3 Settlement of Shallow Foundations

CIV8039
SPECIAL TOPICS IN FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Settlement of Shallow Foundations
Introduction to Settlement
Elastic or Immediate Settlement
Consolidation Settlement
Tolerable Settlement of Buildings
1.1 Compressibility of Soil

(1) Deformation of Soil Grains
Cohesionless Soil
Cohesive Soil
(2) Compression of Air and Water in the Voids
(3) Squeezing out of Water and Air from the Voids

4
1.2 Components of Settlements

The total settlement, St of a loaded soil has three components:
St = Si+Sc+Ss
Where, Si = Immediate or Elastic Settlement
Sc = Primary Consolidation Settlement
Ss = Secondary Consolidation or Compression Settlement
Si
1.2 Components of Settlements

(1) Immediate settlement : This settlement althouth not actually elastic is usually estimated
by using elstic theory.
(2) Primary consolidation settlement : This settlement is a time-dependent process that
occurs in saturated fine-grained soils which have a low coefficient of permeability. The
rate of settlement depends on the rate of pore water drainage.
(3) Secondary consolidation settlement : This settlement is also time-dependent, occurs at
constant effective stress and with no subsequent changes in pore water pressure.
Type of soil
Immediate
Primary
consolidation
Secondary
consolidation
Sand
Clay
Highly
Organic Soil
: Major Consideration : Consideration : No Consideration

6
2.1 Elastic Settlement based on the Theory of Elasticity

Consider a foundation measuring L x B located at a depth Df below the ground surface.
A rigid layer is located at a depth H below the bottom of the foundation.

Theoretically, if the foundation is perfectly flexible (Bowles, 1987), the settlement may be
expressed as:
Se(flexible)=q(B)
Where,
12
II
sf
q = Net applied pressure on the foundation

= Poissons ratio of soil
E = Average modulus of elasticity of soil under the foundation, measured from
z=0 to z=4B
B = B/2
(for center of foundation)
=B
(for corner of foundation)
= a factor that depends on the location on the foundation where settlement is
being calculated.
12
Is = Shape factor = F1 +
F2
1
If = Depth factor = f
( B , and )
9

The terms F1 and F2 used to calculate the shape factor Is, are given by:
1
F1= (A0+A1)
F2=2 A2
Where,
Ao=m.ln
A1=ln
A2=
(1+ m2 +1) m2 +n2

m(1+ m2 +n2 +1)
(m+ m2 +1) m2 +n2

m+ m2 +n2 +1
n m2 +n2 +1
The variations of F1 and F2 with m and n are given in tables.
10

To calculate settlement at the center of the foundation, use
H
=4
m =
and
n = B
( )
2
To calculate settlement at a corner of the foundation, use

L
H
=1
m = B
and
n = B
The variation of with / and is shown in Figure (for L/B = 1, 2, and 5),
which is based on Fox (1948).
For a rigid foundation

(, ) 0.93(, )
11
12
13

The variation of If with Df/B and (for L/B=1,2 and 5) is shown below.
14

The variation of If with Df/B and (for L/B=1,2 and 5) is shown below.
15

Case 1. Df=0, H=
(1) Circular Foundation
(i) At depth z
1+
Se=qo b I1
Radius
B=2b
qo
+ 1 I2
Where I1, I2 are the influencing number which is a
function of &
(ii) At surface (z=0)
12
Se=qob I2
Center (=0,
Corner (=0,
= 0)
I2=2.0
= 1)
I2=1.27
Average Se(Average)=0.85Se(center)
Rigid Foundation Se (rigid, Average)=0.93Se (flexible, average)
16

(2) Rectangular Foundation
(i) At depth z
Se(corner)=
qo
2
(1 2) I3
qo
12
I
1 4
Where I3, I4 are the influencing number which is a function
of m1= & n1 =
2
17

(ii) At surface (z=0
n1=0
qo
I4 = 0)
12
Se(corner)=qoB 2 I3
qo/2
Se(center)=4[
=
qo
](1 2)I3
(1 2)I3
Where I3 is a function of
L/2
L
=
B/2
B
z
2z
n1=
=
B/2
B
m1=
Average Se(average)=0.848Se(center)
Rigid Foundation Se(rigid, average)=0.93Se(flexible, average)
2
18

Case 2. Df=0, H
Se=Se(z=0) - Se(z=H)
H
Case 3. Df0
Rigid Base
Se(average)=Se(average)F3
Where Se=Corrected Elastic Settlement of foundation
Se=Elastic settlement of foundation on the
assumption that load is applied at ground
surface
F3=Correction factor for foundation depth Df
19

Values of I1
20

Values of I2
21

Values of I3
22

Values of I4
23
Depth factor, F3
Correction Factor for Foundation Depth, F3
Depth Ratio, D/B
24

Example: A square tank is shown. Assuming flexible loading condition, find the average
immediate settlement of the tank for the following condition;
(a) Df=0, H=
(b) Df=1.5m, H=
(c) Df=1.5m, H=10m
Solution:
(a) Df=0, H=
q
Se(center)= o (1 2)I3
m1=
n1=
=1
2
=0
Se(center)=
q0=100KN/m2 BxL=3mx3m
(100)(3)
(21000)
I3 = 1.122
1 0.32 1.122
=0.0146m
=14.6mm
Df
H
Sand E=21000KN/m2
=0.3
Rock
25

Se(average)=0.848 Se(center)
=0.848x14.6
=12.38mm
H
(b) Df=1.5m, H=
L
B
= 1, =0.3
Df 1.5
=
B 3.0
= 0.5
Df
Sand E=21000KN/m2
=0.3
Rock
F3=0.77
Se(average)=Se(average)F3
=12.38x0.77
=9.83mm
26

(c) Df=1.5m, H=10m
q0=100Kn/m2 BxL=3mx3m
Se=Se(z=0)-Se(z=H)
Df
At a depth of z
qo
12
Se(corner)= 2
(1 2) I3 1 I4
For small square 1

1.5
m1= =1.5 = 1
Sand E=21000KN/m2
=0.3
Rock
2 10
=
1.5
100x1 .5
12x0.3
Se(corner)=
(1 0.32) 0.189
0.047 x4
2x21000
=0.00211m =2.11mm
10.3
1.5m
n1=
= 6.67
I3=0.189 , I4=0.047
1.5m
27

Se(average)=0.848 Se(center)
=0.848x2.11
=1.79 mm
Without considering depth effect
Se=Se(z=0)-Se(z=H)
Df
H
Sand E=21000KN/m2
=0.3
=12.38-1.79
=10.59mm
1.5m
With considering depth effect

Se=SeF3
=10.59*0.77
=8.15mm
Rock
1.5m
28
2.2 Elastic Settlement of Foundations on Saturated Clay

Janbu et al. (1956) proposed a generalized equation for average elastic settlement for
uniformly loaded flexible foundation on saturated clay (=0.5).
Se(average)=1o
Where, 1 = correction factor for finite thickness of elastic soil layer

o = correction factor for depth of embedment of foundation
B = width of rectangular loaded area or diameter of circular loaded foundation
Length=L
q
Df
H
29
2.2 Elastic Settlement of Foundations on Saturated Clay

Christian and Carrier (1978) suggested that for =0.5, elastic settlement equation could
be retained for circular and rectangular foundations with a modification of the values of
0 and 1.
Df/B
30
2.3 Schmertmanns Method

The elastic settlement of foundation using the strain influence factor is:
(Schmertmann et all. 1978)
Sc =C1 C2 p H i
i 1
where
Hi =Hc
Iz
XE
1 =a correction factor for the depth of foundation embedment=1-0.5(

2 =a correction factor to account for creep in soil=1+0.2log(
()
)
0.1
n=No.s of soil layers with in the zone strain influence (strain influence diagram)
p=net uniform applied stress at foundation depth

E=elastic modulus of layer i
X=a factor used to determine the value of elastic modulus
X=1.25 for axisymmetric case ( = 1)

X=1.75 for plane strain case (
>10)
Use interpolation for footings with 1< <10
31
1.
2.
Effect of lateral strain is includes in the strain influence

factor diagram
Applicable for normally loaded sand & for pre-strained
sand actual settlement will be over predict
32

Example:
A 6 ft. x 24 ft. footing is founded at a depth of 3 ft. below ground elevation with the soil
profile and average N160 values shown. Determine the settlement in inches;
(a) at the end of construction

(b) 1 year after construction.
The footing is subjected to an applied stress of 2,000 psf with no ground water
33

Solution:
Step-1 Strain influencing factor at the base of the footing
24
=6 = 4
34

Step-2 Maximum Depth of Influence
35

Step-3 Depth to the peak strain influence factor, DIP
Step-4 Maximum strain influence factor Izp
36

Step-5 Drawing the IZ vs. depth diagram
Layer boundaries are solid lines

Layer centers are dashed lines
37

Step-6 Determination of Elastic Modulus from N1
60
X=1.25 for axisymmetric case (
X=1.75 for plane strain case (

Use linear interpolation for
= 1)
>10)
=4
( ) with respect to axisymmetric

X=1.25+
1.751.25
9
=4-1=3
3 =1.42
38

Step-7 Determine the settlement
Step-8 Determine of C1 & C2

p
(a) Embedment Factor 1 =1-0.5( o )

p
(b) Creep Factor 2 =1+0.2log(
()
)
0.1
39

Step-9 Settlement at the end of construction
n
Si =C1 C2 p H i
i 1
C1 =0.896
p =1655psf
C2 = 1.0
Si =(0.896)(1.0)
1655psf
(0.176
2000psf/tsf
Hi =0.176 in/tsf
inches/tsf)
Si =0.13 inches
Step-10 Settlement after 1 year
Si =0.130 inches
1.2
1.0
= 0.156 inches
40
41
3.1 Primary Consolidation Settlement

Method A
m
b
av=6(t+4m+b)
42

Method A
1. Calculate the average effective pressure 0 on the clay layer before the application of
the load under consideration.
2. Calculate the increase of stress due to the applied load at the top, middle, and
bottom of the clay layer. The average increase of stress in the clay layer can be
estimated by Simpsons rule,

1
6
av= (t+4m+b)
Where
t= Stress increases at the top the clay layer
m= Stress increases at the middle the clay layer

b = Stress increases at the bottom the clay layer
3. Calculate e
H
1+0
4. Calculate settlement Sc=
43

Method B
44

Method B
1. Divide the given clay layer into n layers.
2. Calculate the effective stress
o(i) at the middle of each layer.
3. Calculate the increase of stress at the middle of each layer
due to the applied
load.
4. Calculate
ei for each layer.
5. Total settlement for the entire clay layer is given by:

Sc
= sc
i 1
= 1 ei
i 1
H i
45

The settlement for one-dimensional consolidation is given by:
H
1+0
Sc=
Where,
0 +
0
For normally consolidated clay
e=Crlog
0 +
0
For over consolidated clay 0 + <

0 +
e=Crlog +Cclog
0

For over consolidated clay
e=Cclog
< < +
Where, c is the pre-consolidation pressure.
46

1. Normally Consolidated Clay
e
Cc=
log +

+
Sc=1+
log
47

2. Over-consolidated Clay
1. +<
+1
0
e1=Crlog
e0
e1
Cr : Recompression Index
+1
Sc=1+
0
0
e2
Cc: Compression Index
2. < < +r
e2= er + ec

=Crlog
0
c
( +)1
( +)2
log

Sc=1+
0 +2
Cclog

+2

1+0
48

3. Under-consolidated Clay
e
e0
Slope Cc due to consolidation portion

of the overburden
Slope Cc due to foundation
loading
0
0 +
e=Cclog +Cclog
0
0 +
e=Cclog
0 +
log

0 +
Sc=
1+0

49
3.2 Secondary Consolidation Settlement
Primary Consolidation
C =Secondary Compression Index

Secondary Consolidation
tp
50
3.2 Secondary Consolidation Settlement

The secondary compression index C is given by:
= 2
log 2log 1
By rearranging
2
1
For preliminary calculations

=
1+
0.05
H 2
1+
1
H=
Where, t is time and e is the change of void ratio.

The secondary consolidation settlement is given by:
() =
2
1
Where, C = C/(1+ep)
ep = Void ratio at the end of primary consolidation
Hc = thickness of layer
51
52
53
In 1956, Skempton and McDonald proposed the following limiting values for maximum
settlement and maximum angular distortion, to be used for building purposes:
Maximum Settlement, ST(max)
In sand
32mm
In clay
45mm
Maximum Differential Settlement, ST(max)
Isolated foundations in sand
51mm
Isolated foundations in clay
76mm
Raft in sand
51~76mm
Raft in clay
76~127mm
Maximum angular distortion, max
1/300
54
Bjerrum (1963) recommended the following limiting angular distortion, max for various
structures:
55

3 Settlement of Shallow Foundations

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3 Settlement of Shallow Foundations

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CIV8039

SPECIAL TOPICS IN FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

Settlement of Shallow Foundations

1.1 Compressibility of Soil

(2) Compression of Air and Water in the Voids

(3) Squeezing out of Water and Air from the Voids

1.2 Components of Settlements

1.2 Components of Settlements

: Major Consideration : Consideration : No Consideration

Elastic or Immediate Settlement

2.1 Elastic Settlement based on the Theory of Elasticity

Elastic or Immediate Settlement

2.1 Elastic Settlement based on the Theory of Elasticity

q = Net applied pressure on the foundation

Elastic or Immediate Settlement

2.1 Elastic Settlement based on the Theory of Elasticity

(1+ m2 +1) m2 +n2

(m+ m2 +1) m2 +n2

The variations of F1 and F2 with m and n are given in tables.

Elastic or Immediate Settlement

2.1 Elastic Settlement based on the Theory of Elasticity

To calculate settlement at a corner of the foundation, use

For a rigid foundation

Elastic or Immediate Settlement

2.1 Elastic Settlement based on the Theory of Elasticity

Elastic or Immediate Settlement

2.1 Elastic Settlement based on the Theory of Elasticity

Elastic or Immediate Settlement

2.1 Elastic Settlement based on the Theory of Elasticity

Elastic or Immediate Settlement

2.1 Elastic Settlement based on the Theory of Elasticity

Elastic or Immediate Settlement

2.1 Elastic Settlement based on the Theory of Elasticity

Where I1, I2 are the influencing number which is a

(ii) At surface (z=0)

Elastic or Immediate Settlement

2.1 Elastic Settlement based on the Theory of Elasticity

Where I3, I4 are the influencing number which is a function

Elastic or Immediate Settlement

2.1 Elastic Settlement based on the Theory of Elasticity

Elastic or Immediate Settlement

2.1 Elastic Settlement based on the Theory of Elasticity

Elastic or Immediate Settlement

2.1 Elastic Settlement based on the Theory of Elasticity

Elastic or Immediate Settlement

2.1 Elastic Settlement based on the Theory of Elasticity

Elastic or Immediate Settlement

2.1 Elastic Settlement based on the Theory of Elasticity

Elastic or Immediate Settlement

2.1 Elastic Settlement based on the Theory of Elasticity

Elastic or Immediate Settlement

2.1 Elastic Settlement based on the Theory of Elasticity

Correction Factor for Foundation Depth, F3

Depth Ratio, D/B

Elastic or Immediate Settlement

2.1 Elastic Settlement based on the Theory of Elasticity

Elastic or Immediate Settlement

2.1 Elastic Settlement based on the Theory of Elasticity

Elastic or Immediate Settlement

2.1 Elastic Settlement based on the Theory of Elasticity

For small square 1

Elastic or Immediate Settlement

2.1 Elastic Settlement based on the Theory of Elasticity

With considering depth effect