BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Name Of The Assignment : Piezoelectricity and Magnetostriction

Course No

: EEE 6909

Course Title : Energy Conversion

Prepared by
Md. Abdul Hannan
Roll No. 1015062111

Piezoelectricity
Piezoelectricity, also called the piezoelectric effect, is the ability of certain materials to
generate an AC (alternating current) voltage when subjected to mechanical stress or
vibration, or to vibrate when subjected to an AC voltage, or both. The most common
piezoelectric material is quartz. Certain ceramics, Rochelle salts, and various other solids also
exhibit this effect.
The piezoelectric effect refers to a change in electric polarization that is produced in
certain materials when they are subjected to mechanical stresses. This stress-dependent
change in polarization manifests as a measurable potential difference across the material.
Referred to as the direct piezoelectric effect, this phenomenon is observable in many
naturally available crystalline materials, including quartz, Rochelle salt, and even human
bone. Engineered material, such as lithium niobate and lead zirconate titanate (PZT),
exhibit a more pronounced piezoelectric effect.
An important feature to note about this phenomenon is that the process is reversible.
The inverse piezoelectric effect refers to a deformation of these materials that results from
the application of an electric field. The deformation could lead to either tensile or
compressive strains and stresses in the material depending upon the direction of the electric
field, the preferred direction of polarization in the material, and how the material is
connected to other adjacent structures.

Areas of Application
Actuators and Sensors
Piezoelectric materials are widely used in compact actuators such as linear motors, rotary
motors, and pumps. They are also used in sensors such as load cells, pressure sensors,
accelerometers, and gyroscopes. Novel actuator and sensor designs could involve composites
with embedded piezoelectric materials that display coupled structural deformation in
different modes such as in a shear-bender, where a shear deformation of the embedded
piezoelectric material produces a largely bending deformation of the composite structure.

Acoustics
Acoustic transducers use piezoelectric materials to generate sound waves. When subjected
to a harmonically varying electric field, a vibrating piezoelectric material creates alternate
compression and rarefaction in the surrounding fluid media, which results in the production
of sound. This principle is used in miniature speakers in portable electronic devices, medical
ultrasound devices, and SONAR transducers, such as the tonpilz transducer.

MEMS
MEMS RF filters based on surface acoustic waves (SAW) and bulk acoustic waves (BAW) use
piezoelectric materials for their ability to convert electrical signals to elastic waves and
then back to electrical signals again. The inherent electromechanical coupling in
piezoelectric materials allows the output signal to have a desired phase difference from the
input signal and also have unwanted frequency components present in the input signal to be
filtered out in the output signal.
Piezoelectric-based MEMS devices, utilizing the direct piezoelectric effect, are also used as
micro-scale chemical and biological sensors. They can operate as high-precision mass
measurement devices based on resonance frequency shifts experienced by piezoelectric
resonators when additional mass accumulates on it from any external source, such as that
emitting the chemical or biological species. One such device is a quartz crystal microbalance
(QCM).
Magnetostriction

Magnetostriction is a property of ferromagnetic materials that causes them to change

their shape or dimensions during the process of magnetization. The variation of
materials' magnetization due to the applied magnetic field changes the magnetostrictive
strain until reaching its saturation value, . The effect was first identified in 1842
by James Joulewhen observing a sample of iron.

This effect causes energy loss due to frictional heating in susceptible ferromagnetic
cores. The effect is also responsible for the low-pitched humming sound that can be
heard coming from transformers, where oscillating AC currents produce a changing
magnetic field.

Internally, ferromagnetic materials have a structure that is divided into domains, each of
which is a region of uniform magnetic polarization. When a magnetic field is applied, the
boundaries between the domains shift and the domains rotate; both of these effects
cause a change in the material's dimensions. The reason that a change in the magnetic
domains of a material results in a change in the materials dimensions is a consequence
of magnetocrystalline anisotropy, that it takes more energy to magnetize a crystalline
material in one direction than another. If a magnetic field is applied to the material at an
angle to an easy axis of magnetization, the material will tend to rearrange its structure
so that an easy axis is aligned with the field to minimize the free energy of the system.
Since different crystal directions are associated with different lengths this effect induces
a strain in the material.

The reciprocal effect, the change of the magnetic susceptibility (response to an applied
field) of a material when subjected to a mechanical stress, is called the Villari effect.
Two other effects are thus related to magnetostriction: the Matteucci effect is the
creation of a helical anisotropy of the susceptibility of a magnetostrictive material when
subjected to a torque and the Wiedemann effect is the twisting of these materials when
a helical magnetic field is applied to them.

The Villari reversal is the change in sign of the magnetostriction of iron from positive to
negative when exposed to magnetic fields of approximately 40,000 A/m.On
magnetization, a magnetic material undergoes changes in volume which are small: of
the order 106.

Magnetostrictive materials can convert magnetic energy into kinetic energy, or the
reverse, and are used to build actuators and sensors. The property can be quantified by
the magnetostrictive coefficient, , which may be positive or negative and is defined as
the fractional change in length as the magnetization of the material increases from zero
to the saturation value. The effect is responsible for the familiar "electric
hum" Listen which can be heard near transformers and high power electrical devices.

Cobalt exhibits the largest room-temperature magnetostriction of a pure element at

60 microstrains. Among alloys, the highest known magnetostriction is exhibited
by Terfenol-D, (Ter for terbium, Fe for iron, NOL for Naval Ordnance Laboratory, and D
for dysprosium). Terfenol-D, TbxDy1-xFe2, exhibits about 2,000 microstrains in a field of
2 kOe (160 kA/m) at room temperature and is the most commonly used engineering
magnetostrictive material. Galfenol is a newer such material.

Another
very
common
magnetostrictive
composite
is
the
amorphous
alloy Fe81Si3.5B13.5C2 with its trade name Metglas 2605SC. Favourable properties of this
material are its high saturation-magnetostriction constant, , of about
20 microstrains and more, coupled with a low magnetic-anisotropy field strength, HA, of
less than 1 kA/m (to reach magnetic saturation). Metglas 2605SC also exhibits a very
strong E-effect with reductions in the effective Young's modulus up to about 80% in
bulk. This helps build energy-efficient magnetic MEMS.

In early sonar transducers, during World War II, nickel was used as a magnetostrictive
material. To alleviate the shortage of nickel, Japanese navy used an ironaluminium alloy from the Alperm family.