ) exp( jk r z )

(0 r ) /(0 r ).

0 jr tan( k r z )
in ( z ) r

tan(
k
z
)
0
r
r

0 when k r z n
(where n is an integer)

Normal Incidence
Radar Radome Design: Ulaby Example 8-1
Answer (continued): So, we choose

d z n r / 2 nc / 2 f r n 0.5 cm

The value n = 5 is the minimum that allows

us to obey the condition for structural
integrity, and we conclude d = 2.5 cm.

Ulaby Figure 8-6

Normal

Incidence

Lossy Media
We may generalize our results to lossy media by using the transformation

jk , c
We thus obtain in medium 1:

x E0i [exp( 1 z ) exp( 1 z )],

H1 ( z ) y

x E0i

E0i

E1 ( z )
and in medium 2:

with

E2 ( z )

exp( 2 z ), H 2 ( z ) y

1 1 j 1, 2 2 j 2, and
c2 c1
2c2

,
c2 c1
c2 c1

c2

E0i

c1

[exp( 1 z ) exp( 1 z )]

exp( 2 z )