COHERENT SIGNALS DOA

ESTIMATION USING A
SPHERICAL
MICROPHONE ARRAY:
FREQUENCY SMOOTHING
APPROACH

INTRODUCTION
MUSIC(Multiple Signal Classification) method is arguably the most
familiar subspace algorithm for DOA estimation. For the wideband
signals, ISSM(Incoherent Signal Subspace Method) decomposes
wideband signals into narrowband sectors and then to apply the
narrowband techniques independently on each sector. Then, the results
from all frequency sectors can be averaged according to various
methods, such as FS(Frequency Smoothing) in which transform the
cross-spectrum matrices at many frequency sectors
into one general cross-spectrum matrix at one focusing frequency
by using a focusing matrix that depends on the frequency sector.
However, the estimation performance in this method is very sensitive
to initial values.
In this paper, the advantages of spherical shape of microphone array
are exploited to perform frequency smoothing without any focusing
matrix or knowledge of initial DOA values.

SYSTEM MODEL: SPACE DOMAIN

Position of ith sensor, for i=1,2,..., I

Consider L plane-waves with wave number k impinging on the

array with denoting the angle of arrival of lth plane. Then
wavenumber vector
The model used in array processing
where
are the signal waveforms
is I x L steering matrix
with

CONTINUED...
The cross-spectrum matrix becomes

where

SYSTEM MODEL: SPHERICAL HARMONICS

DOMAIN
For spherical array of order N
The Spherical Fourier Transform of acoustic pressure spatially
sampled by microphones on the surface of a sphere can be calculated
using

And the acoustic pressure due to lth wave is

where

CONTINUED..
It has been shown that the spherical Fourier coefficient of a single plane
wave arriving from
of amplitude

Performing SFT on space domain System model

where matrix
is composed of L row vectors of length (N+1)2, where
elements in the l-th row are:

Matrix

is defined as

and
where

FREQUENCY SMOOTHING
Frequency smoothing is performed by calculating the smoothed crossspectrum
matrix as the average of cross-spectrum matrices of different frequency
sectors

Due to frequency dependence of the steering matrix, focusing matrices

are usually used to transform it. However, they require initial DOA
values. Hence, here we exploit the fact that frequency-dependent and
angular-dependent components are decoupled. The modal cross spectrum
matrix

where

CONTINUED...
Now performing frequency smoothing we get

where

This cross-spectrum is whitened and then MUSIC spectrum is then

computed with whitened steering matrix.