978-999-06-95-05-2 Techno Economic

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
507.2095367
Scientific report; 20062008: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait, 2010.
744 p (including introductory pages); 21x29.7 cm
Depository No. 057/2010
ISBN: 9789990695052
1. ResearchKuwait. 2. ScienceResearch-Kuwait. I. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research.
II. Scientific Report 2006-2008.
Q179.92
TLC005874
AACR2 MARC

PO Box 24885, Safat 13109
State of Kuwait
Tel: (965) 24836100
Fax: (965) 24846891
www.kisr.edu.kw
The Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) is an autonomous public institute under the authority
of Council of Ministers of the State of Kuwait. Its Board of Trustees is chaired by a Minister delegated by
the Council of Ministers; in recent years the Minister of Education and Higher Education has served in
this capacity.
All rights reserved.
No part of this report may be used, reproduced or transmitted by any means without the written
permission of the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research.
Copies of the report are available through the Office of the Director General.
scientificreport@kisr.edu.kw
www.kisr.edu.kw
Scientific Report 2006 - 2008
This Report is a production of the Office of the Director General, KISR

Director General: Dr. Naji Mohamed Al-Mutairi
Scientific Report Committee

Editor-in-Chief
Professor Farida Al-Awadi,
Senior Consultant, Office of the Director General
Members
Dr. James Craik
Dr. T.S. Srikumar
Acknowledgements
Mr. Mohammed Al-Elaj, Manager, Personnel Department, Human Resources Division, is
thanked for providing list of staff members.
Engr. Fatima Abuseedo, Senior Project Analyst, Policy and Planning Division, Marketing and
Project Management Office, is thanked for supplying list of projects and related information.
Dr. Mohammad Al-Khamis, Research Associate, Department of Aridland Agriculture and
Greenery, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division is acknowledged for contributing to
the graphic design of separation pages.
Ms. Mary Geetha Haris is acknowledged for expert secretarial work and Ms. Walaa Ezzat
Radwan for providing secretarial assistance.
www.kisr.edu.kw
Table of Contents
1.
Identification of Research Project Codes .... i
2.
KISR Mission and Objectives ....... iii
3.
Historical Summary ...... v
4.
Organization Chart ... xiii
5.
Board of Trustees ...... xv
6.
Report of the Director General .. 3
7.
Reports of Deputy Directors General

Deputy Director General for Research 9
Deputy Director General for Information ....................... 13
8.
Reports of Division Directors

Petroleum Research and Studies Center ... 17
Water Resources Division .
Environment and Urban Development Division .... 21
Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division .... 23
Techno-Economics Division ............................................................. 25
9.
Research Divisions
9.1. Petroleum Research and Studies Center
- General Mission and Objectives.. 29
9.1.a. Department of Petroleum Production
- Department Mission and Objectives... 31
- Staff Members......................... 33
- Report of the Department Manager............................... 35
Project Summaries
Assessment and Control of Water Quality Parameters in Seawater Injection System
1RUWK.XZDLW.... 37
Performance $VVHVVPHQWRI:DWHUV$TXLIHUDQG(IIOXHQWIRU0LQDJLVK:DWHU,QMHFWLRQ. 39
,QYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKH&KDUDFWHULVWLFVDQG7UHDWPHQWRI.XZDLW&UXGH2LO(PXOVLRQV..... 41
Using Electrochemical Noise Technique in Studying the Corrosion Behavior of Carbon
6WHHOLQ2LO)LHOG:DWHUV.. 43
Crude and H2S Properties Evaluation Study of Greater Burgan Area
(Magwa, Burgan and Ahmadi)3KDVH,9.......... 45
Small Steam Flood Test (SST) Monitoring, Sampling and Analysis of Wafra Oil FLHOG....... 47
Ongoing Projects........... 49
www.kisr.edu.kw
9.1.b. Department of Petroleum Refining

- Department Mission and Objectives 51
- Staff Members. 53
- Report of the Department Manager 55
Project Summaries
Hydroprocessing of Residual Oils of Kuwait Crudes for the Production of
Low-6XOIXU)XHO2LO 57
3LORW3ODQW6WXG\RQ5HVLGXH+\GURFUDFNLQJWR'LVWLOODWH 60
+\GURLVRPHUL]DWLRQRI/LJKW1DSKWKD8VLQJ0RO\EGHQXPDQG7XQJVWHQ%DVHG&DWDO\VW 63
Investigation of the Relation between Alumina Raw Materials and the Properties of
([WUXGDWHVXVHGDV6XSSRUWIRU+\GURSURFHVVLQJ&DWDO\VWV.... 65
Investigation of Various Parameters Influencing Recovery of Nickel from Spent
Methanation &DWDO\VW.. 67
'DWDEDVH'HYHORSPHQWIRU6SHQW&DWDO\VWVLQ.XZDLW3HWUROHXP,QGXVWULHV.. 69
Studies on the Effect of Hydrothermal Treatment on the Properties of Alumina Supports
DQG+\GURSURFHVVLQJDWDO\VWV. 71
The Performance of the Atmospheric Residue Desulfurization (ARDS) Process at High
Operating System Pressure using Ratawi/Burgan and Eocene Residual Oils
([DPLQDWLRQRI6DPSOHVRI6SDUH3DUWV... 75
)DLOXUH$QDO\VLVRI&KDLQ%ORFN. 76
Hydrotreatment RI.HURVHQH.. 77
Ongoing Projects........ 79
9.2. Water Resources Division

- General Mission and Objectives....83
9.2.a. Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Management
- Department Mission and Objectives
- Staff Members . 87
Project Summaries
Technical Assistance to the Monitoring and Assessment of the Environmental
'DPDJHWRWKH*URXQGZDWHU5HVRXUFHVRI.XZDLW
Optimum Utilization Strategy for the Fresh Groundwater Lenses at
Al-Raudhatain Field 3KDVH, 93
Identification and Quantification of Different Hydrocarbon Groups in the Ground
:DWHURI.XZDLW. 95
Al-Raudhatain Field 3KDVH,,..
,PSDFWVRI2LO5HILQHULHVRQ*URXQGZDWHU4XDOLW\DQG/HYHOVLQ.XZDLW............. 99
Development of Water Code RI3UDFWLFHIRU,QWHUQDO3OXPELQJLQ.XZDLW
(VWLPDWLRQRI/HDNDJHIURPWKH)UHVKZDWHU1HWZRUNLQ.XZDLW. 103
(IIHFWRI)OXFWXDWLQJ6HDZDWHU/HYHORQ*URXQGZDWHU7DEOH..... 105
Detection of Hydrogen Sulphide Concentrations in the Groundwater; 2006-07..... 106
Detection of Hydrogen Sulphide Concentrations in the Groundwater; 2007-08.......... 108
www.kisr.edu.kw
Distribution of :DWHU6DYLQJ$HUDWRUVLQWKH6WDWHRI.XZDLW
Determination and Evaluation of Run-RII:DWHU4XDOLW\LQ.XZDLW
5HPRYDORI$PPRQLXP1LWURJHQIURP&RQWDPLQDWHG6DOLQH*URXQGZDWHU.. 114
Investigations on the Distribution of Pollutants in the Groundwater of Kuwait ..... 116
(IIHFWLYHQHVVRI+RXVH:DWHU)LOWHUVLQ,PSURYLQJWKH4XDOLW\RI3RWDEOH:DWHU..... 118
Selection of Suitable Sites for the Implementation of Artificial Recharge in Kuwait
usLQJ*HRJUDSKLFDO,QIRUPDWLRQ6\VWHP7HFKQRORJ\ 120
Ongoing Projects...... 122
9.2.b. Department of Water Technologies

- Department Mission and Objectives
- Staff Members. 125
- Report of the Department Manager............ 127
Project Summaries
'HYHORSPHQWRI6HDZDWHU3UHWUHDWPHQW$SSOLFDWLRQV8VLQJ=((:(('0HPEUDQHV.......129
Application of 0LFURILOWUDWLRQ7HFKQLTXHVIRU3ULPDU\DQG6HFRQGDU\7UHDWHG:DVWHZDWHU.. 131
3UHVHQWDQG)XWXUH:DVWHZDWHU4XDQWLWLHVDQG5HXVH'HPDQGLQ.XZDLW.. 133
Treatment of Oil-Produced Saline Water for Cost-Effective Water Recovery and
its Sustainable Use (Phase ,. 135
Feasibility of a Non-Submerged Membrane Bioreactor System for
0XQLFLSDO:DVWHZDWHU7UHDWPHQW.. 137
Development of a Wastewater Quality Database and Assessment of Effluent
Quality for Potential Reuse in Kuwait
3LORW6WXG\RQ+LJK4XDOLW\)UHVKZDWHU3URGXFWLRQ8WLOL]LQJ%HDFKZHOOV.. 142
$VVHVVPHQWRID1HZ1DQRILOWUDWLRQ0HPEUDQHIRU6HDZDWHU'HVDOLQDWLRQ$SSOLFDWLRQV..... 144
Sludge Characterization and Operational Conditions of an Activated Sludge Process
7UHDWLQJ0XQLFLSDO:DVWHZDWHU$&DVH6WXG\ 146
Bench-Scale Evaluations of Scale Inhibitors in Multi-Stage Flash Evaporation
Plants under High TemperatXUH2SHUDWLRQ0RGH148
Integrated Nanofiltration-Multistage Flash and Nanofiltration-Multiple Effect
'HVDOLQDWLRQ6\VWHPVIRU6HDZDWHU'HVDOLQDWLRQ.. 150
(IIHFWRI*UDQGHU7HFKQRORJ\RQWKH'ULQNLQJ:DWHU4XDOLW\... 152
Kadhmah Water Desalination and Bottling Plant: Operation, Production
and Quality Control 153
$VVHVVPHQWRI7UHDWHG:DVWHZDWHU4XDOLW\DW$EGDO\$UHD 155
6RODU'HVDOLQDWLRQ....... 157
'HVDOLQDWLRQDQG7UHDWPHQWRI+LJK6DOLQH:DWHU=HUR/LTXLG'LVFKDUJH7HFKQRORJLHV... 159
Preliminary Investigations into Causes of Sludge Bulking and Foaming Problems
DW-DKUD$FWLYDWHG6OXGJH6\VWHP... 161
Multiple Effect Distillation: 6WDWHRIWKH$UW.... 163
Solid-/LTXLG6HSDUDWLRQ7HFKQLTXHV...... 165
Ongoing Projects...... 166
9.3. Environment and Urban Development Division

- General Mission and Objectives.169
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9.3.a. Department of Environmental Sciences

- Department Mission and Objectives.................. 171
- Staff Members 173
- Report of the Department Manager.............. 175
Project Summaries
Multi-Biomarkers Response in Fish from Kuwait Sea Area......................................................... 177
Assessment and Monitoring of the Water Quality for the Khiran Pearl City Project:
3KDVH, 3KDVH,, 179
Multispecies Bioassay for the Safety Evaluation of Oil Spill Dispersants in
ROPME Sea Area ..................................................................................................................... 181
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in
&RDVWDO0DULQH6HGLPHQWVLQ.XZDLW. 183
Environmental Baseline Survey for the New Proposed Refinery (4th Refinery)
Al-Zour AUHD 185
Marine Environmental AsseVVPHQW2IIVKRUHRIWKH1HZ5HILQHU\3URMHFW.XZDLW 187
Ecological Consequences of River Manipulations and Drainage of Mesopotamian
Marshes on the Arabian Gulf Ecosystem: Investigations on Changes in Sedimentology
and Environment Quality, with SpeFLDO5HIHUHQFHWR.XZDLW%D\... 189
%LRJHRFKHPLFDO&\FOHRI3KRVSKRUXVLQ.XZDLW%D\.......... 191
Creating Digital Elevation Models and Ortho Images from ASTER Imagery OYHU.XZDLW... 193
Global Environment Outlook (GEO-4): Management of Urban Environment for
:HVW$VLD&RXQWULHV... 195
Preparation of Samples of ROPME Winter Oceanographic Cruise for
6HGLPHQWRORJLFDODQG*HRORJLFDO$QDO\VHV197
7R[LFLW\7HVWLQJRI0DULQH6HGLPHQWV.. 199
%RWWRP6HGLPHQW&KDUDFWHULVWLFVLQ.XZDLWV0DULQH(QYLURQPHQW....201
Visual Interpretation of Satellite Images of Southern Land and Coastal Area
of Kuwait for the Period fURPWR.........203
+DLUDVD%LRPRQLWRULQJ7RROIRU3HUVLVWHQW2UJDQLF3ROOXWLRQLQ.XZDLW.204
Characterization of Landfill Leachate at the Jaleeb Al-6K\RXNK6LWH.....206
Ongoing Projects........... 208
9.3.b. Department of Coasts and Air Pollution

- Department Mission and Objectives. 211
- Staff Members. 213
- Report of the Department Manager................. 215
Project Summaries
Assessment of Chemical and Radiation Pollution in the Working
(QYLURQPHQWDW$PJKDUD,QGXVWULDO$UHD........... 217
Environmental Rehabilitation Study of the Quarries in the State of Kuwait ............................... 219
The First Kuwait National Communication under the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change.... 221
,QWHUDFWLYH&RDVWDO,QIRUPDWLRQ6\VWHPIRU.XZDLWV7HUULWRULDO:DWHUV
Phase I: Hindcasting of Waves, Water Levels and Currents 224
&RDVWOLQH(YROXWLRQ6WXGLHVRI.XZDLW8VLQJ5HPRWH6HQVLQJ7HFKQLTXHV... 226
/RQJ7HUP3UHGLFWLRQRI:LQGVIRU.XZDLW.....
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,QWHJUDWHG6\VWHPIRU)ORRG0DQDJHPHQWLQ6KXDLED$UHDDQGLWV9LFLQLWLHV..
Environmental Baseline Survey for the Prospective Clean Fuel Facilities
at Port Abdullah, Port Al-Ahmadi and Al-6KXDLED5HILQHULHV..... 233
Wind Tunnel Assessment of Kuwait AirportDistinguished Guests Reception (VVIP)
Shade Structure at KuwaiW,QWHUQDWLRQDO$LUSRUW. 235
$VVHVVPHQWRID:LQG7XQQHODVD6HLVPLF7HVWLQJ(QYLURQPHQW.. 237
Assessment of Available Sand Stabilization Techniques at Al-Salmi Road: A Case Study........ 239
Alternatives to Deal with the Clogging of the Doha West Power Station Water Intake
E\-HOO\ILVK$OJDHDQGRWKHU0DULQH/LIH241
Marine Sedimentation Study for the Kuwait National Petroleum Company (KNPC)
New Refinery. 243
Provision of Continuous Monitoring and Reporting Services Indoor and Outdoor
Air Quality of Oil Sector Complex Building (Part 1$LU4XDOLW\0RQLWRULQJ6WXG\..... 245
Hydraulic Studies for the Shuaiba North and Sabiya *DV7XUELQH3RZHU3ODQWV......... 248
Environmental Assessment for the Impact of Sabiya and
6KXDLED1RUWK3RZHU3ODQWVRQ$LU4XDOLW\....... 250
3K\VLFDODQG1XPHULFDO0RGHOLQJRIWKH7LGDO*DWHVIRU.KLUDQ3HDUO&LW\/DJRRQV.... 252
Feasibility for a Submarine Pipeline Type Seawater Intake Structure at Sabiya Power Plant..... 254
'XVW)DOORXW0RQLWRULQJDQG$QDO\VLVLQ-DKUD&LW\DQG6XUURXQGLQJV256
Potential Wind Power Generation in the State of .XZDLW258
Maintenance and Upgrade of Coasts and Air Pollution DepDUWPHQW0HWHRURORJLFDO6WDWLRQV 260
A Study of Ambient Concentrations of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde in Kuwait ................. 262
Shoreline Management Plan for the Shore from Khor Al-0XIDWDKWR.KRU,VNDQGDU.. 264
,QWHUDFWLYH&RDVWDO,QIRUPDWLRQ6\VWHPIRU.XZDLWV7HUULWRULDO:DWHUV
3KDVH,,$:HEVLWHIRU2QOLQH+\GURG\QDPLF3UHGLFWLRQV.... 266
Testing, Evaluation and Post-Certification Activities for Radionuclide Station,
RN-.XZDLW&LW\.XZDLW........ 269
Upgrading and Maintenance of Hydraulics Laboratory, its Infrastructure and
Wind Tunnel Facility (2005-. 271
Daily Monitoring and Assessment of Kuwait Climatic Conditions Measured by
Eight Meteorological Stations of Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research ...... 273
Upgrading the Wind Tunnel Research Facilities at Kuwait Institute for Scientific ResearFK. 275
:RUOG6HLVPLF$FWLYLWLHVDV5HFRUGHGE\.XZDLW1DWLRQDO6HLVPLF1HWZRUN. 277
Upgrading, Regular Upkeep and Maintenance of Hydraulics Laboratory,
Wind Tunnel Facility and Other Infrastructure of the Hydraulics Laboratory (2006-.. 279
0DQDJLQJ)ODVK)ORRGVLQ6KRXDLED$UHD 281
Hydrodynamic Study on the Al-.KLUDQ2IIVKRUH%UHDNZDWHUZLWK6HDEHH$UPRXU8QLWV. 283
Design and Development of a Wave Absorber System for the Wave Flume Facility
in the Hydraulic Laboratory of Coasts DQG$LU3ROOXWLRQ&$'.,65 286
Calibration of Hydraulic Laboratory Instruments for Tide Measurement 288
Upgrading, Regular Upkeep and Maintenance of Hydraulics Laboratory, Wind Tunnel
Facility and other Infrastructure of the Hydraulics Laboratory (2007-.... 290
Extraction and Photodegradation of Aerosol Macromolecular Organic Matter 292
Effect of Threshold Values on the Predicted Extreme Waves in Kuwait Territorial Waters
Erosional Llineations in the Um Al-Rimam Depressions (North Kuwait)................................... 296
Ongoing Projects..298
www.kisr.edu.kw
9.3.c. Department of Building and Energy Technologies

- Department Mission and Objectives...............301
- Staff Members ............
- Report of the Department Manager............ 305
Project Summaries
Cost-HIIHFWLYH.XZDLWL+RXVHV..........307
Optimization of Cooling Production in Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Main Building. 309
Recycling of Concrete DQG0DVRQU\.. 311
Characterization and Evaluation of Concrete Building Materials Available
IRUWKH&RQVWUXFWLRQ,QGXVWU\LQWKH/RFDO0DUNHW 314
Assessment of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) and Lighting
Systems Performance and Indoor Air Quality of the Oil Sector Complex Buildings...... 316
Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment of the Unsafe Disposal of Oil-based
Mud Cuttings Generated from Oil Well Drilling... 318
Testing of Reinforced Concrete Beams and Slabs with Steel Fibres... 320
$VVHVVPHQWRI9LEUDWLRQVRI0LQLVWU\RI,QWHULRU%XLOGLQJLQ)DUZDQL\D. 322
Testing of Concrete Beams with Embedded Polyvinyl Chloride and
Galvanized 6WHHO3LSHV 324
Demonstration of 7HVW3LWIRU*URXQG3HQHWUDWLQJ5DGDU$SSOLFDWLRQV 326
Ongoing Projects.
9.3.d. Department of Advanced Systems

- Department Mission and Objectives...... 331
- Staff Members...... 333
- Report of the Department Manager.. 335
Project Summaries
$5DGLRORJLFDO$WODVIRU.XZDLW.337
Development of a Laser-Induced Fluorescence Cone Penetrometer System for Site
Characterization and Analysis of Subsurface Contaminants
Nonlinear Predictive Control and Applications for an Industrial 6FDOH3LORW3ODQW
CRQVXOWLQJ6WXGLHVIRUWKH(OHFWULFDO6XSHUYLVRU\&RQWURO&HQWHUV3ODQQLQJ........... 344
Development of Computer Workshop for the BOLQGDW.XZDLW8QLYHUVLW\346
Development of Arabic Computer Application for the Diagnosis and
Treatment RI'\VOH[LD............................................................................................................... 347
6FRXW'HDI6LJQ/DQJXDJH'LFWLRQDU\. 349
Create Knowledge@kisr: A Framework for Knowledge 3URGXFWLRQ... 351
8SGDWLQJWKH$UDELF0DNDWRQ'LFWLRQDU\..... 353
'HYHORSPHQWRIWKH/DWHHID)RQW.. 354
,QWHJUDWLRQRI'LVWULEXWHG(QHUJ\5HVRXUFHVZLWK(OHFWULF8WLOLW\1HWZRUN........ 355
Ongoing Projects..
9.4. Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division

- General Mission and Objectives............ 361
www.kisr.edu.kw
9.4.a. Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries and Marine Environment

- Staff Members
Project Summaries
Assessment of the Effects of the Shatt Al-$UDEV$OWHUHG'LVFKDUJH5HJLPHV
on the Ecology of the Northern Arabian Gulf - 3KDVH,, 369
$Q,QYHVWLJDWLRQWR,PSURYH.XZDLWV'HPHUVDO7UDS)LVKHU\ 372
Comparative Study of Ancient and Modern Otoliths of Ariidae (Sea Catfish)
from.XZDLW:DWHUV 374
Reproductive Performance, Monosex Culture and Hybridization Studies of the
Improved Strain of the Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus..... 376
Spatial Distribution of Phytoplankton in the Sea Area of the Regional Organization
for the Protection of the Marine Environment duULQJ:LQWHU. 378
The Production of Intergeneric Hybrids from Shaem and Sobaity:
&RPSDULVRQRI*URZWKDQG6XUYLYDO3HUIRUPDQFHV.... 380
Eco-Friendly Essential Oils of Plant Origin as Antipathogen Agents
in Fish +HDOWK0DQDJHPHQW... 382
Spatial Distribution and Abundance of Ichthyoplankton and Decapod Larvae
LQWKH5230(6HD$UHD56$GXULQJ:LQWHU2FHDQRJUDSKLF&UXLVH. 384
Publishing an Arabic Textbook on "Kuwait 6KULPS)LVKHULHV ..... 386
3XEOLVKLQJDQ$WODV%RRNRQ0DULQH3K\WRSODQNWRQ'LYHUVLW\LQ.XZDLWV:DWHUs........ 387
Establishment of Oceanographic Data and Information Systems at Mariculture and
Fisheries Department, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research....... 389
3UHSDUDWLRQRI6FLHQWLILF%RRNLQ$UDELFHQWLWOHG/LIHDW6HDDQGLQWKH$UDELDQ*XOI.391
Spatial Distribution of Chlorophyll-D LQWKH5230(6HD$UHDGXULQJ:LQWHU...... 394
Isolation, Characterization and Preliminary Evaluation of the Efficacy of Aquatic
Bacteria in Cultured Zobaidy Pampus argenteus 396
Status of Kuwait's Shrimp Fisheries (20052006) .........398
The Effect of Clove Oil (Eugenol) as an Anesthetic for Shrimp Larvae Penaeus... 400
Characterization of a Ciliate Parasite (Uronema Sp.) and Efficacy of Anti-Proteases
on the Pathogenicity of the Ciliate in Zobaidy. 402
Investigation on the Possibility of Increasing Market Demands on Locally Cultured Tilapia 404
*URZWK5DWHVRI6RPH+DUPIXO$OJDO%ORRP6SHFLHVLQ.XZDLW:DWHUV...... 405
Comparative Efficacy of Clove Oil (Eugenol), MS-222 and Quinaldine
as Anesthetics for Semisulcatus...... 407
Status of Kuwait's Shrimp Fisheries (20062007) ......... 409
Status of Kuwait's Shrimp Fisheries (20072008) ... 411
Phytoplankton and Harmful Algal Blooms (HABS) in .XZDLW:DWHUV...... 413
Methods in Marine Phytoplankton Ecology ..........415
Ongoing Projects.. 417
9.4.b. Department of Aridland Agriculture and Greenery

- Staff Members.. 421
- Report of the Department Manager
www.kisr.edu.kw
Project Summaries
Site Planning Inventory: Boubyan Island Environmental Assessment and
Preparation of a Master Plan425
Evaluation of New Ornamental Plants for Use in Kuwait's Landscape and
Demonstration Gardens ...... 428
Evaluation of Different Methods for Reducing Salmonella in Broilers in Kuwait.......430
Establishment of a Seed Bank Unit for Native Plants of Kuwait.......... 432
Introduction, Evaluation and Propagation of the Argan Tree for Greenery
DQG2LO3URGXFWLRQLQ.XZDLW3KDVH,,QWURGXFWLRQDQG(YDOXDWLRQ..... 434
Investigation of Calf Mortality in Locally Bred Heifers used for Establishing
D1DWLRQDO'DLU\+HUG.......... 436
3RXOWU\%LRVHFXULW\$&DVH6WXG\DW.XZDLW8QLWHG3RXOWU\&RPSDQ\.83&2...... 438
Landscape Design and Study on Suitable Plant List for Burgan Oasis:
6SLULWRIWKH'HVHUW
Wildlife Survey and Assessment at the Joint OperationWafra ..
Assessment of Native Flora at Joint OperationsWafra.. 444
6HOHFWLRQRI2OLYH9DULHWLHVIRU*UHHQHU\DQG)UXLW3URGXFWLRQLQ.XZDLW3KDVH,........... 446
Standardization of Growing Substrates and Fertilizer Application for Organic
Greenhouse Vegetable Production.......... 448
Development of Stress Score Due to Transportation and Handling and the Related
Effects on some of the Physiological Behavior in Imported Sheep to Kuwait.
3KDVH,'HWHUPLQLQJWKH6WUHVV6FRUH6\VWHP....... 450
Assessment of Growth Media, Root Size Compartment and Fertilizer Source
LQWKH&ORVHG,QVXODWHG3DOOHW6\VWHP......... 452
Improve Arabian Chickens Performance in Kuwait by Nutrition and
Feeding Management; Phase I - Growing Period......... 454
Greenery Program of Kuwait National Petroleum Company Refineries and
Associated Works: Port Al-Ahmadi and Port Al-Abdulla 456
Introduction of Capers for Dual Applications in Kuwait: Introduction,
Evaluation and Field Evaluation; 3KDVH........... 459
&ROG%HG&XOWXUHIRU7RPDWR3URGXFWLRQ 461
Introduction, Evaluation and Propagation of the Argan Tree for
Greenery and Oil Production in Kuwait, Phase II: Determination of
,UULJDWLRQ5HTXLUHPHQWVDQG(VWDEOLVKPHQWRID3ODQWDWLRQ.......... 463
Pilot Study on Production of +LJK4XDOLW\%URLOHUVDQG(JJV.. 465
Revegetation of Damaged Terrestrial Ecosystems.. 467
Standardized Methods for the Production of High Quality Gardenia
(Gardenia jasminoidesLQ.XZDLW 469
Standardized Methods for the Production of High Quality Roses (Rosa indicaLQ.XZDLW.... 471
Establishment of a Native Plant Nursery Phase I 473
(IIHFWRI'LHWDU\3URWHLQ/HYHORQWKH3HUIRUPDQFHRI$UDELDQ&KLFNHQVLQ.XZDLW. 475
6WXG\RI6HDVRQDO9DULDWLRQRQ5RVH)ORZHU3URGXFWLRQ 477
Surveillance of Avian Influenza in KISR Poultry
Follow-up on Implementation of Recommendations Arising from Poultry
Biosecurity Project at Kuwait UQLWHG3RXOWU\&RPSDQ\.....481
:LOGOLIH6XUYH\DQG$VVHVVPHQWDWWKH8UEDQ'HPRQVWUDWLRQ*DUGHQV.....483
Wildlife Assessment at the Agriculture 5HVHDUFK6WDWLRQ6XODLEL\D.DEG..485
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Effect of Different Dietary Protein Levels on the Production Performance

of Arabian &KLFNHQLQ.XZDLW. 487
Effect of Feeding Flaxseed on Egg Production and Egg Weight
of ArabiDQ&KLFNHQVLQ.XZDLW 489
The Effects of Former Sheep Camps on Vegetation and Soil Properties in a
Recently Protected Area at KISR - Sulaibiya.... 491
Growth Characteristics of Four Desert Tree Species with Respect to
Two Different Soil Treatments 493
Vegetation Monitoring in the New Extension of the KISR Sulaibiya Agricultural
Research Station ........................................................................................................................... 495
The Herbarium of Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research; Upgrading.... 497
Effect of Sand as a Component of Root Substrates on Performance of
6HOHFWHG3ODQW6SHFLHV 499
Impact of Foliar Dust Deposition on Stomatal Conductance of Selected Plant Species .... 501
Ongoing Projects
9.4.c. Department of Biotechnology

- Department Mission and Objectives..
- Staff Members509
- Report of the Department Manager..
Project Summaries
Large Scale Production of Soil Sulfur Amendment and its Implementation at the
Kuwait National Greenery Plan: 3KDVH,, 513
Evaluation of Genetic Integrity of the KISR-Tissue Cultured Date Palms
(phoenix dactilyfera L.) Under )LHOG&RQGLWLRQV.......... 516
Development of Salt Tolerant Date Palm Cultivars via Tissue Culture Technology
3KDVH,,QGXFWLRQDQG6HOHFWLRQ........ 518
Introduction, Propagation and Evaluation of Male Date Palm Pollinators
Phase I: Introduction and Propagation................520
Greenery Residues as Livestock Feed
Phase II: Pilot-scale Production of Silage and Animal Response Studies............ 522
In Vitro Screening and Development of Salt Tolerant Potato via Plant Cell
and Tissue Culture Technology............. 524
Assessment of Acrylamide Levels in Heat-3URFHVVHG)RRGVWXIIV&RQVXPHGE\.XZDLWLV 526
Evaluating the Efficacy of Iron Fortificants in Wheat Flour in
:RPHQDW&KLOGEHDULQJ$JHLQ.XZDLW
'HWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKH&RVW(IIHFWLYH$SSOLFDWLRQ5DWHRI6XOIXU$PHQGPHQWRQ&URSV..... 530
Development of Tissue Culture Propagation Techniques for Argan TUHH.... 532
Field Demonstration of Sulfur Amendment for the Commercial Production of
$JULFXOWXUH&URSVDQG)RGGHU3ODQWVLQ.XZDLW....... 534
3URGXFWLRQRI'DWH3DOP3ODQWOHWVYLD7LVVXH&XOWXUH7HFKQRORJ\........... 536
Investigation of the Red Spider Mite and Insect Pests Attacking Arfaj Plant and
Effects of Locally-isolated Bt Toxins on these Pests........ 538
6FUHHQLQJRI3RO\F\FOLF$URPDWLF+\GURFDUERQ'HJUDGLQJ%DFWHULDLQ.XZDLW6RLO.. 540
Screening Bacterial Strains Isolated from Kuwait Soil for Activity against Red Palm Weevils.. 542
Quality Attributes of Locally Grown Cordia myxa and Genotypic Variation and
Quality Attributes of Dates (Phoenix dactylifera3LFNHGDWWKH.KDODO6WDJH544
www.kisr.edu.kw
Physiological Disorders of Tissue Cultured Date Palms.. 546

Production and Nutritional Evaluation of Elephant Grass (Pennisetum Purpureum6LODJH... 548
3UHSDUDWLRQRI6WDQGDUG2SHUDWLQJ3URFHGXUH623IRUWKH/)HUPHQWHU.... 550
Screening Bacillus Thuringiensis Strains Isolated from Kuwait Soil
IRU$FWLYLW\DJDLQVW$JULFXOWXUDO,QVHFW3HVWV 551
'HWHFWLRQ6HTXHQFHDQG3K\ORJHQHWLF$QDO\VHVRI+19LUXV,VRODWHVIURP.XZDLW..... 553
Isolation and Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria for use in the Development
RI3URELRWLFVIRU6KHHS3URGXFWLRQLQ.XZDLW..... 556
Isolation of Hydrocarbon Degrading Microorganisms from the Rhizosphere
of Mangrove Plants..... 558
Detection and Monitoring of Legionella VSSLQ.XZDLW:DWHUV.......... 560
Biological Control, Morphological Studies and Micro-Identification of the
Lepidopterous Insect Pest Attacking Arfaj Plant (Rhanterium epapposum)
LQ.,65V6XODLEL\D5HVHDUFK6WDWLRQ$UHD.. 562
Development of Tissue Culture Techniques for Micropropagation of Dwarf Date PDOP... 564
Ongoing Projects..
9.5. Techno-Economics Division

- General Mission and Objectives.....569
9.5.a. Department of Economic Studies
- Department Mission and Objectives.......... 571
- Staff Members............ 573
- Report of the Department Manager....575
Project Summaries
(FRQRPLFDQG,QGXVWULDO$QDO\VLVIRU,QGXVWULDO6XUYH\IRU.....577
Technological Progress and Industrial Productivity Growth in Kuwait....... 579
Kuwait 0DQXIDFWXUHG3URGXFWV3HQHWUDWLRQLQWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ0DUNHWV ....... 581
Ongoing Projects....... 583
9.5.b. Department of Quantitative Methods and Modeling

- Department Mission and Objectives...... 585
- Staff Members..... 587
- Report of the Department Manager.. 589
Project Summaries
The Impact of Financial Liberalization on the Islamic Banking Industry
Developing Quantitative Planning Tools Phase II:
Development and Automation of Macro Economic Models
Ongoing Projects.... 595
10. Special Projects (Office of the Director General)

Project Summaries
Kuwait Integrated Environmental Information Network (KIEIN): Phase III
Geographic Information System Risk Analysis Application for
Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) Outbreak in Kuwait
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11. Shared Facilities

11.1. National Scientific and Technical Information Center
- General Mission and Objectives..........609
- Staff Members611
- Report of the Division Director 613
11.1.a. Department of Systems Development
- Department Mission and Objectives.....615
- Staff Members......... 617
- Report of the Department Manager....... 619
- Completed Projects
- Ongoing Projects........ 627
11.1.b. Department of Computer Technology and Communications
- Department Mission and Objectives.......... 631
- Staff Members............... 633
- Report of the Department Manager.......... 635
- Completed Projects .......... 637
- Ongoing Projects ........... 638
11.1.c. Department of Information Services
- Department Mission and Objectives.... 639
- Staff Members...........641
- Report of the Department Manager....... 643
- Completed Projects .... 645
11.1.d. Department of Technical Services
- Department Mission and Objectives.......647
- Staff Members.............649
- Report of the Department Manager..... 651
11.2. Central Analytical Laboratory

- General Mission and Objectives. 655
- Staff Members7
- Report of the Department Manager...... 659
- General Information related to facilities and service activities...... 661
- Completed Projects....... 663
- Ongoing Projects
11.2.a. Physical Chemistry Section
- Report of the Section Manager.................... 667
11.2.b. Spectroscopy Section
- Report of the Section Manager............. 669
11.2.c. Chromatography Section
- Report of the Section Manager................. 671
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11.2.d. Trace Metals Section

- Report of the Section Manager......... 673
11.2.e. Wet Chemistry Section
- Report of the Section Manager...... 675
11.2.f. Quality Control and Quality Assurance Section
- Report of the Section Manager....... 677
12. Appendices
12.I.
&KDLUSHUVRQVRI%RDUGRI7UXVWHHVIURPWR'DWH 681
12.II.
Directors General.3
12.III. Public and Private Sectors Representatives on the Board of Trustees

from 1978 to Date.685
12.IV. Actual Project Expenditure and Research Profile During 2006-2008 89
13. Author Index.......... 701
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Identification of Research Project Codes

Divisions
Abbreviations
Petroleum Research and Studies Center
PRSC
Water Resources
WRD
Environment and Urban Development
EUD
Food Resources and Marine Sciences

Techno-Economics
FRD
TED
Department Identification
Project Code
Departments
Petroleum Production
Petroleum Refining
PPD
PRD
PP
PF
Hydrology and Water Resources Management
WHD
WM
Water Technologies
WTD
WT
Environmental Sciences
ENV
EM
Coasts and Air Pollution
CAD
EC
Building and Energy Technologies
BET
EU
Advanced Systems
DAS
EA
Aquaculture, Fisheries and Marine Environment

Aridland Agriculture and Greenery
MFD
AAD
FM
FA
Biotechnology
BTD
FB
Economic Studies
ESD
TE
Quantitative Methods and Modeling
QMM
TQ
The letter at the end of each research project code indicates:

S:
C:
G:
K:
Service
Contracted
General Research Activity (GRA)
In kind
Special Projects of the Office of the Director General appear with SP code.
www.kisr.edu.kw

The mission of the Institute as stated by the Amiri Decree No. 28 in 1981.
Mission
To conduct scientific and applied research with the emphasis on industry, energy,
natural resources, food resources and major elements related to the national economy
in order to serve the economic and technical development of the state and to provide
consultation to the government in areas including scientific fields and national scientific
research policies.
Objectives
As mandated in the Amiri Decree No. 28
1. Conduct scientific research and studies related to the development of national industry and
environment conservation in coordination with concerned authorities
2. Encourage Kuwaitis to practice scientific research and develop research spirit among the
youth
3. Study natural resources and means of their utilization including water and energy resources,
improvement of agriculture practices and development of marine resources in collaboration
and coordination with the concerned authorities
4. Conduct research services and scientific and technical consultation to public and private
institutions according to regulations endorsed by the Board of Trustees
5. Follow new scientific and technological developments and adapt them to suite the local
environment and provide the government authorities and industrial facilities with scientific
and industrial documents
6. Strengthen relationships and conduct joint research activities with institutions of higher
education in Kuwait and other countries, and exchange information and expertise to ensure
wider cooperation at local and international levels
7. Participate in studies to diversify the sources of the national economy through industrial
investment in the output of scientific research and technology and direct it to serve the socioeconomic development of the country through coordination with concerned authorities and
institutes
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iii
Historical Summary
The Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) was established in 1967 as an autonomous non-profit
research institute by the Arabian Oil Company (Japan) in fulfillment of an oil concession agreement with
the Government of the State of Kuwait. The agreement states that KISR shall carry out applied scientific
research in the fields of petroleum and fisheries.
In 1973, the Kuwait government assumed direct responsibility for the Institute through an Amiri decree
that gave responsibility to the Kuwait Council of Ministers to assign a Board of Trustees chaired by a
Minister delegated from the Council. The Amiri decree also specified that KISR should continue with its
mission to carry out applied scientific research especially regarding issues related to industry, energy,
agriculture, and the national economy in order to contribute to the economic and social development of
the State. In addition, the Institute should be prepared WRRIIHUDGYLFHWRWKHJRYHUQPHQWRQWKHFRXQWU\V
scientific research policies. KISR continued to expand in the areas of food and environment studies and
grow horizontally to incorporate almost all elements of the natural sciences.
In 1981, the status of KISR was reviewed and an Amiri decree was issued to define the objectives and
update the role of KISR in the development of scientific research and technology in the country; the
decree also specified membership of the Board of Trustees for the governance of KISR. This decree
emphasized other research issues in addition to the ongoing studies such as preservation of the
environment, investigation of natural wealth, promotion of energy, water and food resources and methods
of agriculture exploitation. In addition, the law broadened the mission and entrusted the Institute with
undertaking research and scientific and technological consultations, for both governmental and private
sectors in Kuwait, the Gulf region and the Arab world, and encouraged collaboration with international
institutes.
Since its establishment, the Institute has been sponsored by the government. More recently, the budget
has been supplemented by complementary funds from external sources. Since 1979 the Institute has
operated through five-year planning cycles. The current cycle is the sixth strategic plan and is in its final
year.
Over two decades of progress in development of a solid research infrastructure suffered a major setback
with the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990-1991, when both its physical infrastructure and intellectual
resources were destroyed. The Institute managed to recover fully through the commitment of the staff
and support from the government to rise again as a distinguished research institution.
In accordance with the institutional mandate, human resources development has been a center of attention
due to its impact on efficiency of the Institute, and as a government priority. KISR was a pioneer within
the nation to establish a dedicated unit to implement ambitious human resources development plans for its
VWDIIDVZHOODVWKHQDWLRQV\RXWKthrough special education and training programs.
For the next strategic plan (seventh), KISR is developing a comprehensive long term strategy aiming at
employing its competencies and expertise to provide active solutions of high standards and with
commercial and industrial impact, to address future market needs of Kuwait. This comprehensive strategy
aims to enhance KISR's contribution towards economic and social development, improve its scientific
and professional effectiveness and efficiency, and further enhance its role and position both nationally
and internationally with the objective of gaining a reputation as a centre of excellence for scientific
research. For this purpose, KISR is developing a new vision, revisiting its mission and developing a
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comprehensive strategy and high level organizational structure, including its management systems,
processes, roles and responsibilities to enhance future capabilities.
Petroleum
Research related to the oil sector KDVEHHQLQFOXGHGLQ.,65VPDQGDWHVLQFHLWVLQFHSWLRQLQ,QLWLDO
research on petroleum was supported by the French Petroleum Institute (IFP). The Petroleum,
Petrochemicals and Materials Division (PP&MD) was established as a unit in the late seventies. The
research work was fragmented; it included catalytic reforming, oil analysis, materials research and water.
The research was slowly streamlined in the nineteen eighties to focus on crude oil and products
FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ K\GURGHVXOIXUL]DWLRQ FRUURVLRQ DQG SHWURFKHPLFDOV )ROORZLQJ .XZDLWV LQYDVLRQ LQ
1990 all research facilities and 80% of human resources were lost. In 1992, rebuilding started; in 1995
research efforts related to oil production were initiated and petrochemical research was frozen. Research
related to petroleum refining and corrosion continued.
In 1999, KISR completed construction of facilities dedicated to petroleum research in Ahmadi City,
which is a major site for the oil industry in Kuwait. The PP&MD was renamed as the Petroleum Research
and Studies Center (PR&SC). The new facility assisted re-initiation of the petrochemical research
program. The location of the PR&SC was selected to be in Ahmadi City in order to enhance business
relationships and better serve the operating companies of the oil sector. The Kuwait petroleum sector is
the most complex and technologically advanced sector served by KISR. The sector includes the Ministry
of Oil, Kuwait Petroleum Corporation (KPC), Kuwait Oil Company (KOC), Kuwait Gulf Oil Company
(KGOC), Kuwait National Petroleum company (KNPC), Petrochemical Industries Company (PIC),
EQUATE Petrochemical Company and a number of other private companies. A number of agreements
were signed between the oil sector and KISR represented by PR&SC to consolidate the institutional
relationship between the two parties. This has led to a continuous increase in the volume of business
between KISR and the Petroleum Sector.
Water Resources
Kuwait has to depend on seawater desalination to supply freshwater to all sectors due to limited natural
freshwater resources. Reserves of brackish water are expected to be exhausted within the next 20 to 30
years due to excessive extraction. Increase in freshwater demand is fueled by growth in population,
improved standards of living, and socioeconomic development. KISR initiated research on seawater
desalination at Doha research station in 1984 and established the Water Resources Program (WRD) in
1989. Freshwater is now utilized lavishly in Kuwait for both potable and non-potable uses. The fresh
water consumption rate is one of the highest in the world (currently, over 600 liter/per capita/day) and it is
increasing at a staggering rate of about 7.9% annually, leading to production of huge quantities of
wastewater (over 200 million gallons per day).
Desalination of seawater and wastewater treatments offer reliable access to freshwater resources for
Kuwait and also offer means to remedy or reverse impacts on existing brackish water aquifers through
artificial recharge. Today, Kuwait depends almost completely on multi-stage flash (MSF) distillation
technology with total installed capacity of 355.6 MIGD (1.6 Mm3) providing more than 93% of its
freshwater supply. With the present trends in population growth, Kuwait needs to increase the existing
desalination capacity by at least 300 MIGD (1.4 Mm3), and at the same time would need to replace more
than 200 MIGD (0.91 Mm3) of the existing MSF units by the year 2015. Over the last 15 years, major
advancements have been made in desalination technologies, which resulted in notable cost reductions,
through large desalination units, better energy utilization, improved construction materials and refined
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vi
operational and engineering practices. Today, desalination technologies are fairly stable, predictable,
reliable, and are becoming more affordable. Technological advances, especially in the areas of scale and
corrosion control, nano-filtration (NF) as a potential technology for water softening, and other
technologies such as multiple effect distillation and other hybrid configurations which seem to be the
most suitable for the utilization of renewable energy, may grow in the future, giving even greater potential
for lower product water cost. Alternative schemes of combining alternative energy sources and water
treatment technology offer significant advantages over the current practices on technical, economic, and
environmental grounds.
Kuwait has achieved a good level of services in water distribution and supply. However, a significant
research effort is required to address many pressing issues including the need for more desalinated water
at lower costs, reducing water subsidies, (at present at KD 125 million per year), protection and
management of natural groundwater resources, rising groundwater level which causes inconvenience and
costs, and the need to create a National Strategic Water Reserve that could increase the water security for
the country from the present one week to some months using underground aquifers.
The Water Resources Division has many success stories since its establishment. Examples include
solving the problem of water rise in Kuwait City and its suburbs, development of Reverse Osmosis
technologies and proofing the economic and technical feasibility of Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR)
and new water treatment technologies.
Environment
Kuwait is situated in an area of severe environmental conditions: hot and dry climate, limited fresh water
resources, exposure to dust and sand storms and encroaching sand, drought, desertification and flash
floods during heavy rain. In addition to the natural environmental conditions, environmental problems
associated with industrial, urban and socio-economic development include air pollution, waste disposal,
marine contamination and disturbance of the coastal zone. Environmental pollution incidents, particularly
WKHZRUOGVODUJHVWRLl pollution events during and after the 1991 Gulf War, required special attention and
significant efforts to monitor and assess the environmental consequences in order to develop mitigation
and rehabilitation methods and a framework for overall environmental management and protection.
These post-war efforts were extended to involve highly diversified environmental research addressing
environmental monitoring, assessment, rehabilitation, and sustainability and protection issues. Most
activities were carried out with different national and regional authorities such as Environmental Public
Authority (EPA), regional and international organizations such as the Regional Organization for
Protection of the Marine Environment (ROPME), and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
The research objectives focus on environmental management and protection, environmental monitoring,
assessment of quality, pollution and impact, pollution reduction, remediation and rehabilitation.
.XZDLWV RQO\ UHVRXUFHV RI SULPDU\ HQHUJ\ DUH RLO DQG QDWXUDO JDV ZKLFK DUH QRQ-renewable and
associated with generation of greenhouse gases. Presently, local energy consumption, excluding feedstock
for refineries, is estimated at around 15% of production. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, KISR
focused significant attention on research and development relating to renewable energy, primarily solar
and wind, to reduce fuel demand and provide supplementary sources of energy. In 1986, KISR
discontinued this research because the technology was not cost effective and did not serve strategic
interests of the country. Since the year 2000, KISR has renewed its interest in solar and wind technologies
for the following reasons; LQFUHDVHG FRPSHWLWLYHQHVV ZLWK IRVVLO IXHOV DV VRXUFHV RI HQHUJ\ .XZDLWV
recent commitment to the Kyoto agreement (signed in March, 2005), and the rising costs of fossil fuels.
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vii
However, no major research activities have yet commenced although KISR is proposing major projects
including the construction of a 1MW wind power station and the fabrication of integrated PV systems.
Urban Development
Over the past few decades rapid expansion of urbanization in Kuwait has been accompanied by the
growth RIEXLOGLQJFRQVWUXFWLRQDVWKHQDWLRQVVHFRQGODUJHVWLQGXVWU\7KLVH[SDQVLRQKDVDOVRH[SRVHG
.XZDLWVPDULQHWHUUHVWULDODWPRVSKHULFDQGXUEDQHQYLURQPHQWDOFRPSDUWPHQWVWRVLJQLILFDQWVWUHVVDQG
SODFHGPDMRUGHPDQGVRQWKHFRXQWU\VSRZHUDQGZDWHU sectors. Over the same period these issues were
actively addressed by KISR resulting in advice and recommendations to decision makers regarding
measures to alleviate or reduce their impact.
These issues have influenced management restructuring of KISR research divisions. In the fifth strategic
plan of 2000, Environmental and Earth Sciences (EES) and Engineering were reorganized with
establishment of an environment and urbanization development (EUD) program. The EUD program
placed emphasis on gaining an understanding of the processes and interactions between urban
development, the environment and demands on the power and water sectors. In addition, EUD included
Advanced Systems programs to support societal and industrial sectors of Kuwait; these programs
included applications for the oil industry, for example laser induced fluorescence (LIF) and remote
sensing technologies.
Agriculture and Fisheries

Public Law 94/1983 acknowledged the need for developing and implementing an agricultural policy by
establishing the Public Authority for Agricultural Affairs and Fisheries Resources (PAAFR). In 1995,
KISR in collaboration with PAAFR, completed the Agricultural Master Plan, which detailed a 20-year
action plan for partial self-sufficiency in agricultural commodities including vegetables, fruits, livestock
and poultry, through investment in capital-intensive technological systems, with the cost being shared by
the public and private sectors. In the same year, KISR completed the Master Plan for Greenery in Kuwait
in collaboration with PAAFR. These plans are now considered the backbone of agricultural development
and greenery in the country through to the year 2015.
Other notable achievements were the development of an intensive sheep production system, including
heavier lambs at slaughter, shorter lambing intervals and higher lamb survival percentages. Breed
evaluation results showed that lamb production in Kuwait could be doubled by crossbreeding Naeemi
rams, a local sheep breed, with Border Leicester Merino ewes. Sheep nutrition programs were developed
to yield high ewe reproduction, lamb survival and growth rates, and to ensure that the genetic potential of
the flocks is achieved. The dietary-concentrate-to-roughage ratio was optimized to reduce feed cost.
An improved diet and management system was also developed for private poultry companies resulting in
improved feed efficiency (by 6%), reduced time (from 45 to 40 days) to reach an acceptable market
weight of 1.5kg, increased revenue and reduced feed usage (by 4%). In addition, a least-cost feed
formulation (LCF) program was developed for private sector use. Non-commercial poultry breeds in
Kuwait were also evaluated and their performance improved with anticipated economic impact on poultry
production in the future.
The Food Program has addressed the health of the population through developing comprehensive data on
the nutrient content of traditional Kuwaiti dishes; this project was suggested as a model for developing
countries by the Division of Food and Nutrition Policy of the Food and Agriculture Organization in Rome.
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viii
In another example, a high-fiber toast-bread with high quality specifications was introduced to the market.
Another major issue is the contribution of KISR to the Kuwait Municipality food safety program by
designing and developing a National Food Safety Laboratory of Kuwait.
Population health has been further emphasized through coordination with the Ministry of Health to
develop methodologies for pesticide analysis, monitoring and assessment of food colors and additives and
possible dietary intake of pesticides and antibiotics. These achievements were recognized by award to
KISR of a Special Achievement Citation from the United States FDA for achieving a major food safety
initiative by the establishment of a total diet study food monitoring program in 1998.
The catches of Kuwait's main fish stocks are declining and meet only 40 to 50% of the demand, while
demand is increasing. This has led decision makers to focus their efforts primarily on fish farming
(aquaculture), and to defining better measures to control fishing and protecting marine resources. On
these grounds KISR has endeavored to direct its research activities for sustainable agricultural
developments in the fisheries, plant and animal subsectors with a focus on specific areas such as
procedures to improve and standardize yields and product, promote human resources and develop
advanced technologies.
A master plan was developed for the fish production industry aiming for partial self-sufficiency to meet
WKHQDWLRQVGHPDQGIRUIRRG7KLVSODQHQFRPSDVVLQJDTXDFXOWXUHDQGILVKHULHVSDYes the way for fish
production up to the year 2015. Comprehensive studies and advanced techniques such as egg cultures and
hybridization were successfully conducted for reproduction and mass production of several valuable local
fish. These studies included for the first time in the world the silver pompfret, zubaidy (Pampus
argenteus), an important local fish, hamoor an indigenous species of seabream, and sheim and sobaity
which were successfully hybridized. To efficiently utilize precious and limited freshwater and brackish
water resources, a new tilapia hatchery was designed utilizing a re-circulating tank system. Tilapia
production has been integrated into at least 50 existing agricultural farms in Al-Wafra and Abdaly areas.
Marine Resources
The draining of marshes in southern Iraq was expected to significantly increase the rate of sedimentation
and input of agricultural, industrial and urban pollutants into the northern Arabian Gulf, as well as change
its hydrodynamic system. A preliminary investigation of the textural characteristics and sedimentassociated pollutants of Kuwait's northern marine environment was carried out by KISR to assess this
possible result of the draining of the Shatt Al-Arab. The results indicated that the salinity of the northern
waters of the Gulf sharply decreased from 1982-1983 to 1995-1999. Investigations also showed that the
nitrate content of the water has increased significantly along with changes to plankton community
composition, particularly in areas that are known to be important spawning grounds for shrimp and finfish
in Kuwait. A study on the ecology of the coral reefs resulted in the first records of coral reproduction in
Kuwait. About 34 sceratinian corals have been recorded and investigated. Monitoring of the pearl oyster
in Kuwait's waters revealed a decline in oyster landings with time. A dense brown algae population has
been associated with greater numbers of pearl oysters.
Analysis of six to seven years of shrimp catch data indicated that the current practice of opening the
shrimp season on the first of September is still better than a July-September season, because it maximizes
the bioeconomic yield.
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ix
Renewable Natural Resources

KISR in collaboration with PAAFR and AACM International completed a comprehensive soil survey for
the State of Kuwait excluding urban, industrial and restricted areas. The survey was conducted to
delineate and characterize potentially irrigated agricultural areas in Kuwait, prepare current land use maps,
and develop and manage the soil information system in the GIS. The study led to the commissioning of a
Soil Information System, a GIS, and a Database Management System (DBMS). Information generated by
the soil survey can be used for land-use planning in Kuwait. The study received international recognition
by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in 1999 for its high quality soil survey.
KISR carried out three pilot studies to rehabilitate degraded rangelands and areas subjected to soil erosion,
compaction and oil pollution arising from overgrazing of natural vegetation, public misuse and Gulf War.
The results of the pilot studies were presented to the United Nations Compensation Commission (UNCC)
for the Environmental Claims and adopted by Kuwait government as evidence of the environmental
damages based on the Monitoring and Assessment Program, which was jointly implemented by KISR and
the international consultants and presented by the Public Authority for Compensation (PAAC). The
rehabilitation and remediation program requires utilization of KISR knowledge on native plants and
bioremediation technology that was tested at a pilot-scale level by KISR to remediate oil-contaminated
soils.
Preservation of wildlife species is a prime concern. In collaboration with the Kuwait Foundation for the
Advancement of Sciences (KFAS), KISR developed a Desert Animal Facility at the Sulaybia Field
Station (SFS) to support the terrestrial animal exhibition of the Scientific Center, to demonstrate Kuwait's
natural environment and to serve public education and environmental concerns. KISR also provided the
Scientific Center with essential marine life and expertise to manage the aquarium. The National Botanical
Garden and Master Plan of the Eco-Park were developed by KISR for the Al-Waqaf Fund. The park (175
hectares) located at Doha along the coastal zone of Sulaibikhat Bay, was selected for its natural
ecosystem, which contains important feeding grounds for migratory birds and will demonstrate desert
plants landscaping designs. A major Master Plan Development of Boubyan island was prepared by a joint
venture between KISR, HOK and Gulf Consult (GC).
Biotechnologies
The food program established advanced biotechnology projects on both plants and animals and utilized
their results for commercial applications. The technology of DNA fingerprinting proved extremely
successful in establishing the trueness-to-type of tissue-cultured date palm. Twenty-two commercially
important date cultivars have been identified so far by KISR. It is envisaged that the DNA typing system
may lead to the development of a universal methodology for differentiating date palm cultivars. This will
allow KISR to create a genetic data bank of important date palm cultivars.
Pilot scale production of tissue-cultured date palm plants of selected elite varieties was developed to
produce 2000-3000 plants per month by the end of the scale-up period of two years. Novel processes were
developed for producing bioinsecticides for the control of pests in agricultural crops that led to
preparation of toxins from a number of indigenous bioisolates. Research has identified indigenous
components that are highly toxic to aphids, whiteflies, leaf miners and dried fruit beetles for development
of cost-effective and environmentally friendly bioinsecticides.
Improvement of animal production through state-of-the art techniques such as embryo manipulation,
molecular diagnostics and DNA markers, has demonstrated a high success rate of embryo-transfer based
pregnancies and lamb births in Naeemi sheep and economic benefits to the local sheep industry.
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Techno-Economics Program
.,65V techno-economics program has an important responsibility towards the national economy,
policymaking and the civil society in Kuwait. KISR is fulfilling this responsibility by addressing various
challenges through its targeted research efforts. The Techno-Economics Division (TED) started in 1976
as a small research group of economists and engineers. It has undergone a series of evolutionary stages
which have shaped its mission and objectives over the last three decades. During this period, three broad
research activities, namely economic studies, modeling and economic planning, operations research and
computer sciences have always formed the core of its research efforts.
The realities of the post-invasion situation and its present impact on the economic status of Kuwait have
been shown in economic modeling studies. The techno-economics program has provided a number of
VWXGLHVWRDVVLVWHFRQRPLFSODQQLQJVXFKDVKuwait economic five year plan (1986), Economic model
for development planning (1988) and Kuwait five year development plan (1990). Contributions by
7('LQWKLVDUHDDUHLOOXVWUDWHGLQSURMHFWVVXFKDVFuture of economic growth in Kuwait in the light of
budgetary imbalances (1995), A macro-econometric model of Kuwait DQG Developing
quantitative planning tools (2005). Kuwait is facing many economic challenges that can only be met
through a sound decision-making process based on rigorous scientific research.
The economy needs to be diversified from its dependence on oil, which is not only a non-renewable
resource, but also an unstable source of income. Kuwait needs to integrate its economy into the global
economic system. This requires a careful monitoring of the diversification process and the degree of
competitiveness of its various production structures. These areas have been examined in a number of
studies conducted by TED7KHVHVWXGLHVLQFOXGHThe industrial sector in Kuwait: The present status and
the future strategy for the next ten years (2000), The customs union of the GCC: The framework for the
implementation phases of the comprehensive model for the distribution of tariff revenues DQG
The present and expected impact of World Trade Organization (WTO) on the Kuwaiti Banking Sector
(2001). The breadth of studies on diversification issues can be seen from report titles such as
7HFKQRORJLFDOSURJUHVVDQGLQGXVWULDOproductivity growth in Kuwait (2008) and Small scale industries
LQ.XZDLW UHDOLW\ IXWXUHVWDWXV REVWDFOHV DQG LWVUROHLQGHYHORSPHQW (2009). The private sector is
unable to flourish due to a restrictive environment, policy and market distortions, and lack of institutional
support. Kuwait is also facing problems of unemployment of national manpower, budget deficit, outflow
of capital, imbalanced population and environmental degradation.
The strength of the techno-economics program also lies in conducting applied research and policyoriented studies related to the mainstream economy of Kuwait and providing support and advice to
decision PDNHUVDQGSODQQHUVLQYROYHGLQ.XZDLWVVRFLR-economic development. Examples of this focus
include studies on electricity infrastructure such as 0RGHOLQJDQGVWDELOLW\DQDO\VLVIRU.XZDLWV kV
power network (1980), (FRQRPLF LPSDFW RI FKDQJLQJ the structure of electricity pricing in Kuwait
(1985), Electricity demand in Kuwait: An assessment of demand for the State of Kuwait, (2004) and
communications Restructuring of the telecommunication sector in Kuwait (1992).
TED is in a position to contribute to the need for increasing productivity of different sectors by
conducting research at micro and macro levels. Studies have covered education, social and labor issues
ZLWK UHSRUW WLWOHV VXFK DV Computer-assisted instruction at Kuwait University (1982), The need for
private and low income housing building for commercial activities (1989), Estimating labor demand and
its consequences on population composition (1994), Fiscal constraints, cost efficiency of social services
and determination and evaluation of fees on usersDQG A reform program for the labor market in
Kuwait (1999).
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xi
In addition, focused studies have addressed specific business, technical and manufacturing issues.
6HOHFWHG H[DPSOHV RI WKHVH UHSRUWV DUH Development and improvement of asbestos cement pipe
performance in Kuwait (1983) DQG Reliability, availability and risk assessment for reverse osmosis
(1998). By combining economic analysis, mathematical modeling, and computer applications, TED can
provide policymakers with support to enhance the decision making process. Within KISR, TED supports
other research programs on economic feasibility studies, statistical experimental design, and mathematical
modeling. KISR converts conceptual insights into practical initiatives deemed to be beneficial to society
and conveys to the public, the media and lawmakers an understanding of important public policy issues
pertinent to socio-economic development in the country. Projects from TED have received very favorable
ratings from the clients as they are able to make significant socio-HFRQRPLF LPSDFWV LQ .XZDLWV
economic development.
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xii

Organization Chart
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
DIRECTOR GENERAL
Office of Senior
Advisors
Assistant Director
General
Division of Policy &

Planning
Office of Internal
Auditing
Office of Planning
Office of Marketing &
Project Management
Deputy Director
General-Research
Deputy Director
General-Information
Central Analytical
Laboratory
Petroleum
Research &
Studies
Center
Department
of Petroleum
Production
Department
of Petroleum
Refining
Water
Resources
Division
Department
of Hydrology
& Water
Resources
Management
Department
of Water
Technologies
Office of Legal
Affairs
Environment &
Urban
Development
Division
Food
Resources &
Marine
Sciences
Division
TechnoEconomics
Division
Division of
Public
Relation &
Publications
National
Scientific &
Technical
Information
Center
Department of
Environmental
Sciences
Department of
Aquaculture,
Fisheries &
Marine
Environment
Department
of Economic
Studies
Department
of Public
Relations &
Information
Department
of
Information
Services
Department of
Aridland
Agriculture &
Greenery
Department
of
Quantitative
Methods &
Modeling
Department of
Coasts & Air
Pollution
Department of
Building &
Energy
Technologies
Deputy Director GeneralAdministration & Finance
Division of
Finance
Department
of
Accounting
Department
of
Publications
& Editing
Department
of Budget &
Costing
Department
of Purchase
& Stores
Department of
Computer
Technology &
Communications
Department of
Advanced
Systems
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xiii
Division of
Human
Resources
Department
of Personnel
Department
of Technical
Services
Department
of Systems
Development
Department of
Biotechnology
Department of
Technical &
General
Services &
Physical
Projects
Department
of
Manpower
Development
Board of Trustees 2008-2009

Minister of Education and Minister of Higher Education
Dr. Moodhi Al-Humood, Chairperson
Ministry of Education and Higher Education

Mr. Ali Mohammed Saif Al-Barrak, Undersecretary
Ms. Tamader Abdul-Aziz Al-Sderawi, Undersecretary
Kuwait University
Dr. Abdullah Sulaiman Al-Fuhaid, Rector
Ministry of Health
Mr. Abdul-Karim Jaafar, Assistant Undersecretary for Legal Affairs
Ministry of Finance
Mr. Adnan Al-Khodair, Assistant Undersecretary for Economic Affairs
Mr. Abdul-Wahab Saleh Al-Muzaini, Assistant Undersecretary for General Budget
Ministry of Water and Electricity

Mr. Yousef Mohammed Al-Hajeri, Undersecretary
Public Authority for Industry

Dr. Ali Al-Madhaf, Director General
Ministry of Oil
Ms. Nawal Al-)X]DLD, Assistant Undersecretary for Economic Affairs
Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences

Prof. Ali Abdullah Al-Shamlan, Director General
Higher Council for Development and Planning

Dr. Adel Abdullah Al-Wagian, Secretary General

Dr. Naji Mohamed Al-Mutairi, Director General
Private Sector
Mr. Abdullah Al-Sharhan, Chairman, Al-Sharhan Corporation
Mr. Abdul-Mohsen Al-Hunaif, Chairman and Managing Director, Industrial Bank of Kuwait
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xv
Report of the Director General
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Report of the Director General
Dr. Naji Mohamed Al-Mutairi
Since its inception in 1967, KISR has been serving the nation through its research and development
activities in scientific areas that are defined within its establishment decree.
KISR is one of the first local organizations that has been working according to a defined five year
strategic plan. Currently, KISR is implementing its sixth strategic plan (2005-2010) which includes the
reporting period 2006-2008. KISR is executing its scientific activities to promote research and technical
development and to serve its clients with well established facilities and systems. These include five
scientific divisions, four support divisions, over seventy specialized laboratories distributed among seven
locations around the State of Kuwait, semi-commercial pilot plants (for petroleum refining, water, and
biotechnology), National Technical Centers (Seismic Activities Monitoring Station, Radioactivity
Monitoring System (IAEA), Remote Sensing LabSatellite Imaging, Climatology Center, and Central
Analytical Lab), in addition to other support facilities (Training Center, National Scientific and Technical
Information Center, and Computer Center).
.,65V6L[WK6WUDWHJLF3ODQLVEXLOWZLWKDIRFXVWRHQVXUHWKDWWKHVcientific programs delineate specific
goals that can be evaluated and measured. These goals are set to strengthen ties among the different
scientific programs within KISR and optimize the use of available research resources, to increase benefit
from communication and information technology, to enhance efforts to raise scientific awareness in the
society, and to stimulate cooperation with prestigious scientific institutions in fields of mutual interest.
The Sixth Strategic Plan is directed to execute the mission and objectives stated by the institutional
mandate and reinforce the vision through which KISR shall distinguish itself in the field of scientific and
technology research, and be a resource for innovative solutions that serve the productive, service and
environmental sectors, while contributing to the economic and technical development of the country.
During the reporting period, KISR completed 290 projects; summaries of 246 of these projects are
presented in this report. This report also lists 89 ongoing projects. KISR also published during the same
period 56 scientific papers in refereed journals and 80 papers in proceedings of national, regional and
international conferences.
During this period KISR attracted substantial external support (over KD 18 millions) both from public
and private sectors. This figure does not include the support for the ongoing projects listed in the report.
The research performance of KISR divisions and related departments in the light of internal and external
funding shown in Appendix IV.
KISR activities extended beyond our borders where we have been working on very important regional
projects funded by the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and other funding organizations such as the
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Islamic Bank based in Jeddah, the Arab Fund. These projects include Survey of Demersal Fish Stocks of
WKH $UDELDQ *XOI DQG *XOI RI 2PDQ )0& DQG WKH *XOI (OHFWURQLF 6FLHQWLILF 5HVHDUFK *(65
'DWDEDVHwhich was established and linked to a website. The generous funding from Kuwait Foundation
for the Advancement of Sciences was an essential element in the success of many KISR projects. The
institute is also grateful for the services and support extended by the various clients from both private and
public sectors; their trust and confidence is very much appreciated.
&RPPXQLW\ REOLJDWLRQV DQG FRPPLWPHQW WR WKH \RXWK ZHUH D FHQWUDO IRFXV RI .,65V SODQV 6HYHUDO
projects were addressed towards people with special needs through conduct of studies on developing
computer workshops (EA025C), computer laboratories and publishing facilities for the blind (EA028C),
development of Arabic computer applications for the diagnosis and treatment of Dyslexia (EA029K), and
Scout sign language dictionary (EA031K). With regards to the youth, KISR conducted six training
courses through the spring and summer periods. Six hundred seventeen (617) students from universities
in Kuwait and GCC, local high schools, and intermediate schools, benefited from these programs. The
objective of these courses is to give the youth the scientific concept to solving problems and to get
firsthand experience in field activities.
During the reporting period KISR researchers received several awards and prizes for their scientific
achievements such as the first place award for E-Health in Information Technology presented by the
Global Forum Shaping the Future, Venice, Italy, November 2007; Best Scientific Production Award
from Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences, AARSE-ESA Award 2006 for Best Paper
3UHVHQWDWLRQ RQ *,6 5LVN $VVHVVPHQW IRU $YLDQ ,QIOXHQ]D %LUG )OX 2XWEUHDNV DW WKH th AARSE
International Conference on Earth Observation and Geoinformation Sciences in Support of AfricaV
Development held in Cairo, Egypt in October 2006, the Premium level Distinguished Reviewer Award
from King Abdulaziz University for Science and Technology Saudi Arabia, 2007, Energy Project
(International) of the Year Award from the Association of Energy Engineers, USA, 2008 and the Most
Important Personalities in the Field of Computational Techniques in Engineering.
Other scientific achievements were recognized at the international level such as the discovery of a new
mutant of the Avian Influenza A virus (H5N1) outbreaks in Kuwait 2007. A publication on the same was
published in (PHUJLQJ,QIHFWLRus 'LVHDVHV journal in June 2008. The sequence of the virus has been
stored in an international gene bank and named CK/Kuwait/KISR2/2007. Also, for the first time, a new
insect species named 3WRFKHXXVD.XZDLWHULXP, which is an Arfaj flower moth, was discovered by our
scientists (shown in the cover page).
The year of 2008 witnessed a landmark event for KISR strategic planning where program transformations
were initiated as a core for the Seventh Strategic Plan, which includes a 20-year road map and an
extensive leadership development program.
KISR executed detailed self assessment to review its achievements during the last few years and
assembled several review committees in sectors that the KISR mandate identified as Agriculture and
Fisheries, Economics, Water, Environment, Food and Health, Manufacturing, Petroleum and
Petrochemicals, Infrastructure and Energy. Members of these committees include experts from local
organizations in addition to the scientific group within KISR. The task of these committees is to review
national needs and how KISR future focus areas may address them. To build these transformational
developments, KISR decided to seek experts assistance from international consultants. On these grounds
a detailed terms of reference were developed to direct the selection of the consulting agency. After an
extensive review process the Arthur D. Little agency was selected from nine prominent international
consulting offices.
www.kisr.edu.kw
The leadership development program that focuses on the needed skills to lead the transformation of KISR,
specialized workshops were conducted to update KISR culture, develop leadership skills, develop
planning and execution skills, and provide direction.
Another landmark in 2008 was the initiation of the process of commercializing KISR scientific
achievements through establishing three private companies; 1) Tissue-culture Production Company,
2) Gulf Technical Petroleum Services Company, and 3) Kadhmah Beachwell-Bottled Water Production
Company.
Due to the importance of innovation in the scientific activities and the operation of a research
organization, KISR initiated an innovation committee with the mission to encourage employee
participation and motivate managers to support innovative ideas, determine suitability and
appropriateness of the idea presented; promote consistent, thorough and fair appraisal within a reasonable
time parameter; and provide due appreciation to creative and innovative employees. In the end, this will
rebound to building a culture of innovation in KISR; develop the human potential; empower people by
adding strength to their natural abilities which could improve teamwork, productivity and where
appropriate, profits; and create an inspirational environment to allow great minds to achieve beyond
expectations.
Publication of this first issue of the Scientific Report represents a new approach for presentation of
.,65V VFLHQWLILF DFWLYLWLHV DV DQ HOHPHQW LQ WKH QHZ DGPLQLVWUDWLYH DQG VFLHQWLILF GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH
Institute. It is a comprehensive overview aims to be a high impact presentation of the KISR research
SURJUDP ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR GHPRQVWUDWLQJ WKH QDWXUH RI .,65V 6FLHQWLILF 0LVVLRQ LW ZLOO VHUYH DV DQ
accessible reference for all interested parties at national and international levels. The report will be
available on KISR website www.kisr.edu.kw.
As a final note, KISR continues its achievements through many accomplishments and this reporting
period is no exception. We are looking forward to a bright future with new vision, mission, objectives,
and work process. With our dedicated, ambitious, and capable manpower, we will strive to meet our
obligations and to lead development and progress at national and regional levels.
www.kisr.edu.kw
Reports of the Deputy Directors General
www.kisr.edu.kw
Desulfurization (ARDS) process. It is notable that production of a catalyst for deep desulfurization of
diesel to ultra-low sulfur levels was accomplished.
The Division of Water Resources (WRD) has implemented strategic goals to provide high-quality
technical support for the water sector through advanced research for the production, management and
preservation of water resources in Kuwait. WRD is serving its industry through two departments; the
Hydrology and Water Resources Management Department and Water Technologies Department. WRD
managed during this period to establish a comprehensive atlas consisting of 50 hydrological maps for
water reservoirs in Kuwait, and determined the optimum strategy for exploiting underground fresh water
in the Rawdhatain water field. One of the highly recognized achievements with positive impact upon the
economy and preservation of water resources was the completion RI WKH SURMHFW RQ VXSSO\ DQG
LQVWDOODWLRQ RI ZDWHU VDYLQJ DHUDWRUV IRU VHOHFWHG UHVLGHQWLDO DUHDV LQ .XZDLW 7KH 'LYLVLRQ ZDV DOVR
successful in completing a pilot study for producing high quality water from beach wells which became
the basis of produciQJ.DGKLPDERWWOHGZDWHURQDFRPPHUFLDOVFDOH
The Environmental and Urban Development Division (EUD) concentrated on methods for enhancing the
environment and improving urban infrastructures through executing advanced research programs. The
Divisional goals were achieved through activities of Environmental Sciences Department, Coasts and Air
Pollution Department, Building and Energy Technologies Department and Advanced Systems
Department. EUD was recognized through receipt of scientific awards during the reporting period. A
significant achievement was production of a comprehensive Atlas for Radioactive materials in Kuwait in
collaboration with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). A new service directly benefiting the
community was the development of the dictionary for the deaf. During this reporting period many
Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) were undertaken by the Division for various public and private
establishments. Another notable achievement was the audit program for air-conditioned building assisting
optimization of cooling production systems and power peak saving.
Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division has addressed the need to develop untapped resources to
provide new avenues for diversification of income sources while preVHUYLQJ.XZDLWVQDWXUDOUHVRXUFHV
and biodiversity for future generations. The division comprises of three departments which are: Aridland
Agriculture and Greenery Department, Biotechnology Department and Aquaculture, Fisheries and Marine
Environmental Department. This active division succeeded in several important areas such as establishing
seed bank for desert plants for Kuwait. A landmark achievement was the development of saline-resistant
palm trees through tissue culture which is planned to expand to a commercial scale. Bioplus is an
environmentally friendly product derived from biologically treatment of hazardous sulfur products which
showed great ability to enhance the growth of plant. A further success was the application of innovative
techniques to reduce Salmonella in local poultry. During this period the Division pioneered research on
closed-cycle cultivation of important fish species hamoor, sobaity and zobaidy.
The mission of Techno-Economic Division has focused on methods to promote a sustainable economy
and prosperous society through delivery of high quality applied research solutions and training. The
Division has emphasized practical analysis of economic and financial issues to make their findings readily
accessible to the public and decision makers. During the reporting period the Division managed to assess
industrial development strategy, market for non-oil manufactured products and efficiency of public
education. The Division carried out many pivotal projects such as studying new challenges merging in the
Kuwait banking system and completing study on the impact of financial liberalization on the global,
regional and local Islamic banking industry.
Based on the need and nature of research KISR has several satellite units around the country to support
research in addition to the headquarters in Shuwaikh. Fisheries and Marine research is situated in Salmiya
www.kisr.edu.kw
10
while the Agriculture research is mainly stationed in Kabd. Water desalination research facilities are in
Al-Doha and the Wastewater treatment is in Sulaibiya. Ahmadi city is the home for our Petroleum
Research and Studies Center, adjacent to the oil fields.
KISR is proud to own over 70 specialized up-to-date research laboratories and many semi-commercial
pilot plants for petroleum refining, water and biotechnology. All the scientific divisions are professionally
supported by high quality and state-of-the-art facilities and highly qualified professionals. Central
Analytical Laboratory (CAL) is one of the key facilities, mechanical and electrical workshop is another.
The Computer Center plays an important role in supporting the scientific divisions and public needs such
as electronic government. As a part of .,65V UROH LQ VHUYLQJ LWV FRPPXQLW\ ZH KRXVH PDQ\ QDWLRQDO
technical centers; such as Seismic Activities Monitoring Station, Radioactivity Monitoring System,
Remote Sensing Lab, and Satellite Imaging Climatology Center.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research served this country for 42 years and will continue to do so with
new vision, mission and objectives supported with new infrastructure that will take KISR well into the
21st century.
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11
Report of the Deputy Director General for Information

Dr. Nader Al-Awadi
The Office of the Deputy Director General for Information (DDGI) promotes dissemination of
information and supports internal and external public relation components of the Kuwait Institute for
Scientific Research (KISR). It is also responsible for increasiQJ SXEOLF DZDUHQHVV RI .,65V YDULRXV
FRQWULEXWLRQV WR VRFLHW\V GHYHORSPHQW WKURXJK YDULRXV UHVHDUFK DFWLYLWLHV ZLWK HPSKDVLV RQ LVVXHV
UHODWHGWR.XZDLWVGHYHORSPHQWSODQV
The Office of the DDGI is comprised of two divisions; the Public Relations and Publications Division
(PR&PD), and the National Scientific and Technical Information Center (NSTIC), and Geoinformatics
Center.
The Public Relations and Publications Division (PR&PD) at KISR plays a role in highlighting the
pioneering research and development activities of the Institute in Kuwait and at regional level. The
responsibilities of PR&PD are carried out through scientific and technical plans prepared by experts and
speciDOLVWV LQ WKH ILHOG 7KHVH SODQV DUH DSSOLHG DQG H[HFXWHG DFFRUGLQJ WR .,65V SROLFLHV WKURXJK
different information and technical approaches for communications at local, regional and international
levels. There are two departments under the PR&PD, Public Relations and Information Department
(PR&ID), and Publications and Editing Department (PED). These departments significantly contribute
and serve as a link between different units at KISR to ensure the flow of information to intended groups.
The PR&ID carries out activities in collaboration with KISR units to prepare and coordinate visits,
lectures, seminars, symposia and meetings in addition to government and public contacts. This
Department also handles coordination with the mass media regarding press conferences and media
FRYHUDJH7KHLQWHUQDWLRQDOUHODWLRQVWHDPHQKDQFHVDQGIDFLOLWDWHV.,65VUHODWLRQVZLWKORFDOUHJLRQDO
and international research institutions.
The PED has two sections; Translation and Editing Section, and Printing and Design Section. The
'HSDUWPHQWSURYLGHVVHUYLFHVWRDOORI.,65VGLYLVLRQV7KH7UDQVODWLRQDQG(GLWLQJ6HFWLRQFRQVLVWVRI
translators charged with the task of translating technical papers from English to Arabic or vice versa to
efficiently serve readers in both languages. The unit has English and Arabic language editors who ensure
that technical papers are edited for clarity, accuracy, and organization. Technical papers are proofread,
and edited for professional presentation. The tasks of the Printing and Design Section include
GLVVHPLQDWLQJ.,65VDFKLHYHPHQWVDQGRXWSXWLQLWVYDULRXVIXQFWLRQVDQGSURJUDPVDVIROORZVSULQWLQJ
SURGXFLQJ .,65V UHSRUWV SXEOLFDWLRQV OD\RXW DQG GHVLJQ RI VHOHFWHG .,65 SXEOLFDWLRQV SDFNDJLQJ
WHFKQLFDOSDSHUVSURGXFLQJ.,65V magazine, brochures, posters, and other promotional materials. The
PR&PD actively addresses the information and media needs of the Institute in addition to enhancing the
reputation and public image of KISR.
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13
The National Scientific & Technical Information Center (NSTIC) provides technical and scientific
VHUYLFHVUHODWHGWRLQIRUPDWLRQWRVXSSRUW.,65VSURJUDPV6HUYLFHVDUHH[WHQGHGWRLQFOXGHJovernment
authorities, scientific, commercial and industrial establishments in Kuwait. NSTIC provides technical
advice in information management and manpower training. In addition the Center designs training
programs in computer literacy, establishes databases and cooperates in endeavors to develop a national
VWUDWHJ\WRGLVVHPLQDWHLQIRUPDWLRQLQ.XZDLW167,&KDVFRQWULEXWHGVLJQLILFDQWO\WR.,65VSODQQLQJ
stages and the successful implementation of its development plans through its four departments working
interactively; Technical Services (TSD), Information Services (ISD), Systems Development (SDD), and
Computer Technology and Communications (CTCD). The Technical Services Department (TSD)
provides comprehensive information resources in print and electronic format. The Department is
responsible for the development and management of NSTIC information sources such as books,
periodicals, indexes and standard documents. TSD also uses an international integrated system called
(virtua) in running all library functions such as cataloging, circulation, online public access catalog,
serials and acquisitions. The Department also updates and manages the KISR web and iPortal through
which all electronic resources are provided to KISR. The Information Services Department (ISD)
specialists assist in identifying literature resources and provide searches for research projects and
specialized reference services. The department website which is the NSTIC iPortal
www.kisr.edu.kw/nstic is used to make electronic resources and services available depending on
accessibility rights and authentication. The Systems Development Department (SDD), has three main
activities, scientific, administrative and database areas undertaken through collaborative and cross-matrix
teamwork. These teams, work on scientific applications and databases, provide statistical analysis,
provide IT services and consultancy, server administration, databases upgrade and updates in addition to
procuring software and hardware technologies, and assisting in license renewal. The Computer
Technology and Communications Department (CTCD) is involved in planning, application of advanced
information technologies and services, developing and coordinating its various activities, programs and
SURMHFWV 'HSDUWPHQW DFWLYLWLHV DOVR LQFOXGH UHYLHZ DQG PRGLILFDWLRQ RI .,65 FRPSXWHU SHULSKHUDOV
standards and specifications, preparation of the KISR E-mail system policy and IT backup policies and
procedures.
Geographic Information System (GIS) activities at KISR were established in the late 1980s and led to the
foundation of Geoinformatics Center. The GIS mission is to utilize geospatial data arising from research
and contracted projects. It also provides technical support and consultation services in the area of
information, geoinformatics technology transfer, and provides integrated geospatial solutions for research
and development activities; execute geospatial projects at the national level. Furthermore, the Center
contributes to human resources development in the field of geoinformatics. Currently, the Geoinformatics
System is collaborating on national project with the Ministry of Education, for the development of
National Educational Atlas, in addition to providing technical support to KISR divisions. Future
collaborative projects will be with the Ministry of Electricity and Water and Kuwait Municipality.
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14
Reports of the Division Directors
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15
Report of the Division Director

Dr. Abdulhameed Al-Hashim
During the reporting period (2006-2008) the Petroleum Research and Studies Center (PRSC) has
provided research and development activities and technical services to the Kuwait oil sector. For example,
the Center collaborated with upstream industry in research areas related to water management, corrosion
management, investigations of complex reservoirs, secondary oil recovery, oilfield souring and asphaltene
problems. The Center also supported the downstream industry with research and technical services in
areas related to evaluation and characterization of petroleum products, bottom of the barrel processing,
clean fuel technology, plant reliability, catalyst testing and evaluation. Both upstream and downstream
industries received support from the Center for Health Safety and Environment (HSE) issues.
A priority goal of the Center was to gain the trust and confidence of the upstream industry in handling all
water injection systems for the various oil fields. In addition, the Refining Department of the Center
succeeded in developing a novel process for direct upgrading of heavy crude oils of the Lower Fars Field
and a process for the preparation of highly active catalysts for deep desulfurization of diesel. Regarding
matters related to corrosion management and structural integrity assessments, the Center served as a
leading technical advisor to both upstream and downstream petroleum industries In Kuwait.
Human resources issues were one of the main constraints limiting the progress of the Center during the
reporting period. This was due to lack of national manpower in the engineering areas of interest to the
Center such as petroleum, chemical and materials engineers in addition to geologists and chemists.
Inability to attract international experts in research fields of interest was due to severe competition with
the oil sector in the country and the region, as they offer lucrative financial packages that the Center could
not match.
Despite these constraints the Center managed to attract the highest external funding contribution
(KD 8,334,599) for KISR during the reporting period. The Center conducted several contractual projects
and technical services for the oil sector during this period. This involvement precluded conduct of general
activities due to the commitment of staff to contractual projects. The budget for contractual projects and
technical services ranged from KD 50,000 to KD 4 million.
A total of 149 progress reports, technical and final reports were issued for ongoing projects and technical
services during this period. Thirteen articles were published in refereed journals and 106 papers presented
at international conferences. The confidential nature of most projects was a limiting factor for the
possibility of increasing the number of publications in journals and conferences and lead to exclusion of
some project summaries in this Scientific Report.
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17
19
strategic reservoirs. This approach gives priority to finding the best ways to economize on water
consumption and manage water resources in Kuwait, in order to support private sector investment in the
field of water resources.
Kuwait has achieved a high level of sophistication in water supply and management. However, a
significant research effort is still required to address many pressing issues including: the need for more
desalination water at lower costs and reduction of water subsidies, presently KD 125 million per year,
which are placing a heavy strain on the economy. The WRD is also considering areas such as protection
and management of natural groundwater resources, rising groundwater levels which cause inconvenience
and costs and the need to create a National Strategic Water Reserve that could increase the water security
for the country from the present one week to some months or more using underground aquifers. This is in
addition to many other water management issues.
During the reporting period (2006-2008) the WRD conducted around 60 projects in the Hydrology and
Water Technologies programs worth just over KD 3,000,000. These were mostly contracted with different
governmental clients such as the Ministry of Electricity and Water, Kuwait Environment Authority,
Kuwait National Petroleum Company, and local and international private sectors. In this period, staff
members published approximately 30 papers in refereed journals and presented 37 papers at international
conferences in addition to completing 71 technical reports.
The Division has paid special attention to staff members of client organizations through providing on-thejob training programs conducted by divisional staff members. Amongst the divisional priorities was
stimulating youth awareness and education with regard to water issues which was approached through the
organization of summer training courses in 2006, and 2007, and the Distinguished Student Training
Program in 2007, in collaboration with Human Resources Division at KISR. In addition, WRD organized
Open Day activities on the occasion of the World Water Day, in 2007, where general lectures and
discussion panels were conducted with media coverage to involve the public at large.
In spite of the national and regional recognition of the water program at KISR due to its long experience
and solid scientific knowledge-base in the non-conventional water resources, water treatments and water
demand management, utilization of renewable energy sources for water desalination and treatment, there
is still a need to support its activities with highly qualified and experienced researchers and state of the art
facilities in order to ensure its future position as a technical center of excellence in water research.
www.kisr.edu.kw
20
21
The Department of Advanced Systems succeeded in supporting community and industrial sectors in
Kuwait. This included implementation of advanced systems for application to the oil industry,
Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing, and laser induced fluorescence (LIF)/OF.
Community service was extended by the Department to include customized communication systems for
physically handicapped individuals to provide them with practical communication tools.
The Division has strengthened its technological infrastructure and expertise in radioactivity studies
through a framework of technical cooperation with leading international institutions such as the
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna to address radiological issues of national and
regional dimensions.
www.kisr.edu.kw
22
23
hybrid fish stocks in preparation for commercial scale applications, ii) investigate improvement of food
safety for some strategic products, iii) establish model production systems in collaboration with the Public
Authority for Agricultural Affairs and Fisheries Resources (PAAFR) and the private sector under the
umbrella the Master Plan for greenery in Kuwait and partial self sufficiency in food production extending
to the year 2015, to serve the needs of the food and agriculture sectors while preserving natural resources,
and iv) develop technologies required for the conservation and sustainable utilization of renewable natural
resources
The Division is supporting the future development of food, agriculture and greenery production through
promotion of training and scholarship programs in accord with KISR policies on the enrichment of human
resources and development of highly skilled scientific manpower.
During this reporting period (2006-2008), the Division of Food Resources and Marine Sciences
completed 28 client funded projects, 2 technical service projects, 8 in-house projects and 31 general
research activities. The revenue from client-funded projects and technical services increased from
KD 776,939 in fiscal year 2005-2006 to KD 938,926 in fiscal year 2008-2009.
www.kisr.edu.kw
24
25
During 2006-2008, the division completed 8 major research projects funded by the Ministry of Planning
(MOP), the Public Authority for Industry (PAI); Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences
(KFAS), and the Public Authority for Assessment of Damages Resulting from Iraqi Aggression (PAAC).
During the same period the division published 23 reports (5 final reports; 12 technical reports; and 6
interim and/or progress reports) on various projects. In the same period, the Division published 16 papers
in proceedings of various conferences; 13 papers in refereed international journals.
Human resources development during this period included 17 in-house courses, two on-job training
programs; and three scholarships for master degree programs. The Division DOVRSDUWLFLSDWHGLQ.,65V
summer student training programs for high school and university level students for the three years.
The future outlook of TED will be to enhance and strengthen applied research in areas of its expertise
with public and private sectors through the development of joint medium and long-term programs. The
main focus of its research activities will be to provide advice and support to ensure diversification of the
economy and enhance the competitiveness of its different economic sectors and industries. In this context,
studies will be initiated that support the vision of making Kuwait a regional financial and commercial
center, and increase the role of private sector in economic activities.
www.kisr.edu.kw
26
Petroleum Research & Studies Center
27

Mission
To support development of the petroleum industry in the State of Kuwait through the
provision of scientific studies and advanced technologies in the fields of production,
refining, corrosion and petrochemicals.
Objectives
1. Investigate and enhance petroleum resources through studies and characterization of
materials, fluids and reservoirs structures associated with oil production and provide
advanced technical supports to the refining industry
2. Develop and update scientific database and information systems for Kuwait oil resources and
production systems
3. Develop and support advanced technologies and studies to address environmental impacts
associated with petroleum issues
4. Provide continuing education and technical training to advance skills and expertise of oil
sector manpower
www.kisr.edu.kw
29
Department of Petroleum Production

Mission
To serve the oil production industry through optimizing production while minimizing
production costs and providing studies on technical problems related to oil production
systems. Develop advanced technical approaches to present oil reservoirs and support
exploration for new ones. Suggest methodologies for improving oil field operations and
increasing future production capacity.
Objectives
x Conduct research and studies on reservoir characterization with emphasis on rock and fluid properties
x Conduct research and studies on reservoir characterization with emphasis on rock and fluid properties
x Develop and conduct research and studies in the area of Improved Oil Recovery (IOR) such as water
flooding, gas injection, chemical injection, heavy oil recovery and thermal recovery
x Develop technologies in the area of improved oil recovery with a focus on water flooding, gas
injection, chemical injection, heavy oil recovery and thermal recovery
x Participate in developing solutions for improving production efficiency in the petroleum production
industry
x Participate in developing solutions for improving production efficiency in the petroleum production
industry
x Investigate and evaluate corrosion problems related to oil production with emphasis on chemicals and
materials associated with oilfield operations
x Establish databases and perform modeling and simulation studies for reservoir management
x Establish information systems and develop models and simulation techniques to study reservoir
management
www.kisr.edu.kw
31
x Investigate and evaluate corrosion problems with emphasis on oil field chemicals on material
selection

Staff Members
Department Manager
Ms. Hameeda Dashti
Principal Research Scientist

Dr. John Adeyemi Carew
Research Scientist
Dr. Gholam-Reza P. Oskui
Associate Research Scientists

Dr. Hanaa Abdulamir Al-Mazeedi
Dr. Waleed Hussein Al-Bazzaz
Dr. Mohammed Farooq Al-Matrouk
Dr. Ahmad AbdulKareem Mohammed
Dr. Fajhan Hilal Al-Mutairi
Dr. Salem Saleh M. Al-Marri
Dr. Mohammad Ali Jumma
Assistant Research Scientists
Dr. Nusrat Jabeen Tanoli

Dr. Talal Ebraheem Esmaiel
Ms. Ebtisam Folad Ghloum
www.kisr.edu.kw
33

Report of the Department Manager
Ms. Hameeda Dashti
The petroleum exploration and production industry is targeting an increase in production of heavy oils. It
is exploring the potential of applying secondary and tertiary recovery techniques to achieve this objective.
The industry is working on improving the efficiency of its operation, reducing material losses through
improved selection of materials, and establishing a comprehensive information system for its oil fields.
KISR has contributed to achieving these goals and in consultation with the company has selected target
areas that can be used by Kuwait Oil Company (KOC). Collaboration with the oil production industry
included; water management, corrosion management, investigation of complex reservoirs, souring,
asphaltenes and Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) issues.
Complex reservoirs; the Department succeeded in providing KOC with essential data for reservoir
understanding and management, which enabled our researchers to initiate studies in the area of reservoir
modeling. The result of this has led to the best ways to overcome loss of production due to asphaltene
deposition.
Corrosion management and souring studies; these enabled the Department to characterize downhole
corrosion problems, identify factors that have contributed to the phenomena, and determine appropriate
measures to reduce the corrosion problems. Other factors related to corrosion were identified such as
microbial corrosion in oilfield waters and use of inhibitors and other chemicals that may reduce corrosion
in all its forms in oilfield water. These efforts were aimed to help lower maintenance costs of oil
production equipment for KOC.
In addition, investigations were undertaken on souring phenomena by monitoring and identifying the
pattern of the increase in the concentrations of H2S in the crude oils of the Burgan field, and the export
crude from the gathering centers in south east Kuwait oil fields and other areas. The results of studies on
H2S contributed to KOC efforts to ensure the quality of Kuwait Export Crude.
Sand erosion; novel sand stabilization polymeric materials, were investigated in collaboration with KOC
Research Group for field application. These are expected to reduce the erosion of surface facilities by
www.kisr.edu.kw
35
Integration of Water Management and Secondary Recovery; the Department engaged in transfer and
development of water injection technology as a means for secondary oil recovery utilizing reservoir water
DQGVHDZDWHUDQGDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKLVWHFKQRORJ\LQ.2&VQRUWKZHVWDQGVRXWKHDVWRLOILHOGVLQRUGHUto
identify problems and develop appropriate solutions. To reduce water production, the Department
managed to develop a novel polymeric material for water shut off, which is awaiting field testing.
7KURXJKWKHVHDFKLHYHPHQWV.,65FRQWULEXWHGWR.2&VHIIRrt in improving oil production from Kuwait
oilfields and addressing water-associated technical problems.
reducing sand production. This study was extended to include sand control measures that are
economically and environmentally acceptable to reduce sand movement on oil production installations.
These accomplishments led to minimization of operational expenses and well workovers through
selection of better alloys and appropriate chemical usage in KOC fields.
Support of Health, Safety and Environment Program; increasing amounts of highly saline water
associated with oil production may pose environmental pollution hazards which have led to cooperation
between KISR and KOC to identify viable technical and economical approaches to manage and possibly
recycle the saline water. Furthermore, bio-remediation technologies to handle oil contaminated soils and
sludges were developed. These techniques may provide feasible and economical solutions and may
enhance the environment by using the output in propagating greenery in the country.
Considering further research developments, the Heavy Oil Program has been identified as a priority
within the Strategic Plan for the Petroleum Center with the understanding of the need to develop
capabilities and facilities to meet the future challenges of heavy oil production.
To ensure the success of this program, and others planned, constraints identified within the reporting
period (2006-2008) must be addressed. In particular, the lack of human resources and expertise in areas of
enhanced oil recovery, special rock characterization and reservoir simulation may be limiting. Despite
these constraints, the Department was able to carry out a number of projects and technical services for the
oil industry that attracted one of the highest external funding figures for the Institute.
www.kisr.edu.kw
36

Completed Project
PP023C; July, 2004 to May, 2008
Assessment and Control of Water Quality Parameters in Seawater Injection

System (North Kuwait)
*J. Carew and E. Al-Mohammed
Department of Petroleum Production, Petroleum Research and Studies Center,
Introduction
Seawater techniques have been used to maintain the pressure in oil fields and to clean the injection flowlines
which showed deterioration of water quality. These methods include soaking with surfactants, and then
flushing out using seawater with high flow rates, cleaning with chemicals followed by mechanical pigs.
The main objectives of the project were to: 1) determine the total amount of solids recovered as a function of
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and flow rate obtained during pigging operation, 2) monitor, the quality of water
characteristics from the treated seawater process plant and also prior to injection into selected oil wells, and
3) determine the bacterial populations on both pigging water and solids using serial dilution techniques in
microbiological growth medium.
Methods
The total amount of solids recovered was determined as a function of TSS, flow rate and sampling frequency,
the total amount being a sum of all the individual samples. Elemental composition was determined on solids
recovered both from TSS membrane samples and bulk solids if appropriate, by Scanning Electron Microscopy
(SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). Bacterial populations were determined on both pigging
waters and solids using serial dilution techniques in microbiological growth medium with subsequent
enumeration using serial dilution techniques in microbiological growth medium with subsequent enumeration.
Findings
x Deposits in the pipeline led to excessive corrosion rates under the deposit.
*jcarew@prsc.kisr.edu.kw
37
Throughout the year 2006, the 36" transfer line and the Sabriya and Raudhatain headers were pigged on
several occasions. The term 'pigging' refers to an operation during which accumulated deposits of scales,
corrosion products and biofilms formed within pipelines are removed. Pigging is an extremely important
operation since it helps maintain pipeline integrity and also, in this instance, the quality of water that pipelines
deliver. Therefore, the frequency of pigging operations should be optimized so as to maintain these features.
In the North Kuwait seawater injection project, there are six pipelines that have undergone pigging operations,
namely 36" Subiya to Sabriya Transfer line, 20" Raudhatain Header, 16" Raudhatain Sub-header, 20" South
Sabriya Header, 16" South Sabriya Sub-header and 10" North Sabriya Header. Each pigging operation was
monitored by KISR personnel and the quantity, chemical composition and bacterial content of the solids
removed were determined.
x Deposits in the pipeline harbor bacteria allowing them to thrive and proliferate as sessile colonies. This
will only serve to accelerate under-deposit corrosion.
x Bacteria have colonized the system to such an extent that infestation now continues up to, and presumably
beyond the injecting wells.
x Sulphate reducing bacteria, that colonized the near well-bore of the injectors and beyond, produced
hydrogen sulphide which will inevitably sour the Raudhatain and Sabriya fields.
Conclusions
The system is vulnerable to contamination by significant concentrations of suspended solids from corrosion
products generated as a result of low levels of oxygen entering the transfer line. This provides an ideal
environment for viable populations of all bacterial types monitored to thrive and proliferate. Current pigging
frequency is clearly inadequate, and must be increased if there is any possibility of maintaining the integrity of
WKHWUDQVIHUOLQHDQGSUHYHQWLWIURPIDLOLQJIURPPLFURELDOO\LQGXFHGFRUURVLRQ0,&
Applications
Secondary recovery or pressure maintenance is influenced by the quality of the water being injected. However,
too often, the quality standards required for injecting in a particular formation are not known in the early stages
of the project.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the management of Kuwait Oil Company (North Field Development) for their
financial support of the project (KD 3,084,254) and confidence in the expertise of Petroleum Research and
Studies Center (PRSC), Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR).
Thanks are also due to the Team Leader, Water Injection North Kuwait for his cooperation and help which
contributed greatly toward the successful execution of this project. Particular gratitude is due to Mr. Uthaman
Kuppusamy, Seawater Injection North Kuwait, KOC for providing lots of help to the KISR field team. The
authors would like to thank KISR management, Division Director of PRSC and Department Manager of
Petroleum Production Department (PPD) for their continued encouragement and support during the day-to-day
running of this project.
The authors would also like to acknowledge the effort of the project team for their dedication in carrying out
the field measurements; thanks also to Mr. Igmedio Giray for organizing the figures and data processing.
PP023C
38

Completed Project
PP024C; July, 2004 to June, 2008
Performance Assessment of Waters (Aquifer and Effluent) for

Minagish Water Injection
*A. Al-Hashem1, J. Carew1, H. Dashti1, M. Salman1 and A. Mataqi2
1
2
Department of Petroleum Production, Petroleum Research and Studies Center

Department of Biotechnology, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Introduction
Both the Minagish and Umm Gudair Fields lie approximately 65 km from Ahmadi. The injection of effluent
water into the Minagish Oolite formation in the Minagish Field is mainly for pressure support (maintenance).
This involved the water, after treatment, to be transported to the Water Injection Plant at Minagish for pumping
and routing to the injection wells (16 injection wells). For the injection, the objective was to complete each
well capable of handling fifty five thousand (55,000) barrels of effluent/water per day without fracturing any
formation.
The main objectives of the project were to: 1) characterize through various tests, on a daily basis, water
(quality) from the MWIP treatment plant at 16 injection wells, 2) optimize the performance of corrosion/scale/
biocide chemicals and determine their effectiveness throughout the water injection system, 3) undertake cost
estimation of chemical consumption based on daily dosage levels, 4) monitor and characterize the water-in-oil
from related producer oil wells so as to determine the water break through time and track the increase in water
content in the producer crude oil well using separation method as well as chemical analysis of the separated
water, 5) guide KOC laboratory chemists in the on-site and laboratory testing practices related to monitoring of
the effluent and aquifer-water injection system, 6) screen and select chemicals, in the corrosion and scale
inhibitors, and biocides for future application at the treatment plants, 7) carry out studies on the synergistic
effect of the chemicals on downhole tubing material in the produced water environmental conditions, and
8) refine the database using of computer-based spread sheet, which was initiated in previous study. This will
form the basis of a risk evaluation program that can be used to respond to upset conditions in the water
injection system.
*ahashem@prsc.kisr.edu.kw
39
As part of the water quality monitoring program for the Minagish water injection project, KISR undertook the
monitoring of injection water at various locations covering the inlet to storage tanks (50BD1/2) and
downstream of injection and production wells. For disposal of produced water obtained during oil production
RSHUDWLRQVPDLQO\DW*&VDQGHIIOXHQWZDWHULVURXWHGYLDVWRUDJHWDQN%',to injection. Within the
Minagish Water Injection Plant (MWIP), there is no treatment of the effluent water undertaken during
production. To assist with reservoir pressure maintenance, make-up water obtained from the Zubair aquifer
was routed via storage tank (50BD2) to the injection wells. No mixing of the injection and aquifer waters
occurred, with all injection wells dedicated as injecting either effluent or aquifer water. Also, no further
treatment of the aquifer water was undertaken.
Methods
Full ionic analysis was done by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
(AAS), ion exchange chromatography, and other standard techniques, on preserved filtered samples.
Fingerprinting of the different chemicals; corrosion and scale inhibitor residual chemicals, determination of
citric acid, water-in-oil, characterization and identification of solids and deposits in the system pipeline
network, screening of chemicals, synergistic study, corrosion monitoring, bacterial monitoring and wellhead
monitoring activities were performed.
Findings
x Certain injection wells have historically seen both effluent and aquifer water injection.
x Effluent water regularly exceeds the target specifications set for oil free suspended solids, oil in water
concentration and number of particulates exceeding 5 microns.
x Bacterial contamination is not thought to present significant problem due to the high salinity of the
effluent and aquifer waters.
x In conjunction with wellhead data, monitoring of H2S concentrations upstream and downstream of the
storage tanks may assist in determining whether significant microbiological activity is occurring.
Conclusions
Stability index for the observed wells showed very little increase in pressure due to changes in oil content of
the water below a 100 ppm. Lower injectivity leads to lower flow rate and high well head pressure due to lack
of suction force capable of moving particles of sizes exceeding 5 microns. It was noted that in 2008 all the
wells used one type of water (effluent water) and that factor can be added to explain the cause of variability of
injectivity. The use of alternate type of water per well may result in having to clean the wells prior to sediment
formation in the intervening period(s) of effluent water injection.
Applications
One of the main parameters to be watched for in a water injection system is the total suspended solids as it has
a detrimental implication on water injectivity into the injector wells.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the management of Kuwait Oil Company (Minagish Field Development) for their support
(total budget KD 2,117,364).
PP024C
40

Completed Project
PP021C; April, 2006 to March, 2008
Investigation of the Characteristics and Treatment of Kuwait Crude Oil

Emulsions
*E. Ghloum, S. Lahalih, M. Al-Qahtani and M. Al-Attar
Introduction
Formation of crude oil emulsions is a direct consequence of the production of associated water with crude oil.
As water cut increases, the flow properties of the crude oil emulsion change significantly, and the problem of
transporting this crude becomes very challenging with consequent economic impact. This research project was
initiated to investigate the stability and rheological properties of crude oil emulsion samples from different
locations in Kuwait: Al-Khafji Joint Operation (KJO)Hout reservoirs, North Kuwait-Sabriyah reservoirs (NK,
SA) and West Kuwait- Um-Ghudair reservoir (WK, UG) under a wide range of operation and field conditions.
These conditions include: water cut (WOR: 20%-80%), temperature (15C-80C), viscosity, asphaltene
content (5%-11.68%), droplets size and their distribution, pressure (1-100 bars), shear rate, different
demulsifiers and mixing rates (0-1000 rpm).
The Basic Sediments and Water (BS&W) contents were measured in crude emulsion samples by using the
standard method, ASTM D4007, with standard demulsifier F-46. The asphaltene contents in the crude oil were
measured by the Standard Method ASTM IP-143. The droplet size and their distributions of the prepared
emulsion samples were measured using the Dispersion Technology DT1200 machine at room temperatures.
The rheological properties of emulsion samples were determined using Haake Rotoviscometer RT20 at various
temperatures (25C-80C), pressure (0-100 bars) and various shear rates (10-500 s-1). Viscosity versus shear
rate plots were established as a function of various parameters: temperature, water cut and mixing rates for all
prepared emulsion samples.
Findings
x All emulsion samples were stable but the most stable, was (UG-119, WK) with the highest asphaltene
content (11.68%) which took a high demulsifier dose of about 300 ppm to obtain 80% water separation at
60C after 5 hrs of retention time.
x The rheology study showed that all the emulsion samples have gone through shear thinning for all the
temperatures tested (25oC, 60oC, 80oC) at atmospheric pressure where viscosity decreased as shear rate
increased from 0 s-1 to 300 s-1.
x Operating temperature is the controlling factor for rheology at high temperature whereas at lower
temperatures the controlling factors were found to be crude oil composition (SARA), acidity, aromaticity,
chlorine content, salinity, water content and imposed pressure.
x SA-29, SA-158 and SA-161 emulsion samples underJR3KDVH,QYHUVLRQDWZDWHUWRRLOUDWLR:25RI
about 74%, 75% and 76% respectively, where viscosity drops quite significantly. However, SA-98 and
*efolad@prsc.kisr.edu.kw
41
Methods
UG-119 emulsion samples had no inversion point and this might be due to the high asphaltene contents
(8.03% and 11.68%). Empirical formulas for crude oil emulsions viscosities as a function of shear rates
were established.
x The effect of WOR, mixing rates and aging time was studied on the interfacial tension (IFT) and droplets
size and their distribution for Sabriyah emulsion samples. In general, as these factors increase, the droplets
sizes decrease and their distribution gets narrower. The IFT decreases without statistical significance as
these factors increase. This indicates that the mechanical properties of the interfacial films, where
asphaltene to resin ratio plays a big role, along with the droplets size and water cut, control the stability of
emulsion samples and not their IFT.
x As aging time of oil emulsion sample increases, their stability and viscosity increase significantly.
Conclusions
Rheology and stability of crude oil emulsions are affected by many variables including: temperature, mixing
rates, pressures, demulsifiers and aging time. The effect of these variables should be investigated thoroughly
for complete understanding of their effect on the rheology and stability of crude oil emulsions. Asphaltene
contents in the emulsion controls its stability. Most crude oil emulsions underJR3KDVH,QYHUVLRQDWDERXW
water to oil ratio (WOR) of 7476% except for high asphaltene content samples.
Applications
The established empirical formulas provide KOC and KGOC extensive information on the characteristics of
the crude oil emulsions under various conditions. This essential information is needed for transporting the
crude oil at minimum cost and providing the right treatment. In addition, the present work will set the
foundation for future development of proprietary demulsifiers and the establishment of a mathematical model
to handle this problem and it will form a foundation for associated research projects.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences for financial support (KD 41,650)
under contract Number (2004-1504-02). Total budget was KD 93,610. The authors thank Ms. Fatma H. Aqai
and Mr. Gils Abraham for technical assistance.
Publications, conference presentations and reports arising from the project

1. E. Ghloum and S. Lahalih. &KDUDFWHULVWLFVDQG6WDELOLW\RI.XZDLW&UXGH2LO(PXOVLRQV7KLUG.XZDLW
International Petroleum Conference and Exhibition (KIPCE), December 14-16, 2009, Kuwait.
2. E. Ghloum and S. Lahalih. 5KHRORJLFDO 3URSHUWLHV RI .XZDLW &UXGH 2LO (PXOVLRQV Third Kuwait
International Petroleum Conference and Exhibition (KIPCE), December 1416, 2009, Kuwait.
PP021C
42

Completed Project
PP026C; June, 2006 to May, 2008
Using Electrochemical Noise Technique in Studying the Corrosion Behavior

of Carbon Steel in Oil Field Waters
*H. Al-Mazeedi, N. Tanolli and F. Al-Attar
Introduction
Electrochemical Noise (EN) is a general term that describes the random fluctuations in current or potential that
occurs in electrochemical processes. The EN technique is used in industries as a nondestructive method of
corrosion monitoring. The technique can differentiate between general corrosion, pitting corrosion and
inhibition, as well as between pit nucleation, and meta-stable and stable pitting and thus, can play a major role
in detecting pitting corrosion at earlier stages. The EN technique can complement existing corrosion
monitoring and control strategies by providing real-time information about localized corrosion activity that can
be correlated with process parameters.
The objectives of this project were: 1) to establish the electrochemical noise technique in the corrosion
laboratory of the Petroleum Research and Studies center, 2) to study the corrosion behavior of carbon steel
(CS) in effluent and aquifer water, 3) to inspect the stages of pitting corrosion for CS in insufficiently inhibited
effluent and formation water, and 4) to monitor the performance of corrosion inhibitors used in oil field
systems.
Carbon steel API 1016 bullet-shaped samples (each with a length of 1.14 cm and an area of 3.87 cm2) were
tested in un-inhibited and inhibited aquifer and effluent water. Corrosion behavior was studied by different
electrochemical techniques, such as electrochemical noise (EN), open circuit potential (OCP), linear
polarization resistance (LPR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).
Surface morphology of the samples was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Three different
inhibitors (QCI 150, QCI 807M, QCI 810) were tested separately in aquifer and effluent water with different
concentrations in order to specify the critical concentrations for them. All the experiments were conducted in
triplicate using Gamry Instruments, PC4/300 Potentiostat/Galvanostat/ZRA.
Findings
x Electrochemical noise technique has been established in the corrosion laboratory of the Petroleum
Research and Studies center (PRSC). The EN technique can detect and differentiate between
electrochemical processes (inhibition, pitting and uniform corrosion) successfully. The technique can
identify the stages of pitting corrosion for CS in insufficiently inhibited aquifer water.
x EN technique is more precise in distinguishing the best inhibitor concentration than the LPR technique and
matches with the SEM results in specifying the pitting corrosion. LPR technique gives misleading
*dbahzad@prsc.kisr.edu.kw
43
Methods
x
x
x
x
conclusions and shows the samples with pitting corrosion as the most inhibited ones although the pitting
corrosion is more dangerous than the uniform corrosion and it can cause leaking faster than the uniform
corrosion.
The correlation between noise resistance (Rn) and polarization resistance (Rp) is almost 1:1 and supports
prior theoretical and experimental work that indicates that Rn and Rp measure essentially the same thing.
Thus Rn can be used as a tool for corrosion rate prediction.
Effluent water with H2S is more corrosive than without H2S because H2S lowers the pH and increases the
corrosion rate of carbon steel.
The best inhibitor for CS in stagnant aquifer water at room temperature was QCI 810 of 70 ppm
concentration or QCI 150 with 70 ppm. Inhibitor QCI 807M failed to protect CS samples from corrosion
in aquifer water.
The best inhibitor for CS in stagnant effluent water at room temperature is QCI 150 with 60 ppm
concentration. It gives the higher inhibitor efficiency (more than 90%) and the most stable level of
inhibiter efficiency. Inhibitors QCI 810 and QCI 807M show lower and unstable levels of inhibitor
efficiency.
Conclusions
EN technique has been established in the corrosion laboratory of PRSC and is more precise in distinguishing
the best inhibitor concentration and pitting corrosion than LPR. The best inhibitor for CS in stagnant effluent
water at room temperature and atmospheric pressure is QCI150 with 60 ppm concentration and for CS in
aquifer water at room temperature and atmospheric pressure is QCI810 with 70 ppm or QCI150 with 70 ppm.
Applications
The results can be applied to the water injection plant in the oilfield in Minagish, or in any other oil field that
works with effluent and aquifer water, but it should be taken into consideration that the water content differs
between oil fields and that this will affect corrosion rates and the inhibition process. The technique can be
applied in other aqueous corrosion problems in seawater or groundwater. Results can be used as a reference
for any future projects on corrosion that includes EN technique and other electrochemical techniques.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences for financial support (KD 35,318) with
a total budget of KD 66,890. The authors thank Shaji Michael and Tresiama Mathew for technical assistance
and Nadia Sulejmanovic and Abeer Al-Farhan for water analysis.

1. H. Al Mazeedi and N. Tanoli. (2009). 6WXG\LQJ WKH &RUURVLRQ %HKDYLRU RI &DUERQ steel in Minagish
$TXLIHU:DWHUE\(OHFWURFKHPLFDO1RLVH7HFKQLTXH. KISR Reports 9623 and 9625.
2. H. Al Mazeedi and N. Tanoli. (2006). (OHFWURFKHPLFDO 1RLVH 7HFKQLTXH LQ 6WXG\LQJ WKH &RUURVLRQ
Behaviour of Carbon Steel in Oil )LHOG:DWHUV.,65Report 8498.
3. H. Al Mazeedi and N. Tanoli. (2007). 8VLQJ(OHFWURFKHPLFDO1RLVH7HFKQLTXHLQ6WXG\LQJWKH&RUURVLRQ
Behaviour of Carbon Steel in Oil-)LHOG:DWHUV. KISR Report 8781.
4. H. Al Mazeedi and N. Tanolitar. (2007). 8VLQJ (OHFWURFKHPLFDO 1RLVH 7HFKQLTXH LQ 6WXG\LQJ WKH
Inhibition of Carbon Steel in Oil-)LHOG:DWHUV KISR Report 9041.
5. H. Al Mazeedi and N. Tanoli. (2009). 6WXG\LQJ WKH &RUURsion Behavior of Carbon Steel in Minagish
$TXLIHU:DWHUZLWKDQGZLWKRXW,QKLELWRUE\(OHFWURFKHPLFDO1RLVH7HFKQLTXH. KISR Report.
PP026C
44

Completed Project
PP032C; August, 2006 to January, 2007
Crude and H2S Properties Evaluation Study of Greater Burgan Area (Magwa,
Burgan and Ahmadi): Phase IV
*A. Al-Qallaf and J. Carew
Introduction
Kuwait Oil Company (KOC), requested Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), represented by
Petroleum Research and Studies Center (PRSC), to conduct the sixth field wide H2S survey for all open wells
in the Greater Burgan Area and the Gathering Centers (GCs) for H2S concentration levels in the gas phase and
American Petroleum Institute (API) density of produced crude with respect to flow line pressure condition.
This agreement between KISR and KOC came through the correspondence provided in the final report for all
GCs located in the South East Kuwait to determine properties such as H2S concentration with respect to flow
line pressure condition, density, API gravity and basic sediment and water (BS&W) content.
Particular objectives were preparation of weekly reports on the concentration of H2S in the gas phase, density,
API and BS&W for all flowing wells in the Greater Burgan Area, a comparative weekly analysis of the
changes in H2S concentration from previous years and of a comprehensive final report, which will include all
data collected during the study, analysis of the data obtained, findings and recommendations arising from the
study.
On site testing of H2S in the gas phase was measured on all the wells in-accordance with Standard Test
Method for Measurement of Hydrogen Sulfide in the Vapor Phase. A purpose built two-vessels equipment
designed to allow the flow of crude oil through one side whilst pushing the gas through the other side was
connected to the sample point in the wellhead, and then the valve at the sample point was opened slowly to
allow a steady flow of the crude oil to the knockout vessel. The gas should be left flowing for two minutes to
flush the vessels from any gas remaining from the preceding sample. The gas was separated from the oil and
allowed to flow to the second vessel; the measurement of H2S was carried out on the gas emanating from the
outlet.
Findings
x The survey showed an apparent increase in the H2S concentration level in wells in the Greater Burgan area.
When comparing these results with previous data, there is an apparent increase in H2S concentration levels
in the Burgan and Magwa area whilst the Ahmadi area H2S concentration levels remained largely
unchanged.
x There are hot spot areas of higher (72000 ppm) H2S in the Greater Burgan area and they are concentrated
in the southern part of the field; GC-21, GC-4, GC-3, and GC-6.
*aqallaf@prsc.kisr.edu.kw
45
Methods
x The following gathering centers are considered essentially sweet (<100 ppm H2S); GC-2, GC-10, GC-11,
GC-19, GC-20, and GC-22.
Conclusions
The results of the H2S survey were determined by the GCs survey for South East Kuwait (SEK) as average
H2S concentration, average pressure, and water cut % of the export crude follow the same pattern.
In order to promote consistency in the H2S surveys, a recommendation was made that the sampling frequency
should be reduced to once every two years, with a reduction in the number of wells sampled, focusing on
selected wells representative of producing formations and different completions. Further to this, wherever
possible, the selected wells should remain in commission, and choke settings should largely remain unchanged.
Applications
The completion of the H2S survey for the Greater Burgan Area will provide KOC with an unprecedented,
complete homogenous database for the H2S levels in every well in the three major fields. This study will
furnish a basis for further updates of this database. This database will be a reference, to help develop plans to
manage the wells with high concentrations of H2S, reduce cost, and protect downhole equipment construction
materials of the gathering centers. KOC was able to identify wells which have high levels of H 2S and label
them, so that KOC field engineers will avoid technical and health hazards in their work.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the operational support of Kuwait Oil Company, South East Kuwait
Field Development, Team Leader Mr. Jamal Al-Hmoud, who contributed to the successful execution of the
project. The authors also acknowledge the continuing support by Mr. Wahyu Budiarto, Technical Team
Leader, South East Kuwait Field Development. The authors thank Kuwait Oil Company for financial support
(KD 39,528).
PP032C
46

Completed Project
PP033C; February, 2007 to July, 2007
Small Steam Flood Test (SST) Monitoring, Sampling and Analysis of Wafra
Oil Field
*J. Carew
Introduction
In order to investigate the potential for use of steam flooding to improve oil recovery in South East Kuwait, a
steam flood pilot trial has been undertaken at the Wafra field since February 2006, by Saudi Arabian Texaco
Inc. in the PNZ (now Gulf Oil Company). In a 5 spot pattern of 100 meters square, steam is injected to the
first Eocene horizon at 450600 psi {and typically1,200 barrels of water per day (bwpd) cold water
equivalent} via a central injection well (designation S-605). Injection temperature ranges between 430 and
600F. Steam quality of typically 80% is injected although, this has been known to range between 40 and 95%.
Main objective is to provide complete guidance for water quality requirement of the pilot cyclic steam
stimulation system in order to accurately monitor, over a six month period, the response of the oil production
by this primary technique. The aim is to continuously monitor the characteristics of the waters from four
producer wells to injection in the selected oil wells at the respective fields; to determine the break-through of
steam injection by studying the water content of the oil from four producer wells during the injection process,
to determine optimum steam injection rates, and to observe reservoir
Density was measured in accordance with the ASTM standard D 500299; Basic Sediments and Water
(BS&W) was in accordance with the ASTM Standard D96-88 (R 1998) Standard Test Method for Water and
Sediment in Crude Oil by Centrifugation Method. Oil composition; gas composition; CO2, H2S, mercaptans
and COS. Chemical composition of crude oil was analyzed by a gas chromatograph configured for
hydrocarbon analysis. Asphaltene; total sulfur; viscosity of liquid and Reid vapor pressure were all measured
periodically and analysis of the separated water was undertaken simultaneously. Water analysis included
turbidity; total suspended solids; total iron and oil-in-water parameters.
Findings
x The various studies were made to investigate means to recover the heavy crude oil from the shallow
deposits in Kuwait. The viscosity, temperature behavior of Kuwait heavy oil was such that its viscosity
was reduced by a factor for more than 100 when the temperature was increased to 300o F which suggests
that the oil might be produced successfully with thermal recovery processes.
x Findings from some of the data were somewhat difficult to interpret with data for one parameter
apparently contradicting another. It appeared that in all but one of the wells (S-601), oil API gravity
decreased, i.e. the oil has become heavier. This could be expected since the increased temperature
resulting from steam injection would drive out lighter ends from the reservoir more readily.
*jcarew@prsc.kisr.edu.kw
47
Methods
x Liquid hydrocarbon composition data showed that the proportion of lighter C8C29 components increased
against the proportion of C30+ components over time. Such an increase would however, be expected to
increase the API gravity, since the proportion of heavier ends (C30+) has been lowered and the crude oil
would become lighter. Unfortunately, such an increase in lighter ends was not observed in the gas data,
with methane, ethane, propane and butane all indicating little change.
Conclusions
It was concluded that injection of limited amounts of steam is a very effective method for stimulation of heavy
oil wells. The work provided an answer on the suitability of thermal process as a pilot project of four wells
under steam stimulation.
Applications
The thermal recovery process might be applied successfully for production of other heavy oils of similar
physical and chemical properties.
Acknowledgments
The author thanks the management of KGOC/Joint Operations, Wafra for their support. Total budget was
KD 55,740. Thanks are extended to Mr. Shibu Jose and Mr. Igmedio Giray for efforts in carrying out the field
work and for compilation of the data.
PP033C
48

Ongoing Projects
Assessment of Reservoir Response to Aquifer Water Injection-Wara Pilot Plant, South
East Kuwait
Project code: PP030C
Duration: December, 2005 to March, 2010
Sponsor(s): Kuwait Oil Company
Budget: KD 761,030
Project leader: H. Dashti
Email address: hdashti@prsc.kisr.edu.kw
Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Sea and Effluent Water

Injection Plants of North and West Kuwait Oil Fields
Duration: April, 2007 to September, 2010
Sponsor(s): Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences
Budget: KD 85,626
Project leader: H. Al-Mazeedi
Email address: hmazidi@prsc.kisr.edu.kw

Duration: August, 2007 to January, 2010
Budget: KD 290,000
Project leader: H. Dashti
Email address: hdashti@prsc.kisr.edu.kw
Assessment of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Techniques for Selected Fifteen Kuwaiti
Reservoirs
Duration: February, 2008 to January, 2009
Budget: KD 35,836
Project leader: M. Al-Matrouk
Email address: mmatrouk@prsc.kisr.edu.kw
www.kisr.edu.kw
49
Pressure Volume Temperature (PVT), Phase Behaviour and Viscosity Measurements and
Modeling of Sample SA-104TS
Laboratory and on-site Studies of Effluent and Aquifer Water Injection in Minagish Field
Project code: PP065S
Duration: July, 2008 to June, 2013
Budget: KD 1,500,000
Project leader: W. Al-Bazzaz
Email address: wbazzaz@prsc.kisr.edu.kw
Studies of Effluent Water Quality for the Enhancement of Oil Recovery in North Kuwait
Oil Fields
Project code: PP062S

Duration: October, 2008 to September, 2009
Budget: KD 320,530
Project leader: E. Al-Maheimed
Email address: imohemed@prsc.kisr.edu.kw
www.kisr.edu.kw
50
Department of Petroleum Refining

Mission
To develop new technologies and provide reference data on petroleum composition and
products to support the petroleum refining industry and address problems of relevance.
Objectives
Contribute to the introduction and development of new technologies in refining: membranes for
separation, nanotechnology for improved catalysts
Develop scientific data on the composition of Kuwait heavy oils and their processing and refining
with emphasis on desulfurization and conversion to distillates, focusing on Burgan/Ratawi, Eocene,
and Lower Fars Crudes
Provide technical support for the production of clean fuels with emphasis on processes and catalysts
related to diesel and fuel oil production and pursue studies on world trends in this field
Develop scientific data on specific problems facing the petroleum refining industry such as catalyst
performance, corrosion problems and disposal of spent catalysts with the objective of reducing costs
of refining operations in Kuwaiti refineries
Develop capabilities and conduct research in novel technologies that may impact the refining industry
with emphasis on applications of membranes in separation, nanotechnology, the use of petroleum
derivatives for fuel cells, and application of biotechnology
www.kisr.edu.kw
51

Staff Members
Department Manager
Dr. Mina Abdul-Nabi Marafie
Principal Research Scientist

Dr. Mamun Mohammad Absi-Halabi
Dr. Hamdy Mohamed Shalaby
Senior Research Scientist

Dr. Ezra Kwan Tak Kam
Research Scientists
Dr. Mohan Singh Beer Singh
Dr. Andres Miguel Quesad Peres
Dr. Abdulazeem M. Jawad Marafi
Ms. Khalida Mohamed Al-Dolama
Dr. Ravindranath Kanhirodan

Dr. Dawoud Shaaban Bahzad
Dr. Mahmoud Ayesh Al-Shamali
Dr. Hassan Ali Al-Rabiah
Dr. George Michael Kunnumpuram
Dr. Hamzah Abbas M. Al-Bazaz
Dr. Yousef Haji Ali Mirza
Dr. Narjes Abdullah Ghaloum
Dr. Faisal Salman Al-Humaidan
Ms. Fatema Hussien Jassem
Senior Research Associates

Mr. Abdulwahab Fahed Al-Barood
Mr. Abdulmajeed Abdel-Hameed Al-Mutawa
Ms. Wafa Tawfik Riad
Research Associates
Mr. Jamal Nouri Al-Fadhli
Mr. Adel Melfi Al-Mutairi
Ms. Muna Ghanel Al-Madaj
Mr. Abdulwahab Sobhi Al-Hindi
Mr. Rashed Yousuf Bouresli
Ms. Reem Ibrahim Marouf (Scholarship)
Ms. Sara Jassim Al-Omani (Scholarship)
Ms. Eiman Mohammed Al-Muhareb (Scholarship)
Mr. Nasser Delly Al-Enezi (Scholarship)
www.kisr.edu.kw
53

Dr. Mina Abdul-Nabi Marafie
The main targets selected for petroleum refining are based on well identified worldwide trends for
research and development including; catalysis, advanced control, and process optimization that upon
implementation would assist industry in producing the required products and resolving problems
associated with the chemical composition (high sulfur content) of Kuwait crude oil. Main research areas
in the Department of Petroleum Refining (PRD) are based on chemistry of crude oils and petroleum
products, bottom of the barrel processing, clean fuels technology, plant reliability, and minimization of
the environmental impact of the refining industry. In addition, the Department provides the industry with
research to address Health, safety and Environment (HSE) programs.
Bottom of the Barrel processing activities; PRD managed to achieve significant developments by
concentrating initially on the H-Oil process and later on the Atmospheric Residue Desulfurization
(ARDS) process. The achievements include the development of methodologies for assessing catalyst
performance and life cycle. This effort is currently coupled with the development of an ARDS simulator,
which can be utilized in optimizing process performance for different feedstocks, catalyst combinations,
new catalysts, and scheduling of refinery unit maintenance. Research activities were further extended to
better understand the effects of various operating parameters on the performance of upgrading processes,
the phenomena of coke formation, and the mechanisms by which by coke and foulant metals cause
catalyst deactivation, PRD determined quantitatively the impact of selected Kuwait heavy crude oils on
the ARDS process performance. The achievements helped the industry in developing better practices for
acquiring catalysts, introducing new advancements to the refineries and operating ARDS units more
effectively. The studies on Kuwait heavy crude oils provided essential data that will benefit the operation
of the KNPC new refinery. In addition, the accumulated experience enabled KISR to initiate work in
developing novel catalysts and novel petroleum processing schemes.
Clean fuel technology studies; brought in-depth understanding of the effects of various sulfur containing
species on deep desulfurization processing to produce ultra-low sulfur diesel from Kuwait gas oil. A
www.kisr.edu.kw
55
Characterization of Kuwait crude oils, petroleum refining streams and petroleum product issues;
these were addressed through transfer, development and application of advanced techniques for the
characterization of crude oils and petroleum products. A database was developed for detailed
characteristics of over 45 different types of Kuwait crude oil, as well as detailed chemical compositions of
several middle and heavy distillate streams. The Department employed these tools to develop appropriate
fuel oil blends for Kuwait power stations using various refinery streams. The Department optimized
blends of additives required to maintain specifications of exported diesel. Most of the research output was
utilized by the petroleum sector to support its production and the marketing of Kuwait crude oils.
methodology was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of catalysts in producing ultra-clean fuels. The
performance of various catalysts under different operating conditions, analogous to those used in KNPC
refineries, was assessed. The negative impact of some petroleum streams on the processing of gas oils
was also determined. These results were used by KNPC to adopt an advanced method for acquiring
catalysts to improve the SHUIRUPDQFH RI JDV RLO DQG NHURVHQH K\GURWUHDWHUV DQG HQDEOHG WKH UHILQHULHV
processing units to produce low sulfur and ultra-low sulfur diesel to meet international market demands.
Novel catalysts and novel refining technologies; a novel process for direct upgrading of heavy crude
oils was developed in collaboration with Idemitsue Kosan Company, and in coordination with the
Institute Francais du Petrol (IFP). This new process has a better IRR than conventional processing
schemes by 2-4%. Further efforts are still required for commercialization of this process which is
expected to be of great value for upgrading Kuwait ultra-heavy crude oils such as Lower Fars. PRD also
developed a process for the preparation of highly active catalysts for deep desulfurization of diesel to
ultra-low sulfur levels using a modified support and an improved preparation technique. Laboratory tests
showed better performance of the newly developed catalysts than some of the commercial deep
desulfurization catalysts and PRD further developed a process to modify catalyst properties. This
demonstrates the level of technical competence achieved by the Institute in this advanced field.
Support of KNPC Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) drive; the Department succeeded in
delivering several solutions to one of the main solid waste disposal problems of KNPC, spent catalysts.
These solutions included a process for spent catalyst regeneration for re-use, the usage of spent catalysts
in the preparation of fresh catalysts, and metal recovery from selected spent catalysts. These solutions
provide decision makers in the oil refining industry and the private sector with options for addressing
long term environmental problems posed by spent catalysts. Another achievement was the comprehensive
$LU(PLVVLRQV,QYHQWRU\DQG+HDOWK5LVNV$VVHVVPHQW6\VWHPWRHQDEOH.13&WRSURGXFHDGHIHQVLEOH
account of the emissions from its three refineries, as well as to assess human health risks resulting from
these emissions. The air emission inventory system was adopted by the refinery industry and showed that
emissions from the three refineries were generally within regulatory limits. Introduction of a petrol vapor
recovery system in pilot petrol stations and depots using membrane technology to reduce VOC emissions
was a significant achievement.
Corrosion management and structural integrity assessments; were considered for corrosion problems
in refinery equipment caused by seawater, microorganisms, wet hydrogen sulfide and dry hydrogen. PRD
investigated metallurgical factors leading to the decline in equipment reliability. This enabled the
Department to identify problem areas and adopt methodologies that aid in minimization as well as
develop new internationally recognized mechanisms for two corrosion phenomena. Corrosion of
industrial alloys due to atmospheric factors was investigated and atmospheric corrosion maps for the State
of Kuwait were constructed accordingly. KNPC currently relies on the Department to identify the causes
of equipment failure, solving corrosion problems, investigating the impact of changing crude oil quality,
assessing the structural integrity of some equipment and making recommendations on materials
replacement. The Department extends its services by acting as a technical advisor on major accidents
(explosions), which indirectly contributed to increasing equipment reliability and refinery safety.
www.kisr.edu.kw
56

Completed Project
PF025C; July, 2003 to June, 2006
Hydroprocessing of Residual Oils of Kuwait Crudes for the Production of

Low-Sulfur Fuel Oil
*D. Bahzad1, M. Halabi1 and F. Maruyama2
1
Department of Petroleum Refining, Petroleum Research and Studies Center,

2
Japan Cooperation Center, Petroleum Research (JCCP)
Introduction
The main objectives of the project were to: 1) generate comparative pilot-plant data on the hydrotreatment of
residual oil from KEC, KHC and Eocene to produce LSFO with 0.7 wt% sulfur content, and determine the
deactivation mechanism of the catalyst, 2) predict the differences in the processability of residual oil (i.e., AR)
of KEC, KHC, Eocene and their blends on refinery scale using modeling tools, 3) verify the accuracy of a
KISR-developed accelerated testing procedure in predicting the performance of ARDS catalyst systems, and
4) validate the accuracy of KISR's ARDS simulator and assess the impact of feedstocks from different crude
oils on the simulator.
Methods
Around five life tests were conducted using selected catalyst system with three feedstocks (KEC-AR, KHCAR and Eocene-AR). The catalyst system consisted of five individual catalysts which were loaded in two
reactors using PRSC/PRD pilot plant unit with standard operation conditions. According to the operation
conditions the temperature was gradually increased targeting sulfur in the product (0.6-0.7 wt%). Five
individual catalysts form the CAT-B system were also tested using kinetic test procedure to determine
activation energies and rate constants using multi reactor pilot plant by varying reactor temperatures 370420C. These catalysts were also tested using accelerating test which was developed by KISR; the original
procedure was developed under a previous project (PF010C) and updated within this study. The original
procedure was used to add Boscan feed that accelerate the catalyst in shorter time. The new procedure was
developed by increasing the feed flow.
*dbahzad@prsc.kisr.edu.kw
57
The Kuwait refining industry is expected, in the coming years, to process heavier crude oils from Kuwait oil
fields. These oils, referred to as Kuwait heavy crude (KHC), have low American Petroleum Institute (API)
gravity and sulfur content higher than Kuwait export crude (KEC). Development of a sound strategy to deal
with KHC requires the availability of detailed technical information on the processability of refining the KHC
and/or its components. Therefore, it has been decided by Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) and
Japan Cooperation Center, Petroleum (JCCP), in coordination with Kuwait National Petroleum Company
(KNPC), to initiate a research program to generate data on the hydrotreatment of residual oils from KHC,
Eocene and KEC. This information can form an important knowledge base for design of a new refinery,
planned by KNPC to produce low-sulfur fuel oil (LSFO) for MEW. A detailed work plan for the project was
prepared by KISR and Japan Energy Corporation (JEC), representing JCCP in this project.
Findings
x The life cycles of the catalyst system using KHC-AR and Eocene-AR as feeds (heavier feedstocks) are
significantly shorter than that determined for KEC-AR. The reduction in life cycle is around 50-70%. This
reduction in life cycle is due to the high sulfur and high asphaltene contents in the feedstock, which
accelerate the formation of coke on the catalyst and cause rapid deactivation of the catalyst leading to TOS
reduction.
x The impact of the feedstocks on catalyst performance was also assessed by determining the kinetics of
individual catalysts comprising the catalyst system CAT-B. In general, it was found that the rate constants
for HDS and HDM reactions for the HDS and HDN catalysts using KHC-AR and Eocene-AR were
around 50% of the corresponding rate constants for KEC-AR.
x It was found necessary to establish an accelerated testing methodology to determine the maximum metal
on catalyst (MOCmax) for individual catalysts. The modified procedure uses Boscan crude as a feed to
accelerate the deactivation of HDM catalysts, whereas, KEC-AR at high LHSV is used as a feed for HDS
and HDN catalysts. The recommended LHSV values that should be used to accelerate HDS catalysts are
2 h-1 and HDN catalysts are 1 h-1.
Conclusions
The life cycles of the catalyst system using KHC-AR and Eocene-AR as feeds (heavier feedstocks) are shorter
with around 50-70% than KEC-AR as feed. This indicates that the difference in the properties of feedstocks
affects the performance of life cycle as the feed becomes heavier and dirtier. There are three ways to solve the
reduction in the life cycle; first by improving operation conditions by applying high severity such as higher
temperature or by changing the feed flow or the amount of pressure produced to the unit (ranging between
150-180 bars). Secondly, by treating the feed and reducing the amount of asphaltene content as a key property
that affects life cycle. Thirdly, by consulting with catalyst manufacturers and produce better loading profile
that meets the target product with longer life cycle.
Applications
The data from this project will form a base of new knowledge regarding the processing of different feedstocks,
especially heavier feeds. This reference data set covers several different types of catalyst systems and identifies
expected life cycle performance and deactivation behaviors. In particular, the collated data will assist in
definition of design parameters for the forth refinery to accommodate heavier feeds that are going to be
produced by KOC from the north of Kuwait. These results will help in development of production of lowsulfur fuel oil (LSFO) which is an important feed for MEW.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge financial support from the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KD 83,842) and
Japan Cooperation Center, Petroleum (KD 500,158). The authors also thank the management of Japan Energy
Corporation (JEC) for support and technical assistance in pursuing this project. The authors are grateful to the
National Scientific and Technical Information Center (NSTIC), Central Analytical Laboratory, and Advanced
Systems Department at KISR for their assistance.

1. D. Bahzad, F. Maruyama and M. Absi Halabi. Annual Report on Hydroprocessing of Residual Oils of
Kuwait Crudes for the Production of Low-Sulfur Fuel Oil. KISR Reports 7235, 7650 and 8122.
2. A. Al-Mutairi, M. Absi-Halabi and D. Bahzad. (2005). A Pilot Plant Life Test Performance Study on an
Industrial Five-Catalyst ARDS System Using AR-KEC at Constant Sulfur Level. KISR Report 7805.
3. E. Kam, M. Al-Shamli, D. Bahzad and M. Juraidan. (2005). 0RGHO6LPXODWLRQ3UHGLFWLRQDQG3DUDPHWULF
Studies of a Five-Catalyst System Life-7HVWLQ$5HVLGXH+\GURWUHDWLQJ3LORW3ODQWKISR Report 7856.
PF025C
58
4. J. Al-Fadhli and D. Bahzad. (2006). 7KH.LQHWLF3DUDPHWHUVRIDQ,QGXVWULDO)LYH-Catalyst ARDS System

using AR-.(&.,65Report 8209.
5. A. Hauser, D. Bahzad, A. Stanislaus, M. Behbehani, A. Al-Adwani and Z. Al-Jasser. (2006). $
Comparative Study of the Characteristics and Reactivates of Asphaltenes Present in Atmospheric Residue
RI7KUHH.XZDLWL&UXGHV.,65Report 8280.
6. A. Al-Mutairi, M. Absi-Halabi and D. Bahzad. (2006). $3LORW3ODQW/LIH7HVW3HUIRUPDQFH6WXG\RQDQ
Industrial Five-Catalyst ARDS System Using AR-(RFHQH.,65Report 8294.
7. D. Bahzad and J. Al-Fadhli. (2006). 7KH.LQHWLF3DUDPHWHUVRIDQ,QGXVWULDO)LYH-Catalyst ARDS System
XVLQJ%XUJDQ5DWDZL$WPRVSKHULF5HVLGXH.,655HSRUW.
8. J. Al-Fadhli and D. Bahzad. (2006). 7KH.LQHWLF3DUDPHWHUVRIDQ,QGXVWULDOFive-Catalyst ARDS System
XVLQJ(RFHQH$WPRVSKHULF5HVLGXH.,655HSRUW 8298.
9. E. Kam, M. Al-Shamli, D. Bahzad, M. Absi-Halabi and M. Juraidan. (2006). 0RGHO 6LPXODWLRQ DQG
Prediction of Pilot Plant Life Tests Using Atmospheric Residues of Kuwait Heavy Crude over An
Industrial ARDS Five-&DWDO\VW6\VWHP KISR Report 8340.
10. D. Bahzad, A. Al-Mutairi and M. Absi-Halabi. (2006). $3LORW3ODQW/LIH7HVW3HUIRUPDQFH6WXG\RQDQ
Industrial Five-&DWDO\VW$5'66\VWHP8VLQJ%XUJDQ5DWDZL$WPRVSKHULF5HVLGXHV.,6R Report 8351.
11. D. Bahzad, M. Absi Halabi and E. Kam. (2006). +\GURSURFHVVLQJRI5HVLGXDO2LOVRI.XZDLW&UXGHVIRU
the Production of Low-6XOIXU)XHO2LOAnnual report, KISR Report 8554.
12. E. Kam, D. Bahzad, M. Al-Shamli, M. Absi-Halabi and M. Juraidan. (2007). 0RGHO 6LPXODWLRQ DQG
Production of Pilot Plant Life Tests Using Atmospheric Residues of Eocene Over An Industerial ARDS
Five-&DWDO\VW6\VWHP.,655HSRUW.
13. A. Al-Mutari, D. Bahzad and M. Halabi. (2006). $&RPSDUDWLYH6WXG\RQWKH3HUIRUPDQFe of Catalyst
System for the Hydrotreatment of Two Kinds of Atmospheric Residue, Kuwait Export and Eocene
5HVLGXDO2LOVCatalyst Today. Vol. 125, 2007, 203-210. KISR Report 8518.
14. A. Hauser, D. Bahzad, A. Stanislaus and M. Behbehani. (2008). 7*$-Studies on Thermal Stability of
$VSKDOWHQH 3\URO\VLV %HKDYLRXU RI +HDY\ 2LO $VSKDOWHQHV Energy & Fuels, 449-454. KISR Reports
8968, 2007.
PF025C
59

Completed Project
PF034C; January, 2006 to December, 2007
Pilot Plant Study on Residue Hydrocracking to Distillate

*M. Al-Shamali1, Y. Mirza1, E. Kam1, A. Al-Barood1, A. Dashti1, A. Al-Dhafeeri1,
H. Al-Shaiha1 and I. Al-Sarraf 2
1
2

Finance Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Introduction
Hydroprocessing is one of important petroleum refining processes in which a feedstock is thermally treated
with hydrogen under high pressure in the presence of catalysts. Hydroprocessing involves both hydrocracking
and hydrotreating. Hydrotreating reactions occur in a hydroprocessing unit and cause a reduction in sulfur,
nitrogen, and metal impurities. Hydrocracking converts heavy petroleum materials into lighter ones, including
conversion of residual oil into middle distillates.
In this study the performance of the two catalyst systems were investigated using a pilot plant at the Petroleum
Research and Studies Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (PRSC/KISR) and differences in life
cycle and operation conditions were evaluated and compared in order to: 1) generate comparative pilot-plant
data on the hydrotreatment of residual oil from atmospheric residue, Kuwait export crude (AR-KEC) to
produce 0.55-0.6 wt% sulfur content along with high yield of middle distillate, for CCIC catalyst system
performance validation, 2) determine the performance of a catalyst system consisting of a combination of
catalysts from different suppliers in achieving a sulfur target at 0.6 wt %, and increased middle distillate
fraction from KEC-AR, and 3) provide baseline data characterizing the KISR-pilot plant testing procedures for
performance determination of ARDS combined catalyst systems.
Methods
Two life tests were conducted using PRSC pilot-plant ARDS catalyst systems to process residues from the
current crude oil feedstock used by KNPC refineries, i.e., KEC. The results of the pilot-plant tests are to be
utilized to compare the performance of the two catalyst systems and their processability of residual oil (i.e.,
KEC-AR). Two main issues have been investigated as follows: 1) the atmospheric residue feedstock: only
KEC-AR is used to ensure clear demarcations in the performance results; and 2) the catalyst systems: two
catalyst systems were employed in this study. The first system is CCIC catalysts, which cover HDM, HDS,
HDN and HYC reactions. The second system was a combined BM-CCIC catalysts, which consisted of a
catalyst system already used by KNPC but, with an addition of the CCIC HYC catalyst. The performance of
the two catalysts systems were evaluated and compared. Moreover, the two life-tests were also used to
determine the reliability of KISR's pilot-plant results.
Samples of the feedstock and products from the pilot-plant life-tests were characterized to determine the
structural changes that took place during hydroprocessing.
Around five Life tests were conducted using selected catalyst system with three feedstocks (KEC-AR, KHCAR and Eocene-AR). The catalyst system consisted of five individual catalysts which were loaded in two
*dshamali@prsc.kisr.edu.kw
60
reactors using PRSC/PRD pilot plant unit with standard operation conditions. According to the operation
condition the temperature was increased gradually targeting sulfur in product 0.6-0.7wt%. Five individual
catalysts form the CAT-B system were also tested using kinetic test procedure to determine activation energies
and rate constants using multi reactor pilot plant by varying reactor temperatures 370-420C. The five catalysts
were also tested using accelerating test which was developed by KISR; the original procedure was developed
under project number PF010C and updated within this study to meet the final goal. The original procedure was
used to add Boscan feed that accelerate the catalyst in shorter time. The new procedure was modified by
changing the operation condition increasing the feed flow and meeting the goal.
Findings
x The life cycles of the catalyst system using KHC-AR and Eocene-AR as feeds (heavier feedstocks) are
significantly shorter than that determined for KEC-AR. The reduction in life cycle is around 50-70%. This
reduction in life cycle is due to the high sulfur and high asphaltene contents in the feedstock, which
accelerates the formation of coke on the catalyst and causes rapid deactivation of the catalyst leading to
TOS reduction.
x The impact of the feedstocks on catalyst performance was also assessed by determining the kinetics of
individual catalysts comprising the catalyst system CAT-B. In general, it was found that the rate constants
for HDS and HDM reactions for the HDS and HDN catalysts using KHC-AR and Eocene-AR were around
50% of the corresponding rate constants for KEC-AR.
x An accelerated testing methodology was established to determine the maximum metal on catalyst
(MOCmax) for individual catalysts. The modified procedure uses Boscan crude as a feed to accelerate the
deactivation of HDM catalysts, whereas, KEC-AR at high LHSV is used as a feed for HDS and HDN
catalysts. The recommended LHSV values that should be used to accelerate HDS catalysts is 2 h-1 and
HDN catalysts are 1 h-1.
Conclusions
The performance of catalyst systems consisting of solely CCIC catalyst, as well as a combination of catalysts
from different suppliers to achieve a sulphur target at 0.6 wt %, and the yield of 20 % in middle distillate
fraction produced from atmospheric residue, Kuwait export crude (AR-KEC) in pilot plant scale is completed.
The possibility of employing catalysts from different suppliers to produce the targeted sulphur and distillate
yield is very favourable.
The reliability of PRSC/KISR-developed pilot plant testing procedure to determine the performance of ARDS
combined catalyst systems is verified and found to be very satisfactory.
The project in general progressed well according to the schedule throughout the past two years. In addition, to
enhance data accuracy, data quality and data assurance, the determination of sulphur, metals, and distillate
concentration were analysed and repeated several times to ensure the quality of experimental results.
Applications
KNPC is interested in increasing the production capacity and configuration of middle distillate from
hydrodesulfurization process by employing the optimum run conditions. The method will increase the middle
distillate, LSFO as a main product from treating KEC atmospheric residue feedstock. This study will provide
KNPC with solid information on processing combination catalysts to enhance refinery performance generate
PF034C
61
Two sets of comparative performance pilot-plant data on the hydrotreatment of KEC-AR over a CCIC system
and the combined BM and CCIC catalyst system to produce a 0.6 wt% sulphur content along with high yield
of middle distillate, were generated.
direct economic returns through the optimization of capital and operational costs required for running ARDS
processes in different refineries.
The data from this project will form a base of new knowledge regarding the processing of different feedstocks,
especially heavier feeds. This reference data set covers several different types of catalyst systems and identifies
expected life cycle performance and deactivation behaviors. In particular, the collated data will assist in
definition of design parameters for the 4th refinery to accommodate heavier feeds that are going to be produced
by KOC from the north of Kuwait. In addition, these results will help in development of production of lowsulfur fuel oil (LSFO) which is an important feed for MEW.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, and the Japan
Cooperation Center, Petroleum (JCCP), a Japanese organization supported by Japan Ministry of Economics,
Trade and Industry (METI). The authors would also like to thank the National Scientific and Technical
Information Center (NSTIC) for their assistance.
The total budget of the project was KD 136,550 with the total funding contribution by JCCP of KD 81,050.
The authors also give their special thanks to the management of Japan Energy Corporation for their support
and technical assistance in pursuing this project.
PF034C
62

Completed Project
PF032C; April, 2006 to June, 2008
Hydroisomerization of Light Naphtha Using Molybdenum and

Tungsten Based Catalyst
*F. Jassem1, A. Katrib2, M. Absi-Halabi1, J. Al-Fadhli1 and S. Al-Omani1
1

2Chemistry Department, Kuwait University
Introduction
Isomerization of n-paraffins is important in the petroleum refining industry due to tightening environmental
regulations with respect to the specifications of gasoline fuel. Hydroisomerization of n-pentane and n-hexane
to mono and di-branched molecules is a significant catalytic process, since branched alkanes increase the
octane number of gasoline. Objectives related to the development of improved isomerization catalyst materials
(MoO3/TiO2) and determination of the best operating conditions (LHSV, P, H2/HC molar ratio) for testing the
reactivity of C6 hydroisomerization using MoO3/TiO2 catalyst at pilot plant scale. The project also included
assessment of the effectiveness of the catalyst with regard to its activity, selectivity and deactivation behavior
and to its selectivity towards poisoning contaminants of the feed.
The equivalent of five monolayers of molybdenum trioxide (19.65% by mass) were deposited on TiO2 using
ammonium heptamolybdate (NH4)Mo7O24.4H2O (99.9%). Supported catalyst was prepared by impregnating
the appropriate amount of molybdenum in ammonium heptamolybdate salt. Catalyst experiments were
performed using different amounts ranging from 100 mg to 15 g of catalyst in fixed bed reactors of two
different pilot plant units. Time on stream experiments were carried out for several days in order to study the
stability of the active surface under continuous flux of hydrogen and hydrocarbon reactants. Experimental
parameters such as hydrogen flow rate, pressure, and reaction temperature, as well as LHSV, were studied.
Catalytic products were analyzed by gas chromatography connected on line with the pilot unit. Model sulfur
and nitrogen compounds were added to the IHHG LQ GLIIHUHQW FRQFHQWUDWLRQV DQG WKH FDWDO\VWV DFWLYLW\ DQG
selectivity for isomerization were examined.
Findings
x The isomerization of n-C6 and model naphtha over MoO3/TiO2 catalyst under different operational
conditions was studied and methodologies for preparation of the isomerization catalyst and testing using
pilot plant facilities were achieved.
x The catalyst showed a good performance in the isomerization reactions with the model feed of n-hexane to
give 70-75% conversion and 85-90% selectivity. From the pilot plant testing, the MoO3/TiO2 catalyst
proved that it can work under the optimum conditions (5 bars, 320-350C) and favored production of
multi-branched products (selective to 2MP and 3MP).
x The catalytic performance of the MoO3/TiO2 catalyst was also tested by using model naphtha and showed
considerable activity and selectivity. Conversion was lower than that of the n-hexane, in the range of
*fjasem@prsc.kisr.edu.kw
63
Methods
30-40%, due to the cracking side reaction. However, the catalyst showed excellent selectivity in producing
2-methylpentane and 3-methylpentane (90% of isomerization product under optimal conditions) in
comparison to other isoparaffins.
Conclusions
The distribution of isomerization products using the MoO3/TiO2 catalyst was similar to published performance
of industrial catalysts, but with no benzene formation. The catalyst confirmed its ability to produce 2,2- and
2,3-dimethylbutane (relative concentrations of the order of 20%), equal or better than any results obtained by
using Pt based catalysts. Moreover, the catalyst showed resistance to sulfur, moisture pollution and
hydrocarbon poisoning. Also, the catalyst retains a high selectivity with no need to introduce toxic and
corrosive materials for its activation.
Applications
Catalytic isomerization plays an important role in the modern refining industry for the production of high
octane isomerizate from light naphtha as a blending component for reformulated gasoline. The results of the
project will assist in the commercialization of the new catalyst system. This new class of catalysts will be
substantially less expensive since they do not contain Pt or other noble metals. The development of the catalyst
and the methodology of testing will influence gasoline properties, by increasing the octane number and
minimizing aromatic levels in the gasoline.
Acknowledgments
This contractual project was between Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research and Boubyan Petrochemicals
Company through Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science.
The project duration was 24 months with a budget of KD 119,530. Boubyan Petrochemicals Company
purchased a new pilot plant with capital cost of KD 100,000.
F. Jassem and J. Al-Fadhli. Hydroisomerization of Light Naphtha Using Molybdenum and Tungsten Based
Catalysts. KISR Reports 8557, 8559, 8812, 8769, 9216, 9319.
PF032C
64

Completed Project
PF027C; August, 2006 to September, 2007
Investigation of the Relation between Alumina Raw Materials and the

Properties of Extrudates used as Support for Hydroprocessing Catalysts
*K. Al-Dalama, A. Al-Barood and H. Al-Sheeha
Introduction
Sulfur present in petroleum-based fuels is the main source of air pollution from exhaust emissions so
environmental regulations restrict the sulfur content of fuels to very low levels. Hydrodesulfurization is an
important hydrotreating process (HDT) by which this target can be reached. Alumina-supported Co-Mo and
Ni-Mo catalysts play an important role in hydrodesulfurization of petroleum-based fuels.
The main objectives of this research project were to: 1) assess the effects of various types of aluminas on the
key properties of alumina extrudates used as supports for hydrotreating catalysts, 2) assess the effects of
operating conditions during the processing of alumina on the properties of alumina extrudate, and 3) utilize
alumina and catalyst waste materials produced during the catalyst manufacturing process at Kuwait Catalyst
Company (KCC).
Three series of NiMo catalysts were prepared using two types of fresh alumina powder and three types of
waste alumina powder materials. A kneader and extruder manufactured by Werner and Pfliederer were used to
prepare alumina extrudates. The effect of kneading and extruding variables, namely kneading time and speed,
in addition to the pressure and speed of the extrusion, peptizing agent were studied in order to understand their
effect on the pore structure and surface area of the prepared support materials. Effects of hydrothermal
treatment variables such as treatment time, temperature and reagents on alumina properties were also studied.
The treated catalysts were characterized by surface area and porosity measurements and changes in these key
properties of alumina as a result of hydrothermal treatment under different conditions were assessed. The
catalysts were characterized and hydrotreating activity tests were conducted in a bench scale reactor unit using
Kuwait atmospheric residue as feed. The HDS activities of the catalysts were compared with two commercial
hydrotreating catalysts produced by KCC (KCC CAT 1 and KCC CAT 2).
Findings
x When two types of boehmite (boehmite 1 and boehmite 2) were mixed and extruded, alumina extrudates
with higher surface area, pore volume and crushing strength were obtained with increasing amount of
boehmite 1 in the mix.
x The use of higher concentrations of acids in the peptization and kneading steps increased side crushing
strength, but reduced the surface area and pore volume of the prepared extrudates. Optimum
concentrations were 1% for acetic acid and 2% for nitric acid.
*kdolama@prsc.kisr.edu.kw
65
Methods
x Hydrothermal treatment with water alone led to significant widening of pores in alumina, but reagents
such as phenol and acetic acid inhibited pore enlargement in alumina during hydrothermal treatment.
x 5HSURFHVVLQJRIZDVWHDOXPLQDILQHVJHQHUDWHGDW.&&VSODQWWRSUHSDUHDOXPLQDVXSSRUWH[WUXGDWHVE\
mixing and extrusion with boehmite was possible.
x Hydrotreating activities of KCC CAT 1 and KCC CAT 2 catalyst prepared from the supports extruded
from waste alumina fines and boehmite mix were better than that of corresponding commercial catalysts.
Conclusions
The key properties of the alumina extrudates, namely, surface area, pore volume, pore size distribution and
crushing strength were strongly influenced by the type of alumina (i.e. boehmite) and operating conditions
used for the preparation of extrudates.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences for financial support (KD 95,478).
K. Al-Dalama and H. Al-Sheeha. Investigation of the Relation between Alumina Raw Materials and the
Properties of Extrudates used as Support for Hydroprocessing Catalysts, KISR Reports 8818 and 8932.
PF027C
66

Completed Project
PF028K; May, 2005 to April, 2006
Investigation of Various Parameters Influencing Recovery of Nickel from

Spent Methanation Catalyst
*H. Al-Sheeha, M. Marafi and S. Al-Omani
Introduction
6SHQWFDWDO\VWVFRQVWLWXWHDPDMRUSRUWLRQRIWKHVROLGZDVWHVSURGXFHGLQ.XZDLWVUHILQHULHVDQGDUHFODVVLILHG
as hazardous wastes, since they contain toxic metals that can be leached by water and pollute the environment.
One option for waste catalyst disposal is metal recovery. In this project, recovery of nickel from nickelcontaining spent catalysts was studied. This research meets the objectives of the Petroleum Refining
'HSDUWPHQWDVVWDWHGLQWKHILIWKVWUDWHJLFSODQLQWKDWLWHQKDQFHV.,65VFDSDbilities in dealing with the spent
catalyst problem.
Methods
Al2O3 and NiO recovery: Crushed spent catalyst was mixed with NaOH solution and the mixture heated in an
autoclave at the desired temperature for three hours with continuous stirring. The autoclave was then cooled
and the solution filtered. The residue contained NiO and the solution contained sodium aluminate. Al(OH)3
was precipitated from the sodium aluminate solution by passing CO2. Hydrothermal treatment of aluminium tri
hydroxide [Al(OH)3] was carried out in a high pressure autoclave at 180oC with continuous stirring for 18 hrs.
The boehmite thus formed was separated by filtration, dried and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Chemical analysis: Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP AES Liberty,
series II, Varian) was used to determine the concentrations of nickel and aluminium in the catalyst samples and
in extracted solutions. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of powdered dry alumina samples recovered from the
VSHQW FDWDO\VW ZHUH REWDLQHG XVLQJ D 3: ;3HUW 352 3$1$/<7,&$/ %9 DXtomated
GLIIUDFWRPHWHURSHUDWLQJDWN9DQGP$ZLWKDQ;RDQRGHWXEH $6
Findings
Systematic experiments were conducted to study the recovery of nickel and alumina from spent methanation
catalyst:
x Sulfuric acid was very effective for nickel extraction from spent catalyst.
*hjassem@prsc.kisr.edu.kw
67
The spent catalyst extrudates were crushed in a grinding machine and sieved to a mesh size between 12 and 18.
Nickel extraction experiments with acids and other reagents were conducted in a thermostatically controlled
reciprocating bath. The metal-containing solution was separated from the residue by filtration. Concentrations
of the extracted metals (e.g. Ni and Al) in the filtrate were determined by ICP spectroscopy.
x Three parameters; acid concentration, time of extraction and temperature strongly influenced the extent of
nickel extraction from the spent catalyst.
x More than 99.5 % of Ni was removed from the spent catalyst by treating with 10 % H2SO4 at 30oC for 6
hours.
x Sulfuric acid was also very selective for Ni removal. The amount of Al extracted from the spent catalyst
during H2SO4 treatment was relatively small.
x Nickel extraction from the spent catalyst with H2SO4 was remarkably higher when Ni was in the reduced
form compared to the oxidized form. The selectivity for nickel extraction was also significantly higher in
the reduced form.
x Organic acids such as citric acid and tartaric acid were not very active and selective for Ni extraction. Ni
removal was less than 20 wt% for these acids. Addition of an oxidizing agent such as H2O2 to the acid did
not lead to any appreciable increase in Ni extraction.
x Aqueous solutions of ammonium salts such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium carbonate and ammonium
chloride showed very poor activity for the extraction of Ni from spent catalyst. However, ammonium
persulfate was very active and removed about 87% Ni from spent catalyst.
x Mixing ammonium persulfate with ammonium chloride had a significant effect in enhancing Ni extraction.
Around 97% of the Ni present in the spent catalyst was removed by the mixed reagent. Addition of
ammonium persulfate to other ammonium salt solutions had no effect on Ni extraction.
x Complete recovery of Al2O3 and Ni from the spent catalyst was achieved by roasting or digestion with
caustic soda. Al2O3 reacted with NaOH forming sodium aluminate from which bayerite [Al(OH)3] was
precipitated. Nickel was recovered from the residue as Ni(NO3)2 by treating with HNO3.
x Al(OH)3 ZDV FRQYHUWHG WR ERHKPLWH E\ K\GURWKHUPDO WUHDWPHQW DQG WKHQ WR -Al2O3 by calcination at
500oC.
Conclusions
Nickel reclamation from nickel-containing spent catalysts has both environmental and economic benefits.
Since a part of the material is recycled, spent catalyst disposal will be reduced with consequent environmental
benefits. Recovery of nickel from spent catalysts could be economically attractive due to increasing demand
for nickel and its high value in the metals market.
Applications
This project initiated research into recovery of valuable metals from waste catalysts and contributes to
development of a base of knowledge and experience in handling spent catalysts for metal reclamation, which
could be useful in design and operation of a metal recovery plant that will be established in Kuwait in the near
future.
Acknowledgments
Kuwait Institute of Scientific Research is thanked for financial support of KD 15,000. The assistance of
Mr. Benjamin Prem Arvind and Mrs. Navamani Rajasekaran in the experimental work is gratefully
acknowledged.

1. H. Al-Sheeha, M. Marafi and A. Stanislaus. (2008). Reclamation of alumina as boehmite from an aluminasupported spent catalyst. Int. J. Miner. 88, 59-64.
2. H. Al-Sheeha and M. Marafi. (2006). Investigation of various parameters influencing recovery of nickel
from spent methanation catalyst. KISR Report 8210.
PF028K
68

Completed Project
PF029K; May, 2005 to April, 2006
Database Development for Spent Catalysts in Kuwait Petroleum Industries

S. Al-Omani, M. Marafi and *H. Al-Sheeha
Introduction
Kuwait depends mostly on the petroleum and petrochemical industries for its income. A variety of catalysts are
used in these processes. With use, the activities of catalysts decline and spent catalysts are usually discarded as
solid waste when regeneration is uneconomical. Catalysts may be disposed of inland-fill sites, while some
refiners store spent catalysts in specially designed sites. Some types of spent catalysts, such as those used in
the hydroprocessing operations, are classified as hazardous wastes as they contain toxic metals. There is a lack
of information concerning the quantity of different types of spent catalysts, their chemical compositions,
leaching behavior and hazardous nature. The objective of this project was to create a database recording the
quantity of various kinds of spent catalyst waste generated by Kuwait oil industries together with their leaching
potential and toxic nature.
A questionnaire was prepared and distributed to the three refineries of Kuwait National Petroleum Company
(KNPC) and to Petrochemical Industries Company (PIC) to obtain information on the types and quantities of
spent catalysts discarded by these industries. Samples of varies types of spent catalysts were then collected and
characterized. Chemical analysis of the spent catalyst samples was undertaken to determine the concentrations
of different metals present. Leachability of the various metals from the spent catalysts was also assessed by the
standard Toxicity Characterization Leaching Procedure (TCLP). All results were stored in a database created
with Microsoft Access software and designed especially for this purpose.
Samples of spent catalysts were characterized with respect to the following criteria:
Surface Area: The surface areas of different samples were determined by the Brunauer-Emmer-Teller (BET)
method. A TriStar adsorption unit (Micromeritics, USA) was used for BET adsorption isotherm determinations.
Pore Volume: Pore volume was determined by the mercury intrusion method using a mercury porosimeter.
Oil Content: The oil content of catalyst samples was determined by the UOP602-89 Soxhlet Extraction of
Catalyst ASTM method using soxtherm apparatus.
Average Length and Average Diameter: Average length and average diameter was determined manually using
caliber. About 20 extrudates of the each spent catalyst sample were tested and the average determined.
Chemical Analysis: Inductively coupled argon plasma (ICAP) spectrometer was used to determine the
concentration of different metals (V, Ni, Co, Mo, and Fe) in catalyst samples.
Leachability Tests: Leachability was determined according to Toxicity Characterization Leaching Procedure
(TCLP) U.S EPA method 1311. A rotary Agitator model P/N 3740 was developed for this purpose.
*hjassem@prsc.kisr.edu.kw
69
Methods
Findings
Large quantities of spent catalysts are discarded as solid wastes from Kuwait refineries and petrochemical
industries, and they pose a serious environmental problem in the country.
x Various types of spent catalysts were collected and were characterized.
x Chemical analysis of the spent catalyst samples was done to determine the concentrations of different
metals present in them.
x Leachability of the various metals from the spent catalysts was also assessed by the standard Toxicity
Characterization Leaching Procedure (TCLP).
x A database was created for different types of spent catalyst wastes produced in Kuwait. This database
included details of the quantities, sources, chemical composition, physical properties and leaching
behavior of different kinds of spent catalyst wastes generated in Kuwait industries. The database is useful
to the petroleum and petrochemical industries, waste handling and recycling companies, environmental
staff and researchers who wish to acquire information on spent catalyst waste produced in Kuwait.
Conclusions
Large quantities of spent catalysts are discarded as solid wastes from Kuwait refineries and petrochemical
industries; these pose serious environmental problems. A database for different types of spent catalyst
including details of the quantities, sources, chemical composition, physical properties and leaching behavior of
different kinds of spent catalyst waste generated in Kuwait has been created.
Applications
The database created in this project provides detailed information on different types of spent catalysts
discharged from different processing units, their quantities, characteristics, and leachability. Collation of this
reference information is beneficial to the petroleum industry and environmental staff in determining the most
cost-effective route for spent catalyst disposal taking into consideration both environmental concerns and the
interests of the industry. Major beneficiaries will be spent catalyst handling services and the catalyst waste
recycling industry. KISR Technical staff also benefit from the database given its utility for formulation of new
ideas and execution of research projects for better utilization of waste catalyst.
Acknowledgments
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research is thanked for financial support. The total budget of the project was
KD 15,000.

S. Al-Omani, M. Marafi and H. Al-Sheeha. (2006). Database Development for Spent Catalysts in Kuwait
Petroleum Industries. KISR Report 8358.
PF029K
70

Completed Project
PF038K; May, 2006 to October, 2006
Studies on the Effect of Hydrothermal Treatment on the Properties of

Alumina Supports and Hydroprocessing Catalysts
*K. Al-Dalama
Introduction
Catalysts based on alumina supports play an important role in modern petroleum refining operations. The
properties of catalysts, particularly their surface area, pore size distribution, and mechanical strength, strongly
affect their performance. Much of the effort in recent times has been concentrated on developing catalysts with
carefully designed pore structures that will permit unobstructed diffusion of the wide variety of chemical
species that constitute petroleum feedstocks.
The main objective of this research project was to determine the effectiveness of various reagents in modifying
the pore structure of alumina extrudates and selected hydroprocessing catalysts under hydrothermal conditions
DQG WR GHWHUPLQH WKH PHFKDQLVP RI SRUH HQODUJHPHQW LQ -alumina under hydrothermal conditions. An
additional objective was to optimize the operating conditions of the hydrothermal treatment process.
Methods
Findings
x Presence of ammonia in water during hydrothermal treatment enhanced pore enlargement and created
larger pores in alumina.
x Addition of P or F to alumina suppressed pore enlargement during hydrothermal treatment with water.
x Hydrothermal treatment with water alone or water containing phenol had negligible effect in pore size
modification in NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst at temperatures below 300C. At higher temperatures (>300oC) water
had a moderate influence in widening pores of NiMo/Al2O3, while phenol and acetic acid had no effect.
x Basic reagents such as ammonia and dibutylamine enhanced pore widening in NiMo/Al2O3 by
hydrothermal treatment even at low temperatures.
x XRD analysis of hydrothermally treated alumina samples showed the transformation RI -Al2O3 to well
crystallized boehmite during hydrothermal treatment with water.
x 7KHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRI-Al2O3 to large crystallites of boehmite (AlOOH) during hydrothermal treatment
was found to be responsible for pore widening in alumina.
71
Al2O3 and NiMo/Al2O3 samples were hydrothermally treated in the presence of different reagents such as
water, phenol, acetic acid, ammonia and n-butylamine. The treated catalysts were characterized and the
changes in the alumina phase and in the key properties such as surface area, pore volume and pore size
distribution as a result of hydrothermal treatment were examined.
Conclusions
Pore size distribution in alumina support can be controlled with maximum pore volume in any desired pore
diameter by controlling the temperature and time used for hydrothermal treatment.
Hydrothermal treatment with water alone led to significant widening of pores in alumina, other reagents such
as phenol and acetic acid inhibited pore enlargement while ammonia had an opposite effect and created larger
pores in alumina during hydrothermal treatment.
Applications
Modified hydroprocessing catalysts may be produced through use of water alone or ammonia in water during
hydrothermal treatment to enhance pore enlargement and create larger pores in alumina; use of hydrothermal
treatment with water at higher temperatures (>300oC) to enlarge the pores of NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst and use of
basic reagents such as ammonia and dibutylamine to enhance pore widening in NiMo/Al2O3 by hydrothermal
treatment at low temperatures.
Acknowledgements
The author thanks Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for financial support of KD 24,970 and Dr. Antony
Stanislaus for his advice and for valuable discussions during the preparation of the final report.
K. Al-Dalama. (2006). Studies on the Effect of the Hydrothermal Treatment on the Properties of Alumina
Supports and Hydroprocessing Catalysts. KISR Report 8414.
PF038K
72

Completed Project
PF041K; October, 2007 to December, 2008
The Performance of the Atmospheric Residue Desulfurization (ARDS)

Process at High Operating System Pressure using Ratawi/Burgan and Eocene
Residual Oils
*A. Al-Mutairi and A. Marafi
Introduction
Processing Kuwait heavy crude in Kuwait refineries has become very important with the decline in the market
demand for heavy fuel oil. Previous studies have shown that processing these heavy crude oils using
atmospheric residue desulfurization (ARDS) process results in rapid deactivation of the catalyst system due to
coke formation. One method to suppress coke formation is to operate the ARDS process under high hydrogen
pressure (150 bar). This work addresses preliminary studies to investigate the processability of atmospheric
residues from Ratawi/Burgan and Eocene crude oils for the production of low sulfur fuel oil (LSFO) under
severe high pressure. The main objective was to evaluate the impact of high hydrogen pressure on the activity
of ARD catalyst system B by pilot plant using heavy residual oils as feedstocks to compare with a previous
study using similar feedstocks and catalyst system at lower hydrogen pressure (120 bar).
Two multi-reactor pilot plants were used each with different residual feedstocks; KHC-AR and Eocene-AR.
They had the same presulfiding, operating conditions and catalyst loading. The two experiments were
continued for specific times on stream. Bed temperatures of the reactors were increased gradually and
periodically to maintain the target sulfur level at 0.6 wt. %. Intermediate and product samples were collected
from reactors at regular intervals during the run.
Findings
x Significant differences in deactivation behavior of the catalyst system were observed for hydrotreating of
both residual oils due to the reduction of coke formation on the catalyst with increase in hydrogen partial
pressure.
x Preliminary data were obtained which can be used as standard reference information regarding the
prolongation of the catalyst cycle with increase of the operating pressure in the ARDS using
Ratawi/Burgan and Eocene crude oils in Kuwait refinery processing.
Conclusions
The effect of the increase of hydrogen pressure on the life of a catalyst system, which is used in commercial
atmospheric residue desulfurization, was studied using two types of residual oils from KHC and Eocene crude
oils. Two different pilot plant life tests were carried out at hydrogen pressure of 150 bar. Both studies were
conducted under constant sulfur condition in the product oil by gradually increasing the reaction temperature.
*almutairi@prsc.kisr.edu.kw
73
Methods
The results were compared to a previous study which was carried under 120 bar and showed enhancement of
all hydrotreating reactions. Significant differences in deactivation behavior of the catalyst system were
observed for hydrotreating of both residual oils. The main reason for these differences in the catalyst
performance with increase in hydrogen partial pressure may have been due to the reduction of coke formation
on the catalyst. It is recommended that further studies should be conducted to address the causes of catalyst
deactivation through the detailed analysis of spent catalyst from the 120 and 150 bar hydrotreating operations.
Additional work is also suggested to assess the impact of the usage of higher hydrogen pressure on the
economics of the ARDS process due to high hydrogen consumption.
Applications
KNPC is currently planning a new refinery dedicated to production of low sulfur fuel oil as a main product
which will use KHC/Eocene/KEC blend as feedstock. The data obtained from the project will provide KNPC
with technical data on processing heavy crudes that can help improve operations in the new refinery.
Acknowledgments
Financial support of KD 15,880 by Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research is acknowledged. The authors
thank Dr. Mamoun Absi Halabi and Dr. Antony Stanislaus at Petroleum Refining Department for their
discussions and collaboration in preparing the proposal document for this work. Also, Mr. Ayyad Aldhafeeri
and Ms. Hanadi Alshaiha are thanked for their participation in the project.
1. A. Al-Mutairi and A. Marafi. The performance of the ARDS process at high operating system pressure
using Ratawi/Burgan and Eocene Residual Oils. KISR Report 9451.
2. A. Al-Mutairi, A. Marafi and D. Bahzad. An Investigation on the Effect of High Hydrogen Pressure on the
Hydrotreating of Kuwait Heavy Residues to Produce Clean Petroleum Product. Presented at the 20th
Canadian Symposium on Catalysis, 13-18 June, 2008. Kingston, Canada. KISR Report 9233.
PF041K
74

Completed Project
PF014S; May, 2006
Examination of Samples of Spare Parts

*K. Ravindranath and H. Shalaby
Introduction
This service project was a study carried out for a supplier of spare part components to verify materials from
two different sources. The components were proprietary in nature and material specifications were not
available. The objective was verification of materials by comparing microstructures, chemical composition and
tensile properties.
Methods
Conclusions
Chemical composition, microstructure and tensile properties of components from the two sources matched
closely with each other.
Applications
The outcome of the service project led to understanding of the material compatibility in components from
different sources. The approach can be used in situations where materials specifications are not available and
also in choosing alternate materials for an application.
Acknowledgments
The project was financially sponsored by Asahi General Trading and Contracting Co., Kuwait (KD 1,680).

K. Ravindranath and H. Shalaby. (2007). Examination of samples of spare parts. KISR Report 8997.
*kravi@prsc.kisr.edu.kw
75
Components from the two sources were labeled for identification and photographed. Samples cut from these
components were metallographically prepared by successive grinding and polishing for microstructural
examination. The prepared samples were etched with nital solution and the structures revealed were examined
using optical microscope. Tensile samples were machined from the components in conformity with American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard E 8. The machined samples were subjected to tensile
testing according to ASTM A 370 procedures and tensile properties such as yield stress, tensile stress and
elongation were recorded. Another set of samples were cut from the components and ground to 120 grit finish.
Hardness measurements were then taken. To understand the alloy compositions, elements present in the
components were determined by energy dispersive spectroscopy. Carbon and sulfur contents of the
components were determined by a combustion method.

Completed Project
PF016S; September, 2006
Failure Analysis of Chain Block

*K. Ravindranath1, N. Tanolli2 and H. Shalaby1
Department of Petroleum Refining and 2Department of Petroleum Production,
Petroleum Research and Studies Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
1
Introduction
A chemical plant experienced failure of a chain block during usage. The chain block was known to have been
in service for over 15 years. Plant personnel approached the Petroleum Refining Department of KISR to
investigate the root cause of the failure. The project encompassed the failure investigation and analysis of the
failed chain link and conclusions drawn from these studies.
Methods
The failed chain link was examined visually for evidence of necking or thinning. Sections containing fracture
surface were cut from the failed sample and examined under stereo microscope to better understand macro
features of failure. Subsequent to stereo microscopic examination, the fracture surfaces were examined using a
scanning electron microscope to identify the mode of failure. Samples cut from the failed link and from a
nearby chain link that had not failed were metallographically prepared by grinding and polishing for
microstructural examination. The samples were etched with nital solution and the revealed structures examined
using optical microscopy. After microstructural study, microhardness measurements were taken at the cross
section of the failed chain link sample to check for variation of hardness from surface to core and to investigate
any abnormal hardening. Carbon and sulfur contents in the failed and un-failed samples were analyzed to
check for any variation in chemical composition of the failed chain link.
Conclusions
The failure of the chain link was due to a shear mechanism that was caused by presence of a dent. This dent
could be due to improper handling or a sharp object accidentally hitting the chain link, either during operation
or a short time prior to operation.
Applications
This service project identified the root cause of the failure of the chain block. The study will also explain
similar failures occurring in the industry.
Acknowledgements
The project was financially sponsored by Petrochemical Industries Company, Kuwait (KD 2,450).

K. Ravindranath, N. Tanoli and H. Shalaby. (2007). Failure analysis of chain block. KISR Report 8852.
*kravi@prsc.kisr.edu.kw
76

Completed Project
PF017S; April, 2008 to June, 2008
Hydrotreatment of Kerosene
*K. Al-Dalama
Introduction
The demand for high-quality middle distillates has grown significantly over the past decade and deep HDS has
received much attention since the sulfur content tolerated in transportation fuel is being lowered. It has become
necessary to remove sulfur from compounds that are the most difficult to desulfurize, higher molecular weight
dibenziothiophenes (DBT) such as 4-methyl DBT and 4,6-dimethyl DBT that contain side chains in positions
that limit the access of the molecule to the active sites on the catalyst. The increasing demand for diesel fuel,
kerosene and jet fuel, has led refiners to look for hydrotreatment strategies to achieve the required sulfur and
aromatics content. However, use of conventional hydrotreatment catalysts for deep desulfurization of Straight
Run Gas Oil in traditional hydrotreating units would require severe operating conditions. Such changes can
impact commercial units through reduction of the catalyst cycle life, reduction of plant capacity, increasing
operational costs or reaching the plant physical limitations.
Methods
An experimental study was conducted in a fixed bed microreactor using a specific feedstock kerosene from
Kuwait National Petroleum Company (KNPC)). The experimental conditions were defined with Al Sanea
Chemical Products Company to study the effect of the hydrogen partial pressure (10, 15, 25 and 30 bars), the
effect of reaction temperature (270, 290 and 310C) and the liquid space-velocity (1 to 3 h-1) over a
commercial hydrotreatment catalyst A. A second set of experimental studies were carried out at constant
hydrogen partial pressure (50 bars) to determine the effect of reaction temperature (315, 325 and 335C) and
the liquid space-velocity (2 and 4 h-1) over a mixture of commercial catalysts defined as catalyst B.
Findings
The hydrotreatment operational conditions of kerosene to produce kerosene with total sulfur content below 5
ppm and aromatics content of 18.5 wt% in order to get smoke point on the specification defined by Al-Sanea
Chemical Products Company are the following:
x The hydrogen partial pressure (50 bars)
x Reaction temperature (335C)
x Liquid space-velocity (2 h-1)
77
The overall objective of this study was to treat kerosene to reduce the total sulfur and aromatics content in
order to get kerosene free of smell. This study was requested by Al Sanea Chemical Products, who approached
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) to conduct hydrotreating tests of kerosene to determine the
hydrotreatment experimental conditions for production of kerosene with total sulfur content below 5 ppmv and
aromatics content of 17 wt% in order to get a smoke point determined by the specification defined by Al Sanea
Group.
Conclusions
The specification of low sulfur content in kerosene which was required by Al-Sanea Chemical Products
Company was achieved in the final product. However, some improvements are required to meet the aromatic
content specifications using commercial catalyst system B. The specification for ultra-low sulfur kerosene free
of smell was reached after hydrotreatment.
Applications
The output from this study was used by Al-Sanea Chemical Products Company to design a large scale unit for
hydrotreatment of kerosene to produce high quality kerosene for use as a solvent in their factory.
Acknowledgements
The author thanks the management of Al-Sanea Chemical Products Company for their financial support
(KD 4,000) and Dr. Andres Perez for his participation in the data analysis and technical report writing.
K. Al-Dalama. (2008). Hydrotreatment of Kerosene. KISR Report 9282.
PF017S
78

Ongoing Projects
A Pilot Study of the Performance of Enhanced Stage II Vapor Recovery Systems in
Gasoline Stations in Kuwait
Project code: PF039C
Duration: January, 2006 to May, 2009
Sponsor(s): Kuwait National Petroleum Company
Budget: KD 58,660
Project leader: Y. Mirza
Email address: ymirza@prsc.kisr.edu.kw
Recovery of Metals and Alumina from Spent Hydroprocessing Catalysts

Budget: KD 116,576
Project leader: M. Marafi
Email address: mmarafi@prsc.kisr.edu.kw
A Study of the Corrosivity of the Kuwait Crude Oils (Phase I - Heavy Crudes)
Atmosphere Residue Desulfurization (ARDS) Catalyst Selection: Validation of

Performance Assessment Methodology
Sponsor(s): Oil Development Company
Budget: KD 480,460
Project leader: D. Bahzad
Email address: dbahzad@prsc.kisr.edu.kw
Effect of Severity of Operation Conditions on the Accelerated Aging of Residue

Hydrotreating Catalyst
Duration: June, 2007 to May, 2009
Budget: KD 137,174
Project leader: F. Jassem
Email Address: fjasem@prsc.kisr.edu.kw
www.kisr.edu.kw
79

Duration: June, 2006 to June, 2010
Budget: KD 487,000
Project leader: H. Shalabi
Email address: hshalaby@prsc.kisr.edu.kw
Development of Correlations for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Products by

Simulated and Physical Distillation
Project code: PF042K
Duration: April, 2007 to March, 2009
Sponsor(s): Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Budget: KD 174,441
Project leader: G. Kunnumpuram
Email address: gmichael@prsc.kisr.edu.kw
Consultancy Services for Failure Investigation and Testing for Three KNPC Refineries
Project code: PF013S
Duration: October, 2005 to October, 2010
Budget: KD 382,000
Project leader: H. Shalaby
Email address: hshalaby@prsc.kisr.edu.kw
Root Cause Failure Analysis of Leaked Material S32154
Project code: PF018S

Duration: October, 2008 to January, 2009
Sponsor(s): EQUATE Petroleum Company/Fluor Daniels Consultants
Budget: KD 4,000
Project leader: W. Riad
Email address: wriad@prsc.kisr.edu.kw
www.kisr.edu.kw
80
Water Resources Division
81

Mission
To conduct applied scientific research, develop advanced technologies and provide
technical support to assist public and private sectors in the management, efficient
utilization and conservation of water resources.
Objectives
Promote optimal utilization and conservation of the available water resources
Provide methods and expertise on reducing the costs of production and exploitation of desalinated
water and treated wastewater
Provide studies and consultations on replenishing the water resource base
Provide instructions and advice on improving the reliability and economics of existing water
desalination systems
Investigate and provide guidance on protection of water resources from environmental hazards
Develop plans and procedures to increase the efficiency and productivity of the water sector through
promoting partnership of public and private sectors
www.kisr.edu.kw
83
Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Management

Mission
To explore, assess and identify natural water resources, determine their nature and quality,
and promote advanced technologies as bases for management plans and consultations
regarding their conservation and cost effective utilization.
Objectives
x Conduct hydrological studies and related activities on natural water resources
x Assess groundwater quality and quantity and prepare long term strategic plans to develop and
optimally utilize the groundwater aquifer
x Evaluate groundwater pollution and propose protection framework and treatment methods and
address problems related to groundwater rise
x Identify and develop criteria for water security in Kuwait and secure strategic and safe reserve of
water
x Propose plans and offer suggestions for improvement of water resources management and water
sector
x Conduct studies aiming at increasing the efficiency of water systems and forecast future needs and
methods for cost effective supply
x Consult with decision makers issues concerning water distribution, production, planning and
conservation
x Contribute to preparation of an integrated water resources management plan and propose the
necessary regulations
x Provide community education programs in relation to water consumption
www.kisr.edu.kw
85
Staff Members
Department Manager
Dr. Khalid Hadi
Senior Research Specialist

Mr. Amitabha Mukhopadhyay
Research Scientists
Dr. Amr Ahmed
Dr. Vincent Kotwicki
Mr. Adnan Sayed Solyman Akber
Mr. Ali Al-Morad
Research Specialist
Ms. Eman Abdullah Al-Awadi

Dr. Adel Jaragh Al-Haddad
Dr. Mohammed Fadlemawala
Assistant Research Specialist
Mr. Mohamed Ahmed A. Al-Senafy
www.kisr.edu.kw
87

Dr. Khalid Hadi
The Mission of the Hydrology and Water Management Department (WRD) is to provide scientific and
technical support for sectors concerned with the development of water resources, while ensuring a
strategic water reserve and developing ways of managing and economizing on its use. This Mission was
approached through two areas of research; hydrology and water management.
Water management is arguably the most important task facing the world. While water supply is a
relatively straightforward engineering task, water demand is a complex socio-economic issue, illustrated
E\ WKH IDFW WKDW ZDWHU FRQVXPSWLRQ SHU FDSLWD LV ULVLQJ WZLFH DV IDVW DV WKH ZRUOGV Sopulation. Water
UHVRXUFHV PDQDJHPHQW LV RQH RI WKH 'HSDUWPHQWV UHFRJQL]HG DUHDV RI H[SHUWLVH 'XULQJ WKH UHSRUWLQJ
period, the Department carried out water resources management projects on water leakage and seepage,
water auditing, urban water management, and water code for Kuwait. All water management studies were
conducted in close cooperation with concerned water authorities in Kuwait. Further planned studies
address long-term water demand forecasting in Kuwait, domestic water consumption patterns, water
conservation, creation of a strategic water reserve and water master planning.
The Department succeeded in completing several service projects, the most important of which was
6XSSO\DQG,QVWDOODWLRQRI:DWHU6DYLQJ$HUDWRUVIRU6HOHFWHG5HVLGHQWLDO$UHDVLQ.XZDLWZLWKDWRWDO
budget of KD 780,000 provided in full by the Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW). This
achievement was widely reported by the media with a positive impact upon the nation.
www.kisr.edu.kw
89
Since groundwater is the only natural water resource in Kuwait, the emphasis during the reporting period
was on hydrology investigations including assessment, optimum utilization, and protection in order to
evaluate water security for Kuwait. Natural groundwater resources of Kuwait, although limited, are of
paramount importance and their protection and management must be based on solid science. Therefore,
studies of groundwater quantity and quality constitute a large portion of the WRD research effort. During
the reporting period the important issues of relevance included assessment of water availability and flow
systems of Kuwait aquifers based on field measurements, remote sensing and computer modeling of the
FRXQWU\V ZDWHU EHDULQJ VWUDWD DVVHVVment of water quality of both freshwater and saline aquifers,
occurrence of trace metals, hydrocarbons, nitrogen compounds and microbes, and effects of human
activities, particularly landfills, and industrial and agricultural contamination. The body of knowledge
gained during these studies enabled the Department to provide expert recommendations to a number of
government committees which helped the Prime Minister deal with the Mishrif wastewater plant crisis in
October, 2009.
Furthermore during the same period, the Department published 18 papers in refereed journals, 23 papers
in proceedings of conferences and symposia, 5 technical reports and 11 final reports in addition to
organizing two international conferences and one symposium.
In the area of infrastructure development, the Hydrology and Water Management Department is actively
participating in the preparation and planning of new research facilities and offices for the new Center of
Excellence for Water in Kuwait in accord with the new organizational structure for KISR starting in 2010.
Recent acquisitions to upgrade technical facilities included instruments for soil analysis, laser isotope
analysis and atomic absorption.
In 2006-2008, the Department received all the budget requested for its research activities and attracted
additional funding for research projects from Kuwait Foundation for Advancement of Science (KFAS),
Ministry of Electricity and water (MEW), Environment Protection Authority (EPA), Kuwait National
Petroleum Company (KNPC), and International atomic energy Agency (IAEA). While both the number
of contracted projects and their sponsored funding were higher than those in the previous reporting period,
further progress could be achieved in this field by streamlining the proposal processing procedures at
KISR.
Human resources development during this period included 5 local training programs, 4 on-job training
programs, 23 in-house training courses and 3 overseas scholarships, including one PhD.
The Department of Hydrology and Water Management served the wider community through provision of
5 training courses conducted by Hydrology Department staff, 3 summer student training programs for the
university level, and one summer student training program for the high school level. These programs were
highly regarded in the professional community of Kuwait and the region, and their number could increase
given appropriate marketing and logistics support from KISR.
The Department of Hydrology and Water Management was ranked the highest in performance among all
KISR departments in 2008.
www.kisr.edu.kw
90

Completed Project
WM004C; June, 2002 to February, 2007
Technical Assistance to the Monitoring and Assessment of the Environmental

Damage to the Groundwater Resources of Kuwait
*A. Mukhopadhyay, M. Al-Otaibi, E. Al-Awadi, A. Al-Haddad and T. Rashid
Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Water Resources Division,
Introduction
Through this project, technical assistance was provided to the Snowy Mountain Engineering Corporation
(SMEC) of Sydney, Australia, in the assessment of damage to the groundwater resources of Kuwait due to
Iraqi aggression of 1990. The two main objectives of the study were: 1) to assess the damage to the freshwater
aquifers from petroleum hydrocarbon contamination and select treatment system(s) for the contaminated fresh
groundwater supplies, and 2) to conduct a long-term monitoring program for the fresh and brackish water
aquifers in Kuwait that might have been threatened by this contamination.
Methods
SMEC was provided with all available relevant data and information and support in several rounds of sampling
in the freshwater fields of north Kuwait during the study period. Furthermore, it was assisted in building a
numerical model for groundwater flow and transport in the study area, supervision of the drilling of 85
monitoring wells, grain size analysis of 2509 drill cutting samples, carrying out of the falling head
permeability tests in 13 wells and derivation of vertical permeability of the sediments from the data collected.
Findings
x Oil recovery pits, dug for the collection of the oil spread over the surface and accumulated in the surface
depressions and the oil lakes appear to be the main sites for the downward infiltration of the contaminated
surface run-off and seawater used for extinguishing the oil well fires.
x Most of the contamination by seawater and petroleum hydrocarbons is currently affecting the uppermost
zone of the aquifer in the vicinity of the groundwater table, though some instances, the contaminations
have moved down somewhat deeper.
x Soil profiles at certain locations display zones of higher concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons and salt
indicating gradual migration of the contaminants from the surface with the annual infiltration of surface
run-off during the winter rainy season.
Conclusions
The current distribution of the petroleum hydrocarbon and dissolved solids in the aquifers of the
Al-Raudhatain and the Umm Al-Aish fields is somewhat different from their predicted distribution derived
*amukhop@safat.kisr.edu.kw
91
The study confirmed contamination of the groundwater in the main depression of the Umm Al-Aish water field
and in the southeastern part of the Al-Raudhatain water field.
from the numerical simulations of the aquifer flow and transport in these areas, carried out earlier. The main
reason for the differences is, probably, attributable to the failure in recognizing the oil collection pits as the
sources of contamination at the time the numerical simulation was carried out. Further monitoring of the
levels and movements of the pollutants (salts and hydrocarbons) in the affected aquifers will be necessary to
manage the water resources of the study area.
Removal of the sources of contaminants from the surface (oil contaminated and salt-rich soils from the
ground and the oil lakes and the recovery pits) is required to stop the continuous flow of these contaminants
to the groundwater during every rainy season. The clean-up of the contaminated soil column in the vadose
zone will also be necessary if a complete stoppage of the contamination of the water resources of the area
becomes the goal.
Remediation of the contaminated fresh groundwater of the Al-Raudhatain and the Umm Al-Aish fields
should be a priority, in view of the strategic nature of these reserves in the context of the overall scarcity of
natural useable water in the country. Better characterization of the hydrocarbon contaminants will be
necessary for selecting a suitable treatment technology.
Applications
A fresh modeling study of the flow and transport phenomena in the contaminated aquifers, taking into account
the updated information provided by this study, especially in regard to the roles of the oil collection pits as the
sources of contaminants, should be undertaken as this will help in the selection and planning of the
remediation strategy.
Acknowledgements
The project was funded by the Snowy Mountain Engineering Corporation (SMEC) of Sydney, Australia. The
total budget of the study was KD 139,834.
A. Mukhopadhyay, E. Al-Awadi, M. Quinn, A. Akber, M. Al-Senafy and T. Rashid. (2008). Groundwater

Contamination in Kuwait Resulting from the 1991 Gulf War: A Preliminary Assessment. Groundwater
Monitoring & Remediation; 28(2):81-93.
WM004C
92

Completed Project
WM012C; August, 2003 to January, 2006

Al-Raudhatain Field; Phase I
K. Hadi, *A. Fadlemawala, H. Al-Qallaf, A. Al-Khalid, B. Al-Salman and F. Al-Shatti
Introduction
Fresh groundwater has limited occurrence at the northern parts of Kuwait (at Al-Raudhatain and Umm Al-Aish
depressions) LQ WKH IRUP RI IUHVKZDWHU OHQVHV IORDWLQJ RQ WKH WRS RI .XZDLW *URXSV EUDFNLVK ZDWHU 7KH
LPSRUWDQFH RI WKHVH OHQVHV DV WKH FRXQWU\V RQO\ VHFXUHG IUHVKZDWHU UHVHUYH DQG LWV IUDJLOH VWDELOLW\ FDOO IRU
thorough management schemes for its utilization.
In response to this need, the Hydrology Dept of KISR has prepared a two-phased study with the overall aim of
identifying the optimum utilization strategy for the fresh groundwater lenses at Al-Raudhatain. The objectives
of these studies were: 1) estimate the approximate geometry and size of the catchment area for the fresh water
lenses at Al-Raudhatain, 2) define the lithological sequence in the study area with more emphasis on the
presence of clay or calcareous beds that may hinder the infiltration process, and 3) estimate the approximate
age and origin of the fresh water lenses at Al-Raudhatain.
The scope of the study encompassed the depression of Al-Raudhatain and parts of its drainage basins. Field
sampling of groundwater and soil, isotopic and inorganic laboratory analysis of groundwater samples, X-ray
diffraction analysis of soil samples, geostatistical spatial analysis and geochemical modeling were performed.
Twenty nine soil samples were collected from different depths. In addition, 161 groundwater samples were
collected from 45 sampling sites. These samples were analyzed in KISR and in IAEA laboratories to identify
the existing mineral phases in the aquifer materials and the environment isotopes including 13C, 14C, 18O, 2H
and 3H.
Findings
x The freshwater lenses aquifer can be conceptualized as dual coupled leaky aquifer system. The upper is a
water table aquifer at depths around 30 m. Beneath this aquifer there is a leaky low conductivity layer
followed by a semi-confined aquifer. The drainage system of this field lies approximately between
latitudes 29o 1 DQG o 1 DQG ORQJLWXGHV o 20'E and 47o 44'E. Al-Raudhatain drainage system
consists of 12 wadis that drain into the Al-Raudhatain main depression from all directions. The drainage
basins of these streams have a total surface area of about 670 km2. Streams descending from the west and
northwest are much longer than those descending from the east and southeast.
x Based on 49 data points, the spatial extent of the freshwater (<1500 mg/l) was delineated. The freshwater
appears as two lenses with brackish/saline groundwater in between. Two maps were produced; one for the
*afadl@safat.kisr.edu.kw
93
Methods
top 5 m of the aquifer and the other delineates the average freshwater in the top 15 m of the aquifer. In
both figures the freshwater appears as two lenses with brackish/saline groundwater in between.
x The results of sampling were utilized to conceptualize an inverts geochemical model including WATEQ4F
(equilibrium model) and NETPATH (mass balance model) to investigate the interactions between the solid
and liquid phases of the aquifer system and identify the geochemical processes that control the chemical
composition of the existing fresh groundwater lenses. The radioactive isotopes (14C, 13C and 3H) results
indicate that the groundwater lenses at Al-Raudhatain contain significant portions of recharges from recent
(less than 500 years) rainfall events, where results of stable isotopes (18O and 2H) support the allegation of
the recharging rainfall events as during the last three to four decades.
x The potential processes controlling the dissolved solids are: evaporation, dissolution of the saturated and
unsaturated zones mineral, and mixing with the regional brackish to saline groundwater system.
Conclusions
The evaporation process is taking place mostly during the early stages of infiltration, base flow and percolation
to the water table; nonetheless, its magnitude is minimal as evident from the relation of 1822H and the local
meteoric water line. This implies a rapid infiltration of the water to the sub-soil at least. During these early
stages and during the presence of the water in the upper parts of the aquifer, the geochemical interactions
between the solid and liquid phases take place. These interactions are the main process for increasing the
salinity from nearly nil to around 1000 mg/l.
Examining the relation of 18O/2H along with the Emirates meteoric water line reveals that samples with less
than 1000 mg/l salinity are showing minor signs of evaporation, which is indicative of rapid infiltration.
Samples with salinities more than 1000 mg/l are departing from the EMWL indicating evaporation effects or
mixing with waters of different 18O/2H ratio.
Using simple conservative mixing model as presented in Kendall and McDonnell (1998), three distinguishable
values of the brackish water contribution to the salinity of the shallow groundwater of the depression were
calculated as nearly absent, 20% and 66% for the samples with salinity ranges of less than 1000 mg/l, between
1000 and 2000 mg/l and more than 2000 mg/l, respectively.
The results of the geochemical modelling show that the potential processes controlling the dissolved solids are
evaporation, dissolution of the saturated and unsaturated zones minerals, and mixing with the regional brackish
to saline groundwater system. 1822H ratio indicates that the evaporation process magnitude is minimal in
controlling the water chemistry and its taking place mostly during the early stages of infiltration of the
recharge water. The main geochemical processes controlling the salt content of the fresh groundwater lenses
are dissolution of albite and gypsum and precipitation of calcite, which increases the salinity from nearly nil to
around 1000 mg/l. The effect of the mixing process is evident from the deviation of the 1822H of the
groundwater samples with salinities exceeding 1000 mg/l from the meteoric water line. It was estimated using
stable isotopic results that the mixing process is contributing from about 20% to more than 60% of the salts as
the water percolates deeper, where the dissolution process remains a significant contributor.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank for the in-kind contribution of the International Atomic Energy Agency, and Kuwait
institute for Scientific Research for funding of the study (KD 46,845).

A. Fadlelmawla, K. Hadi, K. Zouari and K. Kulkarni. (2008). Hydrochemical Investigations of Recharge and
Subsequent Salinization Processes at Al-Raudhatain Depression in Kuwait. Hydrological Sciences Journal;
53(1):204-223.
WM012C
94

Completed Project
WM005C; November, 2003 to June, 2006
Identification and Quantification of Different Hydrocarbon Groups in the

Groundwater of Kuwait
*E. Al-Awadi, M. Quinn, A. Mukhopadhyay, A. Akber, A. Al-Haddad, A. Hauser
and M. Al-Rasheedi
Introduction
The type and concentration of hydrocarbon compounds are important parameters for determining the quality of
water. In view of the close association of huge accumulations of natural petroleum hydrocarbons in the rock
sequence of Kuwait and the possibility of contamination of the aquifers from the large oil spills that occurred
on the ground during the 1991 Gulf War, the matter has gained added urgency. This study aimed at
investigating the contents of hydrocarbons in the groundwater of Kuwait in detail.
Methods
The LIF probe, developed at the laser laboratory of Advanced Systems Department was used to make it more
suitable for field use for determination of hydrocarbon contents. GC/MS and HPLC were two analytical
techniques that could identify and quantify the specific hydrocarbon components present in the water samples.
These techniques involved complex sample preparation steps and were, therefore, time consuming. In
addition, some knowledge of types of hydrocarbon components present in the water samples was needed to set
up and calibrate the instruments to detect a specific range of the hydrocarbon pollutants. Relatively rapid
techniques like GC, FT-IR, FTS, and LIF were used for the preliminary screening and classification of the
collected water samples in groups according to the extent and types of hydrocarbon components present in
them. More detailed study of a few representative samples (two or three) from each of these groups was
undertaken with GCMS and HPLC techniques to identify and quantify the specific hydrocarbon compounds
present.
Findings
x Fluorescence and analytical testing, supported by additional laboratory experiments carried out at the
Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), demonstrated that the groundwater of Kuwait is being
impacted by contamination, both anthropogenic and biogenic.
*khadi@kisr.edu.kw
95
Sensitive analytical techniques such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), high pressure liquid
chromatography (HPLC), Fourier transform infra red analysis technique (FT-IR), laser induced fluorescence
(LIF) and total fluorescence scanning (TFS) were applied to study the hydrocarbon contents of groundwater.
Groundwater samples were spiked with different types of oil and non-oil hydrocarbons at different
concentrations in order to calibrate standards for different techniques (GC, GC-MS, HPLC, FT-IR, LIF, and
TFS).
x The greatest contamination impact has been observed in the northern areas of Kuwait, particularly in the
Umm Al-Aish and Raudhatain areas where a water-soluble fraction (WSF) of the crude oil surface
contamination appears to be slowly leaching into the fresh water lenses.
x Nitrifying bacteria were detected in all the samples.
x Some samples showed sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB), fecal coliform bacteria and salmonella.
Conclusions
The study points to a need for future investigations should probe the special fluorescence characteristics of the
bacteria that may enable their rapid detection in water samples. The study recommended further investigations
for a more detailed characterization of the hydrocarbon contaminants in the groundwater of Kuwait.
Applications
A mobile unit for the detection of petroleum hydrocarbons in groundwater samples in the field using laser
induced fluorescence technique was developed during the course of this study.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Environment Public Authority and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for funding
of this study (KD 45,000 and KD 69,320, respectively).
E. Al-Awadi, M. Quinn, A. Mukhopadhyay, A. Hauser, A. Akber, A. Al-Haddad and M. Al-Rasheedi. (2009).

Extent and nature of hydrocarbon occurrence in groundwater of Kuwait. Environmental Geology; 56(5):877889.
WM005C
96

Completed Project
WM017C; October, 2004 to September, 2006

Al-Raudhatain Field; Phase II
M. Al-Otaibi, *A. Fadlemawala, E. Azrag, K. Hadi and M. Al-Senafy
Introduction
Fresh groundwater has limited occurrence in Kuwait; it is only present at the northern parts of Kuwait at
Al-Raudhatain and Umm Al-Aish depressions, where it occurs in the form of freshwater lenses floating on the
WRSRI.XZDLW*URXSVEUDFNLVKZDWHU7KHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKHVHOHQVHVDVWKHFRXQWU\VRQO\VHFXUHGIUHVKZDWHU
reserve, and its fragile stability, call for careful management schemes for its utilization. Numerous studies
attempted to quantify the potential of these lenses, but fell short of addressing the proper strategy that would
provide maximum sustainable utilization schemes.
In response to this clear need, the Hydrology Department of the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
(KISR) prepared a study with the overall aim of identifying the optimum utilization strategy for the fresh
groundwater lenses at Al-Raudhatain. An overall aim was that of identifying the optimum utilization strategy
for Al-Raudhatain freshwater field.
Methods
1. Field and laboratory investigations to complement the characterization provided by the previous studies.
These investigations included wells and test holes, groundwater sampling, surface soil and core sampling,
and chemical and isotopic analysis.
2. Geochemical modeling to provide a conceptualization of the major geochemical processes and sources
influencing the evolution of groundwater salinity in the study area. In this context, reverse modeling
approach was adapted utilizing the codes WATEQ4F to calculate species, activities and mineral
saturation indices and NETPATH to identify and quantify the reactive phases.
3. Utilizing the results of the above investigation, trends and implications were identified and analyzed.
4. Construction and calibration of a numerical model of the study area based on steady and transient
conditions. The calibration was carried out for both the groundwater levels and salinity.
5. Simulating various scenarios of well field design and utilization strategies to predict the response of the
aquifer system to stress conditions. The optimization process included well field design and well field
operation.
*afadl@safat.kisr.edu.kw
97
The scope of the study encompassed the depression of Al-Raudhatain and parts of its drainage basins.
Groundwater and soil samples were subjected to, isotopic and inorganic laboratory analysis, X-Ray diffraction
(XRD) analysis of soil samples, geostatistical spatial analysis, geochemical modeling and numerical modeling.
The following methods were used:
Findings
x In order to conceptualize the groundwater system of the area and its main processes many of the natural
conditions of the study area had to be thoroughly investigated in terms of overall characteristics of the
depression and its surroundings, aquifer lithology, soil's minerals, groundwater quality, interaction
between fresh and brackish/saline groundwater, the isotopic composition of the groundwater and its
implications on recharge to the lenses, the plausible chemical composition of the aquifer solid phase, the
probable geochemical processes that are taking place during recharge leading to the observed chemical
composition of the water, and analyses of the responses of the aquifer system to stresses during the last 4
decades.
x None of the natural conditions controlling the lenses stability (climate, morphology and lithology) has
changed, which rules out the hypothesis of instability as a reason for the increased salinity during the nonpumping period of 1989 to 2005.
x Results of the isotopic analysis highlighted the main recharge areas and enabled the conceptualization of
the recharge process. Rainfall storms are recharging the lens through quick infiltration of the top soil at the
wadis followed by subsurface flow until it reaches the depression where water percolates to the
groundwater through gaps in the gatch layer.
x A numerical model was built using the finite elements code FEFLOW. The model covered an area of 1626
square kilometers with about 194 kilometer perimeter length. The finite element grid contains 15,792
elements and 9,392 nodes. The model is vertically subdivided into 7 layers each representing a significant
hydrologic unit. The model was calibrated under steady and transient conditions.
Conclusions
The calibrated model was used to simulate the responses of the aquifer to two sustainable production schemes;
i) the first scheme, which is based on the existing wells, consisted of 8 wells and was able to produce a total of
3900 m3/day, and ii) the second scheme consisted of 14 new wells and was able to produce a total of 6350
m3/day.
The study provided recommendations on implementation of the above schemes, the continual increase in
lenses salinity, a monitoring program and further utilization of the model produced.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (53%) and KISR (47%) for
funding the project. Total budget was KD 102,120.

A. Fadlelmawla, M. A-Otaibi and M. Senafy. Application of numerical modeling in testing management
scenarios for the groundwater of Al-Raudhatain in Kuwait. Proceedings of the GR-MENA Conference, Cairo,
2008.
WM017C
98

Completed Project
WM021C; April, 2006 to September, 2008
Impacts of Oil Refineries on Groundwater Quality and Levels in Kuwait

*M. Al-Murad1, A. Al-Haddad1, I. Saifudain2, H. Al-Qallaf1, J. Al-Kandari1, A. Bushehri1,
T. Rashid1, B. Al-Salman1, H. Bhandary1, F. Marzouk1, A. Boota1 and N. Ahmed3
1
Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Management, 2Department of Environmental Sciences,

3
Central Analytical Laboratory, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Introduction
An environmental site assessment has been conducted at three refinery locations belonging to the Kuwait
National Petroleum Company (KNPC): Port Al-Ahmadi, Al-Shuaiba and Port Abdullah. The objectives were
to define the source zones of the groundwater contamination, predict the plumes migrations, and recommend
remedial and preventive measures. The assessment followed an internationally recognized systematic 3-level
approach commonly known as Phase I, II and III assessments. The Phase I assessment first identified potential
sources of contamination. As a result of the study, several sources of groundwater contamination were
identified and recommendations for treatment and preventive measures were made.
Methods
Remote sensing method was used to identify the source zones. Accordingly, 47 groundwater monitoring wells
across the three refineries, and outside them were installed. The wells were a mixture of multi-level, and
conventional wells. It was the first time in Kuwait to use the multi-level wells in characterizing an
environmental impacted site. Groundwater samples were collected from the monitoring network for selected
chemical and bacteriological parameters. Preliminary conceptual, and numerical models were formulated, and
built. These two hydrodynamic models were updated according to the field results. The numerical model was
used to predict the migration of the plumes in the three refineries, and to assess the applicability of pump-andtreat remediation.
x A total of 13 sites of potential contamination were identified in Port Al-Al-Ahmadi, 5 in Al-Shuaiba and
12 in Port Abdullah.
x The laboratory results showed numerous cases of solute concentrations exceeding international and
Kuwaiti Environmental Protection Agency (KEPA) guidelines for industrial site contamination.
Conclusions
The results clearly indicated the need for remediation action at contaminated sites. On the other hand, Port
Al-Ahmadi Refinery is facing water table rise problem, and Port Al-Shuaiba is also facing the same problem in
the eastern side of the refinery.
*mmurad@safat.kisr.edu.kw
99
Findings
Applications
During conducting this project the multi-level system, which is the continuous multichannel tubing (CMT) was
used for the first time in Kuwait. This approach gives the vertical distribution of the concentrations of the
contamination, and protect the site from the cross contamination between the different layers.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Kuwait National Petroleum Company for partial funding of this project (KD 196,000).
The total budget was KD 247,440.
WM021C
100

Completed Project
WM023C; May, 2006 to May, 2007
Development of Water Code of Practice for Internal Plumbing in Kuwait

*M. Al-Otaibi and E. Azrag
Introduction
The objective of the project was to develop a Kuwait water code of practice for internal plumbing of potable
ZDWHU VXSSO\ LQ KRPHV DSDUWPHQW FRPSOH[HV DQG SXEOLF IDFLOLWLHV 7KH 8QLIRUP 3RWDEOH :DWHU 3OXPELQJ
&RGHRI.XZDLW833&.H[SODLQVDQGGHWDLOVWKHVWDQGDUGDFFHSWDEOHFRGHRISUDFWLFHDQGWKHSUinciples for
water supply and plumbing inside homes, apartment complexes, and public facilities. The Code is the basis of
nationally unified regulations for all on-site potable water plumbing installations and plumbing network design
certification and authorization. The UPPCK is based on preventative policy and equity. Its objectives includes
providing an appropriate level of protection for the community, amenity, public health, water utility operator's
infrastructure, water resources and the environment, which at the same time encourages the conservation of
water and energy resources.
The Ministry of Electricity & Water (MEW) contracted with the Hydrology Department of KISR to conduct a
study that led to the development of this UPPCK. The water code (UPPCK) used the worldwide accepted and
SUDLVHGFRGHWKH8QLIRUP3OXPELQJ&RGH83&ZKLFKZDVFRPSLOHGE\WKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO$VVRFLDWLRQ
of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO). The first version of the UPC was developed in 1945; the
UPC 2003 version was considered the first plumbing code that was developed via a true consensus process,
and the second edition of the UPC 2006 edition contains the most current approaches in the plumbing field.
KISR has adopted all said characteristics of the UPC, and it hoped to gather the benefit of the vast experience
from all the diverse environments of the different states, and to build the code on such a sound foundation.
Consequently KISR and IAPMO worked jointly in developing the UPPCK. The data collection was
accomplished in three categories, namely, communication with governmental authorities; communication with
local industries and plumbing service companies; and collecting, and studying international codes applied in
other countries.
Findings
x A code of practice for the internal plumbing of freshwater distribution within residential, commercial,
industrial, government and public buildings in Kuwait, titled Uniform Potable-Water Plumbing Code of
Kuwait has been developed with emphasis on water conservation.
x UPPCK covers plumbing systems related to the distribution of potable water only.
x All governmental, autonomous and semi-autonomous authorities and private companies in Kuwait having
a stake in water distribution, consumption and management were consulted in developing the code. These
included the Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW), Environmental Public Authority (EPA), Public
Authority for Housing Welfare (PAHW), Public Authority for Industry (PAI), Kuwait Chamber of
*maria@safat.kisr.edu.kw
101
Methods
Commerce and Industry (KCCI), major local manufacturers of plumbing fixtures, a number of importers
of plumbing fixtures and companies specializing in the installation of plumbing systems.
x Most local Kuwaiti plumbing material manufacturers adopt the German specifications for their lines of
PVC and polypropylene pipes and fittings for potable water conveyance. As the German specification
meets all or most of the international standards and specifications, it will be straightforward to certify their
line of products to the UPPCK standards and specifications. This was one of the objectives in selecting the
UPC as the guideline for UPPCK.
Conclusions
Development and adoption of UPPCK will have positive influence on water conservation by reducing wastage
and will ensure better health of consumers through prevention of contamination from backflows of polluted
water and dissolution of unwanted trace materials from substandard fixtures. It will regulate the local industry
producing plumbing fixtures, businesses importing such fixtures and companies installing plumbing in
different types of premises so that only approved and standard materials, fixtures and methods are used in the
plumbing systems in the country. UPPCK will thus benefit both the authorities in charge of the distribution and
management of the water resources of the country and the consumers.
It has been concluded that the UPC 2006 of America may be adopted as the model for the Uniform Potable
Water Plumbing Code of Kuwait. The relevant portions of the 2006 UPC, developed by IAPMO, may be
suitably modified for application in Kuwait.
Applications
The planned workshops on UPPCK will present the developed code to all entities in the country that either
have a stake in the fresh water supply or are concerned with the security of water supply and its quality. The
provisions of UPPCK will be disseminated among the general public through local media and public
presentations. Feedback from the participants and public will help in updating the code in a manner that will
make it acceptable to all concerned and facilitate its acceptance by the legislative body as the basis for a legal
document. The training program for the people who will implement the code and those who will supervise this
implementation will strive to ensure that the aim for which UPPCK has been developed is achieved within the
shortest period of time.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Ministry of Electricity and Water for financial support (KD 83,020) and the International
Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials for participating in drafting the initial manuscript of the
UPPCK and authorizing KISR to use their relevant materials.
WM023C
102

Completed Project
WM024C; May, 2006 to September, 2007
Estimation of Leakage from the Freshwater Network in Kuwait

*E. Azrag, M. Al-Otaibi, D. Pearson and J. Al-Kandari
Introduction
Leakage from water networks is a major problem worldwide; in some countries it consumes 30-60% of the
water produced. In a dry country like Kuwait, where practically all freshwater is produced from desalinated sea
water, problems of water leakage are of paramount importance.
The objective of this study was to assess the extent of fresh water leakage loss in Kuwait and to advise the
Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW) on steps to be taken for the minimization of this loss.
Methods
A preliminary system-water balance was carried out using available reported data. This water balance indicates
that the real water leakage loss in the system is about 5%. There are wide confidence limits on these
assessments, the estimated confidence of 260% for this percentage can be interpreted as that the real loss can
be as high as 13% and as low as 0% in individual controlled and metered areas.
More detailed leakage detection surveys and pressure drop tests were carried out on each DMA. The leakage
detection survey field work indicated that there was little detectable real leakage except for Al-Qadsiya DMA.
Almost all the leakages found were at the consumer connection. This fact is confirmed in several ways in the
analysis. The non-revenue-water (NRW) analysis has been commissioned as part of a larger study carried out
by KISR and HydroSave International Ltd., UK to evaluate real leakage levels, to determine appropriate
leakage detection techniques and to provide training on leakage detection to KISR and MEW staff.
The steps taken to achieve the aforementioned objectives were set in the following activities:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Selection of representative District Metered Areas (DMA) in collaboration with MEW.

Selecting an expert consultant and a leakage detection company.
Calculating the water balance for the whole system and on each DMA.
A network audit on each DMA by implementing a leakage detection field survey.
Reviewing leakage detection practices on the network.
Developing recommendations on the leakage control strategies and policies.
Implementing training and maintenance programs.
*elfadil@azrag.net
103
An attempt was carried out to validate real leakage levels by investigating night flows and water balances on
VL[ GLVWULFW PHWHUHG DUHDV '0$V QDPHO\ $O-6KDDE $O-Sahili, Al-Rihab, Al-Qadsiya, Al-Riggae, AlShuhada and Al-Hadiya. Based on the national average of real losses normalized by the ratio of the local mass
balance discrepancy to the national average, the estimates of real loss (leakage) ranged from 1 to 12%.
Findings
x A preliminary system water balance has been carried out using available reported data which indicated that
the real loss in the system is about 5%.
x An attempt was carried out to validate leakage levels by investigating night flows and water balances on
six DMAs. Based on the national average of real losses normalized by the ratio of the local mass balance
discrepancy to the national average gave estimates of real loss (leakage) ranging from 1-12% where as the
non-revenue water could reach close to half of the fresh water input.
x More detailed field leakage detection surveys and pressure drop indicated that there was little detectable
real leakage except for Al-Qadsiya DMA. Almost all the leakages found were at the consumer connection.
x A number of issues were found related to customer metering such as poor installation details, pumps on
the supply pipe affecting meter readings, and damaged meters. The combined effect of these issues means
that there could be significant meter under registration in the range of 10-50%.
Conclusions
A broad conclusion was made from the study that water loss through real leakage is not a significant problem
in Kuwait water distribution system; however, more improvements can be made to reduce the non-revenue
water loss.
Applications
Recommendations were made to reduce the amount of non-revenue-water (including real losses), to improve
the distribution network in general. The most important recommendation is to investigate and improve the
materials and the practLFHRILQVWDOOLQJ FRQVXPHUVFRQQHFWLRQVDVLWLVWKH PDLQVRXUFHRUUHDOOHDNDJH 7KH
problem of meter under-registration has to be effectively resolved to reduce the non-revenue percentage of
potable water and to increase the accuracy of future leakage monitoring.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Ministry of Electricity and Water for their financial sponsorship. The budget of the
study was KD 146,850.
WM024C
104

Completed Project
WM026K; October, 2006 to June, 2007
Effect of Fluctuating Seawater Level on Groundwater Table

*H. Naseeb, A. Fadlemawala, B. Al-Salman and H. Bandari
Introduction
Groundwater level fluctuations are most often interpreted as system responses to withdrawals or recharges;
nevertheless, other factors such as tidal cycles may influence groundwater levels. Accordingly, ignoring the
effects of sea tides, especially increase in locations close to the sea, may result in errors in interpreting data.
The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of the tidal cycle on the coastal groundwater levels in
Kuwait City.
Methods
7KUHHZHOOVZHUHGULOOHGDW .,65V6KXZDLNKFDPSXVDWVHOHFWHGLQWHUYDOVSHUSHQGLFXODUWRWKHVHDVKRUHWR
establish the effect of distance on groundwater-level fluctuations. The first well was directly on the shoreline,
the second five meters inland from shoreline and the third 10 m inland from the shoreline. All of the wells
were completed in the Kuwait Group aquifer to a depth of about 3.5 m. Data loggers were installed in all three
wells approximately 40 cm below the water table (which is 1.5 m from the ground surface) to monitor any
fluctuation and subsequently correlate them to sea tides. These wells were monitored for more than two lunar
cycles.
x Visual examination of the data indicates a relation between groundwater levels and tidal levels.
x Regression analysis indicated no statistically significant correlation on an hourly scale.
x Good correlation was evident between the beach wells water levels and the tidal levels on the scale of
daily averages.
x It was also observed that the 10 m inland distance between well nos. 1 and 3 was sufficient to further
dampen the amplitude of the groundwater oscillations.
Conclusions
Data recorded from the test wells showed groundwater levels fluctuate in response to the tides; however, since
the dampening factor is more than 90%, the effect of the sharp tidal oscillations is not sufficient enough to
overwhelm other inhibiting factors, such as waves. As for the daily variations, apparently the averaging
smoothed out the other minor variations that inhibited correlation on an hourly scale enabling good correlation
on a daily scale. Thus, it was considered highly unlikely that groundwater fluctuations in response to tidal
fluctuations would be seen further inland than a few hundred meters.
Acknowledgements
Authors thank Mr. Tarik Rasheed for his contribution. Total budget of this project was KD 13,550.
*hnaseeb@kisr.edu.kw
105
Findings

Completed Projects
WM004SWM015S; August, 2006 to July, 2007
Detection of Hydrogen Sulphide Concentrations in the Groundwater

*M. Al-Senafy, A. Al-Khalid, H. Bhandary, K. Al-Fahad and F. Marzouk
Information on Service Projects WM004SWM015S:
Service Code
Service Leader
Client
Study Area
Duration
WM004S
WM005S
WM006S
WM007S
WM008S
WM009S
WM010S
WM011S
WM012S
WM013S
WM014S
WM015S
M. Al-Senafy
K. Al-Fahad
M. Al-Senafy
A. Al-Khalid
A. Al-Khalid
M. Al-Senafy
M. Al-Senafy
M. Al-Senafy
M. Al-Senafy
A. Al-Khalid
M. Al-Senafy
K. Al-Fahad
SSH International
Essa Hussain Alyousifi
Hashemia Real estate
United Reality projects
Osama Bukhamseen
Osama Bukhamseen
Gulf Real estate Projects
Osama Bukhamseen
Al-Jazeera consultants
Sharq
Qibla
Dasman
Qibla
Sharq
Sharq
Sharq
Sharq
Sharq
Qibla
Sharq
Murgab
2/9/200613/09/2006
18/9/20061/10/2006
23/9/20064/10/2006
1/10/200615/10/2006
1/10/200615/10/2006
1/10/200615/10/2006
9/12/200627/12/2006
17/01/20077/02/2007
13/01/200731/1/2007
6/02/200728/02/2007
10/02/20073/03/2007
17/02/20077/03/2007
Introduction
Hydrogen sulphide gas is also NQRZQ DV VHZHU JDV EHFDXVH LW LV RIWHQ SURGXFHG E\ WKH GHFD\ RI ZDVWH
material. The gas has a strong odor of rotten eggs at low levels. At higher levels, the gas can overwhelm the
senses so that it cannot be smelled and may cause sickness or even death. It is colorless and occurs naturally in
the environment. It can be formed and released whenever bacteria break down waste-containing sulphur.
Sewers, septic tanks, livestock waste pits, manholes, well pits and trucks that transport chemical wastes may
release hydrogen sulphide gas. Hydrogen sulphide gas is also found in groundwater as in the case of Kuwait,
especially in Kuwait City, its suburbs and near oil fields.
The Hydrology and Water Management Department (HWMD) of the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
(KISR) has the specialized manpower to design and supervise the construction of groundwater wells at
different depth intervals. In addition to that the working team will supervise the development of the screened
interval and will collect proper groundwater sample to investigate the nature of hydrogen sulphide levels in the
Kuwait groundwater. Groundwater samples were analyzed and the results reported.
*msenafy@safat.kisr.edu.kw
106
Methods
Design, construction and the development of wells: The design of the wells including the total depth to be
investigated and the groundwater depths to be sampled was decided based on the available hydrological and
geological data. The total number of the wells needed to be drilled to cover the investigated site were
determined by KISR engineers.
After the client selected the drilling contractor, KISR staff supervised the drilling, installation of casing-screen
string and gravel packing of the groundwater wells following KISR design to effectively sample the
groundwater as required.
Representative groundwater samples were analyzed to detect the levels of hydrogen sulphide.
Findings
The levels of hydrogen sulphide (mg/l) detected in groundwater samples from different sites in Kuwait.
Service Code
WM004S
WM005S
WM006S
WM007S
WM008S
WM009S
WM010S
WM011S
WM012S
WM013S
WM014S
WM015S
H2S Concentration (mg/l)

25
0
1.2
0
0
0
0
90
0
0
130
0
Conclusions and Applications

Presence of hydrogen sulphide requires that groundwater should not be drained unless a proper treatment is
assured with no negative impact on the people, environmental attributes (air, oil and water) and drainage
networks.
Service code: WM005S, WM007S-WM010S, WM012S, WM013S and WM015S.
When the groundwater is clean it can be drained after an affidavit is signed in Kuwait EPA to treat the water in
case of the appearance of hydrogen sulphide after a long duration of drainage.
Acknowledgements
Authors thank all the clients for sponsoring the above service projects. Total budget was KD 14,400, with
KD 1,200 per service project.
WM004SWM015S
107
Service code: WM004S, WM006S, WM011S and WM014S.

Completed Projects
WM017SWM026S; August, 2006 to March, 2007
Detection of Hydrogen Sulphide Concentrations in the Groundwater

*M. Al-Senafy, A. Al-Khalid, H. Bhandary, K. Al-Fahad and F. Marzouk
Information on Service Projects WM017SWM026S:
Service Code
Service Leader
Client
Study Area
Duration
WM017S
WM018S
WM019S
WM020S
WM021S
WM022S
WM023S
WM024S
WM025S
WM026S
M. Al-Senafy
A. Al-Khalid
M. Al-Senafy
A. Al-Khalid
M. Al-Senafy
H. Bhandary
M. Al-Senafy
M. Al-Senafy
K. Al-Fahad
M. Al-Senafy
Middle East Surveys

Middle East Surveys
Pan Arab Consult.
Pan Arab Consult.
Pan Arab Consult.
Pan Arab Consult.
Middle East Surveys
First Kuwaiti Trad & Contr.
Middle East Surveys
INCO Lab, SSH
Kuwait City
Sharq
Sharq
Qibla
Kuwait City
Murgab
Sharq
Sharq
Qibla
Kuwait City
5/6/200726/6/2007
13/8/200729/7/2007
16/9/200704/10/2007
18/9/200710/10/2007
23/9/200717/10/2007
30/9/200725/10/2007
5/05/200820/05/2008
16/07/20085/08/2008
16/10/20084/11/2008
28/10/200811/11/2008
Introduction
Hydrogen sXOSKLGH JDV LV DOVR NQRZQ DV VHZHU JDV EHFDXVH LW LV RIWHQ SURGXFHG E\ WKH GHFD\ RI ZDVWH
material. The gas has a strong odor at low levels. At higher levels, the gas can overwhelm the senses so that it
cannot be smelled and may cause sickness or even death. It is colorless and occurs naturally in the
environment. It can be formed and released whenever bacteria break down waste-containing sulphur. Sewers,
septic tanks, livestock waste pits, manholes, well pits and trucks that transport chemical wastes may release
hydrogen sulphide gas. Hydrogen sulphide gas is also found in groundwater in Kuwait especially in Kuwait
City, its suburbs and near oil fields.
The Hydrology and Water Management Department (HWMD) of the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
(KISR) has the specialized manpower to design and supervise the construction of groundwater wells at
different depth intervals. In addition to that the working team will supervise the development of the screened
interval and will collect proper groundwater sample to investigate the concentration of the hydrogen sulphide
in the groundwater. Groundwater samples were analyzed and the results reported.
Methods
Design, construction and the development of wells: The design of the wells including the total depth to be
investigated and the groundwater depths to be sampled was decided based on based on the available
108
After the client selected the drilling contractor, KISR staff supervised the drilling, installation of casing-screen
string and gravel packing of the groundwater wells following KISR design to effectively sample the
groundwater as required.
Representative groundwater samples were analyzed to detect the levels of hydrogen sulphide.
Findings
The levels of hydrogen sulphide (mg/l) detected in groundwater samples from different sites in Kuwait.
Project Code
WM017S
WM018S
WM019S
WM020S
WM021S
WM022S
WM023S
WM024S
WM025S
WM026S
H2S Concentration (mg/l)

0
3
45
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
Conclusions and Applications

Service code: WM018S, WM019S and WM023S.
Presence of hydrogen sulphide requires that groundwater should not be drained unless a proper treatment is
assured with no negative impact on the people, environmental attributes (air, soil and water) and drainage
networks.
Service code: WM017S, WM020S-WM022S and WM024S-WM026S.
When the groundwater is clean it can be drained after an affidavit is signed with Kuwait EPA to treat the water
in case of the appearance of hydrogen sulphide after a long duration of drainage.
Authors thank all the clients for sponsoring the above service projects. Total budget was KD 12,000, with
KD 1,200 per service project.
WM017SWM026S
109
Acknowledgements

Completed Project
WM016S; May, 2007 to May, 2008
Distribution of Water Saving Aerators in the State of Kuwait

*M. Al-Senafy, K. Hadi, A. Al-Khalid, H. Bhandary, K. Al-Fahad, F. Marzouk, J. Al-Kandari,
H. Al-Qallaf, A. Bushehri, B. Al-Salman, F. Sulaiman, T. Rashid, M. Lewis, A. Al-Bannai,
F. Al-Ghaith and A. Shehab
Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Water Resources Division
Introduction
The Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW) retained Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) to
spearhead a project and a campaign with an objective of lowering the consumption of fresh water by 20
million gallons per day and changing the water use culture of the society through reduction of waste and thus
to save this important resource. This campaign was one of the biggest in Kuwait and it involved the
distribution of 1,100,000 faucet aerators to consumers in selected residential areas with high water
consumption in addition to governmental authorities.
Methods
The technical specifications and the tender documents were prepared and the most efficient and suitable faucet
aerators were selected and imported. The selected aerators can save more than 40% of water consumption and
sustain a constant flow of 6 liters per minute under a wide range of pressures starting from 1 bar up to a
maximum of 10 bars. The media campaign involved outdoor activities, TV and radio programs, news papers
advertisements and articles; this was used to highlight the responsibility of each consumer, the easy installation
of the aerators and the benefits of using these water saving devices on the country, the society and the
consumers. An information center was established for consumer guidance and assistance.
To improve public awareness, several seminars, public lectures, training courses and activities in the university
and schools were arranged, in addition to the distribution of aerator packs embossed with water saving
messages in exhibitions and shopping malls. Several methods for distribution and installation of aerators were
followed. These led to a distribution of 787,354 faucet aerators for 75,228 residential units, 279,600 aerators
for the governmental authorities and 33,293 for public societies, companies, schools, university, exhibitions
and shopping malls.
Findings
x Based on the reaction of the consumers, the availability of free installation and the experience gained in
this project, it was estimated with a high level of confidence that 75% of the distributed aerators were
installed successfully.
x The 75% of the total aerator installation will save about 15 million Kuwaiti Dinars per year and that will
lead to the recovery of the project budget from volume of water saved in a matter of not more than 30
days.
x Consumers were highly motivated and satisfied which reflects the success of this project.
110
Applications
This project proved that the option of saving water should have a priority in water resources management. It is
recommended that the project be extended to all residential areas in the state of Kuwait and that other water
saving devices be introduced in order to further lower water consumption.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Ministry of Electricity and Water for financial support (KD 780,000).
1. M. Al-Senafy, A. Al-Khalid, A. Mukhopadhyay and K. Al-Fahad. Outlines for Water Saving Practices in
Kuwait. Proceedings of the 8th Gulf Water Conference, 3-6 March, 2008, Bahrain.
2. M. Al-Senafy, and A. Al-Khalid. A step towards water conservation in the state of Kuwait. Energy and
Water Conservation EXPO, 15-17 June, 2009.
WM016S
111

Completed Project
WM002G; November, 2005 to May, 2006
Determination and Evaluation of Run-off Water Quality in Kuwait

*A. Al-Haddad, T. Rashid, H. Bhandary and R. Crasta
Introduction
Public use of mains water has become an inefficient and unsustainable practice in many countries. The demand
for clean water is increasingly outweighing supply. Water authorities are being forced to place greater
extraction demands on river and groundwater systems, as well as desalination plants and distribution
infrastructure. Although the collection of rainwater for potable purposes is an ancient practice and is
widespread in many parts of the world today, this system has largely been viewed as a black box. A field
study was carried out to determine the quality and quantity of run-off water at selected areas in Kuwait. The
rainwater and run-off samples were studied in four areas; these were roofs of a house and a KISR building in
Rumethiya and Shuwaikh, as well as in Umm Al-Aish and Rawdhatain areas.
Methods
Rainwater and run-off samples were collected from these areas and analyzed for chemical {total dissolved
solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), major cations and anions, organic; total organic carbon (TOC)}
and bacterial (total coliform and fecal coliform bacteria) parameters.
Findings
x Laboratory results revealed that the first cycle of rain gave the highest values for the studied parameters
for all locations.
x This processed water can be used without any treatment for applications such as agricultural and washing
purposes.
x High levels of salts and organic matter were detected in the run-off samples from Umm Al-Aish area,
especially near the oil lakes.
x The rainfall data and the catchment areas were used to estimate the run-off volume for sites studied. The
average run-off rates were found to be 1.67 E-5 m3/s, 2.24 E-4 m3/s, 3.0 E-2 m3/s and 5.3 E-1 m3/s, for
Rumethiya, Shuwaikh, Umm Al-Aish and Rawdhatain areas, respectively.
Conclusions
In general, both the rainwater and the run-off samples need to be treated before use for drinking. The
treatments include removing the dust and sand particles as well as water disinfection. The total run-off values
for seven days of rain ranged between 0.03 m3 and 0.15 m3, between 0.36 m3 and 2.02 m3, between 56.5 m3 and
314.6 m3 and between 864 m3 and 4752 m3 for Rumethiya, Shuwaikh, Umm Al-Aish and Rawdhatain areas,
respectively.
*ahadad@safat.kisr.edu.kw
112
Applications
The results of the study will be useful for environmental projects.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for financial support (KD 5,320). The cooperation
of Environment Department, especially Dr. Ashraf Ramadan, in providing rainfall data is gratefully
acknowledged.
1. T. Rashid, A. Al-Haddad, E. Ebrahim, M. Farhan, H. Bhandary and F. Marzouk. (2008). Characteristics

and Evaluation of Urban Rainwater at Kuwait. Kuwait Journal of Science and Engineering; 35(2A):127146. KISR Report 8377.
2. A. Al-Haddad, T. Rashid, E. Ebrahim, M. Farhan, F. Marzouk and H. Bhandary. Evaluation of runoff
quality in residential area, Kuwait. Second Scientific Meeting of the Geographic Society for the GCC
countries, 27-28 March, 2007, Kuwait. KISR Report 8404
3. A. Al-Haddad, T. Rashid, E. Ebrahim, M. Farhan, F. Marzouk and H. Bhandary. Assessment of Rainwater
and Run-off Quality from Government Buildings, Kuwait. WSTA 8th Gulf Water Conference Water in the
GCC towards an Optimal Planning and Economic Perspective, 3-6 March, 2008, Bahrain. KISR Report
8801.
WM002G
113

Completed Project
WM003G; June, 2006 to February, 2007
Removal of Ammonium Nitrogen from Contaminated Saline Groundwater

*E. Azrag and K. Al-Fahad
Introduction
The Project was initiated by the Petrochemical Industries Company (PIC) in response to a need to clean up
their polluted groundwater. The objectives of the project were met by constructing and testing a prototype
treatment system to remove ammonium nitrogen from contaminated saline groundwater located underneath the
PIC site.
Methods
The first phase of the work involved laboratory experiments with simple bench-scale setups and locally built
units for aeration of samples of contaminated groundwater from the PIC. Bench scale experiments were
designed to screen available ammonia removal techniques on bench reactors. In most experiments, the reactors
used were 1 or 2 l conical flasks. Sample volume ranged from 0.5 to 2 l for the bench-scale setups and from 2
to 15 l for single-column treatment units. Laboratory testing concluded with adoption of the aeration of heated
groundwater technique through which removal efficiency can be as high as 99% in residence times greater
than 20 min.
A prototype treatment unit was designed and constructed as a Continuous-Flow Treatment Reactor [CFTR]
with 12 columnar cells was capable of treating up to 600 l/h of contaminated groundwater in continuous flow
mode. Field tests of this prototype unit confirmed removal efficiency in the range of 85 to 98% when operating
at temperatures of 65 to 80oC and a groundwater influent rate of 240 l/h with an average concentration of 1200
ppm ammonium nitrogen.
Findings
x Laboratory testing determined the aeration of heated groundwater technique as the best and most efficient
approach for the removal of high concentrations of aqueous ammonia gas from saline groundwater. In the
controlled laboratory environment, the removal efficiency was as high as 99% with residence times higher
than 20 min.
x The system adopted can produce good removal efficiencies, a minimum of 85%, with the proper control of
air-flow and temperature. To significantly reduce the capital and running costs, it is recommended that
steam heating be used, if it is available in the PIC.
Conclusions
Research concluded with design of a treatment module that can be constructed from materials available in the
local market in Kuwait.
*elfadil@azrag.net
114
Applications
Based on the success of the pilot study, the commencement of construction on a permanent treatment system
through a joint PIC-KISR applied research project was recommended.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for financial support (KD 12,590) and acknowledge
the cooperation of the staff of Petrochemical Industries Company in this study.
WM003G
115

Completed Project
WM004G; August, 2006 to February, 2007
Investigations on the Distribution of Pollutants in the Groundwater of Kuwait

*A. Al-Haddad, H. Al-Qallaf, H. Bhandary, A. Bushehri, B. Al- Salman and R. Crasta
Introduction
Dissolved gases such as hydrogen sulfide and ammonia in significant concentration are known to be present in
the groundwater of Kuwait where the total dissolved solids (TDS) content exceeds 10,000 mg/l. The high
concentration of toxic gases in the pumped groundwater can create health and environmental hazards. A
research study was carried out to determine the aerial distribution of the groundwater pollutants in the twenty
four dewatering sites in Kuwait. Data regarding the coordinates and depths of the groundwater at the
dewatering sites were collected.
Methods
Data were collected regarding the coordinates and depths of the groundwater at the dewatering sites. Field
parameters {(scale for acidity-alkalinity (pH)}, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO),
oxidation-reduction potential (ORB), temperature and chlorine were determined. Representative groundwater
samples were collected and analyzed for chemical (major cations, anions and hydrogen suphide), biological
(BOD), organic (TOC, COD) and bacterial parameters (heterotrophic bacteria counts, total coliform bacteria,
faecal coliform bacteria, E. coli bacteria, streptococci faecal bacteria and sulfate reducing bacteria). Also, field
measurements of hydrogen sulfide concentrations in the air and water samples were conducted during the
study.
Findings
x The hydrogen sulfide concentrations in the groundwater were 0.0-64 mg/l.
x The pH, ORB and DO values for the groundwater ranged between 5.9 and 7.6; between 154 mv and -323
mv, between 0.0 mg/l and 6.5 mg/l, respectively.
x Field parameters indicated that saline groundwater containing hydrogen sulfide and other pollutants was
associated with acidic and reduced environments where sulfate and hydrogen sulfide are the most stable
forms of sulfur compounds.
x Laboratory analysis suggested that the groundwater in the study area is generating of hydrogen sulphide
through biological reactions in the presence of sulphate reducing bacteria.
x Bacterial analysis revealed absence of salmonella, and presence of large heterotrophic bacteria counts,
total coliform bacteria and fecal bacteria. The groundwater was characterized by three water types: sodium
sulfate, sodium chloride and calcium chloride.
x High levels of nutrients (nitrate, ammonia and phosphate) and high values of COD, BOD and TOC are
present in the groundwater.
116
x The high concentration of sulfate ions in the groundwater (1600 and 4500 mg/l) in the study areas suggest
that sulfate may act as source for the generation of hydrogen sulfide through biological reactions in the
presence of sulfate reducing bacteria.
x Coliform bacteria, E.coli bacteria and faecal streptococci were found in the groundwater samples collected
from the upper Kuwait Group aquifer. The presence of sewage bacteria indicated that the groundwater is
contaminated by sewage surface activities at some dewatering sites.
Conclusions
In general, the groundwaters at the dewatering sites are either polluted with hydrogen sulfide, nutrients or with
sewage bacteria.
Applications
The results of the study will be useful for environmental projects.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for financial support (KD 12,000).
A. Al-Haddad, H. Al-Qallaf, H. Bhandary and E. Ebrahim. Studies on Microbiological Distribution in the

Groundwater in the Residential Areas, Kuwait. First Conference on Public Works, 13-15 November, 2007,
Kuwait. KISR Report 8723.
WM004G
117

Completed Project
WM005G; July, 2007 to March, 2008
Effectiveness of House Water Filters in Improving the Quality of

Potable Water
*A. Al-Haddad, A. Bushehri, T. Rashid, H. Al-Qallaf, H. Bhandary and R. Crasta
Introduction
Utilization of water filters in houses is considered one of the important methods to obtain clean and healthy
water for different purposes inside the house. A laboratory study was carried out to determine the best house
water filter with respect to cost, volume of treated water produced and effectiveness in improving the quality
of potable water. Six types of filters were tested for four months during August November 2007. These were
central sand filter, five micron cartridge filter, ceramic filter, carbon block filter, UV sterilization unit and
reverse osmosis combined filters.
Methods
Water samples were collected upstream and downstream of each type of water filter. These samples were
analyzed for water parameters such as acidity-alkalinity (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved
solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, total organic carbon (TOC), chlorine concentration and
bacteria indicators (total bacteria counts, heterotrophic bacteria counts, total coliform, fecal coliform bacteria,
E. coli, Salmonella and fecal streptococcus). The capacity of treated water produced by each type of tested
filter was measured.
Findings
x Laboratory results indicated that inlet water had low salinity (TDS value 275 438 mg/l), low TSS (0-7
mg/l), chlorine (0.130.78 mg/l) contents and high content of bacteria (1-1212 mpn/100ml).
x Preliminary results indicated that the membrane of the RO combined filters was exposed to severe damage
by the residual chlorine in the water, rendering the membrane unable to reduce water salinity effectively;
presence of high total bacteria counts in the filtered water, led to exclusion of this type of filter from the
study.
x A biological slime layer formed at the surfaces of cartridge filters, and produced high values of TSS and
bacteria in the filtrate samples.
x Values of pH, EC, TDS, TOC and chlorine are slightly affected by the water filters.
x Large volumes of treated water were produced with sand filters compared to the other types of filters. This
type of filter produced high values of TSS and bacteria in the filtrate samples.
118
Conclusions
The results of the study indicated that the best type of house water filter was the five micron filter on the basis
of installation cost, water production capacity, need for electricity, and improvements in water parameters such
as TSS and bacteria.
Applications
Application of the best house filter (five micron filter) will help in production of clean and healthy water and
save money for the public.
Acknowledgements
WM005G
119

Completed Project
WM006G; January, 2008 to March, 2008
Selection of Suitable Sites for the Implementation of Artificial Recharge in

Kuwait using Geographical Information System Technology
*A. Mukhopadhyay and A. Fadlemawala
Introduction
Artificial recharge of aquifers can be used in Kuwait for creation of strategic storage of usable water that can
relieve load on the desalination plants during high demand seasons and meet the needs of residents in an
emergency. The method has been demonstrated to be both technically feasible and economically viable in
Kuwait. A hydrogeological database for Kuwait was recently developed by Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research (KISR). The database could be accessed and managed by the ARCGIS software system. The aim of
the activity was to select suitable areas for artificial groundwater recharge in Kuwait using Geographical
Information System (GIS) technology taking advantage of this database.
Methods
Hydrogeological and operational criteria for the suitability of an aquifer for artificial recharge were established
based on field experiments carried out by KISR and Ministry of Electricity and Water, and numerical modeling
study. These criteria were used in building Structured Query Language (SQL) queries within the ARCGIS
software system to delineate areas where the two target aquifers in Kuwait, namely, the Kuwait Group and the
Dammam Formation, have suitable combinations of aquifer properties and operational advantages for artificial
recharge. The delineated areas were further graded on a suitability scale of 1 to 4 (least suitable to most
suitable) depending on the degree to which the areas have the preferred combination of the hydrogeologic
parameters.
Findings
One site near Kabd area in central Kuwait was selected for recharge in the Dammam Formation aquifer.
x For the Kuwait Group aquifer, three areas were delineated as suitable. The most favorable of these sites
was the Mutla area, followed by the Sulaibiya area, both in central Kuwait.
x The least favorable area was located to the southwest of the Raudhatain freshwater field in north Kuwait.
Conclusions
On-ground verification of the selected areas in case of current use for other activities, actual existence and
distance of water conveying pipelines and electrical network and practical considerations like topographic
constraints should be undertaken before final selection of one of these areas for pilot scale recharge. Surface
geophysical investigations for evaluating the feasibility of detailed aquifer characterization and detection of
movement of injected water around injection wells should be undertaken as planned with these methods. This
may help further in the final selection of the most suitable site for the pilot scale recharge study in Kuwait.
*amukhop@safat.kisr.edu.kw
120
Applications
The sites selected as suitable for recharge will be further evaluated using surface geophysical techniques for
the selection of an optimal site for pilot scale recharge experiment.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for financial support of KD 4,500.
WM006G
121

Ongoing Projects
Long-Term Monitoring and Remediation Plan for Hydrocarbon Pollutants in the
Groundwater of Raudhatain and Umm Al-Aish Fields
Project code: WM016C
Duration: September, 2004 to August, 2009
Sponsor(s): Ministry of Electricity and Water
Budget: KD 159,340
Project leader: A. Akber
Email address: aakbar@safat.kisr.edu.kw
Development of Decision-Support Maps for Groundwater Protection in Kuwait

Duration: October, 2006 to March, 2009
Budget: KD 79,660
Project leader: A. Fadlemawala
Email address: afadl@safat.kisr.edu.kw
Evaluation of Quantity and Quality of Groundwater Seepage to Kuwait Bay

Budget: KD 102,430
Project leader: A. Fadlemawala
Email address: afadl@safat.kisr.edu.kw
Evaluation of Groundwater Contamination from Sewage Network in Kuwait City

Duration: September, 2007 to February, 2009
Budget: KD 60,080
Project leader: A. Akber
Email address: aakbar@safat.kisr.edu.kw
Assessment of Polar and Non-Polar Materials in the Groundwater of Raudhatain, Umm

Al-Aish and KNPC Refinery Areas
Project code: WM007G
Duration: December, 2008 to May, 2009
Budget: KD 11,850
Project leader: T. Abdul-Rashid
Email address: trashed@safat.kisr.edu.kw
www.kisr.edu.kw
122
Department of Water Technologies

Mission
To investigate, establish and promote applied technologies for water desalination taking
into consideration energy, environmental and financial factors. Support conventional
desalination by encompassing complimentary activities in the field of wastewater research,
aiming to explore methods to offer technical solutions for the limitations of water resources
in the region and to address a problem that is becoming an international concern.
Objectives
x Identify, develop and adapt advanced technologies that are economically feasible for water
desalination and treatment of urban and industrial wastewater
x Investigate under special topics hybrid and integrated water desalination processes and advanced
membrane applications for wastewater
x Promote research on non-conventional advanced feed water pretreatment technologies for application
to seawater desalination plants
x Improve process performance and utilization of existing Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) plants with the aim
of improving cost effectiveness
x Study new methodologies for treatment of oil-produced brine with focus on possibilities of
rehabilitation of the associated water and environmentally safe disposal of salts and other
contaminants
x Establish reference technical standards for water desalination and wastewater treatment
x Conduct studies to evaluate the economic status of existing technologies for water desalination and
wastewater treatment and investigate feasibility and financial impact of alternative methodologies for
application under local and regional conditions
www.kisr.edu.kw
123

Staff Members
Department Manager
Dr. Yousef Al-Wazzan

Dr. Essam El-DinFarag El-Sayed

Dr. Abdalla Abdelgadir Abusam
Dr. Ghada Mubarak Al-Nowaibit
Dr. Saud Bali Al-Shammari
Dr. Bader Shafaq Al-Anezi
Mr. Ali Abdulkarim Al-Odwani
Associate Research Specialist

Mr. Sameer Ebrahim Ahmed Bou-Hamad
Ms. Maha Attallah Shadha
www.kisr.edu.kw
125
127
dealing with production and quality of bottled water produced from beachwells, projects focused upon
wastewater and sludge treatment (WT020C and WT021C), and desalination (WT023C). A new
contracted project is underway (WT024P) utilizing nanotechnology to upgrade the properties of
polypropylene that is being produced in Kuwait by EQUATE/PIC and which will also be used for the
development of membranes related to desalination applications. The Department actively collaborated
with other divisions at KISR in executing three research projects and two that are on-going; PC009C
(using gamma-irradiated polypropylene to control the degradation of polyolefinic blends) and TQ011C
(impact assessment of restructuring the prices of water in the state of Kuwait). Three consultancies and
services completed during this period include WT004S (assessing a water treatment unit), WT005S (a
continuation of WT008K on Kadhmah bottled water), and WT006S (conducting an initial review of the
status of all Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW) plants to gain basic technical knowledge and first
impression of the physical status of the existing units).
In the reporting period the Department published 13 papers in refereed journals, 30 papers in proceedings
of conferences and symposia, 16 progress reports and nine technical reports. The Department is currently
planning to organize an International Conference on the Renewable Energies to be held in Kuwait in
2010. In the area of infrastructure development, WTD is actively participating in the preparation of the
final design for the new Centre of Excellence for Water in Kuwait in accord with the newly developed
organizational structure of KISR.
In 20062008 the Department received the entire budget requested for its research activities, and attracted
additional funding for research projects from Kuwait Foundation for Advancement of Science,
Environment Protection Authority, Kuwait Oil Company, and ZENON, to make a grand total of
KD 1,275,372.
Human resources development during this period included two scholarship recipients gaining PhD
degrees in Chemical Engineering, and one recipient gaining MSc in Mechanical Engineering prior to PhD
study.
The Department manages and operates two research centers, one for desalination at Doha East Power
Station, and another for wastewater at Sulaibiya Data Monitoring Center (DMC) area. Significant
improvements in the infrastructure consist of rehabilitation of the building, including offices, research
laboratories, construction of new offices, and upgraded electrical power through installation of an electric
generator, to overcome continuous power failures at the Sulaibiya site. One of the fruits of the
Department's long-standing commitment to applied research in reverse osmosis desalination was the
highly successful installation and operation of the production line of Kadhmah bottled water, produced
from beachwells, which KISR is planning to upgrade to a commercial scale under the newly developed
organizational structure.
www.kisr.edu.kw
128

Completed Project
WT006C; February, 2003 to October, 2006
Development of Seawater Pretreatment Applications Using ZEEWEED

Membranes
*E. El-Sayed, M. Al-Tabtabaei and A. Al-Misri
Department of Water Technologies, Water Resources Division,
Introduction
Ultrafiltration (UF) is a membrane-based technology proven to be effective in removing particulate and
colloidal matter; hence, it holds great potential as pretreatment for seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plants.
This study was specifically focused on a hollow fiber type of UF membrane process, known as ZEEWEED
(ZW). The study was conducted under a cooperation agreement between GE Water and Process Technologies
(formerly ZENON Environmental Inc.) and the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR). The primary
objective of the study was to examine, validate, and demonstrate the feasibility of the ZW-UF membrane
technology as pretreatment in SWRO plants.
Methods
The experimental setup was identified as ZW-RO1 and MMF-RO2. The total experimental duration lasted a
little less than 1,000 days; however, actual useful testing for the evaluation and comparison between ZW-RO1
and MMF-RO2 lasted 224 days; during which both systems were run under comparable conditions at three
different SWRO permeate fluxes averaging at 15, 20 and 30 l/m2/h.
Findings
x Recorded operating parameters confirmed reliability of all tests and results.
x Achieving steady operation of the ZW-UF is not easy and requires continuous monitoring and adjustment.
However, quite steady operation was reached for considerable periods of time. During the full period of
operation, ZW membrane flux fluctuated between 19 and 64 lmh with an average at 30 lmh while TMP
was varying between 13 to 70 kpa with an average around 38 kpa. The permeation and backpulse times
were mostly at 12 min and 60 sec, respectively. The corresponding membrane permeability measured
between 0.3-2.6 lmh/kpa with an average of 0.8 lmh/kpa. The overall average filtrate recovery was around
86%.
*esayed@kisr.edu.kw
129
Methodology was based on quantifying the benefits of ZW-UF pretreatment in terms of SWRO performance
gains in comparison to the conventional coagulation flocculation multimedia filtration (MMF) pretreatment.
The work plan started with setting up of a pilot plant comprised RIWZRSUHWUHDWPHQWXQLWV=HH:HHG
and MMF; and two identical SWRO units. Seawater feed was sourced from surface seawater without prefiltration or preconditioning. Test parameters included seawater feed temperature and turbidity; ZW
permeation time between back-pulse cycles, back pulse duration, membrane permeability and trans-membrane
pressure; and SWRO membrane flux.
x ZW-UF filtrate turbidity was maintained below 1 NTU throughout with an overall average around 0.2
NTU. Optimized filtrate silt density index (SDI) averaged mostly at or below 2. The MMF filtrate SDI, on
the other hand, remained well above 3.5 most of the time and even above 5 occasionally, which sometimes
caused complete shutdown of RO2.
x Results of SWRO performance in terms of recovery and salt rejection indicated that at permeate fluxes
above 20 l/m2/h, performance of RO1 was better and much more stable than that of RO2. Large
fluctuations in both recovery and salt rejection were evident for RO2. Furthermore, SWRO performance in
terms of membrane cleaning frequHQF\DQGRYHUDOOV\VWHPVDYDLODELOLW\FRQILUPHGWKHDGYDQWDJHVRIWKH
ZW over MMF. Over the full duration of the testing period, a total of 3 membrane cleaning procedures
with an overall availability of 89.5% were recorded for RO1 versus a total of 11 times membrane cleaning
procedures and overall availability of 77.8% were recorded for RO2.
Conclusions
A comparison of the overall product water unit costs estimated for different SWRO plant sizes was presented
for three cases: (i) beachwell intake (as a reference case), (ii) conventional MMF pretreatment, and (iii) ZWUF pretreatment. The comparison showed a slight economic edge of the ZW-UF pretreatment over the
conventional MMF pretreatment. However, the reference case of the beachwell intake incurred the lowest
overall product water costs for obvious reasons.
Applications
Latest RO pretreatment trends indicate departure from conventional coagulation filtration towards UF
membrane pretreatment. This is true for SWRO desalination and for RO desalination of saline waters from
other sources. Based on this study, the Ministry of Electricity and Water of Kuwait has taken into
FRQVLGHUDWLRQ .,65V UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ WR PRGLI\ WHFKQLFDO VSHFLILFDWLRQV IRU WKH QHZ 0,*' 6:52 DW
Shuwaikh to use advanced UF pretreatment technology instead of the conventional MMF. Other examples of
ODUJHVFDOHFRPPHUFLDODSSOLFDWLRQRI8)PHPEUDQHSUHWUHDWPHQWDUHDWKH.XZDLWV6XODLEL\DZDVWHZDWHU
treatment plant, designed for an initial daily capacity of 375,000 m and for expansion up to 600,000 m/d in
WKH IXWXUHXVLQJ8) SUHWUHDWPHQW IRU ILQDO SROLVKLQJ EHIRUH WKH 52 V\VWHP E WKH-DSDQV )XNXRND6:52
50,000 m3G SODQW HPSOR\LQJ 8) DV SUHWUHDWPHQW F WKH H[SDQVLRQ RI 6DXGL $UDELDV -HGGDK SRUW 6:52
plant from 14,000 to 40,500 m3/d using UF membrane to replace its original pretreatment system; and (d) the
DWWHPSWWRUHFWLI\WKHSUREOHPVDW%DKUDLQV$GGXU6:52P3/d plant through the introduction of UF
process as pretreatment to the RO system.
Acknowledgements
Financial and in-NLQG FRQWULEXWLRQV RI ERWK =(121 DQG .,65 DUH DFNQRZOHGJHG WKH SURMHFWV WRWDO EXGJHW
was KD 132,140, of which ZENON contributed KD 9,500 cash for operating expenses. In addition ZENON
contributed the sum of KD 119,200 as in-kind capital.

E. El-Sayed, M. Al-Tabtabaei and A. Balkwill. Advanced pretreatment for seawater reverse osmosis plants
using ultrafiltration membranes. Symposium Proceedings, Towards Innovative Desalination and Energy
production in Kuwait. KFAS, Kuwait, December 9-11, 2007.
WT006C
130

Completed Project
WT014C; October, 2004 to September, 2006
Application of Microfiltration Techniques for Primary and

Secondary Treated Wastewater
*S. BouHamad1, M. Abdel-Jawad1, A. Al-Saffar1, N. Abdel-Malek2, A. Al-Sairafi1,
H. Al-Naser1 and M. Al-Rageeb1
1
2
Department of Water Technologies, Water Resourses Division,

Department of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Introduction
Continuous microfiltration submerged membrane system (CMF-S) is an effective treatment process for the
removal of particles and pathogens from wastewater. The water produced using this technique is expected to
have good, stable quality. Such product water could be used for greenery and irrigation or indirect human uses.
Moreover, its use would eliminate many conventional unit processes and, consequently, reduce the cost of
wastewater treatment drastically.
The project aims are: 1) to evaluate the use of MF with submerged membranes as a treatment technique for
treating primary and secondary wastewater effluents for reuse under prevalent conditions of Kuwait, and
2) assess the economic viability of utilizing MF treatment for wastewater reuse.
The CMF-S system was tested using secondary and primary treated wastewater as feed to the system at Riqqa
wastewater treatment plant. The CMF-S was operated in direct flow mode. Microfiltration is a fine filtration
process using a polypropylene membrane filter to remove particles greater than 0.2 microns from a feed stream.
The MEMCOR CMF-S process utilizes hollow fiber membranes to provide a self-cleaning system which can
maintain high flow rates by use of a combined air scour and liquid backwash cycle. The membranes are
DVVHPEOHG WR IRUP D VXE PRGXOH 7KH &0)-S unit is fitted with four sub modules suspended within a
0HPEUDQH7DQN7KH0HPEUDQH7DQNLVILOOHGZLWKIHHGZDWHUWRMXVWDERYHWKHWRSVRIWKHVXEPRGXOHVWKH
inside, (filtrate side), of the membranes are then placed under suction by the filtrate pump. Filtration takes
place from the outer surface of the fiber to the hollow inner core. Feed liquid passes through the porous wall of
the fibers and suspended matter remains on the feed side. This filtration process removes solids larger than
approximately 0.2 microns; bacteria are typically larger than about 1.0 micron. As deposits build up on the
fibres, filtration flow resistance increases resulting in a drop in filtration flow rate. To reduce the flow
resistance and restore the filtration flow rate the membrane is backwashed. During backwash, filtration is
stopped and air is applied to the outside of the fibers. A small amount of filtrate is pushed through the fibers
(from inside to out) to further remove deposits from the outer surface of the fibers. The tank is then drained to
transport any dislodged deposits to the backwash drain lines. The tank is then refilled with feed prior to
commencing filtration. Feedwater enters the bottom of each cell via a central feed channel, and then passes
over and around the microporous hollow fiber membranes. Clean water is drawn through the membrane wall
by suction pump into the center of each fiber. Filtrate flow passes from the top of each filtration module rack to
a filtrate pump, which incorporates a variable speed drive to enable flow control and passes under pressure to
filtrate tank.
*sbohamad@kisr.edu.kw
131
Methods
Findings
x The average removal efficiencies of CMF-S for biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen
demand (COD) was 62.80% and 54.86% respectively.
x An average silt density index (SDI) value of 3.0% was achieved at an optimal backwash interval of 25 min
when using secondary treated wastewater as a feed.
x Based on operating experience, performance data, chemical and electrical consumption, capital and other
operating costs, a techno-economic evaluation was performed in collaboration with the Techno-Economics
Division (TED) at KISR. The main findings of this evaluation showed that the CMF-S system is a costeffective system for secondary wastewater treatment when compared with the secondaryand primary
conventional treatment system currently in place. The total unit water cost by CMF-S for a large
commercial plant (with a capacity of 120,000 m3/d) is estimated to be 132 fils/m3 compared to 165 fils/m3
for the conventional secondary wastewater treatments respectively.
Conclusions
The overall results of this project indicate that the CMF-S technique is capable of treating primary and
secondary treated wastewater under the conditions prevalent in Kuwait.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research and the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of
Sciences for financial support (KD 49,500). The total budget was KD 92,407.
1. S. Bou-hamad, M. Abdel-Jawad, A. Al-Saffar, N. Abdel-Malik and A. Al-Sairafi. Application of

Microfiltration Techniques for Primary and Secondary Treated Wastewater, KISR Report 8772.
2. S. Bou-Hamad, A. Al-Saffar and A. Al-Sairafi. Treatment of Wastewater using Mcirofiltration Submerged
Membranes. 10th World Filtration Congress, April 14-18, 2008, Leipzig, Germany.
WT014C
132

Completed Project
WT007C; February, 2006 to July, 2007
Present and Future Wastewater Quantities and Reuse Demand in Kuwait

A. M. Shahalam, *S. Al-Shammari, A. Abusam and H. Al-Naser
Introduction
The present study is mainly focused on gathering information to document important basic data related to
wastewater generation and demand for reuse in Kuwait. The available data were supplemented with data
collected from certain areas where available data were found to be inadequate. These areas are household
water use versus socioeconomic factors associated with individual household, water use in major and minor
commercial establishments, water use at housing complexes and water use and wastewater generation in main
petrochemical and non-petrochemical industries.
Methods
The basic sources of data were regular publications from government, governmentassociated and private
organizations in Kuwait. Unpublished data from the aforementioned sources were collected through personal
communication with responsible staff members of the organizations. Data from published and contact sources
were supplemented with data collection through field surveys. The field survey data included information
provided by sample industries, commercial establishments and individual households.
For domestic water, the Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW) records published annually through the
SXEOLFDWLRQ:DWHUZHUHH[WHQVLYHO\XWLOL]HG,QDGGLWLRQWRGDWDIURP0(:DILHOGVXUYH\ZDVFRQGXFWHGRQ
selected households in various areas of Nuzha, Sabah Al-Salem, Adan, Salmiya, Kaifan, Adiliya, Khaldiya,
Andalus, Rehab, Ardiya and Firdous to study variations in water use rate with dwelling type, number of
inhabitants, family income, educational level, social status, location, etc. This information was related
statistically to differential rate of wastewater generation by households. Household water use data were
collected by meter reading and interviews with adult members of households.
Findings
The outcome of the study was mainly data generation related to management of wastewater resources in
Kuwait:
x The population of the State of Kuwait is increasing at a new rate since 1992 and the expected population
by years 2010 and 2020 are 3.4 and 4.5 million.
x Total water consumption per person in 2005 was about 605 l/p/d. The rate is high and it grades Kuwait as
one of the highest countries for water use per capita in the world.
*sshamari@kisr.edu.kw
133
Questionnaires were directed to industries asking for voluntary information on location, type of industry,
source of water supply, rate of water use, wastewater generation, type of wastewater treatment if any, and the
potential of reuse of reclaimed treated effluent.
x A 2004 water balance indicated that nearly 17% of total wastewater influent is lost from treatment plants
including Reverse Osmosis (RO) reject wastewater in treatment systems.
x Past water use trend indicated total freshwater need in years 2010, 2020 and 2030 to be 1.88, 2.92 and
4.32 million m3/d, respectively.
x Data based projection of wastewater generation in Kuwait in 2010, 2020 and 2030 were 0.99, 1.53 and
2.27 mill m3/d, respectively, while it recorded only 0.55 mill m3/d in 2005.
x From the data on the selected socio-economic factors and total per capita water use, it appeared that the
factors of household size and water use for lawns were more sensitive to the amount of water use per
person per day.
x Data based wastewater projection indicated that about 1.5 mill m3/d wastewater would be generated by
year 2020.
x The ratio of wastewater generation to gross treated wastewater effluent was about 0.525.
x By 2020 about 0.5 mill m3/d wastewater in excess of present capacity of treatment would need
introduction or modification of a new facility for treatment.
x Reuse demand for Treated Wastewater Effluent (TWE) until 2020 appeared to be mainly in the areas of
farming.
x A scheme of constructing two new plants at Wafra and Abdally, maintaining present plants at Jahra, Riqqa
and Sulaibiya at their planned maximum capacities appeared to be a good approach. Based on a 30-year
working life, the expected annual cost was about KD 198 million per year for treatment and transport of
TWE to farming areas.
x Building groundwater storage in underground aquifers utilizing refined wastewater effluent appears to be
viable considering excellent quality of effluent produced in Sulaibiya advanced wastewater treatment
plant.
x Searching through alternatives utilizing a planning tool (Transport model), the results indicate that the
partial decentralization of treatment facilities might be the least costly option in wastewater resource
management for agricultural use.
Applications
Engineers, scientists and consultants working in the area of wastewater management will benefit from the data
presented in this report. Particularly, Government and private agencies in Kuwait will benefit from the
findings of the study.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the financial support of Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KD 59,580) and
the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KD 16,730) for the project (total budget was
KD 76,310).
WT007C
134

Completed Project
WT019C; April, 2006 to March, 2008
Treatment of Oil-Produced Saline Water for Cost-Effective Water Recovery and

its Sustainable Use; Phase I
*E. El-Sayed, M. Al-Tabtabaei, M. Safar, M. Al-Shammiri, S. Bou-Hamad, M. Ahmed, A. Al-Mesri,
H. Al-Jabli and A. Al-Saffar
Introduction
Oil-produced water, often referred to as produced water or co-produced water, is by far the largest volume
byproduct in oil production operations and is considered a major waste stream. The source of oil-produced
water is primarily due to the flow of naturally occurring water from within the subsurface formations and may
include flow from injected fluids used to enhance oil production. The volume of oil-produced water from
conventional oil reservoirs increases over the lifetime of the reservoirs with respect to the volume of oil
produced.
Managing, treating and disposing of this water is an extremely difficult and costly challenge because of its
complex characteristics; e.g., 13-25% salt concentration. The Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) needs to be
prepared to handle such waste streams in an economical, efficient and environmentally acceptable manner.
This study is the first attempt to seek treatment systems; technically and economically feasible and least
harmful to the environment. It attempts to predict performances and determine whether it has potential on a
laboratory-scale. Furthermore, this study serves as a baseline for future research and development needs.
Understanding the characteristics of the oil-produced saline water is a fundamental prerequisite for the
development of suitable treatment technologies. This includes insight on the potential of scale formation under
RUGLQDU\ RSHUDWLQJ FRQGLWLRQV RI NQRZQ WUHDWPHQW WHFKQRORJLHV $ VWUDWHJ\ IRU DVVHVVPHQW RI WHFKQRORJLHV
potential was adopted based on identifying the practical operating envelopes and maximum working limits for
known desalination technologies with respect to the physiochemical characteristics of the oil-produced water.
Feasibility was explored by simple computations and provisional features of alternative solutions were
obtained for eight base systems of 15 alternative solutions. Finally, trial tests of the potential systems were
performed on a laboratory scale.
Findings
x Chemical and physical properties of the oil-produced saline water from three different locations in the
northern, southern and south-western zones of Kuwait were monitored over a period of about 21 months to
establish a physiochemical profile for KOC oil-produced saline water. Chemical characteristics of the
oil-produced water varied widely among the three locations. The challenge and difficulty arose from the
extremely high concentration of the dissolved salts that reached about 25%.
*esayed@kisr.edu.kw
135
Methods
x Domination by sodium chloride of the salt made possible an acceptable simpler approach in modeling
desalination devices and processes. This was achieved by using known thermodynamic and transport
properties of NaCl aqueous solutions with concentrations from 0 to saturation.
x The probability of calcium or magnesium scales to form and precipitate in the oil-produced saline water
from all three locations at temperatures up to 90oC was very low. The low levels of pH, sulfate and
bicarbonate in these waters were factors working favorably against scale formation. However, the
relatively high barium content was likely to induce formation of barium sulfate scale.
x The concept of zero liquid discharge is a powerful concept for desalination in general, but still needs both
fundamental and applied research for improved desalting efficiency and cost effectiveness. Systems
surveyed for zero liquid discharge included eight systems of 15 alternative solutions.
x Simple computations showed higher work requirement per unit feed than that of conventional seawater
desalting for all the solutions surveyed that attempt to recover pure water. The same trend is expected for
cost, given the market value of fuel used.
x Five systems leading to zero liquid discharge were modeled for performance in relation to cost analysis.
The five systems have as their basis: air humidification and dehumidification, vapor compression, thermocompression, membrane separation by selective membranes and indirect freezing separation. Specific
energy consumption and product unit cost for each case was obtained.
x Initial trial tests were conducted on continuous indirect freezing, nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis
(RO) membranes; i) in continuous indirect freezing, the overall recovery and salt rejection from a twostage process were 55% and 74%, respectively, ii) the behavior of the NF membranes using saline water
with concentration varying from 250 to 35 g/kg was revealed. Permeate recovery increased gradually
from zero to more than 40% as the concentration dropped, and salt rejection appeared to increase in a
similar way, iii) major differences in NaCl retention by NF membranes revealed that it is important that a
range of commercially available NF membranes should be tested first to select the most suitable for the
type of application under consideration, and iv) currently available RO membranes can only be used either
as a bottoming process in an integrated system with other front systems taking care of the treatment in the
high concentration range, or in one of the systems presented involving dumping to the sea. Need for a new
generation RO membrane that could withstand pressures greater than 250 bar was evident.
Conclusions
Zero liquid discharge is a powerful and beneficial concept in dealing with the present situation with regard to
treatment, purification and desalination of oil-produced saline water if performed both economically and in a
way friendly to the environment. Current technologies have their limitations, which make them unable to
deliver such performance; new devices and processes capable of operating beyond existing limitations need
to be developed. Development of such new devices and processes may be divided into three categories:
(a) development of basic information where insights can be gained in key areas; (b) development of hightechnology devices such as selective separation membranes including NF and RO, distillation membranes and
forward osmosis membranes; these are vital to the treatment of oil-produced saline water; and (c) development
of low-technology devices such as eutectic freeze crystallization and air humidification and dehumidification
systems consisting of low-technology devices. This study provides bases and starting points for all three
categories.
Acknowledgements
The project was fully funded by Kuwait Oil Company for a total budget of KD 166,744. The authors
acknowledge contributions RIWKHFRQVXOWDQW$GYDQFHG(QHUJ\$QDO\VLV$($ )UHPRQW&DOLIRUQLD86$
in the development of the computer models and programs.

E. El-Sayed and Y. El-Sayed. The advantages and the challenges of zero liquid discharge desalination.
Proceedings, ADST 2007, Sharm El-Sheikh. May 7-9, 2007.
WT019C
136

Completed Project
WT009C; June, 2006 to May, 2008
Feasibility of a Non-Submerged Membrane Bioreactor System for

Municipal Wastewater Treatment
*S. Al-Shammari1, S. Bou-Hamad1, A. Al-Saffar1, A. Al-Sairafi1and N. Abdel-Malek2
1
Department of Water Technologies, Water Resources Division and

Department of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Techno-Economics Division,
Introduction
The use of membrane technology for treatment of wastewater has increased in recent years because the
membranes produce a better quality effluent than conventional wastewater treatment methods.
One promising membrane-based approach for treating municipal wastewater is utilization of membrane
filtration within conventional biological treatment processes; this approach is known as the membrane
bioreactor (MBR) system. This relatively new technology combines an activated sludge reactor with a
membrane separation unit to treat wastewater, and, therefore, eliminate the need for a secondary clarifier. A
low-pressure membrane, such as a micro-filtration (MF) or an ultra-filtration (UF) membrane performs the
solids separation. In such a case, the MBR process contains the process elements of secondary, tertiary and
advanced wastewater treatment in a single-unit operation.
Under this project, primary treated wastewater effluent was treated and evaluated using the MBR system.
The main objectives of the study were: 1) to evaluate the efficiency of MBR system in treating primary
wastewater effluent under the prevalent conditions in Kuwait, and 2) to assess the economic viability of
utilizing MBR treatment for wastewater reuse.
Methods
The project was carried out at the Riqqa wastewater treatment plant. The plant is third largest sewage treatment
facility in the State of Kuwait designed and operated using conventional treatment techniques. Its design
capacity is 180,000 m3/d, and it serves a population of 220,000. The plant was constructed in 1982, and
upgraded in 1995.
137
The principal objective of wastewater treatment is to reduce pollutants (solids, dissolved organic and inorganic
compounds) and organisms (pathogenic agents such as bacteria and parasites). To fulfill this objective, a
variety of processes and technologies are available. There are different types of treatment processes available
in the field of wastewater treatment. These are usually classified into two major treatments, i.e., conventional
treatment which includes preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatment, and non-conventional
treatment which includes membrane separation such as reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration and microfiltration.
A skid-mounted MBR system was installed and operated at the Riqqa Wastewater Treatment Plant. In this
system primary effluent feedwater passes through a 100-m screen made from fine stainless steel. The screen
was built with support hangers and is designed to ensure that no large particles enter through the system. Such
particles consist mainly of non-biodegradable solids, such as hair, grit and plastics, which may foul or damage
the membranes if allowed to pass into the bioreactor tank.
The aerobic zone of the MBR included the process air blowers which were installed adjacent to the skid. The
required process air flow was introduced at the bottom of the aerobic zone through air scour distribution header
pipes. After passing through the upstream flow, the mixed liquor transferred by overflow to a suitable buffer
flow tank and then pressurized to an operating pressure in accordance with the membrane's design.
The module array was single stage; the permeate passes through the flushing and/or cleaning tank. The brine
from the UF unit is pumped back to the aerobic zone or discharged to the drain line.
The methods used to analyse the chemical and biological parameters were in accordance with the American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM 1996, a, b, c), and standard methods for the examination of water
and wastewater (APHA, 1989). Physical parameter testing was done in accordance with ASTM procedures,
while the chemical and biological tests were done following American Public Health Association (APHA)
procedures.
Findings
x The membrane bioreactor (MBR) system was efficient in producing a good-quality effluent, and there
were consistent reductions over 93% in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand
(COD), total suspended solids (TSS) and total bacteria counts (TBC).
x The chemical analysis indicates that the MBR system significantly improved the quality of the primary
treated wastewater effluents (significant reduction in PO4, NO3, and NH4).
x The MBR process offers several benefits over conventional treatment including: smaller space
requirements and better solids removal (MBR-TSS removal was 94%).
x The techno-economic study revealed that the MBR system is very cost-effective for treating primary
effluent when compared with conventional systems (the unit cost of the treated wastewater by the MBR is
drastically reduced).
x The MBR system also has the added advantage of producing water of better quality.
Conclusions
Municipal wastewater pretreatment by membrane bioreactor (MBR) is considered to be economically feasible

in Kuwait, irrespective of plant size.
Applications
Wastewater is considered to be an important element in water management in Kuwait. This resource could be
efficiently treated at a reasonable cost and, thereafter, reused in irrigation and landscaping. Based on the MBR
system results, its potential applications are: i) used as treatment technique for small and remote areas to
reduce the treatment loads at the main wastewater treatment plant, ii) used for pre-treatment for RO systems in
the field of wastewater treatment, and iii) added to the currently available wastewater treatment plants to
upgrade the efficiencies of their treatments.
Acknowledgements
7KH DXWKRUV ZRXOG OLNH WR WKDQN .XZDLWV (QYLURQPHQW 3XEOLF $XWKRULW\ (3$ IRU IXQGLQJ WKLV SURMHFW
(KD 38,500). Total budget was KD 84,500. The participation of the Ministry of Public Works (MPW) in the
project by housing its activities is greatly appreciated.
WT009C
138

Completed Project
WT013C; January, 2007 to December, 2008
Development of a Wastewater Quality Database and Assessment of Effluent

Quality for Potential Reuse in Kuwait
*A. Shahalam. A. Al-Haddad, A. Abusam, S. Al-Shammari, H. Al-Naser and H. Safar
Introduction
The State of Kuwait is located in the north east corner of the Arabian Peninsula. Its arid climatic and overall
water condition grades it as one of the severely water stressed countries in the world. It is obvious that the
development of a sound program in Kuwait for reuse and safe disposal of wastewater effluent needs reliable,
comprehensive and easily accessible database on quantity and quality of wastewater. This project was directed
to collect information regarding the quality of wastewater in treatment plants, points of wastewater generation
(civil and industrial) and the points of the reuse of reclaimed water in Kuwait.
This project aimed to develop a unified and comprehensive database on the quantity and quality of treated and
untreated wastewater of municipal and industrial origin in Kuwait, assessing the quality of wastewater from
various sources for possible reuse for present and future development, reviewing the existing local, regional
and international criteria, guidelines and regulations for wastewater treatment, storage, reuse and disposal,
developing a scheme for wastewater quality control and monitoring programs for reuse and/or disposal of
wastewater effluents; and determining the residual pollutants in the treated effluents
The project involved systematic storage of wastewater quality data in a formatted wastewater database. This
study collected wastewater quality data in Kuwait starting on January 1, 2007. These data were from three
main sources: publications and records within Kuwait, available data from international publications and the
results of a wastewater-monitoring program involving survey and collection and analysis of samples from
selected urban and industrial wasteZDWHU VWUHDPV 7KH GDLO\ UHFRUGV RI WUHDWPHQW SODQWV SHUIRUPDQFH ZHUH
collected starting from year 2000 to the present.
In the first step, all available published and unpublished wastewater quality data in municipal and industrial
sectors in Kuwait were collected. In the second step, a sampling and monitoring program was carried out in
municipal and industrial sources of wastewater in Kuwait. The program of the survey and sampling of streams
carried out during this study generated data for 84 (48 urban and 36 industrial) wastewater streams in triplicate
(three sample from each site). Forty four quality parameters were determined for each wastewater sample
collected from a source. Samples were analyzed in three main laboratories of Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research. Cross checks of results from these laboratories were performed at random to check the quality
control and quality assurance of generated data. Two Excel files for industrial and domestic wastewater
laboratory results were prepared as requirements for wastewater database software. These laboratory results
were compared with the international wastewater guidelines, and the best utilization options determined
according to their wastewater quality.
*salam@safat.kisr.edu.kw
139
Methods
Findings
x Presently four main operating wastewater treatment plants (Jahra, Riqqa, Um Al- Himan and Sulaibiya) in
the State of Kuwait treat about 550,000 m3/d of urban and municipal wastewater, about 200,000 m3/d is
treated up to tertiary level in Jahra, Riqqa and Um Al-Himan treatment plants and the rest (350,000 m3/d)
is treated beyond tertiary level applying advanced treatment facilities of microfltration, RO and UV
disinfection.
x At present, tertiary treated wastewater effluent is mainly used for fodder irrigation.
x The treated effluents from Riqqa, Jahra and Um Al-Himan plants are of excellent quality at tertiary level
of treatment and satisfy national and many international requirements for restricted irrigation.
x The treated effluent from Sulaibiya plant is of superior quality with insignificant traces of pollutants and is
suitable for unrestricted irrigation, cooling water, and any other use except uses where prolonged human
body exposure and risk of body intake exist.
x Sulaibiya plant effluent has low levels of plant nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, probably due to
the effluent undergoing advanced refinement through micro filtration and RO processes, thus losing some
natural fertilizer value.
x A review of existing regional and international guidelines related to ground-aquifer recharge with
reclaimed water indicated that the effluent quality with respect to monitored parameters at Sulaibiya plant
satisfies the basic pollutant restrictions and has good potential of being used for possible ground-aquifer
recharge in Kuwait.
x The treatment plant inflows, outflows and effluent quality are more or less steady throughout the year
without showing any significant variation during the summer and winter seasons.
x The wastewater quality control and monitoring program in Kuwait appeared to be lacking in aspects of
quality assurance, uniform laboratory procedures, laboratory certification, data review and risk
management and areas of regulations and their legal framework.
x The proposed national standards for the reuse or safe disposal of treated wastewater effluent appeared to
need revision and updating in considerations of specifications targeted at the source and point of use,
interpretations, limits, permitted violations (flexibility if any), comprehensiveness in the consideration of
quality parameters, reuse specificity, routine of checking and sustained quality control programs.
x Existing regulations for industrial wastewater quality control appeared to be inadequate to cover all
sectors of industries with one set of blanket guidelines. Problems with industrial wastewater appeared to
be getting complex, with increasing diversity in industry types and groups in Kuwait. The list of quality
control parameters needs review for possible new inclusion of several important parameters such as
phenol, pesticide, acidity, alkalinity, etc., with consideration of developing guidelines on the basis of
groups and types of industries.
x Thirty six industrial wastewater streams from various types of industries in Kuwait were monitored during
this study. When the quality of these wastewaters were compared with the proposed Kuwait guidelines for
LQGXVWULDO ZDVWHZDWHU WR EH GLVFKDUJHG LQ VHDZDWHU Rr municipal sewer-V\VWHPV DOO WKLUW\ VL[ VWUHDPV
appeared to need pre or regular treatment before discharge to seawater or sewer system.
x The treated effluents from Riqqa, Jahra and Um Al-Himan plants are of excellent quality at tertiary level
of treatment and satisfy national and many international requirements for restricted irrigation. Treated
effluent from Sulaibiya plant is of superior quality with insignificant traces of pollutants and is suitable for
unrestricted irrigation, cooling water, and any other reuse except uses where prolonged human body
exposure and risk of body intake exist. Sulaibiya plant effluent appeared to be very good for possible
ground-aquifer recharge.
Conclusions
A wastewater quality control and assessment program is urgently needed for Kuwait. The proposed national
standards for the reuse/safe disposal of treated wastewater effluent appeared to be in need of revision and
updating. Regular or pre-treat program should be effectively applied on industrial effluent for its proper
disposal.
WT013C
140
Applications
Professionals in the area of wastewater management in government and private agencies in and outside of
Kuwait will benefit from the data presented in this report.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (total budget
KD 65,700) and the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KD 38,260). Thanks are also
extended to Dr. Lulwa Ali from Environment and Urban Development Division, KISR and Ms. Amani AlOthman from Systems Development Department, National Scientific and Technical Information Center, KISR.
The authors thank Dr. Bahman Sheikh (Water Resources Consultant, California, USA) for his participation
and contribution to the project.
WT013C
141

Completed Project
WT008K; August, 2003 to March, 2006
Pilot Study on High Quality Freshwater Production Utilizing Beachwells

*A. Al-Odwani, S. Bou-Hamad, M. Al-Tabtabaei, A. Al-Saffar, M. Safar, A. Al-Mesri,
M. Al-Rughaib, A. Al-Sairafi, M. Ahmed, M. Attallah and F. Jabsheh
Introduction
7KHZRUOGVERWWOHGZDWHUFRQVXPSWLRQKDVEHHQJURZLQJVWHDGLO\RYHUWKHODVWWKUHHGHFDGHVDQGLVH[SHFWHG
to continue growing in the coming years. The world's bottled-water market amounts to an annual volume of 89
billion liters, which represents an average 15 liters of bottled water being consumed per person per year. The
bottled-water market is recognized as being the most dynamic sector of the food and beverage industry, as
bottled-water consumption in the world increases by an average of 7% each year. There are several reasons
behind the growth of this industry, among which are bad tap water taste in some countries, low quality, safety
and health concerns, and social and economic factors.
Since its inception, the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) has undertaken several applied research
projects that have built up a broad base of scientific knowledge and expertise in pertinent areas including
desalination and water pretreatment technologies. Hence, in a step towards commercialization of its research,
WKLV SURMHFW DLPHG DW XWLOL]LQJ .,65V LQWHJUDWHG NQRZOHGJH LQ ZDWHU WHFKQRORJLHV E\ SURGXFLQJ ERWWOHG
drinking water from beachwells on a commercial scale using the most advanced treatment methods.
Methods
KISR established a complete water-bottling plant at its Doha Research Plant (DRP).
The plant consists of two Reverse Osmosis (RO) units, blow molding, rinsing-filling-capping, labeling, and
packaging units. The plant has the capacity to produce 2,500 to 3,000 bottles/h. The design of this waterbottling plant allows the production of three different bottles, 0.330, 0.500, and 1.5 liters. The bottles are nonreturnable and made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with 28 or 30 mm neck PET preforms. The design for
the PET bottle was developed with .,65V RIILFLDO ORJR ZDV HQJUDYHG RQ WKH VXUIDFH RI WKH ERWWOH RQ ERWK
inside and outside to create a unique identity and to add strength to the bottle. A complete, fully automated
bottling plant was installed, assembled, commissioned, and tested. The final water product has a specified salt
composition and concentration and is treated by ozone before being dispensed to bottles to prevent microbial
contamination. All chemical and microbial analyses were conducted internally and externally using WHO and
European standards for drinking water.
Findings
x The feedwater from the beachwell can achieve acceptable final quality and taste after it undergoes
specified treatment.
*aodwani@safat.kisr.edu.kw
142
x A two-stage Reverse Osmosis (RO) system utilizing spiral-wound membranes for seawater and brackish
water was shown to be suitable for desalting high-salinity (42,000 mg/l), beachwell seawater feed over one
year of operation at Doha Research Plant.
x All of the chemical and microbial analyses conducted internally and externally indicate that the product
bottled water meets the specifications for water for human consumption.
x The latest estimates indicate that local consumption amounts to 168,000 tons of bottled water annually.
The local production of bottled water in Kuwait is estimated to be 77,000 tons annually, whereas the
amount of imported bottled water is estimated to be 91,000 tons annually. Forecasts indicate that the
demand is expected to grow by 6% annually during the next 10 years.
x The study indicates that the production capacity for bottled-water is expected to reach 31,000 t/y and to
increase by 20% during the first 5 years of operation to reach 62,000 t/y. The expected capacity will meet
20% of the local demand in Kuwait for bottled water.
Conclusions
Given the market, technical, financial and economic factors for the proposed facility, it is found to be
economically feasible, with a very high internal rate of return (IRR) and, hence profitability.
RO technology has reached maturity and can be considered a viable alternative for seawater desalination in the
Gulf region.
Applications
The project will produce bottled water for FRPPHUFLDOPDUNHWLQJXVLQJ.,65VH[SHUWLVHLQZDWHUUHVRXUFHV
DFFRUGLQJWR.,65VPLVVLRQDVLQGLFDWHGLQWKH$PLUL'HFUHHUHJDUGLQJDSSOLHGUHVHDUFK7KLVDSSOLFDWLRQZLOO
LQWXUQLQFUHDVHWKH,QVWLWXWHVLQFRPH
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for the financial support (KD 395,661).
1. Pilot Study on High Quality Freshwater Production Utilizing Beachwells, KISR Report 8983.
2. Kadhmah Water Desalination and Bottling Plant: Operation, Production and Quality Control, KISR Report
9458.
WT008K
143

Completed Project
WT010K; September, 2004 to May, 2006
Assessment of a New Nanofiltration Membrane for Seawater Desalination

Applications
*Y. Al-Wazzan, E. El-Sayed, M. Safar, M. Ahmed and M. Al-Shammiri
Introduction
This project is the second in a series of research projects aimed at investigating the potential of Nanofiltration
(NF) membrane technology in reducing scale formation in seawater desalination applications. The objectives
of this project were: 1) the integration of the NF membrane technology into the reverse osmosis (RO) and the
multistage flash (MSF) processes 2) establishing optimal operating conditions for a newly developed NF
membrane suitable for integration with MSF and RO seawater desalination plants 3) evaluation of the
advantages and disadvantages of the possible integration schemes, taking into consideration circumstances
pertinent to Kuwait
Methods
A complete fully integrated NF-RO pilot unit was designed, constructed and operated for over 2,600 hours.
Process performance was optimized for maximum removal of hardness ions. Computational models for
integrated NF-RO and NF-MSF systems were developed. Process performances and cost trends for such
integrated systems were determined for different operating conditions. In integrated NF-RO, two RO schemes
were studied; the first was a basic single-stage RO system, and the second was a brine-staged ultra-highpressure RO system. In integrated NF-MSF, partial treatment of MSF makeup feed by the NF for scale-free
operation was studied for different top brine temperatures and brine concentrations.
Findings
x Performance optimization of the NF membrane should be based on maximum rejection of the hardness
ions Ca++, Mg++, HCO3-, and SO4-- rather than on product water recovery alone. The normal operating
pressure of the NF membrane was in the range of 12 to 14 bar, yielding membrane flux within the design
range. Cleaning cycles typically last 700 to 800 hours. Operating the membrane at higher pressures and
with membrane flux beyond the design value, causes rapid fouling; cleaning cycles could be reduced by
more than 50%.
x For optimized NF membrane operation with flux in the range of 16 to 20 lmh, the average product water
recovery ratio was in the range of about 50%. Overall salt rejection was in the range of 8.9 to 13.8%. Ca++,
Mg++, and HCO3- rejections were around 48 to 55%, 70 to 80%, and 38 to 45%, respectively; SO4-rejection was as high as 99%.
x The RO product water recovery ratio is significantly higher in the integrated NF-RO scheme than those in
the basic stand-alone RO process. However, the final product water recovery ratio in the integrated scheme
is significantly lower than that in the basic stand-alone RO process. Feed-water flow rate requirements in
the basic single-stage and brine-staged RO systems are significantly less than those in the NF-RO
*ywazzan@kisr.edu.kw
144
integrated schemes. The number of NF membrane elements required in an NF-RO integrated scheme is
very large, exceeding by far the reductions in the number of RO membrane elements needed for a basic
stand-alone RO system of the same capacity. The specific electrical energy consumptions are higher for
the integrated NF-RO schemes than those for the basic RO systems. Specific electrical energy
consumptions in the NF-RO integrated schemes range from 5.4 to 6.3 kWh/m,3 whereas in the stand-alone
basic RO systems, they range for 4 to 4.3 kWh/m3. Capital and energy costs associated with the integration
of NF into an RO system exceeded the benefits gained.
x The performance ratio of the MSF system in an NF-MSF integrated scheme could increase from about 7.5
at an operating temperature of 90.6oC to 11.5 at an operating temperature of 160oC. Increasing the
recycling brine concentration has only an insignificant detrimental effect. The NF electrical power
consumption in the NF-MSF integrated schemes contributed significantly to increases in the total electrical
power consumption for higher operating temperatures. The product water recovery ratio increased
dramatically and the total heat transfer area requirements decreased significantly in NF-MSF integrated
schemes.
x Variations in the product water costs in an NF-MSF integrated scheme with variations in the MSF
operating temperatures were typical reflections of gains in the performance ratio and product water
recovery ratio, reductions in the heat transfer surface area and brine recycle pump size, and penalties due
to the added capital and operating costs of NF. The cost savings due to the gains outweighed the added
costs of the NF system.
Conclusions
There was obvious overall economic advantage in terms of the total product water unit cost. The total product
water unit cost declined from US$1.726/m3 at 90.6oC to US$1.317/m3 at 125oC, and further down to
US$1.23/m3 at 142.5oC.
Applications
Use of NF membrane technology for scale control in seawater desalination plants is still in the research stage.
There are some limited applications in small capacity commercial seawater RO desalination plants such as
integrated NF-RO systems in Saudi Arabia. The results of this research project provide new knowledge on
integrated NF-RO and NF-MSF systems.
More thorough scaling-potential studies are needed to provide comprehensive scaling-potential profiles for NF
product waters of different concentrations. Also, many more in-depth studies on the use of high-recovery and
high-sulfate-rejection types of NF membranes for the treatment of feed-water, makeup water and recycling
brine in MSF and other thermally-driven distillation processes are needed. This particular application of NF
technology should be given special attention due to the extensive use of MSF plants and the promise of other
distillation technologies, such as multiple-effect.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for funding this project (KD 14,900).
WT010K
145
This project identifies future research and development needs. Evaluation of seawater NF membranes under
.XZDLWVSUHYDOHQWFRQGLWLRQVVKRXOGFRQWLQXHWRIROORZXSRQDQGJXLGHQHZGHYHORSPHQWV6HOHFWLRQRI1)
membranes should be based on long-term performance in terms of product water recovery, and removal or
reduction of hardness ions under prevailing conditions.

Completed Project
WT016K; December, 2004 to March, 2006
Sludge Characterization and Operational Conditions of an Activated Sludge

Process Treating Municipal Wastewater: A Case Study
*A. Shahalam
Introduction
The main wastewater treatment plants in Kuwait are located in Sulaibiya, Riqqa and Jahra. All three plants
have basic extended-aeration activated-sludge processes providing secondary treatment. The inherent
characteristics of the produced sludge are mainly dependent on the quality of the raw wastewater and the
operation and control schemes for the biological process. The performance of process units used to treat sludge,
such as the thickener, digester and drying beds mainly depends on the physical and chemical characteristics of
produced sludge. A study was carried out in Kuwait to monitor the sludge characteristics at critical points in
two of the main treatment plants.
The main objectives of the study were: 1) determination of the characteristics of sludge produced in the main
wastewater treatment plants in Kuwait, 2) observation of the relationships (if any) of sludge production with
plant operating conditions, and 3) quantification of the rate of the production of sludge with fertilizer value.
Two activated sludge plants; one in Jahra (with an average observed inflow of 70,000 m3/d) and one in Riqqa
(with an average observed inflow of 140,000 m3/d) were monitored for four summer and two winter months.
The flow and physiochemical properties of solids in the streams of grit, clarifier inflow, clarifier bottom sludge,
thickened sludge and dry sludge were determined.
Methods
Determinations of the composition of the grits and screenings included total dry solids, volatile solids, oil and
grease, nitrogen, phosphorus, pH and alkalinity. Analysis of samples from other locations included moisture
content, pH, chloride, alkalinity as CaCO3, phosphate (PO4), total nitrogen as N, and metalloids (As). Heavy
metal determinations in liquid streams of clarifier inflow and outflow, thickened sludge and dry sludge
included A1, B, Fe, Ag, K, Ca, Cd, Cu, Pb, Mg, Mn, Ni, Na, Zn. and Hg. Colony counts per 100 ml of sludge
were monitored for fecal coliform and Salmonella.
A test model (1 m x 1 m) was used as sludge drying-bed at the Sulaibiya research plant to collect sludge-bed
seepage through a normal, local-sand bed of eight inches thick. The collected seepage was analyzed for all of
the parameters measured in the regular stream samples of a plant.
A complete balance of the solids mass-flow was done for the two treatment plants investigated. From plant
operational data, process operational kinetics were determined and compared with expected normal ranges in
an extended aeration activated-sludge process.
*salam@safat.kisr.edu.kw
146
Findings
x Weekly monitoring for eight months indicated that the Jahra Wastewater Treatment Plant has an average
inflow of about 70 x 103 m3/d with five days Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) concentrations of 157
mg/l (10.9 t/d), while the Riqqa Wastewater Treatment Plant has an average inflow of about 139 x 103
m3/d with BOD5 concentrations of 250 mg/l (35 t/d). Given the BOD5 concentrations, the sewage inflow at
the Jahra plant is weak, while that at the Riqqa plant is in the medium range.
x The Jahra and Riqqa plants recorded 95 and 97 % BOD5 reductions respectively.
x About 14 and 25 t of sludge solids are produced each day in the Jahra and Riqqa plants respectively.
Organic solids constitute about 40% of the sludge in both plants.
x Sludge detention in processes indicated that both the Jahra and Riqqa plants operate in an extendedaeration mode. The mean cell residence times in the Jahra and Riqqa plants were 18 and 20 days
respectively.
x The aerobic digestion unit in the Jahra and Riqqa concentration plants successfully oxidized significant
amounts of organic sludge, reducing the sludge contents by 46 and 48 % respectively.
x Of the total solids in unit processes, such as aerator and clarifier, the inorganic solids content in Jahra and
Riqqa plants are 55 and 41% respectively. Inorganic solids level in the Jahra plant is very high and needs
attention.
x The overall metals contents in sludge from the Jahra and Riqqa plants were within the ranges expected in
domestic and municipal sewage sludge produced via biological processes. However, iron and magnesium
concentrations in sludge from the Jahra plant were slightly elevated, indicating the possibly of nondomestic origin of a portion of inflow to that plant.
x Overall sludge compressibility in both plants is satisfactory. The sludge specific resistance to dewatering
in the Jahra and Riqqa plants are 2.245 x 1012 and 1.368 x 1012 m/kg respectively. The sludge from the
Jahra plant appeared to be less compressible than that from the Riqqa plant.
x In the Jahra plant, sludge solids have fertilizer-value (main nutrient levels) of total nitrogen, phosphate
(PO4) and potassium, as percentages of TDS of 5.3, 0.7 and 0.5 respectively, corresponding to annual
production of 274, 37 and 29 t of those nutrients.
x In the Riqqa plant, sludge-solids have fertilizer-values (main nutrient levels) of total nitrogen, phosphate
(PO4) and potassium, as percentages of TDS of 5.6, 0.4 and 0.5 respectively, corresponding to annual
production of 511, 37 and 47 t of those nutrients.
Conclusions
Applications
The findings are applicable and beneficial for the operation of the activated sludge process utilized to treat
municipal wastewater in Kuwait for operational control of the systems.
Total mass balance and the kinetics of the processes are utilized for day to day operation of the plants. Four
major treatment plants at Riqqa, Jahra, Sulaibiya and Um-Al Haiman have the activated sludge process. The
Ministry of Public Works is therefore a direct beneficiary.
Acknowledgements
The author thanks the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for financial support (KD 14,840).
WT016K
147
The sludge from Jahra and Riqqa plants showed significant fertilizer value for uses as nutrient supplement for
plants and it should be processed and commercialized for beneficial use. Raw wastewater pretreatment
appeared to have more effective inorganic solid removal method such as primary sedimentation or such for
reducing the inorganic content of the sludge.

Completed Project
WT017K; October, 2005 to September, 2006
Bench-Scale Evaluations of Scale Inhibitors in Multi-Stage Flash Evaporation

Plants under High Temperature Operation Mode
M. Al-Shammiri, S. Al-Shammari, M. Ahmed and M. Al-Rughaib
Introduction
Kuwait has been a leading country in fresh water production from the sea using the Multistage Flash (MSF)
unit. All MSF plants in Kuwait are operated on the principle of chemical additives dosing for scale inhibition,
and at a top brine temperature below 120C. This is because calcium sulfate scaling usually occurs when the
temperature is higher than 120C. The new generations of antiscalants are able to stand high operation
temperature without hydrolysis or loss of reactivity and can solve sulfate scaling problem.
This project used laboratory tests to evaluate the performance of new inhibitors that can overcome sulfate
scaling. In particular, experiments were conducted to study antiscalant effectiveness under different operating
conditions with different brine concentration.
Methods
The instrument used in the test was OP-Mack 2500 device, which is designed to provide evaluations of scale
inhibitors under dynamic conditions by mimicking the conditions under which the scale is deposited in the
MSF plants. The scale is deposited giving calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide and calcium sulfate
scaling. The type of precipitated scaling was specified by chemical analysis and pressure drops across capillary
test tubes. Four different types of new antiscalant chemicals (A, B, C and D) were tested using an OP-Mack
test unit.
Findings
x The percentage precipitation of sulfate, calcium and magnesium ions were found to increase with
increasing temperature, while the bicarbonate ion was the only ion which decreased when increasing the
temperature above 120C. The scaling potential for all scaling species were found to be affected by the
concentration of the tested solution, i.e. the percentage precipitation increased as the level of salinity
increased.
x The flow rate was found to be an important factor in controlling scaling; as the flow reduced as the
potential for scaling increased.
x Chemical D was not effective in controlling sulfate scaling as the temperatures increased above 120C.
However, it was effective at 160C to prevent alkaline scaling (bicarbonate and magnesium ions) with
seawater solution.
x Chemical B was effective in reducing scaling when using high salinity water and at low operating
temperatures, but it lost its effectiveness as the temperature increased to more than 140C.
*matallah@kisr.edu.kw
148
x Chemical A was effective in reducing sulfate scaling even at high salinity or high temperature operations
up to 160C. This chemical showed superior effectiveness in reducing different types of scaling when
using seawater and brine solution at high operating temperature, but its performance was slightly
decreased when the concentration of the solution was increased. Although chemical A was the most
expensive chemical, it is recommended, since it can increase the production of MSF plants, reduce the
energy and maintenance cost.
x None of the tested antiscalants can eliminate sulfate scaling totally at high operating temperatures;
although chemical A succeeded in reducing sulfate scaling, it cannot eliminate it totally.
x Chemical C was found to be effective in preventing alkaline scaling, but it was failed completely in
preventing sulfate scaling even at l20C. In general, the performance of chemical C in preventing or
reducing scale formation was much lower than the other chemicals tested.
Conclusions
Comparison of the inhibitors and scales showed that a universal inhibitor for all kinds of scale does not exist.
One inhibitor may be better for prevention of calcium carbonate scale than for calcium sulfate; different
inhibitors have different degrees of effectiveness even for various hydration forms of the same scale.
Applications
The best performance antiscalant was recommended to be used in MSF plants
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for funding (KD 14,170).
M. Al-Shammiri, S. Al-Shammari and M. Al-Rughaib. (2008). Scaling Potential of a Doha beach well at
Different operating Temperatures. Kuwait Journal of Science & Engineering, 35: 85-102.
WT017K
149

Completed Project
WT015K; November, 2005 to October, 2006
Integrated Nanofiltration-Multistage Flash and Nanofiltration-Multiple

Effect Desalination Systems for Seawater Desalination
*Y. Al-Wazzan, E. El-Sayed, A. Al-Saffar, M. Safar, M. Al-Shammiri and A. Al-Mesri
Introduction
This project is the third in a series of research projects aimed at investigating the potential of Nanofiltration
(NF) membrane technology in reducing scale formation in seawater desalination applications. This project was
studying the integration of the NF membrane technology into the multistage flash (MSF) and the multiple
effect distillation (MED) processes. The objective of this project was to conduct an in-depth study on
performance and operating conditions interrelationships for newly developed seawater NF membranes,
development of characteristic profiles for the NF-treated water, and the integration of the NF process into
distillation-based MSF and MED processes.
Methods
A complete NF test unit was designed, constructed and operated for nearly 4,500 h. The unit was connected
with a reverse osmosis (RO) unit to yield NF permeate with higher concentration, and NF permeates using
seawater of ordinary and higher concentrations. Operations were optimized for maximum removal of sulfate
ions. Scale potential of the three NF permeates were measured at 120, 140 and 160oC. Two computational
models, one for the integrated NF-MSF systems and another for the integrated NF-MED systems, were
developed and used to establish performance and cost trends for such systems in the circumstances pertinent to
Kuwait.
Findings
x The normal operating pressure of the NF membrane for treated Gulf seawater was in the range of 12 to 14
bar, yielding membrane flux within the design range. Under such operating conditions, membrane fouling
occurred slowly, and cleaning cycles typically lasted from 700 to 800 h.
x For optimized NF membrane flux in the range of 16 to 20 lmh, the average product water recovery ratio
was in the range of about 50%. Overall salt and Na+ rejection was in the ranges of 8.9 to 13.8% and Clrejection was 11.7 to 13.8%. Similarly, Ca++, Mg++, and HCO3- rejections were around 48 to 55%, 70 to
80%, and 38 to 45%, respectively; SO4-- rejection was as high as 99%.
x The percentage precipitation of calcium and magnesium ions appeared to be reduced about ten fold for the
NF-treated water compared to normal seawater. However, the percentages appeared to increase
significantly for higher temperatures. Bicarbonate, showed reductions between 15-20 fold as a result of the
NF treatment. For concentrated NF-treated water, the potential for scale increased proportionally with
concentration ratio.
x The main variables used for the integrated NF-MSF case studies were the maximum operating
temperatures and brine concentrations in the MSF. A total of 21 case studies covering operating
*ywazzan@kisr.edu.kw
150
temperatures ranging from 90.6 to 160oC, and brine concentrations from 1.25 to 1.85 times that of normal
Gulf seawater were included. In the integrated NF-MED systems, the main variables used were the top
operating temperature, final reject temperature, number of effects and the final brine concentration. A
total of 36 case studies were examined covering top operating temperature ranges between 77 to 100oC,
two final reject temperatures at 38 and 41oC, number of effects 9, 11, 12, 13 and 14, and brine reject
concentrations 1.44, 2.0 and 2.67 times feed water concentration.
x In the integrated NF-MSF systems, NF membrane technology can be used to treat only a portion of the
makeup water to the MSF process. A makeup blend of 15% NF product water and 85% normal Gulf
seawater can be used for scale-free operation at 125oC. At 150oC scale-free, 45% NF product water and
55% normal Gulf seawater are needed to form the MSF makeup blend.
Conclusions
Any attempt to improve the MED system performance and economics must involve redesign of the system to
allow proper selection of the number of effects. Allowing the number of effects to increase while expanding
the operating temperature range and consistently maintaining the same temperature rise between the effects
can be beneficial in terms of energy consumption, product water recovery, and process economics. However,
the added cost of the NF may not be fully recovered by the improved economics of the MED in an integrated
NF-MED system of limited operating temperature range. The advantages of the NF-MED integration may be
realized only in large scale systems of large number of effects and should also be considered for systems with
higher product water recovery ratio.
Applications
Use of NF membrane technology for scale control in distillation plants is still in the research stage. Aside from
the NF membrane performance tests, scale profiling results obtained here are very important in providing
completely new knowledge on the characteristics of NF treated water at concentrations and temperatures
actually applicable to MSF and MED systems. Also, the 21 and 36 case studies presented for the NF-MSF and
NF-MED integrated systems, respectively, set the stage for future research and development on a pilot scale
before implementation on a commercial scale.
Acknowledgements
WT015K
151

Completed Project
WT004S; October, 2006 to January, 2007
Effect of Grander Technology on the Drinking Water Quality

*M. Attallah, S. Al-Shammari and M. Al-Rughaib
Introduction
Grander technology is proposed as a unit that could eliminate microbiological contamination in storing tanks
and reduce the hardness and viscosity of the drinking water in order to eliminate corrosion, contamination and
scaling problems. The main objective in this service project was to assess the effect of the Grander Unit on
drinking water in terms of viscosity, hardness, pathogenic bacteria, trace metals and total organic carbon
(TOC) content.
Methods
To test the ability of the Grander unit to enhance water quality, two 250 gallon polyethylene tanks were filled
with drinking water. The distance between the two tanks was maintained at 10 meters, to prevent any
interactions. The Grander unit was installed inside one of the two tanks. Two water samples were collected
weekly from the two tanks and subjected to biological, chemical and physical analysis.
Findings
x The results show almost the same values, with and without the device, for all physico-chemical quality
parameters measured.
x The results also show that concentration of total suspended solids (TSS) decreased over time slightly faster
in the tank with the device than in the tank without the device.
x Bacteriological water quality, results showed that only total heterotrophic plate (THP) bacterial count was
slightly less in the tank with the device than in the tank without the device and, the fecal coliform (FC)
count decreased over time slightly faster in the tank with the device than in the tank without the device.
These results reflect the effect of the tested unit.
Conclusions
No final or specific conclusions can be drawn on this technology based on protocols applied in the present
study and its results.
Applications
The Grander unit was not recommended to be applied in any drinking water system.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Ultimate Water Technologies Company for financial support of this study (KD 5,340).
*matallah@kisr.edu.kw
152

Completed Project
WT005S; April, 2007 to June, 2008
Kadhmah Water Desalination and Bottling Plant: Operation, Production and

Quality Control
*A. Al-Odwani, S. Bou-Hamad, M. Al-Tabtabaei A. Al-Saffar, A. Al-Mesri and M. Al-Rughaib
Introduction
The consumption of bottled water has been increasing consistently over the last decade, even in countries
where tap water quality is considered excellent. Bad tasting tap water, fitness objectives or safety, social and
economic factors are among the numerous reasons that cause consumers to buy bottled water. Demand for
bottled water has increased, and the bottling industry has become one of the fastest growing industries. This
technical service, which is considered a continuation of WT008K project, was aimed at pursuing the
production and monitoring of the quality of Kadhmah bottled water produced from beachwells.The work plan
involved operation, production management, and quality control and reporting.
Methods
Bottling and water purification technologies are well recognized areas of expertise at KISR which have led to
production of high quality bottled water from beachwells. The feed water from the beachwell undergoes
FHUWDLQWUHDWPHQWVWKDWDUHIXOO\FRQWUROOHGLQRUGHUWRSURGXFHILQDOTXDOLW\DQGWDVWH.,65VORQJH[SHULHQFH
in water research, especially in seawater led to comprehensive evaluation of different types of membranes and
different types of feed water treatment techniques. Hence, a two-stage reverse osmosis (RO) desalting process
utilizing beachwell as feed has been used to produce high quality bottled water that meets the requirements for
water intended for human consumption. All of the chemical and microbial analyses conducted internally and
externally applied WHO and European standards for drinking water.
x Two-stage RO process can successfully produce high quality drinking water from beachwells.
x Beachwell production relieves the demand on government drinking water produced from desalination
plants unlike most locally produced bottled water.
x Beachwell has unlimited capacity of feed water because of its location near the sea and with
physiochemical characteristics of seawater.
x Beachwell water is naturally filtered through the sand layers of the beach.
x Beachwell is free of contaminants such as oil and has almost constant temperature throughout the year.
Temperature seasonal changes do not affect the performance of the treatment technology applied.
x The final product water was tuned to certain salt composition and concentrations and treated by ozone
before filling to prevent any microbiological contamination.
x All chemical and microbiological analyses conducted internally and externally indicated that the product
bottled water fulfilled the required specifications for human consumption.
*aodwani@safat.kisr.edu.kw
153
Findings
Conclusions
The successful completion of this technical service has proven that high quality national product containing a
balance of minerals and salts can be produced from beachwells. Kadhmah bottled-water plant utilizes
beachwell as an independent source of feed water for the production of its product and does not use potable
water produced by Ministry of Electricity and Water.
Applications
The well established water treatment and desalination technologies at KISR provide a strong basis for technical
service which allows production of high quality bottled water on a commercial scale utilizing beachwells that
will provide an external income with a financial profit.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the financial support of Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for the total budget
of KD 113,080.
Kadhmah Water Desalination and Bottling Plant: Operation, Production and Quality Control, KISR Report
9458.
WT005S
154

Completed Project
WT020G; April, 2006 to August, 2006
Assessment of Treated Wastewater Quality at Abdaly Area

*S. Al-Shammari
Introduction
Recently, effluent from Sulaibyia advanced wastewater treatment plant was pumped to Abdaly at the northern
part of Kuwait to be used for irrigation activities. The treated effluent is supposed to be of a high quality
because of the use of membrane technology in the treatment. However, there are concerns regarding the
quality of this treated effluent when it reaches one of the intended areas of use (Abdaly farms). This resulted
from the possibility of mixing RO effluent with the tertiary treated wastewater and/or possibility of
transforming the residual pollutant forms during transport, storage and distribution. Therefore, it is felt that a
study is required to investigate and assess the quality of this water. The aim of this activity was to carry out the
required assessment by evaluating physical, chemical, and biological conditions of the product water at Abdaly
Farms in relation to intended uses. Intensive sampling program was conducted to achieve this task, including
field measurements and laboratory analysis.
Methods
The methods used to analyse these parameters were in accordance with the American Society for Testing an
Materials (ASTM 1996, a, b, c), and standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater with the
American Public Health Association (APHA, 1989).
Findings
x Results of the activity indicated that technology adopted in Sulaibiya wastewater treatment plant proved
reliable to produce an excellent quality of treated wastewater.
x The water quality assessments at Abdaly area showed that the treated wastewater was free from fecal
coliforms and almost free from dissolved and un-dissolved solids.
155
Water samples were collected randomly from four farms in the Abdaly area at points of treated wastewater
outfalls and storage tanks. At each farm three parameters were measured in situ, including pH, conductivity
and total residual chlorine. Collected samples were taken to the Water Technologies Department (WTD)
laboratory at Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) and were analysed. The analysis was used to
determine water quality parameters, including the following: total suspended solids (TSS), settleable solids
(SS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N),
nitrate-N, total phosphate (TP), total coliform, fecal coliform.
Conclusions
This water can be safely used for all types of irrigation of food crops according to .XZDLWV (QYLURQPHQW
Public Authority (EPA) standards. However, this water lacks the nutrients needed by the crops. This water was
intended to be distributed via brackish water network to be used for non potable uses at the residential areas
and on this basis the plant was designed.
Application
The reclaimed water produced by Sulaibiya wastewater treatment plant may be used for all types of irrigation
of food crops and other purposes, such as groundwater aquifer recharge.
Acknowledgements
WT020G
156

Completed Project
WT021G; July, 2006 to December, 2006
Solar Desalination
*S. BouHamad
Introduction
Desalination methods such as reverse osmosis and electro-dialysis are energy demanding, and are generally
coupled to fossil-fuel uses. A potentially feasible alternative is solar desalination. Solar distillation is the
simplest desalination technique, among other techniques, such as multiple-effect distillation, multistage flash,
reverse osmosis, and electro-dialysis.
The main objectives of this study were to conduct literature survey on solar desalination, and to identify latest
solar desalination technologies carried out in the Gulf region.
The use of solar energy in desalination introduces environmentally friendly technologies that produce
minimum waste products, revitalize rural communities by creating local industries and businesses, and reduce
the bill for energy.
Methods
This project presents a review on solar desalinationtechnology, its present status in the Gulf Region in general,
and in Kuwait in particular, and its future perspective. The classification of solar desalination units has been
made on the basis of literature surveyed to date. The report also presents an economic evaluation for this
technique and recommendations for the use of solar desalination as renewable resource process.
The following factors provide a catalyst for promoting solar desalination:

x Plant location: Many arid regions in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries are coastal areas and
solar energy is available.
x Seasonal changes: Often freshwater demand increases in the summer, at times when solar energy
availability is high.
x Energy availability: Conventional energy supply is not always possible in remote areas due to difficulties
in the supply of fossil fuel or nonavailability of grid electricity. In such cases, the use of solar energy
permits sustainable socioeconomic development by using local resources.
x Self-sufficiency: Solar energy allows energy diversification and avoids dependence on energy supply.
x Technology: The development and commercialization of desalination systems driven by solar energy
make possible technology export and cooperation among GCC countries and other countries.
157
Findings
x Environmental impact: Seawater desalination processes are energy intensive. Therefore, the environmental
effects of the fossil fuels consumed are important. When considering that the total worldwide capacity of
desalinated water is more than 30x106 m3/d, reduction in fossil fuel use is important.
x Economics: In remote areas, fresh water requirements make it necessary to transport freshwater at high
costs and associated improper hygienic conditions.
x Operation and maintenance: The operation and maintenance of solar energy systems are normally easier
than conventional energy ones, making them more suitable for remote areas.
Conclusions
Promising commercial perspectives: Using solar technologies in desalination will increase the demand on
these technologies, making it possible to go for commercialization and mass production. This would ultimately
lead to reduction in the cost of these technologies.
Applications
An example of application of solar technology is a solar-powered desalination plant situated at the Umm AlNar power and desalination station in Abu Dhabi. Design, procurement and fabrication stages were initiated in
February 1983, and the plant was commissioned in September 1984. It was designed as a pilot unit aimed at
evaluating the technical and economic feasibility of using this type of technology to provide remote coastal
communities in the UAE with freshwater. The plant consists of three subsystems: a solar collector field, a heat
accumulator and a seawater evaporator. It is designed for an average annual freshwater output of around 85
m3/d using feed seawater with a salinity of 55,000 ppm total dissolved solids (TDS).
Acknowledgements
The author thanks the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for funding (KD 4,360).
S. Bou-Hamad. (2008). Solar Desalination: State of the Art. KISR Report 9291.
WT021G
158

Completed Project
WT023G; October, 2006 to July, 2007
Desalination and Treatment of High Saline Water Zero

Liquid Discharge Technologies
*G. Al-Nuwaibit
Introduction
The brine reject from desalination plants is disposed of by several means; evaporation in evaporation ponds,
discharge to large surface water bodies (sea) or sewers, or by injection into deep formations. Government
agencies concerned with water around the world now oblige major producers of saline waste water to operate
under stricter effluent disposal regulations. This situation resulted in the need for new zero liquid discharge
(ZLD) processes to maximize recovery of clean water and reduce waste to compact solids. The chemicals
and/or salts produced from ZLD processes can be of commercial value which can help in reducing the
treatment cost of the desalination.
Methods
A literature review was undertaken to address the latest developments in this area. Different ZLD processes
such as membrane, electrodialysis and freezing were investigated to help in estimating possible
implementation in Kuwait.
The first step, to distinguish the best treatment method for the high saline water is to provide jar tests for the
chemical analysis of the saline water; to estimate the concentration of each salt; and then to know the
precipitation limits of each salt and the best way to remove it.
x Forward osmosis and salt product technique (SAL-PROC) as well as freezing have proven to be among
the best techniques to obtain ZLD. ZLD is normally reached with the combination of several treatment and
concentrating steps, finished by a thermal process. The combination of reverse osmosis (RO), multi stage
flashing (MSF) and ZLD processes can increase the percentage recovery of water, reduce the water cost
and provide saleable salts.
x For the total elimination of water, a closed circuit should be used, where wastewater can be reused with
higher level of contaminants without the need to run the end-of-pipe regeneration to the full extent that is
required for disposal.
x For a high recovery of water and elimination of salts from MSF desalination plants, the seawater can be
introduced to ultrafiltration pretreatment followed by nanofiltration and RO membranes to reduce the
production cost of the desalination salt; the RO concentrate is then fed to the MSF unit where the resultant
brine is crystallized to produce salts in the crystallizer.
x Forward osmosis process provides high water recovery >95% which can lead to salt precipitation or ZLD.
The key to this method is the effective draw solution that has the ability to provide high osmotic pressure
*gnuwaibit@kisr.edu.kw
159
Findings
and at the same time can easily decompose to salts that can be recycled to reform the draw solution.
Ammonium bicarbonate draw solution provides high osmotic pressure and decomposes to ammonia and
carbon dioxide gases when heated allowing for their efficient and complete removal and reuse. Semipermeable forward-feed membranes should have high salt rejection and minimal internal concentration
polarization to provide higher product water fluxes which is not applicable for RO membranes that have
limited water recovery between 35 to 50%.
x The Forward osmosis process uses less than half of the thermal energy used in MED and uses less
electrical energy (21% less than MED and 9% less than RO).
x Freezing has some theoretical advantages over distillation; lower energy requirements, minimum potential
for corrosion and little scaling and precipitation. However, it has a disadvantage of difficulties in handling
and processing ice and water mixtures. The most efficient freeze method uses vapor-compression freezeseparation systems. Batch freezing crystallization is potentially simpler and more reliable than the
continuous method, where the ice transport is eliminated due to the use of a freeze engine. The crystals
produced are large and of high quality since they are formed with minimum entrapment of impurities in
the crystal lattice.
x The Trickle freeze separation process which is used for pollutant separation of saline solutions is very
effective at separating and concentrating the salts into a smaller volume.
Conclusions
SAL-PROC Patented technology as a ZLD process has the advantage of better cost effectiveness with a
concurrent recovery of saleable salts that compensate for the treatment costs. This selective sequential salt
removal technique can be linked with RO or even ED in various steps to recover more useful products from the
RO concentrate. The valuable products produced from this technique such as precipitated calcium carbonate
and magnesium hydroxide have a high market price which can increase the income of desalination plants.
Brine water can be successfully used as a source for the production of different types of salts which are in
demand by many industries. The sludge product from ZLD can be used as a road-base and embankment
material additive when the sludge is silica-rich lime.
Applications
In Kuwait, ZLD plants can be implemented either by using forward osmosis and salt product technique (SALPROC) or freezing; the brine emerging from desalination plants can be used as an additional source to recover
some of the cost involved in desalination process. If the chemical components in the brine can be solidified and
used as a resource, the recovery process can be improved, and the brine disposal problem is minimized.
Acknowledgements
The author thanks Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for project funding (KD 4,360).

G. Al-Nuwaibit. Latest Technologies on Desalination and Treatment of High Saline Water. KISR Report 8962.
WT023G
160

Completed Project
WT022G; November, 2006 to March, 2007
Preliminary Investigations into Causes of Sludge Bulking and Foaming

Problems at Jahra Activated Sludge System
*H. Safar and A. Abusam
Introduction
Activated sludge process is the most widely used process for wastewater treatment. All municipal treatment
plants in Kuwait (Ardiya, Jahra, Riqqa, and Sulaibiya) are activated sludge plants. Sludge bulking and foaming
are the most serious operational problems of activated sludge systems. If not controlled, extreme conditions of
bulking and foaming can lead to: (i) violation of effluent requirements, (ii) frequent clogging of tertiary filters,
(iii) inadequate disinfection, (iv) increased health risks to plant workers from opportunistic pathogenic
microorganisms, (v) odor nuisances and (vi) poor performance of the anaerobic digester.
Lately, Jahra wastewater treatment plant (JWWTP) had faced tremendous sludge bulking and foaming in
aeration tanks and secondary clarifiers. The main aims of the study were: (i) to identify, through microscopic
examinations, the dominant types of filamentous bacteria that cause sludge bulking and foaming problems at
JWWTP and (ii) to pin-point the most probable causes of the sludge bulking and foaming problems.
Wastewater samples were collected twice a week for a month from Jahra Plant at four locations: (i) activated
sludge influent stream, (ii) aeration tank effluent stream, (iii) secondary clarifier effluent stream and (iv) underflow stream of the secondary clarifier. Samples were analysed for determination of routine wastewater quality
parameters [total suspended solids (TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), sludge volume index (SVI),
chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), O&G, total nitrogen (TN), NH4, NO3,
NO2, total phosphorus (TP) and H2S]. Further, sludge and foam samples were also collected three times during
the study from three locations at the plant: (i) the aeration tank (ii) the secondary clarifier and (iii) the
recirculated activated sludge stream. The sludge and foam samples were investigated by microscopic
examination of the filamentous bacteria. Flow rates of the influent and the recirculated activated sludge
streams during the study period were obtained from the plant records. These flow rates were used together with
the results of the laboratory analysis of the wastewater samples to calculate volumetric loading rate, nutrient
requirements, solids retention time, food to microorganism ratio, and sludge volume index. To evaluate
probable causes of bulking and foaming problems at Jahra plant, results of microscopic examinations and
calculated process variables were compared to the optimum operating conditions for the extended-aeration
type of activated sludge processes and to literature to identify favourable conditions for the excessive growth
of filamentous bacteria.
Findings
x Sludge bulking and foaming problems at Jahra plant are due to excessive growth of filamentous bacteria.
*h.safar@kisr.edu.kw
161
Methods
x Filamentous bacteria that dominate Jahra plant are Nocardia spp, N. Limicola, Thiothrix, S. Natan and
Beggiatoa.
x Most probable causes of the sludge bulking and foaming problems at Jahra plant are deficiency of carbon
and nitrogen in raw wastewater, high concentrations of sulfur reducing compounds in raw wastewater, low
dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the aeration tank and hydraulic and organic overloading of the
aeration tank.
Conclusions
To arrive at exact causes of the problems, a long-term study is needed; however, temporary relief of the
problem can be found by spraying a dilute disinfectant, e.g. chlorine, on aeration tanks, clarifiers and the
recirculated stream.
Applications
Identifying the probable causes of bulking and foaming problems at Jahra wastewater treatment plant is very
important step towards finding and applying the right solutions for resolving the problems. The solution that
will be applied at Jahra wastewater plant can also be applied to different wastewater plants in the area with
similar problems.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for financial support (KD 1,985) and the
management and staff of Jahra Wastewater Treatment Plant for their support and cooperation in the study.
WT022G
162

Completed Project
WT024G; September, 2007 to April, 2008
Multiple Effect Distillation: State of the Art

*G. Al-Nuwaibit, M. Al-Shammari and A. Al-Sairafi
Introduction
Developments of Multiple Effect Distillation (MED) in the last few years has brought this process to the point
of competing technically and economically with the Multi Stage Flashing (MSF) process where falling film
evaporation is used to provide high heat transfer rates. Major features of the MED process are low primary
energy consumption, low heat transfer area and high performance ratio.
In Kuwait, the average daily consumption of freshwater is only 35.1 MIGD lower than the installed capacity.
This means that the capacity will have to be doubled before the year 2010 to meet the increasing demands for
freshwater. Therefore, it is important to present the latest technologies on MED and distinguish the best to be
adopted for Kuwait.
This report introduces a literature survey on: 1) the latest advancements of MED technology and processes; 2)
the general features of existing commercial MED plants and associated technical aspects related to MED as
configuration, tube bundle arrangements, MED combination with heat pumps and advantages and
disadvantages of the MED; and 3) attempts to identify areas of development are also presented with
preliminary design of a pilot plant of MED desalination process.
A literature survey was undertaken to investigate the MED process theory, configuration and modeling, as well
as the competition to MSF and RO systems. In addition the study presented the advantages and disadvantages
of MED and MED stacking and discusses a number of real survey MED plants in different countries, their
performance, design parameter, material used, cost, operation and maintenance problems and other parameters.
Finally, the areas of new development in MED desalination were discussed to help in consideration of possible
implementation in Kuwait.
Findings
x Almost all new plants using MED are of the thin falling-film type with horizontal tubes bundle, because
the heat transfer coefficients with falling-film effects are considerably higher than with other system types.
The higher performance ratio (PR) is directly related to the number of effects in a conventional MED
system. As the number of effects increases, the PR increases; most of the installed plants have PRs
between 8 and 18. Since the number of effects is limited by the maximum brine temperature (due to risks
of scaling), new plants use high brine temperature that may reach 120C with titanium tubes for the first
rows to avoid the fouling problems, and at the same time to increase the PR and the plant capacity.
*gnuwaibit@kisr.edu.kw
163
Methods
Moreover, coupling the MED with absorption, adsorption, and mechanical or thermal vapor, compression
pumps will increase the PR.
x Feed heaters can be used to increase the gain ratio by providing higher feed temperature to increase the
amount of distillate compared to the amount of feed, but that would add more complexity, capital cost and
pumping energy to the plant.
x Modern MED plants are designed to switch between two modes of operation, depending on the seasonal
variation in power and water demand. The first mode combines the MED with a single-stage steam
ejector, which compresses the vapor extracted from the last effect. The second mode of operation uses a
low-pressure heating steam, such as in the St. Martin's, Curacao, and Trapani plants.
x Thermodynamic improvement of the MED process results in a low temperature drop per effect, allowing
the incorporation of a large number of effects (10 to 16) even with a maximum temperature as low as
70oC, resulting in very high economy ratios. Low temperature plants have reduced scaling and corrosion
rates to acceptable levels, thus overcoming the main problems plaguing conventional high-temperature
distillation plants. Special attention has been given to the size, types, numbers and locations of spray
nozzles used to avoid slime plugging problems.
Conclusions
The MED process is expected to be the future process for desalination. This process has lower cost, lower
required top brine temperature, lower heat transfer area and lower power consumption. It has higher PR than
MSF processes.
In designing a modern water plant, higher efficiency is a major goal, with respect to energy consumption, and
operation costs, reliability and maintenance. Low-temperature plants have made possible the utilization of
economical and durable materials such as aluminum alloy.
Applications
This study indicates that MED plant design with horizontal layout, horizontal tubes, spray falling film
configuration, titanium tubes with low thickness for the first rows of each effect, thermal vapor compression
pump, feed heaters and high top brine temperature should be considered as a preliminary MED plant to be
installed in Kuwait.
Acknowledgements
The author thanks Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for funding (KD 7,240).

Multiple Effect Distillation. State of the Art. KISR Report 9241.
WT024G
164

Completed Project
WT025G; April, 2008 to September, 2008
Solid-Liquid Separation Techniques

*S. BouHamad
Introduction
Solid-Liquid Separation (SLS) techniques have been used to separate a wide variety of constituents or
contaminants from water, such as dissolved minerals, organic chemicals and particulates. The separation of
particulate solids from liquids by filtration and associated techniques constitutes an important stage in many
industrial processes. Combining more than one technique for the separation of solid from liquid is more viable
and effective in certain water treatment applications. The activity summarizes the treatment techniques and
recommendations for each separation technique based on literature survey.
Methods
This study presents a review on solid-liquid separation technologies available in commercial scale. The
classification of separation techniques has been made on the basis of a literature survey.
x The use of solid-liquid separation in water treatment introduces environmentally friendly technologies that
produce minimum waste products.
x The concentration of solids in the liquid leads to a waste stream that needs treatment and disposal.
x Freezing technique is effective in separating some mineral solids from liquid
x Lime treatment is the most common application for removal of carbonate hardness.
x Combining more than one technique for the separation of solid from liquid is more viable and effective in
certain water treatment applications such as nanofiltration and reverse osmosis.
x Freeze crystallization is effective in separating a wide variety of contaminants from water, such as
dissolved minerals and organic chemicals.
x Freeze crystallization does not use expendable filters or membranes.
x Micro dialysis (MD) is a system with high compactness.
x Technology options for high-total dissolved solids (TDS) waters require a multistage process.
Acknowledgements
The author thanks the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for funding this activity (KD 3,270).
Publications and conference presentations arising from the project

S. Bou-Hamad. (2009). Solid/Liquid Separation Techniques. KISR Report 8772.
165
Findings

Ongoing Projects
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Reduction/Removal from RO Brine Wastewater Bench Scale
Study
Project code: WT018C
Budget: KD 69,780
Project leader: A. Shahalam
Email address: aalam@safat.kisr.edu.kw
Performance Evaluation and Development of a Calibrated Working Model of Riqqa

Activated Sludge System
Project code: WT020C

Budget: KD 102,455
Project leader: A. Abusam
Email address: aabusam@safat.kisr.edu.kw
www.kisr.edu.kw
166
Environment & Urban Development Division
167
Environment and Urban Development Division

Mission
To enhance urban infrastructure and protect the natural environment through application
and development of advanced technologies and conservation principles.
Objectives
To study environmental quality with reference to industrial development projects related to the
planning of residential and industrial communities to establish sustainable development
Evaluate air pollutants, including radioactive pollutants, in industrial and residential areas and
evaluate the environmental impact of developing coastal and island areas
Develop technologies to enhance the quality and increase the estimated longevity of modern buildings
and study ways to increase the efficiency of energy usage in commercial, industrial and residential
buildings and suggest future alternative energy sources
Develop modern electronic systems to assist the handicapped (such as distance-learning systems)
www.kisr.edu.kw
169
Department of Environmental Sciences

Mission
To conduct applied research in support of development of sets of environmental indicators
IRU.XZDLWVHQYLURQPHQWDOSURWHFWLRQDQGFRQVHUYDWLRQRIQDWXUDOUHVRXUFHV
Objectives
Conduct environmental quality assessment and determine bioavailability and fate of pollutants in the
terrestrial and marine ecosystems
Evaluate effective treatment technologies for industrial and domestic waste for cost effective
remediation
Enhance the established Environment Information System (EIS) and develop research tools for use in
conducting Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
www.kisr.edu.kw
171

Staff Members
Department Manager
Dr. Abdul Nabi Abdullah Al-Ghadban
Senior Research Scientists

Dr. Mirza Umair Beg
Research Scientists
Dr. Saleh Mohammed Al-Muzaini
Dr. Lulwa Nasser Ali
Dr. Bondi Nyuma Gevao
Dr. Sheikh Talat Saeed
Dr. Ahmad Edrees Al-Dousari

Dr. Saif Iqbal Uddin
Dr. Hassan Atiah Alshemmari
www.kisr.edu.kw
173

Since its foundation in 1967, the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) has established an
Environmental Sciences Department that carries out environmental research for the protection,
conservation, and sustainable management RI .XZDLWV HQYLURQPent. The Environmental Sciences
DHSDUWPHQWRSHUDWHVXQGHUWKLVPDQGDWHDQGLVFRPPLWWHGWRFRQGXFWLQJUHVHDUFKLQVXSSRUWRI.XZDLWV
HQYLURQPHQWDOSURWHFWLRQDQGFRQVHUYDWLRQJRDOVDVZHOODV.XZDLWVQDWLRQDOREOLJDWLRQVXQGHU$JHQGD
21 of the 1992 Earth Summit. Over the years, numerous studies have focused on investigating the fate and
distribution of oil and oil-UHODWHG FKHPLFDOV LQ .XZDLWV HQYLURQPHQW 7KHVH VWXGLHV KDYH JHQHUDWHG
comprehensive data set to form a basis for long-term research related to the impact of oil on the Kuwait
environment. Departmental studies have been instrumental in setting standards and guidelines by the
regulatory authorities in Kuwait; to organize activities such as environmental impact assessment and
disposal of liquid and solid wastes at disposal sites.
The Department played a major role in the design and implementation of monitoring programs in
collaboration with the Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment (ROPME)
and other regional agencies. One of the outcomes of these collaborative programs was the Manual of
Oceanographic Observation and Pollutant Analyses Methods in 1982, and its updating in subsequent
years involving the reporting period (2006-2008).
Studies conducted during the reporting period under the Environmental Engineering program have
addressed a variety of environmental problems associated with wastes generated from both the municipal
and industrial sectors.
For environmental assessment studies in this period involved Ecological Consequences of River
Manipulations and Drainage of Mesopotamian Marshes on the Arabian Gulf Ecosystem: Investigations
on Changes in Sedimentology and Environment Quality, with Special Reference to Kuwait. In the area of
environmental monitoring and ecotoxicology a notable study was Multi-Biomarker Response in Fish
from Kuwait Sea Area. Furthermore, waste management included Assessment of Toxic Effect of
www.kisr.edu.kw
175
In general, the progress in research in the Department has developed in three major stages: 1) establishing
a GDWDEDVH ZLWK VSHFLDO UHIHUHQFH WR ELRJHRSK\VLFDO LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ .XZDLWV FRDVWDO DQG PDULQH
environment (such as the study related to the multi-biomarkers response in fish from Kuwait sea area);
2) prompt response to investigate the environmental impact of the torching of hundreds of oil wells, and
GHOLEHUDWH UHOHDVH RI WKH KXJH TXDQWLWLHV RI RLO LQ .XZDLWV WHUULWRULDO ZDWHUV; and 3) initiating risk
assessment and increased capacity for bio-monitoring and toxicity testing (such as toxicity testing of
marine sediments). These problems were investigated through the environmental damage assessment
program (such as the study related to the coastal habitats and coral reefs communities). As a result of that
the Department continues to receive requests to conduct Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) for
different activities developing in the country.
Environmental Pollutants Associated with Sewage Sludge. As for environmental planning and decision
making, studies were on Assessment and Monitoring of the Water Quality for the Khiran Pearl City
Project: Phase I and Phase II.
The Department managed to attract external funding of KD 465,753 in the reporting period.
The Department has supported development of human resources in environmental engineering,
toxicology and bio-monitoring through granting three postgraduate scholarships. The Department also
offered seven training courses and organized a workshop and activities associated with the International
Environmental Day in 2006. In addition the Department organized the Euro-Arab Conference on
Environment in November, 2006.
Department research produced fourteen research papers in refereed journals and presentation of eight
papers at international conferences.
www.kisr.edu.kw
176

Completed Project
EM006C; October, 2004 to September, 2006
Multi-Biomarkers Response in Fish from Kuwait Sea Area

*M. Beg, B. Geavo, M. Al-Hussaini, A. Al-Rashdan, S. Al-Subiai, K. Beg, N. Al-Jandal,
M. Al-Mutairi, S. Al-Bahar, E. Al-Hassan, J. Zafar, S. Butt, F. Shirshikar and T. Dashti
Department of Environmental Sciences, Environment and Urban Development Division,
Introduction
Kuwait Bay is considered to be a highly stressed area. It is one of the most important areas for Kuwait that has
witnessed rapid urban and industrial development after the discovery of oil in the region. As a result, Kuwait
Bay received maximum assault on its natural environment; therefore, its environment has always been a cause
of concern for regulatory authorities. Besides chemical monitoring of the area other approaches are needed to
ascertain the health of the resident biota. In this study, trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs) were determined in sediment and fish tissue along with multi-biomarker levels in three species viz.,
mullet (Liza klunzingeri), yellow fin sea bream (Acanthopagrus latus) and tonguesole (Cynoglossus arel)
collected from Kuwait marine area.
Methods
Findings
x Chemical analysis of sediment showed that Cr, Cu, Pb and Ni concentrations were more than Interim
Sediment Quality Guidelines (ISQG) that needs further attention. In general, all the trace metals copper,
nickel, lead, vanadium, and zinc were higher in fish from Kuwait Bay area compared to Auha area with
few exceptions.
x 7KH DYHUDJHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIWKH3$+VLQVHGLPHQWUDQJHGIURm 0.79-7.421 ng/g dry weight from the
Auha area and from 1.064-17.084 ng/g dry weight from Kuwait Bay area which were far less than ISQG.
x 7KH 3$+V ZHUH LQ WKH UDQJH -1555 ng/g and 42-3414 ng/g dry wt in seabream, 96-840 ng/g and
911659 ng/g dry wt. in mullet and 22-1383 ng/g dry wt and 58-1839 ng/g dry wt. in tonguesole from
Kuwait Bay area and Auha area.
x Excretion pattern in bile assessed by fixed-wavelength fluorescence (FF) confirmed exposure mainly to
2- to 3- ring, naphthalene-rich petroleum and to lesser extent 4- to 5- ring BaP type combusted petroleum
hydrocarbons .
x In all the three fish species Zn was positively correlated with PAHs metabolites in bile suggesting possible
role of zinc in the metabolic excretion of PAHs from the body.
*mbeg@kisr.edu.kw
177
Fish were collected from October, 2004 to June, 2006 by trawling (fish trawl net) from Kuwait Bay (around N
2925.528/ E 04751.736 with average depth 12 m) and the south west of Failaka Island the Auha area, (around
N 2918.813/ E 04821.696 with average depth 6 m) and sediment samples were also collected from the same
places. Chemical analysis was in accordance with the method of Manual of Oceanographic Observations and
Pollution Analysis Methods (MOOPAM). Stress biomarkers in fish were determined as described previously.
x There was a high variability in the fish sampled from the same location and same season. Around 10-40%
mullet, 30-54% sea bream, and 0-33% tonguesole showed higher induction in ethoxyresorufin-Odeethylase (EROD) indicating exposure to higher concentration of compounds that interact with aryl
hydrocarbons receptors (AhR). EROD activity was positively correlated with PAH metabolites in bile
UDWKHUWKDQWKH3$+VDFFXPXODWHGLQWKHERG\.
x Heat shock proteins (HSP70). Studied for the first time in native fish species of Kuwait were higher in
winter months in mullet and sea bream but not in bottom dwelling fish tonguesole. Inverse relationship
with temperature suggests cold sensitivity in fish possibly adapted to hot climatic conditions in the region
or a response to pollution effects since HSP70 was positively correlated with metals like V, Ni, Cu and in
some cases with bile metabolites and PAHs.
x This is the first study on the biomarkers in tKH UHVLGHQW ELRWD RI .XZDLWV PDULQH DUHD DQG WKH FXUUHQW
observation suggests that the use of biomarkers as indicator of stressed states in fish is premature.
x The present study provided current baseline data for trace metals and PAHs contamination in the Kuwait
bay and Auha area, range of their concentration in three varieties of fish, and impact on stress biomarkers.
Applications
Further studies are required to establish relationships between the effects and the gradient of priority pollutants.
Also, the study opens avenues for further studies on genetic makeup of resident fish of Arabian Gulf which
may shed light on the role of HSP70 in metabolic adaptations to extreme temperature variations and other
stresses. Another aspect that needs further elucidation is the role of zinc in the elimination of PAHs from the
body. The understanding of metabolic adjustments in the biota in response to various stressors will help in
regulating the ecosystem health in the region.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KD 30,700) and Kuwait
Institute for Scientific Research (KD 47,300) for financial support to this study.
M. Beg, B. Geavo, M. Al-Hussaini, A. Al-Rashdan, S. Al-Subiai, K. Beg, N. Al-Jandal, M. Al-Mutairi,

S. Al-Bahar, E. Al-Hassan, J. Zafar, A. Butt, F. Shirshikar and T. Dashti. (2006). Multi-Biomarkers Response
in Fish from Kuwait Sea Area. KISR Report 8544.
EM006C
178

Completed Project
EM025C; January, 2005 to December, 2007
Assessment and Monitoring of the Water Quality for the Khiran Pearl City
Project: Phase I and Phase II
*A. El-Sammak, S. Uddin, L. Ali, D. Shamroukh, A. Al-Khabbaz, M. Al-Qallaf,
A. Al- Moutairi, A. Al-Yaagoub, M. Al-Bahloul, H. Abdulla, R. Malhas and S. El-Rouby
Introduction
The Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) team of the Environmental Sciences Department of Kuwait
Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) was chosen E\/Dala Al-Kuwait Real Estate Company, to carry out
analysis of the water quality parameters at selected locations.
Protection of the coastal environment is one of the major concerns for all developments near the coastline.
Hence, an assessment of water quality parameters in the vicinity of proposed development is necessary to
understand the possible impact on the marine eco-system, which helps to prevent subsequent contamination of
the water due to various urban activities. ThH /D$OD $O-Kuwait Real Estate Company is creating new
township along the southern parW RI .XZDLWL FRDVW QDPHO\ WKH .KLUDQ 3HDUO &LW\ 7KH .KLUDQ 3HDUO &LW\
Development Project is considered as an important coastal township development project for Kuwait.
The major goal of this study is to enhance and protect the coastal environment for the development. This will
assist the management of the Pearl City developments to maintain the water quality within the artificial
ODJRRQV LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH VHD ZDWHU TXDOLW\ VWDQGDUGV VHW E\ .XZDLWV (QYLURQPHQW 3XEOLF $XWKRULW\
(EPA). This report highlights the quality of water at thirteen sampling stations collected during October, 2007
to December, 2007 which are located within the site for Phase I and Phase II developments.
Methods
Water samples were collected bi-weekly from 13 stations from October, 2007 to December, 2007. Water
samples were collected from each site at a depth of about 1 m from the water surface where the depth was
adequate for collection. Triplicate samples were collected at one random station for quality assurance. Manual
of Oceanographic Observations and Pollutant Analysis Methods (MOOPAM) protocol was used for the
analyses.
*aghadban@kisr.edu.kw
179
In order to assess the water quality within the water front development of the Khiran Pearl City area, many
parameters including Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total
suspended solids (TSS), Total Coliform and Faecal Coliform were monitored. Nutrient salts like nitrite (NO2),
nitrate (NO3), ammonia (NH3), phosphate (PO4), and silicates (SiO3) were also analyzed as a part of the
monitoring program.
Findings
x An assessment of maximum, minimum and average values were carried out for all the parameters for
different sampling periods. The value of all water quality parameters were compared with the standards set
E\.XZDLWV(QYLURQPHQW3XEOLFAuthority.
x It was observed that the values of BOD5, COD, DO, pH, TSS, nutrients, total, and faecal coliform satisfy
WKHTXDOLW\FULWHULDHVWDEOLVKHGE\.XZDLWV(3$
Conclusions
The current development activities in Khiran Pearl City did not encounter any adverse impact on the water
quality for the period from December, 2007 to December, 2008.
Applications
It is important to ensure conformity with EPA quality criteria for Kuwait water.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Laala Al-Kuwait Real Estate Company (KD 170,000) and Kuwait Institute for
Scientific Research (KD 12,313) for their financial support. Total Budget was KD 182,313.
EM025C
180

Completed Project
EM007C; June, 2005 to May, 2007
Multispecies Bioassay for the Safety Evaluation of Oil Spill Dispersants in

ROPME Sea Area
*M. Beg, L. Ali, M. Kitto, K. Abdel Elah, N. Al-Jandal, Q. Karam, N. Ahmad, J. Al-Shimmari,
S. Butt and E. Al-Hasan
Introduction
The Arabian Gulf is surrounded by oil producing countries; consequently the possibility of oil spills in this
region is high. The Gulf receives around 1.2 million barrels of crude oil spilled each year; and of this total 15%
is contributed by the accidental spills. It is well documented that oil spills at sea threaten animals, plant life and
other marine resources. Oil can also cause long term environmental and economic damage to the marine
ecosystem near a spill. This project was aimed at evaluating the safety of oil spill dispersants provisionally
registered for use in the Arabian Gulf. The level of toxicity testing was differentiated between invertebrate,
vertebrate and plant species selected on the basis of ecological hierarchy.
Three dispersant preparations namely Slickgone, Corexit 9500, and Corexit 9527 were procured from their
manufacturers and the toxicological effects of dispersants and dispersed oil were studied in the laboratory.
Water accommodated fraction (WAF) of Kuwait crude oil (KCO) and dispersant treated KCO (chemically
enhanced CE-WAF) were prepared and characterized for total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatiles benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) compounds.
WAF and CE-WAF tested for toxicity against bacteria (Photobacterium, Vibrio fischeri) algae (Skeletonema
pseudocostatum), sea urchin (Echinometra mathaei) fertilization success, rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis) and
early life stages of fish species, Sobaity (Sparidentex hasta) and juvenile Shaem (Acanthopagrus latus)
according to standard protocols as described before.
Findings
x The study has dual significance: i) regional capacity building for the toxicity evaluation of chemicals for
use in the marine environment, and ii) the availability of safety data for chemical dispersant against native
biological species as representative of ecosystem.
x Test system differentiate between invertebrate, vertebrate and plant species selected on the basis of
ecological hierarchy are now available in KISR for toxicity testing and safety evaluation of chemicals in
general.
x The WAF of KCO alone exerted toxicity on all the tested species and the order of toxicity was Fish
larvae > Rotifer > Microtox > Skeletonema
x Dispersant application increased the toxicity of CE-WAF of KCO and the three dispersant preparations
Corexitt 9500, Corexitt 9527 and Slicgone were similar in exerting toxicity. However, combined
dispersant and KCO toxicities were less than the harmful limits of established multitrophic criteria for
*mbeg@kisr.edu.kw
181
Methods
ecotoxicology suggesting that tested dispersant can be applied if felt necessary by the regulatory
authorities in the case of oil spill.
x Considering all the test system fish larvae were the most sensitive organism for testing the toxicity of
crude oil and dispersed crude oil. This is followed by sea urchin fertilization success and rotifer survival.
Skeletonema and Microtox though can discriminate toxic and non-toxic samples, but were less sensitive
species.
Conclusions
Among various test organisms, fish larvae were the most sensitive organism for testing the toxicity of crude oil
and dispersed crude oil. This is followed by sea urchin and rotifer. Skeletonema and Microtox were less
sensitive species but efficient in discriminating toxic and non toxic samples. Since dispersed oil has been
found more than oil alone the depth of marine area should be an important consideration before dispersant
application because poor dilution in shallow area may result in high concentration of dispersed oil and in turn
higher toxicity in resident biota. It is therefore recommended that consideration of sensitive geographical limits
has to be defined to restrict dispersion application on the sensitive resources like fish spawning and breeding
areas and also near fisheries and aquaculture facilities in Kuwait.
Applications
Through this project a regional capacity has been developed in KISR for the toxicity determination of
chemicals, pollutants and effluents reaching marine environment. The median lethal concentrations
(LC50/EC50/IC50 values) thus obtained against algae, bacteria, rotifer, sea urchin embryo, and fish larvae can
efficiently discriminate between high- and low-toxicity compounds helping regulatory authorities in decision
making.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KD 35,000), ROPME
($10,000) and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KD 39,022) for financial support.

1. M. Beg, L. Ali, M. Kitto, K. Elah, N. Al-Jandal, Q. Karam, N. Ahmad, J. Al-Shemmari, S. Butt and E.
Al-Hassan. (2007). Multispecies Bioassay for the Safety Evaluation of Oil Spill Dispersants in ROPME
Sea Area, KISR Report 8833.
2. M. Beg, L. Ali, K. Elah, N. Al-Jandal, Q. Karam, M. Kitto, N. Ahmad, S. Butt, J. Al-Shemmari, and E.
Al-Hassan. (2008). Toxicity of Chemically Enhanced Kuwait Crude Oil to Marine Biota. In: Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, SETAC World Congress, November 10-15, 2008, Australia.
EM007C
182

Completed Project
EM018C; July, 2005 to June, 2008
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Coastal

Marine Sediments in Kuwait
*B. Gevao1, M. Helaleh1, S. Uddin1, A. Al-Dousari1, M. Al-Bahloul1, S. Neelamani2, K. Al-Matrouk1,
J. Zafar1 and E. Al-Hassan1
1
Departments of Environmental Sciences and 2Coasts and Air Pollution, Environment and Urban
Development Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Introduction
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are ubiquitous in the global environment, and the subject of concerted
international efforts to limit their production, and use, and to control their ultimate disposal. POPs are
hydrophobic organic compounds with high lipid solubility leading to their high potential for bioaccumulation.
They reach the aquatic environment in industrial and sewage effluents, surface runoff from land, deposition of
airborne particulates, and spillages of petroleum and petroleum products. Against this backdrop, this study was
conducted to establish reliable baseline concentration levels for selected POP compounds in the marine
sediments of Kuwait and to assess their levels in biota, and to quantify the amounts discharged to the marine
environment through wastewater inputs. The target analyses in this study included polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polybrominated diphenyl
ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs).
A screening of coastal sediments was initially carrieGRXWWRLGHQWLI\KRWVSRWVRI323VFRQWDmination. This

involved the sampling of sediment along the entire stretch of coastline to investigate the spatial distribution
along the coastline. This was followed by an intensive phase, for which sampling was on a finer spatial
resolution in northern area of Kuwait, the stretch of coastline opposite the Shuaiba Industrial Area (SIA), and a
patch of sediment close to oil-loading operations in Ahmadi that had the highest concentrations of PCBs in the
shoreline survey. A sediment core sample was also collected from Sulaibikhat Bay to reconstruct the historical
record of POP contamination in Kuwait. Wastewater samples were collected periodically over an 18 month
period to quantify the POPs loading to the marine environment. Clams were sampled from six locations over a
period of 18 months to assess the levels of POP contamination of biota.
The samples were prepared for chromatographic analyses using standard protocols and instrumental analysis
carried out using gas chromatography electron capture negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry.
Findings
x The distributions of POPs along the coastline were patchy with hot spots of contamination confined to
stretches of coastline opposite the SIA, an oil-loading terminal in Ahmadi, and close to municipal
wastewater outlets.
x The historical records showed that the PCB profile was characterized by an increase in concentration from
depth; to a maximum corresponding to 1991 was followed by an exponential decrease to the present. The
*bgevao@kisr.edu.kw
183
Methods
profiles of the other POPs were very erratic and did not show the classic profile observed in other
sediment cores in industrialised countries.
x The analyses of clams indicated that 6PBDEs and 6PCBs were consistently higher close to industrial and
municipal discharge points. Although no seasonal trends were obvious, slight increases in the
concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs over time were observed, suggesting continuous exposure of those
organisms to these compounds.
x The sources of PCNs, and PCDD/Fs maybe exclusively combustion-related.
Conclusions
:DVWHZDWHULVFOHDUO\WKHPRVWVLJQLILFDQWVRXUFHRI3%'(VDQG3&%VWR.XZDLWVWHUULWRULDOZDWHUVEXWLVQRW
a source of OCs and PCNs. Industrial wastewater accounted for 56% of 6PCBs, 78% of 6PBDEs, 15% of
6PCNs and 3.4% of 6OCs reaching the marine environment, with municipal wastewater contributing the
balance. The relatively low concentrations of POPs in sediments in northern Kuwait contradict previous
reports that inputs from the Shatt Al-Arab River might be transporting POPs to northern Kuwait. The
concentrations of PCNs and OCs in sediments, wastewater, and clams suggest that these chemicals might not
have been used in Kuwait and that there are no current sources in Kuwait.
Applications
This study involved a very detailed investigation of the spatial and temporal distribution of POPs in coastal
marine sediments in Kuwait, as well as their levels in biota and in wastewater reaching the marine environment.
One of the key accomplishments of this study was the establishment of the capacity to determine POP levels in
a wide range of matrices including sediments, water and biota samples. The knowledge gained from this study
will be an asset in the implementation of the Stockholm convention on POPs.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KD 51,100) and Kuwait
Institute for Scientific Research (KD 55,841) for financial support.

1. B. Gevao, M. Beg, A. Al-Ghadban, A. Al-Omair, M. Helaleh and J. Zafar. (2006). Spatial distribution of
polybrominated diphenyl ethers in coastal marine sediments receiving industrial and municipal effluents in
Kuwait. Chemosphere, 62(7): 1078-1086.
2. B. Gevao, M. Beg, A. Al-Omair, M. Helaleh, and J. Zafar. (2005). Spatial distribution of polychlorinated
biphenyls in coastal marine sediments receiving industrial effluents in Kuwait. Archives of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry, 50, 166-174.
3. B. Gevao, F. Jaward, S. Uddin and A. Al-Ghadban. (2009). Occurrence and concentrations of
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in coastal marine
sediments in Kuwait. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58, 424-455.
4. B. Gevao. (2005). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the Kuwaiti Environment. Organohalogen Comps,
67: 568-571.
5. M. Al-Bahloul, B. Gevao, M. Beg, K. Al-Matrouk and J. Zafar. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in
sediment and fish in the northwestern Arabian Gulf: Concentration, sources and fate, Presented at the 5th
World Congress of the Society of Environmental Contamination and Chemistry, Sydney, Australia, 3-7th
August, 2008.
EM018C
184

Completed Project
EM034C; January, 2006 to December, 2006
Environmental Baseline Survey for the New Proposed Refinery (4th Refinery)
Al-Zour Area
El-Sammak, K. Dhoulath, E. Al-Enezi, S. Mehrotra, K.Al-Adwani, A. Al-Khabbaz,
M. Al-Qallaf, A. Al-Mutairi and M. Al-Bahloul
Introduction
The proposed site for the new fourth refinery of KNPC lies in southern Kuwait i.e. north of Al-Zour north
power plant area. Before deciding upon the location of the preferred site, a comparative study of four potential
sites (Al-Subiya, Al-Shuaiba, Um Al-Heman and Ras Al-Zour) was undertaken by Det Norske Limite (DNV
and KISR). The selection of the chosen site for the NRP was based on a number of factors including the
availability of land, the advantage of using the existing nearby facilities, the economic basis as well as the
viability of the required space according to the Technical Plat Plan (TPP) and the potential environmental
impact at theses four sites. The comparative study concluded that the Ras Al-Zour area is the most suitable site
for the new refinery project from an environmental perspective. The DNV commissioned the department to
conduct detailed Environmental Impact Assessment.
A reconnaissance survey was conducted on October 10, 2005 at the proposed project site to locate and
demarcate the study areas and was followed by further visits to the proposed study site by KISR ecology team.
The selected study sites for the wildlife survey were selected according to vegetation cover and type of habitat.
These were marked using flag markers and Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates recorded. GPS
generated map of the different selected study sites at port Al-Zour was prepared. Field measurements were
taken from passive samplers, canisters and continuous monitoring equipment.
Findings
x The data received from the canisters revealed that the aromatics/total hydrocarbons ratio was 3.152%
whilst the oxygenated/total hydrocarbons ratio was 22.996%.
x For those compounds which have Kuwait Environment Public Authority (KEPA) standards, it was found
that they had very low concentrations compared to both industrial and residential KEPA standards and
accordingly, there is no violation of KEPA air quality standards.
x Measured pollutant concentrations reflected the meteorological conditions at the time of sampling.
x The location downwind of the nearby Al-Zour power plant (A20) did not show high concentrations of SO2.
Conclusions
It is expected that concentrations for some of the air pollutants sampled, particularly SO2, could have been
significantly higher had meteorological conditions placed passive samplers directly downwind of the power
185
Methods
SODQWVHPLVVLRQV7KLVLVFRQILUPHGZLWKUHIHUHQFHWRRWKHUVWXGLHVEHFDXVHEDVHOLQHVXOSKXUGLR[LGHOHYHOVDUH
known to be high in the Al-Zour, and in fact throughout much of Kuwait. The comparative study of possible
sites concluded that the Ras Al-Zour area was the most suitable site for the new refinery project from an
environmental perspective.
Applications
Conducting detailed Environmental Impact Assessment would ensure sustainable development. It is expected
that all mega-projects would pass such criteria.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Det Norske Limite (KD 79,500) and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
(KD 26,040) for their financial support.
EM034C
186

Completed Project
EM038C; April, 2006 to March, 2007
Marine Environmental Assessment (Offshore) of the New Refinery Project,

Kuwait
*A. El-Sammak, K. Dhoulath, E. Al-Enezi, S. Mehrotra, K. Al-Adwani, A. Al-Khabbaz, M. Al-Qallaf,
A. Al-Mutairi, K. Al-Matrouk and M. Al-Bahloul
Introduction
The Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) was assigned to conduct marine Environment Impact
Assessment (EIA) studies for the Kuwait National Petroleum Company (KNPC) New Refinery Project (NRP)
which is proposed to be located in the Ras Al-Zour region.
Main objective of EIA was to assess the impacts due to the offshore activities and structures associated with
the NRP. The planned marine facilities include a small boat harbour, a solids pier (for loading sulphur product
as well as petroleum coke in the future) and a terminal for loading liquid products (a Sea Island). The solids
and liquid terminals are separate facilities: a shore-connected solids pier located 2.75km offshore and an
undersea oil pipeline will link a liquid product sea island to the shore, 17.5km offshore. Constructions of the
solids pier and small boat harbour will require dredging to accommodate marine vessels. The Marine Study
area covers an area of 55 km.
This EIA includes hydrodynamic and sediment dispersion modeling, assessment of the existing marine water
quality, sediment quality and benthic fauna. The EIA analysis is carried out using the Rapid Impact
Assessment Matrix (RIAM) model, and provides with recommendations and effective follow up actions also
included.
The EIA of the air quality resulting from Volatile Organic Components (VOC) emissions at the liquid products
loading terminal are covered. Det Norske Limite (DNV) conducted the air dispersion modeling analysis for
VOC emissions.
Methods
x Field trips were made to check on the available flora and fauna in the area followed by the data collection
and analyses.
x Air quality measurement (SO2, NO2, etc.) were made using a set of equipment at the mobile laboratory
that was stationed in allocated area.
x Two different models were used for estimating the sediment transport rates due to waves and currents (to
produce the relationship between the currents and the sediment transport rate). The first model is a
phase-averaged model for the waves while the second model is an intra-wave model.
187
All details regarding potential marine impacts were assessed for the offshore facilities of the NRP, so that a
development can be taken up with minimum impact upon the marine environment.
x Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) software was used to include all physical, biological and
socio-economic parameters. This assessment was followed by a set of recommendations.
Deposition in the navigation channels can result from two mechanisms: 1) sand bypass of the wave-induced
alongshore sediment transport rates, 2) stirring up and movement of sediment by waves and tidal currents.
Since no significant shoreline changes are expected on either side of the proposed small boat harbour and the
harbour entrance will be at a natural depth of about 5 meters, the first mechanism will not contribute to the
deposition in the small boat harbour entrance nor at the solids pier. The second mechanism will contribute in
the expected deposition for the navigation channels for both the solids pier and the small boat harbour.
Deposition in the proposed navigation channels is estimated based on the tidal currents and wave conditions in
the study area. This provides a schematic for the mechanism of deposition due to waves and currents. The
mean currents in this case will be the tidal currents (which will change direction and magnitude with ebb and
flood).
The deposition rate was calculated by first obtaining relationships between the tidal currents and the sediment
transport rates (for different water depths). Secondly, from a time series of the tidal currents (for 14 days)
perpendicular to the navigation channel, the sediment transport rates were calculated. Finally, these values
were summed up to obtain the yearly deposition rate. Two different models were used for estimating the
sediment transport rates due to waves and currents to produce the relationship between the currents and the
sediment transport rate. The first model is a phase-averaged model for the waves while the second model is an
intra-wave model.
Findings
x A mechanism for deposition due to waves and current was reviewed and it was found that the mean
current was due to tidal range (ebb and flood).
x It is assumed that all the sediment entering the navigation channel is deposited in the channel. This will
provide more conservative estimates for the deposition rate since some of the suspended sediment will not
deposit in the navigation channel.
x The results show that the expected deposition rate at the entrance of the small boat harbour is expected to
range from 10-75 m/yr/m.
Conclusions
The deposition of sediments will mostly occur near the slopes of the dredged channel, therefore it is
recommended to make the small boat harbour navigation channel slightly wider (approximately 30 meters each
side) to provide an area that can be considered as a sand trap that can be dredged once every 10- 20 years. For
the solids pier location, the deposition rate is estimated to be about 4m/yr/m which is very low.
Applications
RIAM software can be applied for all general assessment projects related to the environment.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Det Norske Limite (KD 82,500) and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
(KD 10,340) for financial support. Total budget was KD 92,840.
EM038C
188

Completed Project
EM013C; April, 2006 to June, 2008
Ecological Consequences of River Manipulations and Drainage of

Mesopotamian Marshes on the Arabian Gulf Ecosystem: Investigations on
Changes in Sedimentology and Environment Quality, with Special Reference
to Kuwait Bay
*A. Al-Ghadban, S. Uddin , M. Beg, A. Al-Dousari, F. Al-Yamani, B. Gevao, A. El-Sammak,
D. Al-Shamroukh, A. Al-Khabbaz, M. Al-Qallaf, K. Beg, R. Al-Rusheid, M. Al-Bahloul, A. Al-Mutairi
and A. Al-Yaegoub
Introduction
The northern area of the Gulf is of paramount importance from an ecological point of view. This area is believed
to suffer a lot of environmental stress resulting from organic and in organic pollutants from Iran and Iraq which
HQWHU .XZDLWV WHUULWRULDO ZDWHUV 7KH .XZDLW )RXQGDWLRQ IRU WKH $GYDQFHPHQW RI 6FLHQFHV .)$6 KD
supported several studies, including this study, which investigated different aspects of this environment. This
two-year study aimed at investigating the temporal and spatial trends in sedimentation (both fluvial and aeolian)
sediment contamination, sediment toxicity, and in situ effects on benthic community structure (diversity and
DEXQGDQFH LQ WKH QRUWKHUQ *XOI LH .XZDLWV WHUULWRULDO ZDWHUV ZLWK VSHFLDO UHIHUHQFH WR .XZDLW %D\ ,Q
addition, attempts were made to understand the nitrogen functioning system of the intertidal mudflats, which
plays a key role in controlling the environmental conditions of the northern Gulf.
The study comprised of 6 tasks: mobilization; sampling; sedimentological, mineralogical and biological evaluation
chemical and toxicological evaluation; nitrogen dynamics in Kuwait Bay; and data interpretation and reporting
Forty three stations were sampled using grab sampler and gravity corer. These stations were selected so that the
obtained results can be compared with the results of another study that covered the same area in 2000. The
collected samples were analyzed for sedimentological and mineralogical analyses. Sub samples were also taken
for meiofauna; foraminifera, geochemistry and toxicity analyses. All types of analyses followed standard
protocol.
Findings
x The bottom sediments of northern Kuwait Bay are finer than those of the southern area which indicated tha
some finer sediment (less than 62) were deposited in the area. The lack of flow of freshwater from the
Shatt Al-Arab and the activities associated with the draining process of the Iraqi marshes may have
enhanced the deposition of finer material in the study area. The bathymetry in Khor Al-Subiya ha
shallowed. The sediment sink which happened to be in vicinity of the southeast of Bubiyan has shifted to
Failaka and in to the south, suggesting migration to deeper levels. The flow in the Al-Subiya channe
resembles more to river flow with great velocity directed downstream.
189
Methods
The study of the oceanographic parameters (water temperature, salinity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen DO
nutrients, chlorophyll and zooplankton) revealed that water close to Bubiyan had relatively lowe
salinity (35.8 psu) than Kuwait Bay waters (38.7 psu). Highest turbidity was observed close to Bubiyan
and Khor Al-Subiya (66.2 NTU) compared to a low turbidity in open waters (8 to 18.7 NTU). The mean
concentration of the DO was 5.3 ml/l and it is more in the open water compared to coastal waters
(inferring a kind of stress in the coastal zone). In general, higher values of ammonia 2.3 Pg-atom/l
nitrites 0.3 Pg-atom/l, nitrates 2.4 Pg-atom/l, phosphates 0.9 Pg-atom/l, and silicates 20.8 Pg-atom/l
were recorded close to Bubiyan and Subiya inlet compared to open waters (0.6 Pg-atom/l). The mean
concentration of silicates was 12.6 Pg-atom/l. The higher value, however, was recorded close to
Bubiyan 20.8 Pg-atom/l, whilst at Kuwait Bay it reached 12.7 Pg-atom/l. Higher concentration o
chlorophyll was noted at the inner southwestern part of Kuwait Bay.
The results of the study clearly delineate three zones, namely: Bubiyan and Warba Islands; Kuwait Bay
and open sea area. Another observation is the appearance of two sinks or depositional areas, one at the
south inlet of Khor Al- Subiya and the other east of Failaka Island.
x More sediments were deposited on Failaka Island than to Bubiyan Island. The draining of marshes has lead
to an increased arid area and therefore, the ability of dust storms to carry finer particles which finally settled
at the northern part of the Arabian Gulf.
Rates of denitrification were not significantly different from low to high tide zones at Al-Subiya
However, the rate of denitrification was significantly different between Subiya and KISR. Nitrate
concentration was the principal determinant of denitrification rate at both sites, and denitrification was
stimulated at concentrations as high as 10 mg NO3-N per litre. The sites differed in sensitivity to nitrate
concentration suggesting that organic matter or other factors may limit the rate of denitrification. The
highest rates of denitrification occurred under flood (high water level) condition. The redox potentia
was significantly lower at the KISR site compared to Al-Subiya within both the surface layer and at 10
cm beneath the surface. The redox ranged from -335 to -382 mV at KISR and -86 to -191 mV a
Al-Subiya within the top 10 cm of sediment. This pattern is consistent with the suggestion tha
sediments in the KISR area are more anaerobic than at Al-Subiya.
Satellite observations show evidence of shallowness of the estuarine flat and southward migration of the
sediment plume. The sediment sinks in the study area correlate reasonably well with the highe
concentrations of heavy metals and organics.
The distribution of trace metals and POPs indicated the possible influence of urban discharges, as a land
based sources of pollution, and also the possible sources of wind and offshore waters. The sediments in
general showed high toxicity and this implied the existance of environmental stress.
Applications
x Obtaining important information about the environmental status of the northern marine area. Concerned
authorities should take necessary action to sustain the developments in the area. It is recommended tha
more stringent measures be applied to reduce such activities.
x Stakeholders should follow or abide by the roles or conventions stated by ROPME to reduce the sources o
contamination into the marine area.
x Environmentally sound methods should be followed for such reclamation. For sustainable use of the coasta
areas, it is recommended that an environmental impact assessment be employed or conducted for future
developments.
x The sediment core dating from the sink can possibly lead to the tracing of the sources of contamination.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Environment Public Authority (KD 62,750) and Kuwait Foundation for the
Advancement of Sciences (KD 27,000) and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KD 39,990) for their
financial support. Total budget of the project was KD 129,740.
EM013C
190

Completed Project
EM011C; November, 2006 to October, 2008
Biogeochemical Cycle of Phosphorus in Kuwait Bay

*B. Gevao1, L. Ali1, A. Al-Ghadban1, F. Yamani2, A. Bloushi1, D. Shamroukh1, M. Bahloul1,
K. Matrouk1, J. Zafar1, A. Mutairi1, A. Al-Yaegoub1, M. Al-Qallaf1, R. Melhas1 and S. Rouby1
1

Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries and Marine Environmental, Food Resources Division,
Introduction
The biogeochemical cycle of nutrients involves nutrient movement from one place to another through the
hydrosphere, biosphere, lithosphere and atmosphere. Phosphorus is a key element in biogeochemical cycles
because of its role as an essential nutrient for primary productivity. The phosphorus cycle in coastal waters is
influenced by the input to both particulates and dissolved forms, mainly from land sources, such as
contributions of sewage and other anthropogenic, untreated water. The principal goal of this project was to
understand the biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus in Kuwait Bay and to gain insights into the
DQWKURSRJHQLFLPSDFWVRQWKHTXDOLW\RIWKH%D\VHFRV\VWHP6pecific objectives included an assessment of
the fluxes of phosphorus across the sediment-water interface, and a definition of the relationship between the
primary productivity and levels of phosphorus in the Bay.
Water samples were collected at two depths, from twelve stations across the Bay, in winter and summer 2008,
to determine the spatial and vertical distribution of phosphorus in the water column of Kuwait Bay, to assess
any seasonal variations in the concentration of phosphorus, and to identify likely point sources of phosphorus
inputs. The spatial distribution of phosphorus in sediments was assessed by collecting surficial sediments from
12 sampling locations using a van veen grab sampler; whereas the historical inputs of phosphorus was
recreated by the analyses of a sediment core obtained from Sulaibikhat Bay. Wastewater was also collected
over a twelve month period to quantify phosphorus loading into the Bay.
The total phosphorus (TP) and total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) were determined by subjecting unfiltered and
filtered subsamples, respectively, to persulphate oxidation prior to colour development. The TP and inorganic
phosphorus (IP) concentrations of the bulk sediment were determined by extracting two sample splits with a
1N HCl solution, following the ashing of the TP split at 550oC. Organic phosphorus (OP) was determined by
the difference between TP and IP.
The analyses of phosphorus were carried out using the standard ascorbic acid-molybdate-blue technique for
color development. Reagent blanks and standards were prepared to match the matrix of each sample type.
Samples were diluted as required, to minimize the sample matrix effect.
*bgevao@safat.kisr.edu.kw
191
Methods
Findings
x The mean (and range) concentration of TP in Kuwait Bay is 19.4 (12.2 to 24) mol g-1 dry weight. IP
comprised the largest reservoir of phosphorus, contributing about 83.56.8% with OP contributing
16.57.3% of the measured TP. The values obtained for sediments in Kuwait Bay consistently agree with
those reported around the world.
x The vertical profile of phosphorus in the sediments is characterized by a gradual increase in concentration
from depth to a subsurface maximum followed by an exponential decrease to the sediment-water interface.
The gradual increase in phosphorus concentrations over time in the sedimentary record is punctuated twice.
The first break occurred in sediments dated around 1991-92 and the second change around 2004.
x The TP concentrations in sediment between 1981 and 2004 correlated remarkably well (r = 0.68, p < 0.05)
with changes in the population of Kuwait. Prior to 2004, wastewater was treated at three wastewater
treatment (WWTP) plants in Kuwait; Ardiya, Rikka and Jahra. The onset of the decrease in the
concentration coincides with the commissioning of the WWTP in Sulaibiya suggesting that wastewater
discharge to sea from the Ardiya plant played a significant role in delivering phosphorus to the Bay.
x Water column phosphorus concentrations show an elevation of phosphorus close to the sediment-water
interface relative to surface concentrations in winter. In summer, the phosphorus concentrations in the
water column are relatively homogenous.
Conclusions
This study shows that the sediment constitutes a significant reservoir of phosphorus and may be a major source
of phosphate ions, which may in turn affect the magnitude of primary production and contribute substantial
quantities of phosphorus to coastal marine environments. The practice of improving wastewater management
practices are therefore of vital importance in preventing the likelihood of eutrophication particularly in
semi-enclosed water bodies.
Acknowledgments
7KH DXWKRUV DUH JUDWHIXO WR .XZDLWV (QYLURQPHQWDO 3XEOLF $XWKRULW\ .' 11,650) and Kuwait Institute for
Scientific Research (KD 28,480) for funding the project.
EM011C
192

Completed Project
EM027K; April, 2005 to March, 2007
Creating Digital Elevation Models and Ortho Images from ASTER Imagery
Over Kuwait
*A. Al-Dousari and S. Uddin
Introduction
The State of Kuwait has undergone a continuous change in its morphology, especially consequent to Gulf War
in 1991. The need of accurate and standardized base map which will have information about the country
boundaries and elevation is essential component for spatial planning. The conventional method of survey is a
tedious process which requires huge manpower and resources. The present project utilizes remote technology
to create digital elevation model (DEM) using satellite images, which depicts the morphological surfaces quite
precisely.
An accurate and standardized base map which will have information about the country boundaries and
elevations is an essential component for spatial planning. During the project it was realized that
orthorectification and geocoding are the most critical aspects in creation of DEM using satellite datasets. In
this project conventional techniques for collection of ground control points and image registration were used
and state of the art automatic registration and rectification methods also attempted in order to verify the
usefulness of the new technique. The automatic registration techniques indicated a very promising result with
higher accuracies. The automatic registration is gaining popularity among the scientific community due to ease
of use, time efficiency and precision.
The methodologies used in this project were orthorectification and georeferencing and extraction of elevation
information using PCI software. The procedures attempted were conventional ground control point collection
using GCP works in PCI Geomatica software and the advanced state of the art automatic registration procedure.
7KHZRUNIORZRIWKHWDVNLVVWUDLJKWIRUZDUGLWLQYROYHVUHWULHYDORI KGIGDWDIURP&'VLQWR SL[IRUPDW
The geo-segment can also be read and was registered with the geocoded Landsat Data set. The second
technique used was the automatic registration technique, this step can read the *.hdf data directly and math
models are used to reference them to the correct geographical coordinates. After the images are geocoded, the
two bands 3N and 3B are used to create the stereo pair and extraction of elevation information.
Findings
ASTER Image can be used for 3-D analyses of slope, aspect, drainage morphometry and geomorphological
studies by adopting this methodology. In this project this innovative idea of using automatic registration and
orthorectification was compared to the conventional GCP method. The results were very well correlated and
this led to time and resource saving.
*ahmad_edris@kisr.edu.kw
193
Methods
Applications
The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) can be very useful for urban planning, watershed management, recharge
estimation and highway alignments. The information is extremely useful for hydrological, geomorphlogical
and geological studies.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KD 18,779) for financial support.
EM027K
194

Completed Project
EM007S; November, 2005 to October, 2007
Global Environment Outlook (GEO-4): Management of Urban Environment

for West Asian Countries
*D. Al Ajmi
Introduction
The Global Environment Outlook (GEO) assessment is a practical tool to implement the mandate of the United
Nations Environment Program (UNEP) to keep the global environment under review. The first GEO report
was initiated by the UNEP Governing Council in its decision 18/27 (1995) where the Executive Director was
requested to prepare a new comprehensive report on the presentation and future state of the world environment.
The GEO-4 assessment has identified (nvironmental Development as an underlying theme of the report,
which should also include the evaluation of environmental goods and services, and the role of such services to
enhance human well-being, minimize human vulnerability to environmental change and support development.
Based on a Memorandum of Understanding between KISR and the United Nations Environment Program/
Regional Office of West Asia (UNEP/ROWA), KISR is contributing to GEO-4 report by participating in the
preparation of the West Asian countries. This report represents the contribution of KISR which gives an
assessment to the status of the Management of Urban Environment for West Asian Countries.
Data and information used were collected from United Nations Environment Program/Regional Office for
West Asia (UNEP/ROWA).
Findings
x Driving Forces: Rapid economic growth, which occurred in most countries in the region over the past
three decades, was accompanied by population growth and increased urbanization. Coupled with other
factors such as dramatic changes in life styles and consumption patterns, these have led to severe
degradation of air quality.
x Population:
- Growth in population is a major driver of environmental change; during the past twenty years,
population increased by about 170%, from nearly 67 million in 1987 to about 118 million in 2005
(United Nations Population Division).
- Population growth during the period 1985-90 was about 3.5 per cent annually and has started to
decline to reach 2.86% during 2000-05. The population is young and the economic active population
constitutes about 29.5% of the total.
*mbeg@kisr.edu.kw
195
Methods
x Challenges:
- The discovery of oil in the early 1930s heralded a new economic and environmental chapter in the
region's history.
- The eastern areas of the Arabian Peninsula and northern Iraq emerged as the main sources of fossil
fuels (oil and gas) in the world. With this came a period of rapid socio-economic transformation with
unprecedented rates of urbanization, hastily-planned industrialization, mass immigration towards the
oil-rich states from other parts of the region, as well as an influx of expatriates from outside the region.
- The combined effects of these influences together with rapidly transformed life styles and
consumption patterns have been overwhelming.
- Economic progress during the past 30 years, coupled with increasing population pressures, has led to
extensive degradation of the region's natural resources.
- The region faces urban air pollution problems.
- Industries owned or subsidized by the public sector have little access or incentive to adopt cleaner
technologies.
- Protective trade regimes and the weak enforcement of environmental regulations have permitted the
survival of old, highly polluting industries in the Mashriq countries.
- Obsolete vehicle engine technology, low fuel efficiency, leaded gasoline, and high sulphur fuels in
some countries have exacerbated urban air pollution.
- Harsh climate and shortage in fresh water resources has resulted in heavy reliance on fossil fuels for
water desalination and air conditioning in the GCC region.
Acknowledgements
The author thanks United Nations Environment Program/Regional Office for West Asia for providing
US$ 10,000 for this study.
Global Environment Outlook GEO-4, Environment of Development, 2007, United Nations Environment
Program.
EM007S
196

Completed Project
EM008S; August, 2006 to November, 2006
Preparation of Samples of ROPME Winter Oceanographic Cruise for

Sedimentological and Geological Analyses
*A. El-Sammak, K. Dhoulath, A. Al-Khabbaz, M. Al-Qallaf, E. Al-Enezi, A. Al-Moutairi,
S. Mehrotra, M. Farouk, A. Al-Yaegoub and S. El-Rouby
Introduction
In early 2006, (January to February) the Regional Organization for the Protection of Marine Environment
(ROPME) conducted a scientific cruise to study the ROPME sea area. The cruise was divided into three parts.
During this cruise, representative samples were collected from the preselected spots to cover the whole sea
area. ROPME assigned the Environmental Sciences Department at the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
(KISR) to make the necessary preliminary treatments for the sediment samples.
The main target was to prepare samples to be sent to different laboratories for trace metals and organic
analyses.
Based on the proposal, at the end of the service period, results on sediment grain size analysis, total organic
carbon (TOC) and moisture contents were provided.
A total 78 sediment samples (three triplicates of each sample were selected). The samples were collected from
ROPME sea area during January and February, 2006 and analyzed for grain size, water content and organic
matter. Immediately after the cruise, sediment samples were transferred to Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research (KISR), Environmental Sciences Department (ESD). The sediment samples were kept freeze-dried
and stored at 4C.
Samples were defrosted before preliminary treatments and splitting. Each sample was kept in three containers;
aluminum containers for the oil and petroleum hydrocarbon analysis and plastic containers for heavy metal for
grain size analysis.
Samples were analyzed for organic and hydrocarbon materials and metals after appropriate sieving procedure
in addition to measuring grain size.
Findings
x The eastern coast of the ROPME sea area along latitude 28N and the northern section of Hormuz strait
showed high contents of clay fractions.
x Low clay fractions can be observed along the south-east coast of the ROPME sea area.
197
Methods
x On the other hand, there was some increase in the clay content to the north which indicated the effects of
the Shatt Al-Arab discharges.
x In general, there was a decrease in clay contents to the south.
x The north and north-west coast of the Gulf showed a high percentage of sand fractions.
x Coarse fractions (sand and gravel) were mostly present on the western side of the Gulf and decreased
towards the east. This means that fine fraction increased toward the eastern side of the Gulf.
x The average water content in the ROPME sea area was 56.9% 8.7 of the dry weight. The maximum
water content was 76.8%, while the minimum water content was 31.5% of the dry weight.
Conclusions
Most of the ROPME area exhibited higher water content in sediments, while comparatively less content of
water along the Iranian coast where it varied between 15% and 31%. Very low water content (<15%) was
noticed near the Hurmoz area.
Applications
x The capability of the Environment Science Department allows it to do all sorts of necessary geological
examinations such as grain size analyses, total organic compounds, carbon content, mineralogy and x-ray
diffraction.
x ROPME can use the same facilities for future oceanographic cruises in the Gulf.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank ROPME, Kuwait for funding this study (KD 2,895).
EM008S
198

Completed Project
EM011S; April, 2007 to May, 2007
Toxicity Testing of Marine Sediments

*M. Beg, M. Kitto, K. Beg, S. Butt and J. Al-Shimmari
Introduction
Sediments are the ultimate repository of most of the contaminants that enter water bodies. It is appropriate that
regulations address the ecological risk that contaminants in sediments might pose, especially when disturbed
by dredging activities. This project was related to the determination of toxicity of sediment collected from two
marine areas being subjected to dredging activity. The sediment samples were collected for chemical analysis
and also for determination of toxicological activities, in order to assess possible hazards.
Methods
Sediment samples before dredging and after backfilling were collected and subjected to direct Microtox Solid
Phase Test (SPT) toxicity assay. In addition, algal growth inhibition assay was conducted with sediment
elutriates in sea water. Sediment toxicity test with elutriate provides a better measure of the amount of a
substance that is exchanged between the sediment and aqueous phase during dredging and disposal. This
method is designed to detect the release of chemical contaminants from dredged sediment suspended in water
column. Sea water was used as diluent and as a control. The aqueous fraction was decanted as elutriate which
was later assayed.
x In Microtox SPT the bacteria (Vibrio fischeri) are placed directly in close vicinity of solid particles and its
response reflect in total the action of toxicants along with synergists and antagonists present in a given
sample. The Microtox SPT test with bulk sediment provides information on the organism exposed to bulk
sediment and is of discriminatory value. The Microtox SPT has the ability to test sediment in solid phase
state avoiding any manipulation during the extraction process. According to the sediment toxicity
standards twenty out of twenty-four sediment samples were found toxic and four samples were non-toxic.
x In algal growth inhibition test, IC50 values could not be obtained because in most of the sediment elutriates
inhibition was either less than 50% or not linear with the exposure concentration. Many of the sediment
elutriates at the same concentration actually stimulated growth; a phenomenon of hormesis. It may be due
to the availability of more nutrients in the sediment elutriates that masked the effect of inhibitory
contaminants present.
Conclusions
Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test results can be used as an indicator for the contaminant
toxicity of marine sediments.
*mbeg@kisr.edu.kw
199
Findings
Applications
Microtox Test is a discriminatory test; therefore, the samples categorized as toxic were subject to toxicity
characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) analysis for comparison with Sediment Quality Guidance values to
ensure environmental safety. The TCLP data of sediment suggested the limits of toxicants below permissible
levels indicating that the process of dredging and backfilling has not posed any hazard. This is substantiated by
the algal bioassay where inhibition in growth was not found to any serious extent. TCLP test results can be
used an indicator for the toxicity of marine sediment contaminants.
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to ECO Environmental Consultants, Kuwait for funding this study (KD 2,500).
M. Beg, M. Kitto, K. Beg, S. Butt and J. Al-Shimmari. (2007). Toxicity Testing of Sediment Samples, KISR
Report.
EM011S
200

Completed Project
EM030G; April, 2005 to March, 2006
Bottom Sediment Characteristics in KXZDLWV Marine Environment

*K. Al-Matrouk and Q. Karam
Introduction
Understanding chemical quality of bottom sediment is important since many pollutants bind strongly to
sediment particles and are persistent in the aquatic environment. The chemical and physical make-up of bottom
sediment is largely a reflection of upstream and local geology, land use, surface run off and many other
complex phenomena. Many persistent compounds have high molecular weight and therefore settle out quickly
and are incorporated with other settled organic materials. Since the sediment-water layer is the most reactive
layer of the sea bed, changes in the sediment distribution and its physio-chemical characteristics will certainly
occur in relation to time and space. In view of this, a distribution map of the bottom sediment is central to
understanding the changes in composition and nature of contamination in the aquatic environment.
Methods
Geological and Geochemical Analysis: Advanced and conventional analytical methodologies which follow the
approved Environment Protection Agency methods were utilized to examine the percentage of CaCO3, TOC,
TPH in sediment samples.
In order to determine the percentage of residues (silicates minerals) and the percentage of calcium carbonates
in the marine sediment sample, dried sediment samples were weighed and placed in glass beakers. Diluted HCI
was added to achieve a complete digestion occurs. The residues were well washed then dried then weighed to
calculate the percentage of soluble residues which are the calcium carbonates.
Total Organic Carbon (TOC); the readily oxidizable organic carbon was determined by a method that utilizes
exothermic heating and oxidation with potassium dichromate and concentrated H2SO4 dried sediment, and
titration of excess dichromate with ferrous ammonium sulphate solutions.
*kmatrouk@kisr.edu.kw
201
This study set out to survey all the possible marine area in Kuwait's territorial water and to generate an updated
map of the sediments of Kuwait's marine environment, in terms of pollutant factors and the corresponding map
of water quality parameters during the survey of one year. The specific objectives were: 1) estimate the
percentage of calcium carbonates (CaCO3), total organic carbon (TOC), and total petroleum hydrocarbons
(TPH) in the sediment collected from selected station, 2) analyze the water quality parameters (pH, Dissolved
Oxygen, temperature, salinity, turbidity, conductivity potential) in southern coastal region, and 3) examine the
level of contamination in bottom sediments in terms of size, composition and concentration of different metals
and correlate this data with the available physical water quality parameters.
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) was determined for sediment core samples which were sectioned at
specific intervals and freeze dried, weighed, extracted and stored for the extraction and TPH analysis. The
extracts were combined and filtered over a bed of glass wool and sodium sulphate.
Findings
Samples were collected at a measured maximum depth of 7.18m from Al-Zour area, and 6.88m from Shuaiba.
Minimum depth values were measured at Port Ahmadi and Port Abdullah which were equivalent to 4.4m.
x Water quality: The pH values recorded for the southern stations have a unique trend in which they increase
towards north. The maximum pH values were recorded at Port Ahmadi station, 8.73, and Al-Zour, 8.65.
x Dissolved oxygen: Port Ahmadi area showed the highest dissolved oxygen value (7.32mg/l), whereas, the
lowest level (3.29 mg/l) was observed at Al-Zour station.
x Salinity: The salinity values of the southern stations remained constant among the four zones and the value
was around 42ppt. The highest value recorded was in two stations; Al-Zour and Port Abdullah (42.72 ppt)
and the lowest level (42.22 ppt) was in Shuaiba.
x Conductivity: Two stations, Port Ahmadi and Port Abdullah share the highest conductivity value of 64.13
ms/m among the four stations, and the lowest value of 63.36 ms/m was recorded in Al-Zour.
x Turbidity: Three stations, Shuaiba, Port Ahmadi, and Port Abdullah have nearly similar turbidity values
which are 7.46, 6.4, and 6.50 NTU, but the Al-Zour station showed a significantly higher value of 18.83
NTU.
x Seawater temperature: The lowest water temperature recorded was for Port Ahmadi (19.18C) and the
highest was 22.74C for Al-Zour area. Under normal weather conditions, seawater temperature in the
winter season was reported to be approximately 22-23C.
Conclusions
In the view of the repeated stress that Kuwait's coastal waters are experiencing due to human activities, an
attempt was made to study the overall distribution of water quality and sediment chemistry of the marine
environment of Kuwait. Kuwait Bay and southern coastal waters experienced higher salinity and low dissolved
oxygen concentration when compared to coastal and offshore areas Ras Al-Ardh and its surroundings. The
results of TOC, CaCO3, TPH and trace metals indicated that the sediments in southern stations showed lower
concentrations when compared to the northern stations.
Applications
7KH GDWD JHQHUDWHG IURP WKLV SURMHFW FDQ EH XVHG LQ WKH LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RI FHUWDLQ KRW VSRWV ZLWKLQ .XZDLWV
territorial waters related to physic-chemical properties and pollution factors, and will benefit regulatory
authorities, decision and policy makers, in planning and implementing certain projects and establishments in
the marine zone of Kuwait.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for financial support (KD 4,690).
EM030G
202

Completed Project
EM034G; April, 2006 to December, 2006
Visual Interpretation of Satellite Images of Southern Land and Coastal Area

of Kuwait for the Period from 1986 to 2003
*A. Bu-Shaiba
Introduction
7KH HDUWKV VXUIDFH DQG LWV HQYLURQPHQW LV FRQWLQXRXVO\ REOLWHUDWHG E\ ERWK QDWXUDO DQG DQWKURSRJHQLF IRUFH
facing multiple challenges from sand encroachment, sand and dust storms, soil erosion at the coast and
increased pollution from industrial activities. Morphological changes in South Kuwait and coastal areas were
mapped using landsat images taken between 1969 and 2003.
Methods
Remote sensing (RS) technique was used to detect the changes from 1986 to 2003 of southern inland and
coastal areas of Kuwait. The processed satellite images with natural color composition were used for visual
interpretation using pattern recognition, size, shape, association tools to recognize morphological changes in
the study area.
x The Landsat images show changes in land and coastal southern areas of Kuwait some of them due to
human and others due to natural processes.
x 7KH6HFRQG*XOI:DUFDXVHGVLJQLILFDQWQHJDWLYHLPSDFWRQ .XZDLWVVRLODQGDWPRVSKHULF]RQHGXHWR
burning and spilling of the oil fields. This affected the nature of the soil and obliterated the topography and
vegetation cover.
x The south coast line features several active ports with their shipping facilities: illegal structures including
boat ramps, small harbors, piers, jetties and wave breakers represent major modifications of the coastal
zone.
Applications
This activity highlights the importance of using up to date techniques such as RS which provides an invaluable
source of environmental information about the atmosphere, continents and oceans. Interpretation of RS images
typically can be improved by linking analysis with a geographic information systems (GIS) database. Often
only simple image analysis procedures are needed to extract information when combined with other spatial
data. New generation of satellites that will include sensors with better resolution are expected to be launched in
the near future. The RS images from these sensors are expected to be of great help to scientists, especially for
environmental sciences.
Acknowledgments
The author thanks Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for funding the study (KD 960).
*ashaiba@kisr.edu.kw
203
Findings

Completed Project
EM035G; January, 2007 to December, 2007
Hair as a Biomonitoring Tool for Persistent Organic Pollution in Kuwait

*K. Al-Matrouk
Introduction
Biomonitoring is the measurement of natural and anthropogenic chemicals, their metabolites or reaction
products in organisms. Traditionally, human biomonitoring to assess exposure to chemicals has involved the
analysis of body fluids such as urine, blood, milk and tissue samples. Natural hair has been used extensively
for the assessment of metal pollution, particularly methyl mercury, and poisons. Hair is composed of 88%
protein, 3.5-4% lipids (mainly free fatty acids, triglycerides, and cholesterol), and water. Hair grows at an
average rate of 1 cm every month, with 85% being in the growth phase, 14% in the dead phase, 1% in the
transition phase. Each hair follicle is surrounded by capillary blood vessels at the root. It was postulated that
identical information is carried by hair as in blood. Two classes of compounds, polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were chosen as representative
compounds of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) for this study. The main objective of the study was to
investigate whether the sheep hair is a valid non-destructive biomonitoring tool for the determination of PAHs
and PBDEs as ambient air pollutants.
Methods
Human scalp hair samples were collected from 24 healthy males of varying ages from Kuwait during their
routine hair cut between January and June 2007. Subjects were not selected with regard to lifestyle or hair
treatment practices. Hair samples were also collected from 10 sheep (Ovis aries) from a slaughter house using
stainless steel scissors. Samples were stored in clean solvent-rinsed amber glass jars at 20oC prior to sample
preparation.
The influence of external pollutant contamination was reduced by washing the hair sample by sonication in an
ultrasonic bath using warm water for 2h. They were dried with paper towel and ground into fine powder using
a mill.
Deuterated PAH cocktail standard ES-2044 containing pyrene-d10, phenanthrene-d10, fluoranthene-d10,
benzo (a)pyrene-d12 and benzo(ghi)perylene-d12 was used as the internal standard.
Findings
x Congener specific and 6PBDE concentrations measured in human hair ranged from 0.6 to 50 ng/g of hair
with a mean of 18.6r13 ng/g. The most abundant congener BDE 209 constituted ca 87% to the 6PBDE.
x Congener specific and 6PBDE concentrations measured in sheep hair samples ranged from 0.6 to 1.4 ng/g
with a mean of 1.1r0.25 ng/g. The most abundant congener BDE 47 constituted ca 54% to the 6PBDEs.
x The concentration of PAHs in sheep hair varied from 168 to 5262 ng/g with a mean of 334r117 ng/g.
*kmatrouk@kisr.edu.kw
204
x The concentration of PAHs in human hair was normally distributed and varied from 98 to 25329 ng/g with
a mean of 460r538 ng/g. The low molecular weight tricyclic PAHs contributed 75% of the 6PAHs
measured.
Conclusions
Concentrations of PBDEs and PAHs in human hair were significantly correlated with concentrations measured
using PUH passive sampler.
Hair may be used as a better surrogate to determine ambient air concentrations of POPs. This is due to the
distinct advantages of hair analysis in terms of ease of sampling and low cost of analysis.
Applications
Hair can potentially be used as a passive air sampler, and can be a good tool for the regional monitoring of
POPs contamination.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for their financial support (KD 4,360).
K. Al-Matrouk, J. Zafar, M. Bahloul, and B. Gevao. (2008). Hair as a Biomonitoring Tool for Persistent
Organic Pollution in Kuwait, KISR Report.
EM035G
205

Completed Project
EM036G; April, 2007 to March, 2008
Characterization of Landfill Leachate at the Jaleeb Al-Shyoukh Site

*A. Al-Shareedah, S. Al-Muzaini and N. Al-Omani
Introduction
Solid waste in Kuwait is usually disposed in non-sanitary landfills. This requires monitoring and analysis of
leachate from these landfills. This study examined the Jaleeb Al-Shyoukh landfill. Leachate is a toxic
substance which extracts various pollutants from the landfill in a liquid form. The leachate liquid can move
through solid waste in the landfill, and reach the soil and groundwater underneath the landfill causing
contamination. Migration of leachate from Jaleeb Al-Shyoukh landfill beyond the site's boundaries was noticed
and confirmed by local authorities. The objectives of this study were: i) to determine and evaluate the
characteristics of the leachate at the Jaleeb Al-Shyoukh dumping site, ii) to address issues related to leachate
contamination, and iii) to develop recommendations to improve the present situation at the landfill site.
Methods
A hydrogeological survey of the site indicated that groundwater is located at a 40-m depth below the Jaleeb
Al-Shyoukh landfill. Boreholes (Bh) for leachate sampling were installed at 50 sites distributed so as to cover
the entire site. Leachate samples were collected from each site in clean 1 l polyethylene bottles. Temperature
and pH were measured directly at the site. A portion of each leachate sample was acidified for analysis of
heavy metals using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Unpreserved samples were analyzed according to
the Standard Methods for Water and Wastewater (WPCF, 1998). Microtox system was used to determine the
toxicity of samples.
Findings
x pH ranged between 7.8 and 8.2, being higher at Bh-17, indicating the formation of acetic acid and other
organic acids by the acetogenic microorganisms under anaerobic conditions.
x Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels were high, as were
BOD:COD ratios, indicating that a high proportion of the organic materials in solution were readily
biodegradable. Concentration of suspended solids (SS) was 95 to 537 mg/l, being higher at Bh-17 than at
Bh-15. The nitrate concentration was very high at Bh-17, with an average of 78 mg/l.
x Ammonia nitrogen, which may cause toxicity and odor when discharged, was present.
x Concentrations of sulfide, bromine, chlorine, chloride, calcium, magnesium, iodine, and ozone were also
high at Bh-17. However, the concentrations of sulfate, and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) were higher
at Bh-15 than at Bh-17. The variation in the concentrations of salts may have been due to the stage of the
biodegradation.
x Concentrations of the toxic metals were low and no violation of Kuwait's effluent standards could be
found at the site under investigation for any element.
*ashareeda@kisr.edu.kw
206
x The environmental quality standards for the studied elements in leachate liquids have not yet been set by
the authorities; however, effluent standard levels for seawater have been established at levels 10 times
higher than the levels found in the leachate samples.
x The leachate still contained higher concentration of total heavy metals than the surrounding environment.
Decreases in the concentrations of heavy metals in leachate are required.
x A comparison of select parameters with the available data on brackish water, seawater, potable water, and
groundwater. The total dissolved solid (TDS) in the leachate was found to be less than that in brackish and
seawater and more than that in potable and groundwater. The sulfate and potassium levels in the landfill
leachate were much higher, than those in potable and groundwater, and much lower than those in brackish
and seawater. However, the level of calcium, magnesium, and chloride in the landfill leachate was much
lower compared with the levels in brackish water, seawater, potable water and groundwater.
Applications
The present results would provide a background for recommendations to eradicate contamination of landfills
by toxic leachate liquids.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KD 9,520) for financial support.
A. Al-Shareedah, S. Al-Muzaini and N. Al-Omani. (2008). Characterization of Landfill Leachate at the Jaleeb
Al-Shyoukh Site. KISR Report.
EM036G
207

Ongoing Projects
Treatment of Landfill Leachate by Rotating Biological Contactor
Project code: EM004C
Budget: KD 43,980
Project leader: S. Al-Muzaini
Email address: smuzaini@kisr.edu.kw
Non-Destructive Evaluation of Anodized Aluminium Alloy in Aqueous Solutions by Optical

Interferometry: Phase III (Field Applications)
Project code: EM046K
Duration: August, 2007 to January, 2009
Budget: KD 13,400
Project leader: K. Habib
Email address: khabib@kisr.edu.kw
Effect of Crude Oil on Early Life Stages of Native Fish Species of Kuwait
Project code: EM029C
Duration: November, 2007 to October, 2009
Budget: KD 50,600
Project leader: Q. Karam
Email address: qkaram@kisr.edu.kw
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Kuwait's Atmosphere: Building the Capacity to

Fulfill Data Requirements of the Stockholm Convention on POP's
Budget: KD 17,920
Project leader: B. Gevao
Email address: bgevao@kisr.edu.kw
Use of Semi-Automatic Extraction Technique for Mapping Palm Trees, Green Houses and
Agriculture Fields Using Remote Sensing
Duration: July, 2008 to September, 2009
Budget: KD 24,960
Project leader: S. Iqbal
Email address: sdin@kisr.edu.kw
www.kisr.edu.kw
208
Assessment and Monitoring of the Water Quality for the Khiran Pearl City Project:
Phase II
Project code: EM012S
Sponsor(s): /DDOD.XZDLW5HDO(VWDWH&RPSDQ\
Budget: KD 20,000
Project leader: S. Iqbal
Email address: sdin@kisr.edu.kw
Sediment Toxicity Assessment by Algal Growth Inhibition Assay

Project code: EM037G
Duration: June, 2008 to March, 2009
Budget: KD 6,140
Project leader: J. Al-Shammari
Email address: jshamari@kisr.edu.kw
An Environmental Database for Meiofauna and Microfauna in Northern Arabian Gulf

Duration: July, 2008 to February, 2009
Budget: KD 6,020
Project leader: L. Talebi
Email address: ltalebi@kisr.edu.kw

Duration: July, 2008 to March, 2009
Budget: KD 6,980
Project leader: M. Al-Mutairi
Email address: mmutairi@kisr.edu.kw
Trace Elements Available in Relation with Different Particle Size Fractions in Sediment of
Sulaibikhat Bay
Duration: July, 2008 to February, 2009
Budget: KD 4,800
Project leader: H. Al-Shemmari
Email address: alshemmari1@yahoo.com
www.kisr.edu.kw
209
Esterases in Fish as Biomarkers of Neurotoxic Contaminants in Kuwait Marine

Environment
Total Organic Carbon and Calcium Carbonate Distribution in the Sediments of the
Northern Marine of Kuwait
Duration: August, 2008 to February, 2009
Budget: KD 1,960
Project leader: A. Al-Mutairi
Email address: amutairi@kisr.edu.kw
Detection of Metallothioneins in Fish Liver as an Indicator of Heavy Metal Pollutants

Budget: KD 4,820
Project leader: S. Al-Dufalleej
Email address: fleej@kisr.edu.kw
Environmental Database for Marine Water Quality

Duration: September, 2008 to March, 2009
Budget: KD 6,980
Project leader: A. Bu-Shaiba
Email address: ashaiba@kisr.edu.kw
www.kisr.edu.kw
210
Department of Coasts and Air Pollution

Mission
Develop advanced studies and investigations related to protection of the terrestrial and
marine environments with a focus on industrial developments and urbanization locally
with possible applications for the region.
Objectives
x Assessment of natural industrial and radioactive pollution, and dispersion of pollutants in
industrial and urban areas
x Conduct research aimed at assessing and GHYHORSLQJ .XZDLWV FRDVWal areas and marine
facilities
x Investigate and identify desert resources, and study subsurface and geological features
x Conduct studies on desert areas, suggest procedures for rehabilitation of degraded parts and
identify methods for control of land degradation
x Establish seismic monitoring capabilities and develop expertise in Kuwait with support of the
Kuwait National Seismic Network (KNSN) that was founded by Kuwait Institute for
Scientific Research
www.kisr.edu.kw
211

Staff Members
Department Manager
Dr. Mane Al-Sudairawi
Research Scientists
Dr. Neelamani Subramaniam
Dr. Karim Ahmed Rakha
Dr. Salem Falah Al-Hajraf
Dr. Ashraf Azmi Ramadan

Dr. Yousef Rssam Al-Qtaibi
Dr. Ali Mohammad Al-Dousari
Dr. Abdullah Khadher Al-Enezi
Dr. Khaled A H Al-Banaa
Dr. Abdullah Abdulaziz Al-Salem
Dr. Muferh Saeed Al-Rashidi
Mr. Faisal Mohammad Al-Hulail
Mr. Waleed Khaled Al-Nassar
Mr. Khaled Abdulaziz Al-Salem
www.kisr.edu.kw
213
215
During the reporting period there was a shortage of manpower due to four professional staff being on
scholarship. In addition, two senior scientists in Air Pollution and one electronics technician resigned and
the Department was unable to replace them. Fortunately, one professional staff member returned from
scholarship with his PhD, two professional staff members were promoted to Assistant Research Scientists
and one engineer was hired.
We are hoping that in the future procedures at KISR for processing transactions are achieved in a shorter
time and believe that we should create a better awareness in all staff members of the Policies and
Procedures of KISR to assist in this process.
www.kisr.edu.kw
216

Completed Project
EC015C; April, 2003 to March, 2006
Assessment of Chemical and Radiation Pollution in the Working Environment

at Amghara Industrial Area
H. Tang1, *M. Al-Sudairawi1, M. Al-Mutairi1, M. Behbehani2, A. Ali2 and S. Mathkory3
1
Department of Coasts and Air Pollution, 2Central Analytical Laboratory, Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research and 3Kuwait Environment Public Authority
Introduction
Amghara Industrial Area (AIA) is located in the northwest of Kuwait city. It houses several small construction
material industries such as cement bricks, marble and granite cutting and polishing and paving products. Due
to the nature of these industries, substantial amounts of dust are generated in confined working environments.
Therefore, laborers are continuously exposed to high levels of dust in the work places. Based on environmental
regulations of the Kuwait Environmental Protection Agency (KEPA), potential environmental problems
related to small particles (PM10 and PM2.5) were investigated in this area. PM10 refers to small particles of less
than 10 micrometers in diameter, while PM2.5 refers to particles less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter. KEPA
has set a limit for occupational exposure for respirable dusts at 5 mg/m for particulates which are less than 10
micrometers in diameter. This study investigated the concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 particulates and
determined the level of heavy metals and radionuclides in the working environment in AIA.
Methods
Findings
x PM10 levels in the ambient air in the industrial area pose a serious problem. Several manufacturers
exceeded Kuwait EPA working place respirable dust standards during different measurement periods.
x Many natural radionuclides were identified. Fortunately, radiation levels in this area would not have any
significant effects on human health according to established standards.
x Several metals were also measured in the respirable dusts. Some metals, such as Fe, exceeded the Kuwait
EPA standards.
Conclusions
The study demonstrated excessive airborne particulate matter in this industrial area and metal levels exceeding
KEPA standards. This study should be extended to cover other similar industrial areas within Kuwait. Further
studies for metal contents in the respirable dusts in working places are needed in order to address possible
health effects.
*msudrawi@kisr.edu.kw
217
This study compared PM10 and PM2.5 particle quantities, metal contents, and radionuclide elements between
indoor and outdoor environments at the same location, outdoor and indoor sites at different locations, and
working and non-working periods. Fifteen stations were selected, which included marble company, block
company and asphalt company premises. A location close to a mosque was selected as an ambient station for
reference purposes.
Applications
Based on the findings of the study, recommendations to reduce and manage particulate air pollution in this
industrial area have been formulated:
x It should be mandatory for employers to provide health protection to their employees.
x General plans should be implemented to reduce the amount of released dust entering the atmosphere from
unpaved areas, parking lots and construction sites in the AIA in order to improve the ambient air quality.
x Improved storage conditions for materials such as cement (storage in a confined place) in order to
eliminate dust dispersal by winds.
x Efficacy of regularly spraying water on ground surfaces and dust producing materials in the working
places should be studied in order to assess the feasibility of reducing respirable particles in the air.
x A review of the Kuwait air quality standards is recommended.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Kuwait EPA for funding this study (KD 37,000), Dr. Saif Ud Din from Environment
Science Department of KISR for creating the GIS map, Central Analytical Laboratoy (CAL) for metal and
radionuclide element analyses, and Mr. S. Al-Zoabi, Mr. Mosaed Shlash, and Mr. Mohammed Al-Saleh from
Coasta and Air Pollution Department (CAD) for field jobs. Total budget of the study was KD 47,000.
EC015C
218

Completed Project
EC006C; September, 2003 to August, 2008
Environmental Rehabilitation Study of the Quarries in the State of Kuwait

*S. Alhajraf, A. Al-Enezi, A. Al-Dousary, G. Brown and E. Delima
Department of Coasts and Air Pollution, Environment and Urban Development Division,
Introduction
The rapid urban development in Kuwait since the 1960s has resulted in an unprecedented demand for sand and
gravel to support construction activities. This demand has led to extensive exploitation of aggregate deposits in
certain parts of the country, which in turn has caused a severe negative impact on the natural ecosystems. The
rehabilitation of the desert environment damaged by quarrying activities is the core of this five-year study
sponsored by the Council of Ministers, State of Kuwait. Therefore, the study was proposed to: i) delineate the
abandoned gravel and sand quarry sites over the desert of Kuwait, ii) investigate the optimum and most
effective approach to rehabilitate the desert environment degraded due to quarrying activities, and iii) draw up
long-term action plans for the restoration of the entire areas damaged in the Kuwait desert.
Methods
- Assessment of the areas of quarries in Kuwait, measurement of the size of the damaged areas using remote
sensing technology and review of the different stages that led to official banning of quarry activities.
- Assessment of the current status of soil, vegetation and wildlife resources and revegetation of degraded
quarry sites using native plants and revegetation with naturalized exotic plants.
- Monitoring and collecting the germplasm from similar desert ecosystems that have not been degraded.
This task was divided into several subtasks including seed collection from native plant populations, seed
handling and cleaning and seed storage at the KISR seed bank holdings unit.
- Revegetation of degraded land in the quarry site at Liyah area and transplantation of selected native plants;
a large scale experiment was initiated involving different furrowing techniques and seeding approaches
with key native species. Six fields, each 50 x 25 meters, were selected in a completely barren, heavily
compacted site. Fields were arranged along a single straight line, 300 meters in length, aligned at a right
angle to the north-west prevailing wind direction. Twenty four furrows were created along the line of
fields with 3 different machines: fields 1 and 2 with a camel pitter, fields 3 and 4 with a contour seeder and
fields 5 and 6 with a ripper. A premixed seed mixture was used in the experiment which included five
perennial dwarf shrubs, four perennial grasses and three annual grasses.
- Wildlife assessments, reintroduction and monitoring were undertaken in four distinct phases. Phase I:
Assessment; Phase II: Planning (master plan development); Phase III: Integration of Programs:
(implementation of the master plan); and Phase IV: Monitoring of Ecosystem Health.
- Aeolian processes and sand stabilization and control focused on field and laboratory methods applied to
monitoring, evaluating and stabilization of surface soil on the degraded land. These were conducted using
different methods and measurements together with analysis of rainfall during the last season.
*shajraf@kisr.edu.kw
219
The study was conducted using a multi-methodology approach that covers most aspects related to
rehabilitation of desert ecosystems. The main features of the study include:
Findings
x Total area of gravel quarries in Kuwait is about 38,294 ha (2.29% of Kuwait); about 85% of these quarries
are located in the northwestern part of Kuwait (Jal Liyah area to Um Al Madafae area).
x Immediate damage included: destruction of vegetation cover, soil compaction, increase of sand and dust
emissions into the air and development of active sand bodies. The long-term damage included sandy
degradation of surface hydrological conditions, depletion of soil moisture and, in turn, deterioration of
vegetation, soil crusting and sealing, and increasing groundwater salinity in the case of exposure of
groundwater bodies during excavation processes.
x Certain sections of the Kuwait desert have the potential for self-recovery, provided that adequate
protection is afforded from detrimental activities such as overgrazing, camping and off-road driving. In
other sections, recovery can be accelerated by minimal human intervention, such as the planting of
keystone species. Where degradation is particularly severe, more substantial measures, including
mechanical soil treatments, may be required.
x This study documented a substantial increase in vegetation cover, a marked increase in plant diversity and
a gradual recovery of mammals, reptiles, birds and invertebrates. Moreover, the recovery area has become
an important stop-off area for migratory birds.
Conclusions
1. Through developing a wise management program, other degraded quarry sites in northern Kuwait can be
vastly improved by relatively inexpensive means. In the simplest case, this merely entails controlling
access to the area and the use of its resources.
2. Human intervention can also improve the regeneration process at severely damaged sites. However, it is
important to realize that biological recovery in degraded deserts is a lengthy process.
3. The study is therefore recommending a coherent long-term restoration program to cover all quarry sites in
northern Kuwait, equivalent to 3% of the total area of the country. The restored areas can be used for a
variety of environmentally sustainable purposes, including biodiversity conservation, ecotourism and
education.
4. This program will also have an important socio-economic impact, including helping to reduce wind-borne
dust, and underlining Kuwait's commitment to combating desertification and protecting its natural heritage.
Applications
As a result of this study, efforts to restore highly degraded ecosystems of the Kuwait desert in the Jal Liyah
area quarry site are beginning to show considerable success. The quarry sites were subjected to massive
disruption and impacts, thus complicating restoration measures; virtually no information was previously
available on how to restore such highly degraded sites and the restoration process entails a long-term
commitment, measured in decades rather than years. The work so far carried out has involved a substantial
amount of learning and it is vital that this learning process, in the form of applied scientific research, continues
if restoration activities are to be extended.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Council of Ministers (KD 229,000) and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for
financial support of this project (total budget KD 316,221).
EC006C
220

Completed Project
EC034C; November, 2004 to October, 2006
The First Kuwait National Communication under the United Nations

Framework Convention on Climate Change
*D. Al-Ajmi1, K.A. Dhoulath2, A. El-Sammak2, Y. Al-Hadbhan3, F. Al-Ragom3, L. Al Awadhi1,
M. Al-Mutairi1 and S. Mehrotra2
Department of Coasts and Air Pollution, 2Department of Environmental Sciences Development,
Department of Building and Energy Technologies, Division of Environment and Urban Development,
1
Introduction
$FFRUGLQJWRWKH1DWLRQDO$FDGHP\RI6FLHQFHV86$WKH(DUWKVVXUIDFH temperature has risen by about one
degree Fahrenheit in the past century, with accelerated warming during the past two decades. There is new and
stronger evidence that most of the warming over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities. Human
activities have altered the chemical composition of the atmosphere through the buildup of greenhouse gases;
primarily carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O).
The Division of Environment and Urban Development at KISR was assigned to prepare the First National
Communication Report (KFNC) under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) based
on the available information about Kuwait.
Methods
The study included the following tasks:
1. Assessment of National Status of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs):
A survey was conducted for each sector such as energy and industry in order to estimate CO2 emission,
information on production, imports, exports, international oil bunkers, stock exchange, apparent
consumption for crude oil in the energy sector was collected. Different fuel types were surveyed, i.e.
liquid fossil, solid fossil, gaseous fossil and liquid and gas biomass.
2. Assessment of Government Actions for Controlling GHGs:
A survey was conducted to find government regulations and policies, national action plan, financial
support, research projects, public awareness, education and training.
*dajmi@kisr.edu.kw
221
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was established in 1992 in order
to combat global warming. The signatories of the convention include 188 states that have ratified or acceded
to the agreement, decided to formulate programs to mitigate climate change, and the developed country
signatories approved adoption of national policies to reduce emission of anthropogenic greenhouse gases to
their 1990 levels. Kuwait signed the ratification on December 28, 1994 and the agreement came into effect on
March 28, 1995.
3. Formulation of National Inventory of GHGs:

Data was compiled from all relevant sectors contributing to GHG emissions including power generation,
industry and transportation to establish a National Inventory according to procedures detailed in
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCCWorkbook), 1998.
4. 3UHSDUDWLRQ RI WKH .XZDLWV )LUVW 1DWLRQDO &RPPXQLFDWLRQ XQGHU WKH 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV )UDPHZRUN
Convention on Climate Change.
Findings
Climate change is a key global concern that is a not-so-distant reality. Its consequences, however, can be
alleviated if considered with a serious focus and dealt with today.
x Emphasize the need for education and awareness about climate change:
The world, the climate and all living things is a closed system. What we do has consequences that
eventually have an impact upon us. Tomorrow's children and today's adults will have to develop an
attitude regarding the climate and consider it when they become decision makers.
x Recommendations to improve the GHG inventory quality:
Based on the experience gained in developing the first national greenhouse gas inventory, high priority
objectives to facilitate the preparation of future communications, are as follows:
a. Strengthen the institutional structure established for future GHG inventory assessment.
b. 'HYHORSORFDOHPLVVLRQVIDFWRUVWKDWEHWWHUUHSUHVHQW.XZDLWVFRQGLWLRQV
c. Collaborate with concerned officials of Oil, Energy and Agriculture sectors, Traffic Departments and
industries in developing the required updated database system and supply to the institutions
responsible for future GHG inventory communication.
Under these main objectives, there are several specific suggestions as follows:
1. Institutional strengthening: It is essential to establish a permanent Secretariat within the General

Commission for the Protection of Marine Resources, Environment and Wildlife in order to coordinate
periodic updates of the national inventory. Moreover, a national system for GHG data collection
monitoring, reporting and verification is necessary in order to ensure that an inventory updating system is
both sustainable and meets high standards.
2. Improvement of local emission factors: Establish national authenticated GHG emission factors in place of
the IPCC default values in future updates. Scientific research is needed regarding specific sources of
emissions particularly nitrous oxides from soils and emission factors associated with in-situ agricultural
and vegetation waste incineration. In the mid-to long-term, the highest priority is to address some of the
gaps in the available data. Efforts to improve data availability can be principally targeted at the following
sectors.
Energy: National surveys to be conducted for consumption levels and patterns of various sub-sectors of
the economy including marine and aviation bunker fuels, fugitive emissions, and new modes of public
transport.
Industry: Investigate and report energy consumption patterns in small industries and factories to update
information from the emission sources.
Agriculture: Data should be collected regarding crop residue disposal systems, the quantity of fertilizers
and pesticides used by the agriculture sector, and the number of locally owned and imported livestock.
Overall increase in new greenery area should be evaluated as a compensatory measure to serve as a sink
for GHG emissions.
Waste: Estimations of the quantities of solid waste and wastewater produced by all industrial activities
and local communities and their waste disposal systems should be recorded with respect to GHG
emission inventory.
EC034C
222
Conclusions
Effective Data Transfer system: All the parties responsible for the GHG data updating have to compile the
information and transfer it to the institution involved with the GHG communication activities.
Applications
The report will be recorded at the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in the First Communication
Report of Kuwait.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Environment Public Authority for financial support to carry out this First National
Communication Report (KD 30,000), and extend appreciation and thanks to the National Committee for
Climate in Kuwait, Kuwait Ministry of Energy, Kuwait Petroleum Corporation, Ministry of Interior (Traffic
Department) and Ministry of Planning for providing data for the inventory of greenhouse gas estimations.
Total budget was KD 70,460.
1. D. Al-Ajmi, and Y. Al-Hadbhan. 7KH)LUVW1DWLRQDO&RPPXQLFDWLRQRQ&OLPDWH&KDQJH7KHst Joint

QP-JCCP Environment Symposium Sustainable Development on Climate Change, 5-7 February, 2007,
Doha, Qatar.
2. D. Al-Ajmi. &OLPDWH&KDQJHLQWKH*XOI&RXQWULHV6LWXDWLRQDQG5HDFWLRQV7KH&RQIHUHQFHRQ*OREDO
Common Challenges and Regional Trends-the Arab World in Times of Change, 2-4 November, 2007.
EC034C
223

Completed Project
EC026C; June, 2005 to May, 2007
Interactive Coastal Information System for KuwaitV7HUULWRULDO:DWHUV

Phase I: Hindcasting of Waves, Water Levels and Currents
*K. Rakha1, K. Al-Salem1, S. Neelamani1, K. Al-Banaa1, W. Al-Nassar1, A. Al-Ragum1,
H. Al-Gamily2 and A. Al-Othman2
1
2
Department of Coasts and Air Pollution, Environment and Urban Development Division and
National Scientific and Technical Information Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Introduction
The shorelines of Kuwait extend over a distance of about 500 km. Marinas, ports, power plants, and other
projects are being constructed or planned in the nearshore area. Design of such projects requires data on
extreme wave conditions. Yearly average wave conditions are also important for the prediction of the wave
induced currents and the sediment transport rates in the surf zone. No long term wave or current measurements
exist for Kuwait territorial waters. The long term wave data available along the shorelines of Kuwait are based
on simplistic empirical wave hindcast formulas that cannot always provide realistic data.
Methods
In this study, a third-generation wind driven wave model (WAM) was used to generate 12 years of wave data
for the Arabian Gulf. Wind data from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)
was used as input to the WAM model. The WAM Gulf model was validated using measured data from a wave
buoy offshore Fintas and at two towers south of Failaka Island. The measurements covered the years from
1994 to 1997.
The Resource Modeling Associates (RMA-10) hydrodynamic model was also used to generate data on tidal
currents and water levels for a period of one year. All the data produced was stored in a data base developed to
provide a user friendly environment for data visualization and extraction. Long term analysis of the wave data
was performed to determine the design wave conditions at many locations in the Gulf. Some summarized data
ZDVVWRUHGLQ.,65V*HRJUDSKLF,QIRUPDWLRQ6\VWHP*,6
Findings
x European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) data was found to under predict
extreme storms.
x Model validation results showed that the WAM model predicts wave heights reasonably well and wave
periods very well. Significant wave heights were under predicted during extreme storms due to the under
prediction of input wind data. A suitable correction was proposed and comparisons using the corrected
wave heights showed that the corrected WAM model provided good results.
x The 12 years of data were used to study the extreme wave conditions. The maximum significant wave
height hindcasted over the 12 years was found to be 5.3 m with a mean wave period of 8.0 seconds. This
value was located in the deeper southern part of the Gulf closer to Iran. The maximum significant wave
height hindcasted over the 12 years for Kuwait territorial waters was found to be 3.5 m with a maximum
mean wave period of 7.0 seconds.
*krakha@kisr.edu.kw
224
x The Gumbel and Weibull extreme value distributions were used to obtain extreme significant wave heights
at 19 different marine locations in Kuwait territorial waters and 38 locations in Arabian Gulf waters. Peak
over threshold of 1.0 m was used for synthesizing the raw data. The results of the extreme wave analysis
showed that the Weibull distribution is suitable for extreme wave height prediction in the Arabian Gulf.
The extreme 100 year significant wave height in the Kuwait territorial waters varied from 1.9 m to 4.0 m.
The corresponding mean wave period did not exceed 6.5 seconds. In the Arabian Gulf, the 100 year
significant wave heights reached up to 7.0 m. The corresponding mean wave period did not exceed 8.5
seconds.
x Tidal water level and currents data was used to determine the extreme values for water level changes and
tidal currents. Results showed that the maximum water level variations occur in the northern part of the
Arabian Gulf. The maximum range for water level variations was found to vary from 0.5 tio 4.0 m over
the Gulf. Tidal current values varied from 0.0 to 0.8 m/second.
Conclusions
An extensive hydrodynamic database was generated in this project. The database included 12 years of wave
data over the Arabian Gulf and one year of tidal currents and water level fluctuations. The extreme wave
conditions were also determined at several locations in the Gulf.
Applications
The data generated in this study will be very important for the design of the future projects in the nearshore
area such as extensions of the waterfront along the shorelines of Kuwait. The wave data can also be used to
estimate the sediment transport rates along the shorelines of Kuwait. Understanding tidal currents is essential
in predicting the fate of any oil spill in the marine environment or in predicting water quality. The user friendly
database will facilitate the data extraction and visualization.
Acknowledgments
This study was funded by Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences and Kuwait Institute for
Scientific Research. The support of Warba Insurance Company, Kuwait is also acknowledged. The total
budget of this project was KD 85,860.
1. S. Neelamani, K. Al-Salem and K. Rakha. (2009). Extreme waves for Different Return Periods in the
Arabian Gulf. Journal of Engineering Research; 6(1): 21-36.
2. K. Rakha, K. Al-Salem, and S. Neelamani. (2007). Hydrodynamic Atlas for Kuwaiti Territorial Waters.
Kuwait Journal of Science and Engineering. 34 (1A): 143-156.
3. K. Rakha, K. Al-Salem and S. Neelamani. (2007). Hydrodynamic Atlas for the Arabian Gulf. Journal of
Coastal Research, Special Issue 50 (Proceedings of the 9th International Coastal Symposium), 2124.
Gold Coast, Australia, pp 550-554.
4. S. Neelamani, K. Al-Salem and K. Rakha. Extreme waves in the Arabian Gulf. Journal of Coastal
Research, Special Issue 50 (Proceedings of the 9th International Coastal Symposium), 2124. Gold Coast,
Australia, pp 322-328.
5. S. Neelamani, K. Al-Salem and K. Rakha. (2007). Extreme waves for Kuwaiti territorial waters. Ocean
Engineering Journal; 34(10): 1496-1504.
6. S. Neelamani, K. Al-Salem, and K. Rakha. (2006). Extreme waves in the UAE territorial waters. Emirates
Journal for EngineeringResearch; 11(2): 37-46.
7. S. Neelamani, K. Al-Salem and K. Rakha. 100 Year return period waves for design of marine structures in
Kuwaiti territorial waters. The International Conference on Science and Technology of Aquaculture,
Fisheries and Oceanography in the Arabian Seas, 11-13 February, 2007, Kuwait.
EC026C
225

Completed Project
EC022C; December, 2005 to November, 2007
Coastline Evolution Studies of Kuwait Using Remote Sensing Techniques

*S. Neelamani1, S. Uddin2, K. Rakha1, K. Al-Banaa1, W. Al-Nassar1, K. Al-Salem1,
A. Al-Ragum1, Y. Zhao3 and A. Al-Othman3
Departments of Coasts and Air Pollution, and 2Environmental Sciences, Environment and Urban
Development Division, and 3Department of Systems Development, National Scientific and Technical
Information Centre, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Introduction
Kuwait has a total coastal length of 496 km with most of the population living close to the coast.
Understanding how the Kuwait coast is evolving is essential for sustainable and holistic coastal development.
Coastal morphological changes are occurring and it is important to assess them quantitatively over a long
period of time, (10 to 15 years) either for selecting a new site for proposed coastal projects or for proper
management of existing coastal projects. Identification of erosion and accretion zones in Kuwait will help for
the better planning of new projects, cost effective maintenance of the existing projects and for proposing
effective coastal zone management plans. Remote sensing is an important tool for the coastal evolution study
of Kuwait Coastal.
Methods
The coastline evolution of Kuwait was studied by comparing the temporal variation of the Kuwait coastline by
using the oldest and the latest remote sensing images. Landsat remote sensing images (30 m resolution) are
available from 1989 to 2003. The latest remote sensing IRS-P5 images (2.5 m resolution) were obtained for the
year 2006-07. Aerial photographs (0.38 m resolution) for the year 2003 were also used. Ground-truthing
(actual field verification) was carried out, especially for the southern coastal areas of Kuwait. Waterline
extracted from satellite images was used for coastal morphological change detection. In the present work,
processing of the data sets which included cartographic base mapping using digitization and visual
interpretation, density slicing, edge enhancement and change detection to a single band data and image
classification of a multiband data. The tidal correction was applied while carrying out the temporal comparison
of the remote sensing images. The shoreline changes for the whole Kuwait coast between 1989 and 2006 were
obtained.
Findings
x Most of the man-made coastal developments are focused between the southern coastal boundaries of the
country up to Shuwaikh Port area. Coastal water in this stretch is relatively more transparent.
x The coastal area in between Shuwaikh Port area and the northern boundary of the country has less human
activities and natural tidal flats. The coastal water in this stretch is in general less transparent.
x Coastal morphological change from southern tip of Kuwait to Ras Al-Ardh and from Ras Al-Ardh to
Shuwaikh Port is mainly caused by man-made structures.
x It is confirmed that in many places, starting from the southern Kuwait border to Ras Al-Ardh, groups of
boat ramps, constructed by the public, act as groin fields and stabilize the coast.
*nsubram@kisr.edu.kw
226
x The whole northern part of Kuwait Bay and the coast from the north of Sabiya Power Station to the
northern border of Kuwait is undergoing changes by natural deposits of silt and mud, supplied by Shatt
Al-Basra and Shatt Al-Arab.
x Dredging activity from the intake of Sabiya Power Station and its deposition at the southern side has
caused a significant coastal morphological change of the northeastern part of Kuwait Bay.
x There is significant accretion at some parts of the southern Kuwait coast, some parts inside the Kuwait
Bay, and some parts in the Khor Sabiya. The extent of development of sand spits in many parts of
southern Kuwait coastal areas was observed. Clear sand accretion in most of the southern Kuwait coast
was observed, due to slipways which act as groin fields.
x Six locations in the Kuwait coastal area were identified as sites with significant man-made developments
during 2003-2006.
x A detailed comprehensive geo-environmental database was prepared for coastal areas and covered manmade and natural coastal features.
x Numerical modeling to assess the sediment budget in the southern part of Kuwait coast was carried out
and the erosion and accretion spots identified. The numerical model results were found to match with
ground-truthing.
Conclusions
The study suggests that the long term changes in coastline can be precisely depicted from the datasets. Based
on the study with IRS P5 dataset, the complete Kuwait shoreline has been characterized as eroding/accreting or
areas without any change.
The results of the present study can be of use for future holistic and sustainable coastal development in Kuwait
based on the understanding of the coastal morphological changes for the past 17 years.
Applications
The coastline evolution in Kuwait from 1989 to 2006 is presented in the study showing the eroding and
accreting coastal areas. Hence this information can be used by public sector and private companies for
selecting the appropriate coastal location for new projects.
Acknowledgments

1. S. Neelamani and S. Uddin. (2008). Coastline evolution of Kuwait coast during 1989-2007. Invited article
for the special edition of Geoinformatics in Applied Geomorphology.
2. S. Neelamani and S. Uddin. (2009). Investigation on Coastline EvolutionA case study for Kuwait Coast.
International Conference in Ocean Engineering, February 1-5, IIT Madras, India, pp.721-734.
3. S. Neelamani and S. Uddin. Kuwait coastline evolution during 1989 to 2003. Second Gulf Conference and
Exhibition on Environment and Sustainability, 16-19 February, 2009, Kuwait, pp.787-803.
EC022C
227
Authors thank Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences for financial support (KD 20,110). Total

Completed Project
EC032C; January, 2006 to May, 2007
Long Term Prediction of Winds for Kuwait

*S. Neelamani1, L. Al-Awadhi1, A. Al-Ragum1, K. Al-Salem1, A. Al-Othman2, M. Hussein2 and Y. Zhao2
1
Department of Systems Development, National Scientific and Technical Information Centre, Kuwait
Institute for Scientific Research
Introduction
Safe and optimal design of high rise buildings in Kuwait needs to take into account extreme wind conditions
and hence dictates the building structure. Past wind data, measured at 10 m above the ground level at different
locations in Kuwait can be used for the prediction of such wind speeds.
The main objective of the study was to carry out extreme wind analysis using the measured wind speed data
for locations such as Kuwait International Airport (KIA), KISR, Ras Al-Ardh, Failaka Island and Al-Wafra for
different return periods and directions.
Methods
Gumbel's extreme value distribution technique is used around the world for extreme wind prediction. The
procedures used to apply this method of prediction of wind speed for different return periods were:
x The input data set for extreme wind analysis was prepared by using the measured hourly maximum wind
speed and direction at different locations in Kuwait supplied by the Meteorology office, KIA.
x The yearly wind speed data for a location and a direction was arranged in descending order.
x The Gumbel's plotting formula Q = (i-c1)/(N+c2) is used to reduce the wind speed data to a set of points
describing the probability of exceedence of wind speed, Q, where 'i' is the rank order and 'N' is the total
number of values, c1 = 0.44 and c2 = 0.12 for Gumbel distribution.
x The wind speed is then plotted against a reduced variate of Q. The reduced variate of Q for Gumbel
distribution is y = -In [-In (1-Q)]).
x A straight line was fitted by using least square analysis and the slope and intercept of the straight line fit
obtained.
x The wind speed for different return period, UTR is then obtained using the formula UTR - ,Q>-,Q^7R7R`@ZKHUHLVFDOOHGDVVFDOHIDFWRUDQGLVFDOOHGDVORFDWLRQIDFWRU7KHYDOXHRILVFDOFXODWHG
DV VORSHRIWKHOLQHDQGWKHYDOXHRILVFDOFXODWHGDV -intercept / slope of the line). Here TR is
WKHUHWXUQSHULRGLQ\HDUVDQGLVWKHQXPEHURIHYHQWVSHU\HDU)RUWKHSUHVHQWDQDO\VLV IRUWKHGDWD
measured in KIA and is 1/12 for the data measured in KISR, Ras Al-Ardh, Failaka Island and Al-Wafra
respectively.
x The analysis was repeated for data from different wind directions and for different locations in Kuwait.
Findings
x The expected extreme wind speed in Kuwait International Airport (KIA) area from NW direction for 10,
25, 50, 100 and 200 year return periods are 18.7, 20.8, 22.4, 23.9 and 25.5 m/s, respectively. It was found
228
that change in wind direction and change in location has significant effect on the extreme winds of
different return periods.
x The 100 year return period wind speed can reach to 30.4 m/s in KIA, from SW direction. The 100 year
return period wind speed from NW direction varies from 21 m/s to 27 m/s, when the location is changed
from Ras Al-Ardh to KISR. Similarly, the 100 year return period wind speed from SW direction varies
from 18 m/s to 30.4 m/s, when the location is changed from Al-Wafra to KIA. Furthermore, the 100 year
return period wind speed from SE direction varies from 16 m/s to 23 m/s, when the location is changed
from KISR to Ras Al-Ardh.
Conclusions
The results of the present study can be used for the design of tall structures, wind power farms, extreme sand
transport and fixing insurance premiums. Since the spatial variation of extreme wind speed is significant in
Kuwait, the study needs to be extended to include locations in Kuwait other than those investigated, where
measured wind data is available.
It is possible to prepare a wind zoning map and a code for the extreme winds in Kuwait, which can be used for
design of tall structures at any location in Kuwait.
Applications
This project estimated the extreme wind speed expected for different return periods and from different
directions. These results are inputs for estimating the wind induced forces on tall structures, power
transmission lines etc. They are also inputs for design of devices for controlling sand movements in desert
areas, ship anchoring systems in ports and harbors, wind power plants on land and sea, chimneys etc.
Results of the extreme wind data can be used for planning ground control and operation of aircraft, planning
for mitigating measures for life and properties during extreme winds, movements of dust etc. and estimation of
insurance premiums for structures, aircraft, ships and tall towers. Extreme wind speed is also responsible for
generating high waves in the seas, which dictates the design, operation and maintenance of all types of marine
structures.
Acknowledgments
Authors thank Warba Insurance Company, Kuwait, and Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences,
for financial support (total budget KD 30,210).
1. S. Neelamani, L. Al-Awadi, A. Al-Ragum and M. Al-Sudairawi (2007). Extreme wind speed from differen
directions in Kuwait, Wind Engineering; 31(3): 139-148.
2. S. Neelamani, L. Al-Awadi, A. Al-Ragum and M. Al-Sudairawi. Extreme winds in Kuwait from differen
directions. International Conference on Desertification Control in the Arid Region, May 12-14, 2007, KISR
Kuwait.
3. S. Neelamani, L. Al-Awadi, A. Al-Ragum and M. Al-Sudairawi. Effect of Direction and Location on the
Extreme Winds in Kuwait. The Second Gulf Conference and Exhibition on Environment and Sustainability
February 16-19, 2009, Kuwait, pp.732-748.
EC032C
229

Completed Project
EC055C; January, 2006 to June, 2007
,QWHJUDWHG6\VWHPIRU)ORRG0DQDJHPHQWLQ6KXDLED$UHDDQGLWV9LFLQLWLHV
*A. Al-Dousari
Introduction
Al-Shuaiba Industrial Area (SIA) is subject to flash floods during intensive rainfall of 3040 mm in one storm,
as experienced during the rainy season of 2004. The hilly terrain (40 to 120 m above sea level), which is
located 5-6 km to the west of the industrial area, acts as a watershed area. This watershed area is dissected by a
set of drainage basins of different morphologic and hydrologic characteristics. In addition, the industrial area
receives direct precipitation which sometimes produces runoff water. The floods cause intensive damage to the
physical infrastructure including roads, drains, security fences and other facilities.
Methods
Using remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS), 116 wadis of different morphologic and
hydrologic characteristics were identified. They attain about 69,143 km as a total length and 1,944,701 m2 total
areas. Based on GIS, detailed field survey and interpretation of 2003 aerial photographs, recent satellite images
and topographic maps, an integrated flood management plan was established. This plan consists of immediate
action plan for flood control in the study area. Flood control was based mainly on the establishment of check
dykes (about 2 m high) in the course of two active wadis (Fahaheel and Shuaiba). In addition a set of check
dykes were constructed at the lower reaches of the main open drain at Port Abdallah area. Moreover,
appropriate measures for the protection of the electric fence surrounding the area against floods were proposed.
Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) was conducted including impact identification, impact evaluation and
mitigation measures to offset the impacts.
Field tests and measurements included initial infiltration rate and surface hydrological measurements:
Representative sites for these tests were selected in three wadis (northern, central and southern). Selection of
the test sites was based on morphologic and hydrologic characteristics of the wadis.
A double-ring infiltrometer was used to measure the initial infiltration rate. This infiltrometer consists of two
metal rings (20 cm high) driven into the ground surface about 5 cm deep. Both rings were filled with water.
The outer ring (30 cm in diameter) supplies water that migrates laterally and at the same time saturates the soil
next to the inner ring and water in the inner ring (14 cm in diameter) moves vertically into the soil.
Measurements of the infiltration rate were recorded in the inner ring. A scale was fixed in the inner ring to
measure the infiltration of water into the soil at various time intervals. The duration of the test was 30 minutes.
At the end of the experiment, the depth of water infiltration into the soil was measured in a shallow pit dug for
this purpose. Soil samples were collected from the pit.
The morphological characteristics of wadis at the sites of infiltration tests were identified. The width and
depth of wadis in addition to heights of cliffs and terraces were measured.
*adousari@kisr.edu.kw
230
Geographic Information System (GIS)

GIS provides a broad range of tools for determining areas affected by floods and forecasting areas likely to be
flooded due to high discharge of storm water.
x Remotely sensed data: The LANDSAT image of 2001 with a spatial resolution of 30x30 m was used to
extract the major environmental and geomorphological features and infrastructures present in the study
area as a base for the detailed spatial data from other sources. IKONOS data of 2005 was also used in this
study.
x Aerial photographs: Nine aerial photos acquired in 2003 with 37 cm spatial resolution were used.
x Maps: Topographic maps of scale 1:50 000 were used as a base for different GIS layers.
x Field data: The global positioning system (GPS) was used to identify the locations of sampling sites and
the locations of the field photos. The GIS team provided printouts of the satellite images and aerial photos
to capture the needed data from the field. The image processing and derivation of information from it were
done using AutoCAD 2000 ArcGIS ver. 9.1 and ERDAS Imagine Ver. 8.5 software.
x Digital image processing: The LANDSAT image and aerial photographs were processed using ERDAS
Imagine 8. 5 S/W as follows:
x Image restoration:
x Data Automation: The topographic map of scale 1:50000 is converted into digital format using AutoCAD
2000 S/W. The digital file was converted into ArcGIS Geodatabase. Then, editing was carried out using
ArcGIS ver. 9.1 S/W. Finally, the digital file was transformed to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
projection (zone 39) with the datum and spheroid of WGS84, to produce the GIS ready base-map.
x GIS database creation: ArcGIS was used to carry out the Geospatial database for the project. All the GIS
layers and related attribute data were designed to include different spatial data that was extracted from
remotely sensed data, aerial photos, topographic maps and GPS field measurements. Also, the attribute
database includes the field photos as attribute for the locations of these photos.
x GIS analysis and production of maps: The topographic GIS ready map was used to produce the drainage
systems layers. The resultant layers were then overlaid by the mosaicked aerial photos that cover the
study area, and corrected and updated to produce the final drainage layers. Contour lines are used to
produce the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the project area.
Findings
x The drainage system of Wadi Al-Ahmadi is running to the north of SIA. The large number of its branches
leads to high destructive power during any flash flood. Topographic base maps were transformed into GIS
EC055C
231
Atmospheric correction: Haze reduction function of ERDAS Imagine S/W was applied for the
LANDSAT image as well as the aerial photos.
Georeference: The LANDSAT image of 2001 is geometrically corrected to the Universal
Transverse Mercator projection (UTM) zone 39, with WGS-84 datum and spheroid, and 30 m
grid. Eight well distributed ground control points, obtained from 1:50000 topographic maps were
used to calculate the geometric transformation. The full LANDSAT image containing the study
area was re-sampled using the nearest neighbor method. This image is used as the master images
in the process of geo-referencing the nine different aerial photos that covered the study area.
Mosaicking: The geo-referenced nine aerial photos were mosaicked using ERDAS Imagine S/W,
to produce one photo file covering the whole study area.
Image enhancement: The LANDSAT image as well as the aerial photos were spectrally
enhanced using the capabilities of ERDAS Imagine.
Information extraction: Restored and enhanced image and aerial photos were used to extract
information.
ready layers and developed to create the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). This showed that the highest
elevation is located to the west and it is decreased to the east.
The study area is at risk of flash floods from two main wadis; wadi Al-Ahmadi to the north of the study
area and wadi Shuaiba that intersect the middle part of the project area. There is also another drainage
system running to the south of the study area which may affect the most southern part of the project area.
The drainage basin of wadi Shuaiba consists of a number of main branches that meet together before
intersecting the project area. The potential hazards of such drainage system are very high, so mitigation
measures in the form of establishment of dykes system are very important.
Comparison of the maximum rate of rainfall in Kuwait (0.87 mm/minute) with the present infiltration
test results shows that the lowest infiltration is higher than the highest rainfall rate. The runoff in this
area seems mainly due to flow of water from paved surfaces and from areas where the infiltration is less
than 0.87 mm/minute.
It is found that 20 cm height water can penetrate into the ground up to about 80 cm. Most of the places,
the depth of wet zone is from 40 to 60cm. Greater depth of wet zone is an indication of presence of
subsoil moisture for the roots of the plants even during summer season.
Conclusions
Although infiltration rates are higher than rainfall rates, runoff from paved areas may contribute to flooding.
Intersecting drainage basins pose a flooding hazard.
The study area is at risk of flash floods from two main wadis as noted in Findings.
The potential hazards of such drainage system are very high. Mitigation measures in the form of establishment
of dykes system are very important.
Applications
Immediate action plan for flood control:
Based on the present studies an immediate action plan for flood control in the area of study was implemented.
Flood control was based mainly on the establishment of check dykes (about 2 m high) in the course of two
wadis (Fahaheel and Shuaiba). In addition, a set of check dykes were constructed at the lower reaches of the
main open drain at Port Abdallah area.
Acknowledgements
The author thanks Council of Ministers for funding the project (KD 94,430).

1. A. Al-Dousari, R. Misak, H. Al-Gamily and S. Neelamani (2008). Flood managements in Shuaiba
Industrial area Kuwait. Symposium on disasters managements and safety of buildings in Arab countries,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 29 March 1 April 2008, B122. http://disasters.momra.gov.sa/Default_en.aspx.
2. A. Al-Dousari, R. Misak, H. Al-Gamily, and T. Al-Asfour (2007). Flood managements in Kuwait. 2nd
Scientific symposium on water issues in GCC, countries, Kuwait, 27-28 March, 2007, final Issue pp:
113-126.
EC055C
232

Completed Project
EC051C; January, 2006 to May, 2008
Environmental Baseline Survey for the Prospective Clean Fuel Facilities at

Port Abdullah, Port Al-Ahmadi and Al-Shuaiba Refineries
*A. Ramadan1 A. Khan1, H. Al-Menaie2, A. Al-Shatti2 and N. Bhat2
1
Department of Coasts and Air Pollution, 2Department of Aridland Agriculture and Greenery,
Introduction
Kuwait National Petroleum Company (KNPC) considered executing a Front-End Engineering and Design
(FEED) for a Clean Fuel Project-2020 (CFP-2020) which would involve modifications, i.e., upgrading and
installation of new facilities, at its three existing refineries: Port Abdullah (MAB), Port Al-Ahmadi (MAA),
and Shuaiba (SHU).
As part of the planned work, MAA and MAB will undergo major upgrades and expansion to attain increased
capacities and increased conversion of Low Sulphur Fuel Oil (LSFO) to higher end products through Bottom
of Barrel (BOB) processing. SHU is likely to become a tank farm, gasoline blending and shipping and logistics
center with potential integration of some offsite facilities with MAA and MAB operations.
The CFP-2020 scheme will require an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to ensure that the environment
is protected adequately from these major modification works. As part of the EIA, it was necessary to establish
the environmental baseline against which the project impacts could be assessed, and this was done by
undertaking an Environmental Baseline Studies (EBS).
The Coasts and Air Pollution Department (CAD) of the Environmental and Urban Division, Kuwait Institute
for Scientific Research (KISR) was chosen by Det Norske Veritas Limited (DNV) for conducting the
environmental baseline survey for the three sites MAB, MAA and SHU. The objective of this study was to
provide background data in support of the comprehensive Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), which in
turn would facilitate design and environmental approval of the project.
Methods
KISR agreed to supply all services required for development, preparation, assembly, reproduction and quality
assurance for the Environmental Baseline Studies (EBS) to support development of the CFP-2020 for KNPC.
Information for the EBS was collected through site reconnaissance activities including sampling, and
measurement and analysis, of air contaminants, noise and soil.
The EBS study area comprised of a core area extending for a 10 km radius from the center of the planned
refinery expansion sites, and a general area extending between the 10 km and 20 km radii from this site. The
*aramadan@kisr.edu.kw
233
The main objectives of the CFP-2020 were: 1) meet 2020 market demands and specifications for transport
fuels; 2) integrated operating capability of the MAA and MAB with optimum utilization of existing
infrastructure; and 3) increased processing capacity to 800 KBBL (currently 736 KBBL).
focus of the data gathering was to identify and characterize the environmental features within the study areas
that would potentially be impacted by the operation of the facilities being provided.
Ambient air quality monitoring took place over a total of forty five monitoring sites within the core and
general study areas. The monitoring activities included measuring air pollutant concentrations using triplicate
sets of diffusive passive samplers, continuous analyzers (at one location) and tedlar bags. By combining the
results of the three methods, it was possible to collect an ambient air quality dataset with greater temporal and
spatial resolution than would be possible with the continuous analyzers at one location only. Pollutants
monitored covered: NO, NO2, SO2, H2S, NH3, PM10, PM2.5, PM1, TSP, total hydrocarbons (THC), nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), i.e., benzene, toluene, o-xylene,
m+p-xylene and ethyl benzene, nonane and octane. The meteorological conditions were also monitored.
Ambient sound levels were quantitatively measured at twenty noise-sensitive receptors in order to characterize
the existing noise environment at appropriate locations in the study area.
Assessment of soil physico-chemical properties involved a preliminary reconnaissance survey and was
followed by detailed field investigations and soil sampling from 13 points at each of MAB, MAA and SHU.
Soil samples were processed and analyzed at the Aridland Agriculture and Greenery Department (AAGD) soil
laboratory and Central Analytical Laboratory (CAL) for various physical and chemical properties.
Findings
x Multipoint diffusive passive sampling revealed a good degree of uniformity of pollutant distribution across
the tested region. The measured pollutant concentrations reflected the meteorological conditions at the
time of sampling. The results were compared with the relevant Kuwait Environment Public Authority
(KEPA) and KNPC standards. The measured concentrations of O3, NMHC, SO2 exceeded the standards on
some occasions; however, not all exceedences were considered violations.
x The A-weighted equivalent sound level accumulated during the ten minute run (LAEQ) values violated the
limits of KEPA night-time community noise due to industry and noise allowed in outdoor environment at
two points; no violation occurred during day-time. These two points were in close proximity to flares.
x In general, the soils at the three refineries were slightly alkaline (7.4-7.8), moderately alkaline (7.9-8.4),
strongly alkaline (8.5-9.0), or very strongly alkaline (>9.0).
x The salinity of the refinery areas ranged from non-saline (0-2 mS/cm), very slightly saline (2-4 mS/cm),
slightly saline (4-8 mS/cm), or moderately saline (8-16 mS/cm).
x The soil contained very low levels of heavy metals and hence they did not pose any significant health
hazard to humans or animals.
x The low levels of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) values suggested that the soil was not contaminated
with any petroleum hydrocarbons, and hence the soil was unlikely to create immediate problems.
Conclusions
The baseline survey conducted supports the prospective developments of the three sites.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research and Det Norske Veritas Limited (DNV) for funding
the project. The total budget was KD 106,920.
EC051C
234

Completed Project
EC052C; February, 2006 to August, 2006
Wind Tunnel Assessment of Kuwait AirportDistinguished Guests Reception

(VVIP) Shade Structure at Kuwait International Airport
*A. Ramadan, S. Alhajraf and W. Al-Nassar
Introduction
In Kuwait, construction companies carry out wind tunnel tests on their models overseas. KISR has a boundary
layer wind tunnel with a long section, which is suitable for testing small-scale models.
National Computer Services (NCS) has approached the Coasts and Air Pollution Department (CAD) of Kuwait
Institution for Scientific Research (KISR) to conduct numerical and experimental wind impact assessment on a
model for a dome-shaped shade structure to be constructed for the Distinguished Guests Reception (VVIP) at
Kuwait International Airport (KIA). This assessment was the objective of the project.
Methods
A 1:300 scale model instrumented with 364 surface pressure taps (182 taps on the upper surface and 182 taps
on the lower surface) was tested in the wind tunnel at wind speeds of 9.71 m/s and 12.8 m/s. The wind
direction was varied from 355 to 135 in 10 steps covering Northerly to South-Easterly wind directions.
The mean surface pressures were measured using an ESP-64HD DTC pressure scanner and a Xeon PC system.
The mean pressures were mapped onto the canopy (with Krigging interpolation) to produce mean pressure
isopleths. The mean pressure differences between the upper and lower surfaces were then averaged over each
surface to evaluate the area-averaged loads.
The canopy was divided into 10 surfaces to simplify the force calculations. The difference between the upper
and lower surfaces mean pressures was averaged over each surface to evaluate the area-averaged loads. Using
the actual surface areas, the average wind loads were calculated.
235
A turbulent boundary layer was set up ahead of the model to simulate the full-scale wind conditions at the site
consistent with the model scale and the terrain surrounding the site. The target properties of the boundary layer
were specified in accordance with the widely accepted log law description of the atmospheric boundary layer.
The simulated atmospheric boundary layer was achieved using spires and the following surface roughness
blocks and gravel that generated the required turbulence. The mean velocity profile inside the wind tunnel was
similar to that in the field. The velocity scale was 1:2 for a strong wind and the time scale was approximately
1:150.
Findings
Below is a summary of the project findings:
x Due to their large surface areas, surface 1 followed by surface 2 underwent higher wind loads than other
surfaces.
x Except for a small down force at 70o yaw, surfaces 1 and 2 were always affected by a lift force. This lift
force reached a maximum at 0o and 40o yaw for surfaces 1 and 2, respectively.
x Surface 3 was always affected by a lift force, which reached a maximum near 0o yaw.
x Surface 4 was under lift force for 70o yaw. The lift force reduced as the yaw angle increased and it
reversed into a down force at 40o yaw reaching a maximum at 20o. As the yaw angle continued to
increase the down force reduced and it became a lift force that reached a maximum at about 60o.
x Surface 5 was always under lift force which reached a maximum at 30o.
x Surface 6 was affected by down force at 70o. This force reduced as the yaw angle increased and it
became a lift force, which peaked at 40o.
x Surfaces 7 and 9 were affected by down force at 70o. This force increased gradually as the yaw angle
increased to reach its maximum at 40o. The lift force then decreased with yaw angle such that the surface
was affected by a down force at 70o.
x Surface 8 was under lift force for angles 70o to 10o and down force for angles 10o to 70o. The lift and
down forces peaked at 50o and 20o respectively.
x Surface 10 was under lift force for angles 70o to 0o and down force for angles 0o to 70o. The lift forces
peaked at 50o whilst the down force continued increasing with angle.
x As the yaw angle increased, the distance between the suction and pressure peaks reduced resulting in a
high rate of change in the direction and magnitude of the loads on the canopy.
x Surfaces 3, 5 and 7 of the canopy suffered the highest negative pressures.
Conclusions
The study provided a qualitative overview of the distribution of the pressures on the canopy. The specific
recommendations of this study are based on the test results. For the flow directions considered, the supporting
trusses for surfaces 3-10 have to be reinforced especially near the apexes (conical tops) where the suction and
pressure peaks can exist in proximity to each other. It is also recommended that these trusses should be able to
cope with the change in the direction of the total wind loads although for the angles tested, it is obvious that
the canopy will experience lift forces under the tested flow conditions.
Applications
Wind tunnel tests can produce more reliable loading estimates than the conservative codes and standards and
that is why most of the engineering codes incorporate provisions for this. Often, wind tunnel tests lead to
significant savings in cost of structure and cladding without compromising safety.
It is recommended that the results of this project and details of the test facilities and expertise available at
KISR be made accessible to architectural design and construction companies in the private sector.
Acknowledgements
This project was funded by National Computer Services (KD 13,000) and Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research. The total budget for the study was KD 20,860.
EC052C
236

Completed Project
EC053C; February, 2006 to July, 2006
Assessment of a Wind Tunnel as a Seismic Testing Environment

*A. Ramadan1, S. Alhajraf1, W. Al-Nassar1, C. Olalde2, W. Mousa2 and A. Ennaifer2
1
2
Department of Coasts and Air Pollution, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research and
Schlumberger Dhahran Carbonate Research, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Introduction
The interaction of wind with the surface of the Earth can produce levels of noise that interfere with the signals
coming from the subsurface, which are of interest in seismic exploration. The correct removal of the noise
produced by wind requires an understanding of how this noise is generated and its time-frequency
characteristics.
Although seismic wind noise may be studied from field experiments, the logistics of field investigations can be
complicated due to uncontrolled field conditions. Thus conducting experiments in a wind tunnel may be a
good option. As the wind-ground interaction is strongly dependent on the structure of the atmospheric
boundary layer, a wind tunnel where the boundary conditions of the atmosphere and the ground can be
simulated may offer the advantages of a controlled environment for seismic studies. However, the levels of
electromechanical noise that can be measured in a wind tunnel represent a challenge. The simulation of real
seismic signals produced by wind could be performed only if the levels of vibration (noise) from the structure
of the wind tunnel can be characterized and reduced to levels similar to field conditions. A detailed seismic
study was performed using the boundary layer wind tunnel of the Coasts and Air Pollution Department at
KISR.
Methods
To assess the possibility of performing seismic experiments in a wind tunnel, a seismic study was conducted in
the boundary layer wind tunnel of the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research.
The final setup consisted of three seismic sensors distributed symmetrically in a tray filled with sand. The
middle sensor was left on the surface while the other two were buried (1cm sand layer). The spikes of the
geophones were used to fix the geophones. The tray sat on a platform with six legs (manufactured at KISR)
which was insulated from ground vibration using rubber pads. Three more seismic sensors were attached to
one leg of the platform as a reference. Sand (average grain size: 125-PZDVXVHGLQWKHH[SHULPHQWV
Sand erosion was measured using a piezoelectric particle counter.
In order to have a better knowledge of the potential sources of noise, the sound pressure level produced by the
mechanical components of the fan and the interaction of the airflow with windows in the test section was
measured using the NC-10 sound level meter inserted through the roof of the test section and placed at a
distance of 10 cm from the roof. The ambient noise as well as the noise level at seven fan frequencies were
237
The objectives of this study were: 1) to assess the levels of seismic noise produced by the structure of KISR
wind tunnel and 2) to study the characteristics of the signals produced by the airflow on the seismic sensors.
measured. Moreover, the ambient noise was measured for two cases; with the exhaust shutter of the tunnel
closed or open.
The frequency settings for the fan speed of the wind tunnel were the main factor to design the final
experiments. Data were acquired in several runs per frequency (same seven frequencies as above). In average
four runs were performed. In case of any peripheral noise noticed during the experiment, more runs were made.
In the first part of the experiments, ambient noise was recorded. As in the previous experiments two cases were
selected: 1) closed shutter of the wind tunnel, and 2) opened shutter.
Findings
x :H ZHUH DEOH WR GHYHORS D V\VWHP WR DWWHQXDWH WKH QRLVH RI WKH VWUXFWXUH RI .,65V ZLQG WXQQHO 7KLV
system is simple and overcomes technical and logistical difficulties related to seismic experiments in
laboratory conditions. Comparisons with seismic signals measured in field conditions corroborated the
effectiveness of the approach. The signals obtained in our seismic experiments were affected by levels of
QRLVHVLPLODUWRWKHRQHVPHDVXUHGLQILHOGFRQGLWLRQVWKXVUHVXOWVRIVHLVPLFH[SHULPHQWVLQ.,65s wind
tunnel can be extrapolated to real wind noise problems in the field.
x It is important to note that results obtained with the seismic sensor placed on the surface of the sand and
which were presented in this report can be extrapolated to the sensors buried in the tray. Some magnitudes
are slightly different, but the general results are comparable. The results obtained for the Z (vertical)
FRPSRQHQWLQ.,65VZLQGWXQQHOPLJKWKDYHEHHQLPSURYHGLIWKHVRXUFHRIWKHHOHFWURPDJQHWLFQRLVH
could be estabOLVKHG ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH H[DFW UROH RI WKH VKHHW VWHHO OD\HU LQ WKH VWUXFWXUH RI .,65V ZLQG
tunnel should be clarified. More complete experiments might be conducted if bigger trays can be attached
to the floor of the wind tunnel.
Conclusions
The results REWDLQHGLQRXUH[SHULPHQWVLQ.,65VZLQGWXQQHOUHSUHVHQWDQRYHODSSURDFKLQWKLVILHOG7KLV
was a successful attempt of conducting seismic wind noise experiments under controlled conditions. We were
able to clarify a controversial point in the geophysical literature, the spectral characteristics of wind noise. This
noise extends in the whole seismic exploration frequency band. This is an important first step towards a
complete characterization of the wind noise signatures. More experimental and theoretical work should help to
establish whether this noise can also have beneficial applications.
Applications
The interference between the noise due to wind-surface interaction and geophones sensors used in oil
exploration activities is a problem. This project suggests an approach for the efficient removal of this noise. It
is recommended that the results of this project be made accessible to Kuwait Oil Company.
Acknowledgements
This project was funded by Schlumberger Dhahran Carbonate Research, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KD 3,000)
and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. The total budget for the study was KD 12,120.
EC053C
238

Completed Project
EC030C; April, 2006 to March, 2008
Assessment of Available Sand Stabilization Techniques at Al-Salmi Road:

A Case Study
*A. Ramadan1, S. Lahalih2 and S. Ali3
1
Department of Coasts and Air Pollution, 2Petro-Chemical Processes Program and 3Department of
Building and Energy Technologies, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Introduction
Sand stabilization techniques can be categorized as mechanical, biological and chemical. In this project we
conducted laboratory tests on two promising sand stabilization chemicals, SF-C which is commercially
available and SUMF which has been developed and patented by Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
(KISR). The SF-C is prepared from concentrated solution of polymer modified styrene acrylic copolymer resin
with a specially designed plasticizer while SUMF is a polyanionic sulfonated urea-melamine formaldehyde
condensate. Both of the chemicals are reported to help reestablishment of the native vegetation cover and
ultimately control migration of sand dunes. Using dune sand taken from Al-Salmi Road area, we looked at the
stabilization characteristics of the two chemicals under wind, water runoff, rain, and mechanical force.
The efficiency of stabilization chemicals depends on the climate (wind speed, wind direction and rainfall), type
of soil stabiliser and its concentration and soil mesh size. Tests were conducted on the two chemicals under
identical conditions. A comparative study for the two chemicals was undertaken for their effectiveness in
controlling wind and water erosion by measuring the effect of the above mentioned independent variables on
the following dependent variables: (a) amount of loose erodible material on the surface after treatment, (b) the
free-stream threshold velocity, (c) abrasion resistance of the treated surface, (d) compressive strength
(e) stabilised layer thickness and (f) water runoff resistance.
The following tests were conducted: grain size analysis; chemical analysis; water runoff erosion; simulated
rain; unconfined compression; wind Erosion.
Findings
x The grain size analysis revealed that the sand can be categorised as fine to medium ranging between
poorly-sorted to moderately-well-sorted.
x For SF-C, the thickness of the stabiliser layer increases with stabiliser solid content weight per area
varying between 13.5-19mm, whilst for SUMF, the thickness of the stabiliser layer is nearly fixed at 8mm
for the application rates used in the study. pH varied between 7.35-7.55 and 7.5-7.85 for sand treated with
SF-C and SUMF respectively.
x In general, the weight of the sand eroded due to water runoff decreases as the application rate increases.
At 60 g/m2 the Loose Erodible Material (LEM) weight of SF-C treated samples was always less than half
that of SUMF treated samples, hence the SF-C is more suitable for stabilising surfaces which are prone to
water runoff.
239
Methods
x SF-C treated samples showed resistance to erosion due to rain when treated with 8.94g/m2 for both flat
and dune surfaces, while for SUMF, the resistance started at 30g/m2 for the flat surface and 15g/m2 for the
sand dune surface. SF-C is more suitable when rain erosion is a problem.
x The compressive strength tests revealed a proportional relationship between the solid content weight ratio
and the compression strength of the sand treated with the two stabilisers. The SUMF treated sand had a
peak stress value which was about 11 times the corresponding one for sand treated with SF-C at 3.5%
stabiliser solid content to sand weight ratio. SUMF is more suitable for stabilising surfaces which are
prone to mechanical forces (due to human/animal activities, e. g. grazing, camping and off-road driving).
x For the flat surface, the wind erosion started at 7.27m/s wind speed for SF-C treated samples with
8.94g/m2 application rate while for SUMF treated samples, wind erosion started at 5.97m/s wind speed for
samples treated with 7.5g/m2. In general, the weight of the LEM for the SUMF experiments was always
higher than those for the SF-C for both flat and sand dune surfaces with the difference being small for the
latter case; hence SF-C outperformed SUMF in the wind erosion tests.
Conclusions
In brief, SF-C outperformed SUMF when erosion was caused by water or wind while SUMF outperformed SFC in compressive strength. Taking into account that SUMF can act as a fertiliser (which helps the growth of
native plants), and that water erosion is not a significant problem in Kuwait, SUMF is preferable under Kuwait
conditions.
Applications
The results of this project suggest multiple applications for Ministry of Public Work, Environment Public
Agency, Ministry of Defence and other national key industries so this information should be accessible to
these authorities.
Acknowledgements
This study was funded by Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences and Kuwait Institute for
Scientific Research. The total budget for the study was KD 43,420.

1. A. Ramadan and S. Lahalih. Increasing Sandy Soil Compressive Strength Using Polymers; the Way
Forward for Soil Stabilisation. 10th International Meeting on Soils with Mediterranean Type of Climate.
Beirut, Lebanon. 22-26 June, 2009.
2. A. Ramadan, S. Lahalih, M. Al-Sudairawi and S. Ali. Polymer-Based Chemicals; the Way Forward in
Stabilising Sand Dunes. International Conference on Land Degradation in Dry Environments. Kuwait. 0814 March, 2009.
3. A. Ramadan, S. Lahalih, M. Al-Sudairawi and S. Ali. Assessment of Available Sand Stabilization
Techniques at As-Salmi Road: An Experimental Case Study. 5th International Conference on Land
Degradation. Bari, Italy. 18-22 September, 2008.
4. A. Ramadan and S. Lahalih. Laboratory Assessment of two Chemical Sand Stabilisers with Potential use
near As-Salmi RoadKuwait. Proceedings of the International Conference on Desertification Control in
the Arid Region, Kuwait, 12-15 May, 2007.
EC030C
240

Completed Project
EC057C; July, 2006 to July, 2007
Alternatives to Deal with the Clogging of the Doha West Power Station
Water Intake by Jellyfish, Algae and other Marine Life
*F. Al-Hulail, K. Rakha, S. Neelamani, K. Al-Banaa and A. Al-Ragum
Introduction
The Doha West Power Station uses an open channel intake system to take water directly from the sea. The type
of intake system and the location of the intake opening in shallow water compared to the adjacent Doha East
Power Station have caused the intake of the station to suffer from many incidents of excessive entrapment of
jellyfish, small fish and seaweed.
The Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW) requested the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) to
study and recommend permanent solutions to deal with this problem.
Methods
A proposal was explored to extend the intake to be adjacent to Doha East intake in order to improve
hydrodynamic characteristics.
A survey was conducted on the types of marine life exclusion systems that can be used in the station intake.
x Numerical model runs show that both alternatives could improve the hydrodynamic conditions in front of
the intake; current speed would be higher at the entrance location for the new intake.
x Increased current speed will help in reducing the movement of jellyfish and any other floated materials
into the intake basin since the currents perpendicular to the intake channel are higher than that in the
existing situation, and could reduce the effect of the clogging in the intake.
x Six different physical and mechanical schematic solutions were derived based on the investigations and
can be used in the intake.
Conclusions
Two alternatives were suggested; first to extend only the left arm of the intake, second to extend both arms of
the intake to be adjacent to the Doha East intake.
It was recommended to use the first alternative (extend only the left arm of the intake) in addition to the marine
life exclusion system number four, i.e. flexible screens at the entrance of the channel, as the best option for
Doha West intake to prevent the entry of jellyfish, small fishes and algae.
*fhulail@kisr.edu.kw
241
Findings
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research and the Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW)
for financial support. The authors gratefully acknowledge the co-operation and discussions held with
Eng. Muhyei Najem, Director, Doha West Power Plant and his team. The project total budget was KD 66,800,
MEW contribution was KD 45,000.
EC057C
242

Completed Project
EC059C; October, 2006 to May, 2007
Marine Sedimentation Study for the Kuwait National Petroleum Company

New Refinery
*K. Rakha1, A. El-Sammak2, W. Al-Nassar1 and A. Al-Ragum1
1
Department of Coasts and Air Pollution and 2Department of Environmental Sciences, Environment and
Urban Development Division, Kuwait Institute of Scientific Research
Introduction
Kuwait National Petroleum Company (KNPC) proposes to build a New Refinery, which will be designed to
produce approximately 225,000 barrels per day of Low Sulphur Fuel Oil (LSFO) in order to meet the projected
fuel demands for the power plants of Kuwait, while substantially reducing emissions of sulphur compounds
discharged to the atmosphere.
The New Refinery Project (NRP) includes the construction of two offshore export berths and a nearshore small
boat harbour located north of the Al-Zour power plant, which is adjacent to the proposed NRP. One of the
export berths will be located at water depth contour 10m with a requirement for a navigation channel dredged
to a water depth of 15m. The nearshore small boat harbour will also require a navigation channel with a depth
of 7m.
.XZDLW,QVWLWXWHIRU6FLHQWLILF5HVHDUFK.,65ZDVDVVLJQHGWRFRQGXFWPDULQHVWXGLHVIRUWKH.13&V153
proposed to be located in the Ras Al-Zour region of Kuwait. Some of these marine studies were undertaken as
part of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process.
It is important to study the impact of the proposed small boat harbour on the shoreline stability. In this study
the one-line model GENESIS was used to study the expected shoreline changes due to the proposed small boat
harbour. The model was calibrated based on data on the net sediment transport rates at the study area. In order
to determine the operational cost for any maintenance dredging, it is necessary to estimate the expected
siltation in the dredged channels. The deposition rate in the navigation channel for the harbour and the bulk
VROLGVFDUJREHUWKZHUHDOVRHVWLPDWHG$SKDVH-averaged and an intra-wave sediment transport model were
used to calculate the sediment transport rates due to waves and tidal currents.
Findings
x The GENESIS model showed that no significant shoreline changes will occur over a period of 20 years
due to the harbor.
x Study for the deposition rate in the navigation channel found that the sedimentation rate at the entrance of
the proposed small boat harbour will not exceed 75 m3/yr/m; it is recommended to slightly widen the
navigation channel and dredge every 10-20 years.
x Sedimentation rate at the solids pier navigation channel is expected to be very low at an average of
4m3/yr/m.
*krakha@safat.kisr.edu.kw
243
Methods
x The study showed that dredging activities will not have any significant impact on the Al-Zour Power Plant
intake. The use of silt curtains is still recommended to reduce the area impacted near the dredged area.
Conclusions
The study found that the sedimentation rates will be low especially for the bulk cargo berth navigation channel.
The study showed that the dredging activities will not have any significant impact on the Al-Zour Power Plant
intake. The use of silt screens is recommended during dredging activities to reduce the area impacted near the
dredging location.
Applications
This study was important for the design of the coastal elements of the project. Some of the model results were
also important for the Environmental Impact Assessment study.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research and DNV Company for financial support. The total
EC059C
244

Completed Project
EC056C; March, 2007 to February, 2008
Provision of Continuous Monitoring and Reporting Services; Indoor and

Outdoor Air Quality of Oil Sector Complex Building (Part 1: Air Quality
Monitoring Study)
A. Khan1, *L. Al-Awadhi1, M. Al-Rashidi1, A. Ramadan1, M. Al-Hayi1, K.Beg1,
B. Gevao2 and H. Al-Mansor3
1
Department of Coasts and Air Pollution, 2Department of Environmental Sciences and 3Department
of Biotechnology, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Introduction
Oil Sector Complex (OSC) located at the start of the Gulf Road near to Al-Shuwaikh Power Desalination Plant,
(PDP) consists of two blocks; one allocated to the Ministry of Oil (MO) and the other assigned to the Kuwait
Petroleum Corporation (KPC). OSC is completely airtight and has three fresh intake locations, one at the
ground floor and the other two on the top of each block. Indoor pollutants emanate from a range of sources:
combustion products from cooking, volatile organics from paints, adhesives, cosmetics, insecticide, fresheners,
furniture, carpets, wall papers and other building materials etc. and flux of outdoor pollutants with fresh air
draft. Investigation of mercury levels in air, water, soil, sea and sea sediments were of high importance due to
its location at an old salt and chlorine plant site.
The objective of this comprehensive study is focused on indoor and outdoor air quality inside and around Oil
Sector Complex (OSC) during all seasons.
A comprehensive questionnaire was posted on website to assess the perceived indoor air quality and degree of
comfort for the employees of both buildings; sampling locations were selected to assess the indoor air quality.
.,65V $LU 0RQLWRULQJ 6WDWLRQ, with direct reading instruments for measuring major air pollutants and
meteorological parameters, was used on site to measure or (NOx, CO, CO2, H2S, SO2, O3, CH4 and nonmethane hydrocarbon) and data was recorded on an onboard computer for subsequent analysis. Four waves of
passive samples consisting of Cl2, HCl, SO2, H2S, NO, NO2, mercury, HCHO and BTEX were used indoors
and outdoors to assess the air quality and identify the probable sources. These samples were sent to IVL
Swedish Laboratories for analysis. Mercury measurements in air (indoors and outdoors), water (seawater,
groundwater, freshwater) and soil (onshore, offshore) were recorded using the standardized instrument
(Zeeman RA-915 Mercury Portable Atomic Absorption Spectrometer) to ensure quality control and quality
assurance.
Sequential dust sampler was used to collect PM2.5 and PM10 samples outdoors and indoors for trace metals,
PAHs, and fire-retardants PBDEs for the entire year. Fungi and microorganisms were also measured in
different sensitive locations in the OSC. In all measurements quality control and quality assurance were
maintained.
*lawadi@kisr.edu.kw
245
Methods
Findings
The results of outdoor air pollutants using Air Monitoring KISR station were found to be within specified
limits of Kuwait Environment Protection Agency (EPA) with the exception of two; non-methane hydrocarbon
and PM10.
x The non-methane hydrocarbon concentrations were above the KEPA specified limits. The most probable
sources for non-methane hydrocarbon are related to utilization of fossil fuel mainly from road and port
traffic, and neighboring industries.
x The presence of Al-Shuwaikh PDP has not made any significant contribution to the pollution levels due to
use of clean fuel (sweet natural gas) with existing prevalent meteorological conditions.
x Various inorganic and organic pollutants were measured using passive sampling in four waves for a
fortnight. The passive sampling results for SO2, H2S, NO, NO2, Cl2, HCl and HCHO indicated low levels
than KEPA guidelines. SO2 concentrations were slightly higher at the stairs in OSC due to smoking over
an exchange of outdoor indoor air. HCHO concentrations were higher at the auditorium while high VOCs
concentrations indicated smoking activities at different floors during the first and second quarters mainly
at KPC EXLOGLQJVnd, 8th, 10th and 12th floors.
x It was found that BTEX and VOCs have significant concentrations at locations where there was
congestion or occupants that were smoking.
x Mercury concentrations indoors were well below the local and international standards like Massachusetts
(USA) standard (24 hourly average 140 ng m-3 and annual average equal to 70 ng m-3).
x Al-Doha power station was identified as a source of mercury and concentrations showed a slight increase
only for the times when the prevailing wind was from northwest, and wind speed ranged between 1.5 ms-1
and 2.5 ms-1. As the wind direction changed, the mercury concentration dropped to very low levels at less
than 8 ngm-3.
x Mercury levels in seawater, groundwater and in desalination discharge were insignificant.
x Mercury concentrations were measured in sea sediments and core samples. All the results indicated very
low concentrations less than 2 Pg g-1.
x The presence of spores of fungi and mold and bacteria were examined in indoor and outdoor air in and
around OSC. The bacteria and fungi growth was noticed at the polyclinic, kitchen of the cafeteria in the
basement and bathrooms at different locations in both KPC and MO buildings.
x Dust collected from the sequential particulate sampler from basement intake of OSC building was
analyzed for PAH, PBDEs/PBDFs compounds, which originated from combustion and other plastic
equipment, furniture, audio and video appliances, computers, etc., used as fire retardant material. The
SUHVHQWILQGLQJVDUHZLWKLQWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOVSHFLILHGOLPLWV$WKLJKDOWLWXGH7RSWHUUDFHLQWDNHDERXW
120 m high, the concentration of accumulated dust was small and detection of SVOCs was difficult.
x Dust samples were also analyzed for trace metals, and zinc, iron and copper were high due to erosion of
galvanized steel appliances and copper in telecommunication applications.
Conclusions
This project was awarded to Coasts and Air Pollution department through open tender. The work has been
completed to the satisfaction of the client. There is high potential of having similar projects from government
and private sector.
Applications
In the developed countries it is common practice to check the indoor air quality of large buildings to assure the
adequacy of air quality. Indoor air quality directly affects the health and performance of the occupants. Kuwait
being oil producing country is expected to have high concentrations of VOCS due to oil production,
transportation, refining and dispensing facilities. The concentrations of most of air pollutants are generally
higher in indoor air than outdoor air. The Heat, Ventilation and Air Condition (HVAC) application is required
EC056C
246
for the major portion of the year due to hostile weather in Kuwait. Kuwait has high frequency of dust storms
that strongly influence the health of the most vulnerable individuals. This dust can accumulate in the HVAC
duct, providing the appropriate conditions for microorganisms to multiply and provide the principal cause of
Sick Building Syndrome. This research project has very wide application to check the indoor air quality in all
large complexes in Kuwait that house large numbers of people.
Acknowledgements
The Kuwait Petroleum Corporation is thanked for financial support (KD 68,400). Total budget was KD 91,700.
EC056C
247

Completed Project
EC049C; September, 2007 to September, 2008
Hydraulic Studies for the Shuaiba North and Sabiya Gas Turbine Power
Plants
*F. Al-Hulail, K. Rakha, K. Al-Banaa and S. Neelamani
Introduction
Kuwait has experienced rapid development which requires increasing supplies of electric power. This has
PDGHQHFHVVDU\WKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIQHZSRZHUSODQWV.XZDLWV0LQLVWU\RI(OHFWULFLW\DQG:DWHU0(:Kas
PDGH SODQV WR VXSSOHPHQW WKH QDWLRQV H[LVWLQJ HOHFWULF SRZHU JHQHUDWLRQ FDSDFLW\ E\ FRQVWUXFWLQJ WZR QHZ
power plants; the Shuaiba North and the Sabiya Gas Turbine Power plants. The Shuaiba plant will include a
combined-cycle gas-turbine power plant and a distillation plant. The Sabiya plant will include only a
combined-cycle gas-turbine power plant.
To provide cooling water for the new power plants, new intake and outfall structures have to be constructed.
The structures themselves may affect hydraulic conditions in the coastal zone as well as have an impact on
coastal morphology. The intake and discharge of water may change local hydraulic flow conditions (e.g.
current velocity and water level), whereas the discharge of processed water, which has higher temperature and
salinity, will influence local hydrographic conditions as well as the local marine environment.
The objective of this study was to calibrate the hydrodynamic Resource Management Associates RMA-10
model and to use the calibrated RMA-10 to study the impact of the proposed outfalls.
Methods
A hydrodynamic model was set up for the Shuaiba and Sabiya areas. The hydrodynamic model used in this
study has the advantage of using a nonstructural grid, since it is based on the finite-element technique. Thus, a
coarse grid can be used for far-field areas and a finer grid for the areas near the power plants.
The RMA-10 model used was developed by Resource Management Associates (RMA) in Australia and
includes modeling of salinity and temperature variations. The RMA-10 model is a three-dimensional (3D)
hydrodynamic model capable of simulating steady and unsteady currents.
For the Shuaiba and Sabiya RMA-10 model, several runs were performed. The purpose of these runs was to
determine the impact of the new, proposed power plants. The ambient temperatures were fixed (relative
temperature model) at 31C and 15C for summer and winter conditions, respectively. The ambient salinity is
assumed to be 40.0 ppm.
*fhulail@kisr.edu.kw
248
Findings
x For the Shuaiba Power Plant, the study showed that the maximum recirculation at the intakes occurs
during winter conditions. Temperature increases at the existing and proposed intakes and may reach up to
5.0C. This was found to be due to the high salinity of the disposed water. It is thus recommended that the
salinity at the outfall for the new power plant be reduced by increasing the discharge at the intake in winter.
x For the summer conditions, the proposed power plant caused the recirculation at the existing intake to
increase from 1.5C to about 2.0C.
x For the Sabiya Power Plant, no recirculation was observed, and the impact of the additional outfall flow
was found to be not significant.
x The effects of wind on the model results were studied for both power plants. For the Shuaiba area, the
wind reduces the recirculation in most cases. For the Sabiya Area, the wind only modified the shape of the
outfall plume.
Conclusions
The RMA-10 after calibration can be used to represent the salinity and temperature variation in the study area.
The impact caused by thermal recirculation for Shuaiba power plant is within the accepted limits for KEPA.
No recirculation ImacD was observed for Sabiya power plant.
Acknowledgments
7KHDXWKRUVZRXOGOLNHWRDFNQRZOHGJHWKHVXSSRUWRIWKHDXWKRULWLHVRI.XZDLWV0LQLVWU\RI(OHFWULFLW\DQG
Water (MEW) for funding (KD 140,000) and giving the opportunity to work on this important project. The
authorities of the Shuaiba and Sabiya Power Plants are thanked for permitting fieldwork at their sites and
providing the available data.
The authors also thank Professor Ian King for his help with setting up of the RMA-10 model and for his
guidance. The total project budget was KD 207,240.
EC049C
249

Completed Project
EC050C; September, 2007 to September, 2008
Environmental Assessment for the Impact of Sabiya and Shuaiba

North Power Plants on Air Quality
*A. Ramadan1 and R. Al-Nafisi2
1
Department of Coasts and Air Pollution, 2Department of Environmental Sciences,

Environment and Urban Development Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Introduction
The Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW) of the State of Kuwait was considering plans to supplement the
existing electric power generation capacity in the country by constructing a new combined-cycle gas-turbine
station (CCGTS) at the Sabiya Power Station (SPS) and the Shuaiba North Power Station (SNPS), which is
adjacent to the Shuaiba South Power Station (SSPS), in order to meet the increasing demand for electric power
supply.
The upgrade of the stations would inevitably have an impact on the environment, which needed to be carefully
assessed before the planned work could go ahead. The MEW approached the Coasts and Air Pollution
Department (CAD) of the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) for an initial environmental impact
assessment (EIA). The main objective of this project was to evaluate the air quality. The work conducted
included site reconnaissance activities in the form of sampling, measurement and analysis of air contaminants
and noise, as well as modeling of the ground-level concentrations of the two main pollutants, namely, NO2 and
SO2.
The study took into consideration the already existing as well as the planned power-generation facilities (gas
and steam turbines) at the two stations when assessing the ground-level concentrations of NOx and SO2.
Methods
Twelve noise-sensitive receptors have been identified (six in the SPS and six in the SSPS-SNPS) based on the
preliminary results of the land use, socioeconomic and site reconnaissance. Ambient sound levels were
quantitatively measured in order to characterize the existing noise environment at appropriate locations in the
study area. The noise measurements were made using an appropriate portable dosimeter (NC-10 Cortex
Instruments with an inbuilt 1/3 Octave Band Filter-Type 1 ANSI) sound level meter.
AERMOD numerical model was used to predict the air quality impact of the upgrade units at the two sites. The
models for the existing facilities (without the upgrade units) at SPS and SSPS were run initially. The numerical
simulations estimated the hourly, daily and annual average ground level concentrations of NOx and SO2. Five
years of meteorological data was used for this task. The exposure level of NOx and SO2 was estimated at a
number of receptors. The calculated concentrations at these receptors were compared to the latest ambient
standards of the Kuwait Environment Public Authority (KEPA) air pollution index for residential and
industrial areas as applicable in order to decide whether the impact of the existing facilities at SSPS and SPS
on air quality was acceptable or not.
250
In the second phase, the upgrade units at the two locations were added to the models to examine the
cumulative impact of the existing and proposed pollution sources on air quality and the numerical simulations
estimated the hourly, daily and annual average ground level concentrations of NOx and SO2 for the modified
models. For the latter case, the concentrations resulting from different scenarios were calculated at the same
receptors as for the former case. The ground level concentrations at these receptors were compared to the
KEPA standards.
The Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) software was used to provide an impact evaluation and a record
that can be re-assessed in the future. RIAM allowed data from different components to be analyzed against
common important criteria within a common matrix, thus providing a rapid, clear assessment of the major
impacts. The impacts of project activities were evaluated against the environmental components, and for each
component, a score (using the defined criteria) was determined, providing a measure of the impact expected
from the component.
Findings
Air quality modeling, noise monitoring and field measurements (using continuous monitoring equipment and
laboratory analysis) tasks were completed.
x Air pollutant (NO2 and SO2) concentrations revealed a good degree of uniformity of pollutant distribution
across the tested regions. The concentrations reflected the meteorological conditions at the time of
sampling, stack height, operational cycle, fuel type and the amount of emissions released. The results were
compared with the relevant KEPA standards. The calculated concentrations exceeded the standards on
some occasions; however, these instances failed to meet the recurrence frequency criteria set by KEPA
and hence no violation of KEPA standards was recorded.
x Only for two cases, there was violation of KEPAHS, namely: NO2 due to the existing units at SSPS for
current conditions until 2010 and NO2 due to the combined effect of the existing units at SSPS and the
upgrade units at SNPS for 2010 onwards. For these two cases, the 95% percentile results clearly indicated
that the NO2 hourly concentrations were 32% and 35% respectively of the hourly threshold which suggests
the safety of installation. When the effect of operating the new power station at Al-Zour was taken into
account (by reducing the emissions of SSPS+SNPS and SPS to 70, 60 and 50%), the calculated
concentrations were clearly below the relevant KEPA limits.
Having compiled the numerical and field results, the Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) software was
used to assess the impact of the installation and operation of the new units and indicate mitigation methods.
The results were encouraging and led to a recommendation that the upgrade work should go ahead while
taking the necessary precautions into consideration and applying the recommended mitigation measures.
Acknowledgements
This project was funded by Ministry of Electricity and Water (KD 65,000) and Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research. The total budget for the study was KD 101,860.
EC050C
251
Conclusions

Completed Project
EC070C; December, 2007 to November, 2008
Physical and Numerical Modeling of the Tidal Gates for

Khiran Pearl City Lagoons
*K. Rakha, K. Al-Banaa, S. Neelamani and A. Al-Ragum
Introduction
Al-Khiran area south of Kuwait City is currently being developed by the excavation of recreational lagoons
inland. La'ala Al-Kuwait Real Estate Company is undertaking the development of the Pearl City project. The
lagoons of Pearl City project will be completed over five phases (Phase A1-A5). The lagoon for Phases A1 and
A2 has already been completed, and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) was involved in
monitoring the construction work. KISR was also involved in the studies for both Phases A1 and A2. Phases
A3 and A4 will extend the lagoons further inland. The objective of this study was to determine the number of
gates required and verify the preliminary design for the tidal gates. The tidal gates allow the water to flow in
only one direction and can be used in lagoons to improve flushing conditions.
Methods
In this study the Resource Modeling Associates (RMA) numerical modeling package was used to study the
flushing of Phases A3 and A4 of the lagoons. Physical model tests were also performed at DHI Water and
Environment consulting company in Denmark on one of the tidal gates to ensure that the proposed design is
adequate. The physical model tests were performed mainly to measure the horizontal and vertical forces on the
hinges and identify any critical dynamic response of the gate due to the flow.
Findings
x The numerical model results for Phases A3 and A4 showed that tidal gates were required for better
flushing conditions.
x The numerical model also provided data on the expected discharges that will pass through the gates. The
data were required for the physical model tests.
x Physical model tests were performed for two different gates with weights of 6.91 and 10 tons. The head
loss through the gate was found to vary from 5 to 17 cm.
x The downstream water level was found to have a small effect on the gate inclination and the head loss.
The tests indicated very steady flow without any major vibrations of the tidal gate even for the gate drop
tests.
Conclusions
The numerical model results indicated the need for two tidal gates within Phases A3 and A4 of the lagoons.
The preliminary design for the gates was tested by conducting physical model tests and was found to be good.
*krakha@kisr.edu.kw
252
Applications
The physical model results will be useful for the cost effective design of the tidal gates.
Acknowledgments
Authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research and La'ala Al-Kuwait Real Estate Company for
financial support. The total budget was KD 22,750.
EC070C
253

Completed Project
EC068C; February, 2008 to September, 2008
Feasibility for a Submarine Pipeline Type Seawater Intake Structure at

Sabiya Power Plant
*S. Neelamani and F. Al-Hulail
Introduction
Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW), Government of Kuwait plans to install additional 2000 MW electric
power production capacity at Sabiya, using the empty spaces within the existing Sabiya power plant complex.
For this additional plant, new seawater intake is required to supply seawater of about 145,000 m3/h. The
Ministry intends to select a technically suitable and economically viable seawater intake system, which is
suitable to the prevailing marine conditions in this site.
MEW approached Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) to carry out a feasibility study for
submarine pipeline type intake for this new power plant. KISR has thoroughly investigated the problems at
this site. The seawater off Sabiya has high Total Suspended Sediments (TSS) and hence a suitable intake
system needs to be designed such that the sediment load entering into the power plant system is minimized.
Methods
A thorough review of all the types of seawater intakes used around the world was carried out. Field
investigations were carried out to obtain the data required for the study. Based on the investigations, it was
decided to examine a submarine pipeline system design. In this system, the seawater will be taken from the
deeper part of the Khor Sabiya and preferably from closer to the free water surface where the TSS are at a
minimum. Design was carried out with respect to the number of submarine pipes, its diameter, length, etc.
Also design was undertaken for a settlement tank, where the TSS entering into the system will settle and the
sea water will be free from TSS on entering into the cooling and desalination system.
Findings
x The feasibility study for submarine pipeline type seawater intake system for the proposed power plant
extension scheme at Sabiya power plant was carried out.
x A schematic description of the schemes and various components of the system were designed.
x Since the waves are not significant in this area and the sea bed is sandy with coarse sands (D50 = 1.6 mm),
liquefaction may not be a big issue. The order of pipeline burial depth could be about 2.0 m to 3.0 m. The
native seabed material itself can be used for filling around the pipeline after placing it in the trench.
x Construction of the pipelines in cofferdam mode is recommended in order to assure quality of work. Since
the pipeline is for withdrawal of seawater, materials like reinforced concrete, FRP, GRP and steel can be
used.
x From the field investigation, the fall velocity of the sediments was estimated at 0.091 mm/sec.
254
x The average value of TSS in deeper water was 345 mg/l and in shallow water it was 248 mg/l. With the
average TSS value of 345 mg/l, it was estimated that sediments of the order of 600 m3/d will enter into the
settling tank for the design intake of 145,000 m3/h.
x In order to reduce such quantities of sediment entry into the settlement tank, it is proposed to withdraw
water from closer to free water surface where the average value of TSS is 248.13 mg/l.
x The sediment load will reduce to 432 m3/day for the discharge of 145,000 m3/h. The possibility of using
the gravity forces on the sediments, and hence, entry of seawater upward into the well is also suggested.
x Possibility of providing fabric filters at the intake well and periodic cleaning and maintenance is
suggested. The pipeline diameter, length and number of pipelines required have been designed; designs
were repeated for other discharge rates.
Conclusions
Design feasibility of a submarine pipeline system for seawater to be taken from the deeper part of the Khor
Sabiya for Sabiya power plant complex has been proposed after investigating the nature of the site.
Applications
Ministry of Electricity and Water can use the design parameters provided in this report for design and
implementation of submarine pipeline type seawater intake systems in Sabiya power plant area.
Acknowledgments
Authors thank Ministry of Electricity and Water for financial support. Total budget of this project was
KD 34,030.
EC068C
255

Completed Project
EC041K, October 2005 to September, 2006
Dust Fallout Monitoring and Analysis in Al-Jahra City and Surroundings

*A. Al-Dousari
Introduction
The study encompassed a field survey and subsequent analysis of dust collection data from collection sites in
Jahra City and surrounding areas. The main objectives of the field survey were; 1) to identify landforms and
types of surface sediments, 2) to monitor safe traveling routes and 3) to select the appropriate sites for various
dust monitoring stations.
Methods
The dust deposition rates measured in Al-Jahra City and surroundings during the period from September, 2005
to August, 2006 reflect the mixing of dust from two main sources. Several field trips were arranged to the
terrestrial parts of National Park and to Al-Liyah and Al-Jahra areas. The main objectives of the field survey
were: to survey the main landforms and types of surface sediments, identify safe traveling routes and to select
the most appropriate sites for monitoring stations (dust collectors).
Based on reconnaissance field survey and analysis of satellite images (2001 and 2003), thirty sites (reduced to
28 due to destruction of two dust collectors) for dust collectors were selected; these were located within
preserved areas for minimum damage and to avoid human interference. During selection of these sites, the
following criteria were considered; away from desert roads by at least 100 m (to avoid sources of dust raised
by vehicles), appropriate geographical distribution, avoidance of the impact of obstacles such as buildings or
biological fences (at least 100 m apart from existing facilities) and with reasonable access.
After selecting sites for the dust collectors, and recording their coordinates using GPS, the collectors were
placed in the ground using concrete. Soil disturbance caused by the installation of these collectors was
prevented through ground leveling and watering.
Findings
x The main dust sources are: i) long distance dust deposition produces fine deposits mainly less than 63
micrometer in size diameter (silt and clay particles) from regional sources, mainly from the Mesopotamian
Flood Plain, and ii) local dust deposition produces relatively coarse dust material greater than 63
micrometer grain size fractions. The former type represents 63%, while the latter is 37%. This theory was
supported by the mineralogical composition and BET surface area which illustrates slight variation of the
surface area with time in Al-Jahra City and surrounding areas in comparison to other areas in Kuwait, but
large variations in comparison to the world dust fallout.
x The interrelationship of the variations in dust fallout with time clearly shows a close relationship with
grain size distribution which indicates similar sources of dust through the year.
256
x National park area shows the lowest quantity of dust in comparison to Al-Jahra and Al-Liyah areas. Also
the upwind collectors of preserved areas and green belts show much higher quantity of fallen dust in
comparison to the downwind. This indicates the positive effect of natural and cultivated vegetation in
reducing the amount of dust.
The sand particles (above 0.063 mm) represent at least one quarter of the total weight of dust fallout
within Kuwait in general, and the study area in particular.
Quartz and calcite are the major components of dust in Kuwait, plagioclase and dolomite are found in
appreciable amounts; other minerals are represented by heavy minerals (such as pyroxines,
amphiboles, garnets and clay minerals).
Long preserved areas with dense vegetation show much lower quantities of dust fallout in comparison
to other parts of the study area and other local and regional areas.
Open areas (Al-Liyah and Al-Jahra) in the desert with lower vegetation show the maximum dust
fallout. Muddy playas and depressions (such as the Um Al-Rimam playas) and the muddy tidal flats
are major sources of local dust. The area between Al-Jahra City and Al-Mutla area are also a major
source of dust due to severe land degradation.
The area to the north of the National Park, between the park and Um Al-Eish, are the major sources of
dust in the study area.
Northwestern, western and northern winds play a major role in producing dust in the study area.
Biological fences (tall trees such as those in Al-Mutla area) reduce the dust fallout by more than 50%.
Conclusions
Vegetation is playing a major role in controlling and reducing dust fallout. Severe land degradation due to
human negative interferences (such as off-road vehicles tracks, overgrazing, camping) increases the dust
fallout by at least two thirds in comparison to the densely vegetated areas (the National Park). Recent surface
sediments and the regional areas represent the major sources of dust fallout. The cultivation of salty marshes
by salt-tolerant vegetation, such as mangroves is very limited in Kuwait and absent in the study area.
Cultivation in the marshes that are formed in the deltas of the wadis falling from Al-Mutla area will help to
reduce the salt during winter. Vegetation from the same environment is suggested, especially in the Kadhma
and Al-Mutla areas by large plants such as Nitraria retusa.
Given the importance of vegetation in controlling and reducing the amount of dust, cultivation with drought
resistant vegetation should be carefully considered. Expanding preserved areas to include the major local
sources of dust in the study area; the area between Al-Jahra City and Al-Mutla, the muddy playas (such as the
Um Al-Rimam playas), the muddy tidal flats and the area to the north of the National Park between the park
and Um Al-Eish should be considered. Green belts need to be made in the open desert in order to reduce the
high wind speed. Human awareness programs such as encouraging environment friendly camping practices
and presentations based on environmental protection in schools are needed.
Acknowledgments
The author thanks Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for financial support (KD 11,620) for this project.

1. A. Al-Dousari, R. Misak, M. Ahmed, M. Al-Mutairi and H. Abdullah. (2005). Correlating groundwater
level monthly variations and Aeolian activities within Bubiyan and Warba Islands northeastern Kuwait.
First International Conference on Geo-Resources in the Middle East and North Africa (GRMENA-1)
Conference Centre-Cairo University 26th February to 1st March, 2005.
2. A. Al-Dousari (2009). Origin, characteristics and hazards of dust fallout in Kuwait. Conference on land
degradation in dry lands. Kuwait University, 8-14 March, 2009.
EC041K
257
Applications

Completed Project
EC043K; December, 2005 to November, 2006
Potential Wind Power Generation in the State of Kuwait

*W. Al-Nassar1, S. Alhajraf 1, A. Al-Enezi1, G. Maheshwari2 and *N. Shaban2
1
Department of Building and Energy Technologies, Environment and Urban Development Division,
2
Introduction
The worldwide concern for renewable energy and environmental awareness of air quality has created a move
towards pollution free energy production such as solar and wind energies. This study examined potential wind
power generation in the State of Kuwait and the applicability of implementing wind energy as a clean source
of energy that can lift a portion of the demand on power plants, which burn fossil fuels. This study also
considered the feasibility of wind energy applications and focused specifically on: 1) investigation of the
potential of wind energy in Kuwait, 2) analysis and comparison of the performance of different potential wind
farm sites across the country, and 3) cost analysis of wind turbines available in the world market for different
turbine specifications.
Methods
The study gathered wind data recorded over the period from 1996 to 2005 from nine weather stations scattered
around the country. The data was filtered and analyzed statistically based on Weibull distribution to determine
characteristic variables of the selected locations for future prediction of wind energy. Wind Power Density
:3' 3, expressed in watt per square meter (W/m2), depends on the density of the air, and is
proportional to the cube of the wind speed and is independent of the size, efficiency or other characteristics of
the wind turbine used. Hence, it is considered the best indicator to determine the potential for wind energy of a
location.
Findings
x Annual average wind velocity at the standard height of 10m was found to be between 3.9 m/s and 5.5 m/s.
x Weibull parameters of the wind distribution function were computed, and the corresponding annual Wind
Power Density (WPD) was found to be between 80.9 and 166.7 W/m2.
x Wind energy potential at an altitude of 30m was extrapolated from the 10m height data using a power law
expression. The annual WPD is found to increase by 70% to 282 W/m2 at an optimum site, located in the
southern desert part of the country.
x Monthly variation analysis shows high WPD during the high electricity demand summer season with
maximum WPD of 555 W/m2 at Al-Wafra in June. In general wind speeds are higher in the open flat
desert areas of the northwestern and southern parts of the country.
x Two different wind turbine models, Nordex N60 and Vestas V52, with hub height of 69m and 65m
respectively were investigated.
x Inland flat desert areas of Kuwait, such as Al-Wafra and Al-Taweel, are more suitable for wind power
generation; other areas like Um Omara, Ras Al-Subiyah and Um Al-Haiman, are reasonably comparable.
*wnassar@kisr.edu.kw
258
x The annual energy yield has been re-estimated to account for the harsh weather conditions in Kuwait
assuming: 1) a reduction of plant life from 20 to 15 yrs; 2) an increase in the operation and maintenance cost
from 4% to 8% of the initial cost; and 3) a reduction of 25% in the annual energy generation.
x Based on current mean oil price of $50/bbl, the wind electricity generation at Al-Wafra and Al-Taweel sites
were found to be 33.7 fils/kWh and 35.8 fils/kWh respectively, lower than the conventional electricity
generation at 36.4 fils/kWh; other sites are higher with a maximum cost of 58 fils/kWh (airport site).
x Unlike wind power generation, the cost of conventional electricity production is very sensitive to fuel price
which accounts for 80% of the total production cost at its present price. Therefore, any escalation in fuel price
will make the wind energy more attractive.
x Patterns for daily and seasonal wind power generation in Kuwait are in line with the national power demand,
i.e. a wind power system is likely to deliver maximum power output during the peak summer season
coinciding with the national peak power demand period, thus making them excellent devices for meeting that
demand. Their large-scale implementation will lead to reduction in demand for new conventional power plants,
although at present the installed cost of wind power systems is higher than the cost of conventional power
plants.
Conclusions
Although wind energy will never replace energy produced by fossil fuel, production of energy from renewable
sources will have positive impact on the economy by preserving valuable national resources. In addition, there will
be a positive impact on the environment by reducing the annual mean emissions released from conventional power
plants.
In view of the cost-effectiveness of wind power generation at present, and in anticipation of a likely reduction in
the future, a comprehensive study for exploitation of wind energy for power generation is highly recommended.
Applications
Some of the applications of this study are to: 1) introduce Kuwait to one of the latest clean energy methods
used amongst the leading countries of the world; 2) reduce local and global emissions making Kuwait a cleaner
country; 3) have a local alternative source of energy for fossil fuels; and 4) reduce long run energy costs.
This study provides scientific information on the possibility of using wind energy as a source of electricity in
Kuwait taking advantage of the local weather conditions.
Acknowledgments
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research is thanked for financial support (KD 10,820).

W. Al-Nassar, S. Al-Hajraf, A. Al-Enizi and L. Al-Awadhi. (2005). Potential Wind Power Generation in the
State of Kuwait. Renewable Energy; 30: 2149-2161.
EC043K
259
Kuwait has vast open land and hence great potential of harnessing wind energy for domestic and industrial use.
This study assesses wind power of several locations spread within Kuwait. Wind power is a clean and free
abundant source of energy.

Completed Project
EC046K; December, 2005 to November, 2006
Maintenance and Upgrade of Coasts and Air Pollution Department

Meteorological Stations
*A. Ramadan
Introduction
The Coasts and Air Pollution Department (CAD) has eight MetOne-USA meteorological stations distributed in
the State of Kuwait at: KISR, Um Omara, Al-Wafra, Ras Al-Subiyah, Al-Mutla, Um Al-Haiman, Al-Taweel
and Ras Al-Zoor.
The aim of this project was to enhance the existing meteorological stations belonging to CAD and keep them
up-to-date as well as to improve the quality of the data collected. Specific objectives of this proposal were: a)
to maintain the hardware/software performance quality to the required standard, b) to develop and test methods
of assessment of the meteorological data and c) to develop and test methods of meteorological data correction.
Methods
The existing MicroMet (MMP V2.4) software has been upgraded to MicroMet AQ version which is capable of
performing calculations for air quality applications. This version has the capability of monitoring and
calibrating various types of sensors and it can monitor 15 minute as well as hourly data. The new program can
provide alarm outputs, wind gusts, adjustment of solar radiation calibration value, maximum and minimum
values for temperature.
The stations were networked so a central PC was used to automatically collect data from the MetOne
meteorological stations at two pre-specified times (07:30 and 22:00) each day. A PCI card containing eight
relays has been installed on the central PC allowing the operator to get visual and audio alerts for out of range
parameters. The system can produce two alarm outputs, one which is based on alarm messages generated by
the data logger and another which is based on the high-high limit that can be programmed into the MicroMet
AQ software. With either type, any one of eight relays can be activated depending upon the alarm level or type
that is detected. This feature can be, for example, used to monitor temperature from all stations, and if the
temperature exceeds some value, an alarm is activated.
Continuous maintenance activities were conducted, these included:
Replacing bearings of wind speed sensors.

Cleaning the evaporation pan (removing algae and sand) and replacing the water inside it.
Cleaning the read switches in the rainfall gauges and the tipping bucket mechanisms.
Replacing faulty level switches in water tanks and evaporation pans.
Refilling the underground water tanks.
Resetting the modem and the data logger.
260
Calibrating the wind speed and direction sensors.

Cleaning and calibrating the relative humidity sensors.
5HPRYLQJWKHHQFURDFKLQJVDQGIURPWKHVWDWLRQVSHULPHWHUWRUHGXFHWKHULVNRIVHQVRUEXULDOZLWKVDQG
Recharging the underground battery.
Cleaning the solar radiation sensor and the solar panel.
Checking the submerged pump filling rate.
The 10m wind speed (Model 014A) and wind direction (Model 024) sensors were replaced with solid state
wind sensors (Model 50.5) capable of measuring wind speed and wind direction simultaneously.
Findings
x The ultrasonic sensors are far more accurate than the old wind-cup anemometer type sensors that were
used in the stations.
x The 50.5 design contains the same wind distortion algorithm and factoring that has been proven and
accepted in applications around the world. The 50.5 model has no reported wind speed threshold. The
ZLQGVSHHGLVPHDVXUHGZLWKDQDFFXUDF\RIPVPVRUPVDQGDUHVROXWLRQRI
m/s. The wind direction is measured with an accuracy of 3 and a resolution of 1.
x The harsh conditions that sensors encounter daily in these stations makes necessary continuous
maintenance and update activity. The meteorological data needs to be collected regularly and it should
undergo intensive quality assurance/quality control tests to make sure erroneous values are spotted and
deleted.
Conclusions
The aim of this project was to enhance the existing meteorological stations belonging to CAD and keep them
up-to-date as well as improve the quality of the data collected. All these objectives were met. It was
recommended to establish Kuwait National Meteorological Network (KNMN), which could become
responsible for all the activities related to meteorological information collected b\&$'VVWDWLRQVDQGWKRVH
belonging to Kuwait Civil Aviation Authority.
One important feature of MicroMet AQ program is the EXPORT function. Through this function data can be
exported directly into an Excel spreadsheet of hourly values each month, or into a Comma Separated Values
(CSV) file of any collected data. This file format is set by the operator, so that it can be configured to be
compatible with other users, or software that may be using the collected meteorological data. Each time data
are collected from the remote station, the data set can be output into a text file that can be used by other
programs operating on the host computer. This special function is used for such things as providing data to
another graphics program which could be used to generate the requested contours and mapping. This output has
also been used to deliver data to a Web Page that is providing current weather data from each remote location.
It was recommended to conduct a project to implement the above features and make the meteorological data
available for KISR researchers as well as the public.
Acknowledgements
This project was funded by Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KD 32,290).
EC046K
261
Applications

Completed Project
EC047K; February, 2006 to January, 2007
A Study of Ambient Concentrations of Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde

in Kuwait
*Y. Al-Otaibi
Introduction
Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are low molecular weight organic compounds commonly present in
atmospheric samples. These compounds play an important role in atmospheric chemistry. These pollutants can
be emitted directly from sources as primary pollutants or they are formed as a result of photochemical and
chemical reactions in the atmosphere as secondary pollutants. Although the residence times of formaldehyde
and acetaldehyde are relatively short in comparison with other organic compounds in the atmosphere, they
have an adverse impact on human health and ecosystems. The objectives of this project were to measure their
ground level concentrations in theambient air and to study their spatial and seasonal variations.
Methods
Three sampling locations in Kuwait were selected according to their activities. Samples were collected during
the period 17 July - 25 December, 2006 for 24 hours; twice a week for 6 months. The sampling procedure was
based on the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) method. A known volume of ambient air is drawn through a
pre-packed cartridge coated with acidified DNPH at a sampling rate of 100-2000 ml/min for an appropriate
period of time. Sampling rate and time are dependent upon carbonyl concentration in the test atmosphere. For
determining formaldehyde, the DNPH-formaldehyde/acetaldehyde derivative can be determined using
isocratic reverse phase HPLC with an ultraviolet (UV) absorption detector operated at 360 nm. Formaldehyde
and acetaldehyde in the sample were identified and quantified by comparison of their retention times and peak
heights or peak areas with those of standard solutions.
Findings
x The concentration range of formaldehyde in Shuwaikh, Shuaiba and Fahaheel areas was 3-60 ppb and that
of acetaldehyde was 0.3 -16 ppb.
x There were variations in concentrations in some sampling intervals, particularly in the summer season
which may reflect the photo-oxidation process that occurs in the atmosphere.
x The study showed strong correlation between formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in Shuaiba and Fahaheel
areas.
Conclusions
In the sampling procedure high concentrations of ozone have been shown to interfere negatively by reacting
with both DNPH and its hydrazone derivatives in the cartridge. Although no exposure limit has been set for
formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in Kuwait, the range of concentrations for these carbonyl compounds was
*yalotaibi@kisr.edu.kw
262
below the International levels. The study indicates a need for setting a local exposure limit for these
compounds in Kuwait as these are widely present in petroleum refineries, laboratories and the painting
industry.
Applications
The results of the current study would be useful for setting local exposure limits for Kuwait ambient air. Limits
should be set for indoor and outdoor atmospheric levels.
Acknowledgements
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research is thanked for financial support. The total budget was KD 12,010.
Y. Al-Otaibi. (2008). Trend of Atmospheric Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde from selected areas in Kuwait,
International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, USA.
EC047K
263

Completed Project
EC066K; September, 2007 to August, 2008
Shoreline Management Plan for the Shore from Khor Al-Mufatah to

Khor Iskandar
*A. Al-Ragum, K. Rakha, W. Al-Nassar, S. Neelamani and K. Al-Banaa
Introduction
The shorelines in Kuwait extend over a distance of 500 km, including the shorelines of the islands. A
significant part of the shorelines are developed. As a result of these mixed activities, the shoreline has
undergone changes over the past few decades, and therefore is in need of systematic plans to manage the
transformations occurring due to its non-sustainable utilization. A pilot area between Khor Al-Mufatah and
Khor Iskandar was chosen as a study area. This area lies near major industrial and recreational projects and is
exposed to many coastal activities.
The main objectives of the project were to: 1) investigate the causes of the present shoreline changes,
2) consider the performance of different coastal defense systems for stabilizing the coastal area, and 3) propose
a shoreline management plan for the study area for sustainable development.
Methods
Two field visits were undertaken to the study area, for summer and winter data collection. Beach observation
and profiling, and sediment sampling were carried out during each visit. The study area was a 3 km stretch
from Khor Al-Mufatah to Khor Iskandar, which consists mainly of private beach houses. The area was divided
into 15 segments with approximately 200 m spacing between each segment including two boundaries.
Beach profiling was conducted using a total station (Nikon DTM-552). A two dimensional wave model called
STWAVE was used to predict wave conditions in the nearshore coastal areas, to determine the sediment
transport rates along the study area. Kamphuis (1991) formula was used for calculating the sediment budget,
which includes the effect of the grain size and the bed slope in addition to the wave period and the breaker
wave height and angle. The one-line Generalized Model for Simulating Shoreline changes (GENESIS), that is
part of the Coastal Engineering Design and Analysis System (CEDAS) package, was used to calculate the
shoreline changeover.
Findings
x The small difference between the summer and winter beach profiles showed that there was no major
seasonal effect at the study location.
x After inputting all required data into the program and simulating a 20 year period, the results showed that
there have been a few changes observed when the shoreline was left as it is now without any protection.
*aragum@kisr.edu.kw
264
Conclusions
Three different coastal stabilization alternatives were considered and studied for the area. For all these
alternatives, artificial beach nourishment using sand is needed for areas already eroded and any of the existing
structures will not be removed. The proposed coastal stabilization alternatives are: 1) artificial nourishment of
the beach without adding any hard structures; 2) groin fields along with beach nourishment at eroded areas;
and 3) detached breakwaters with artificial nourishment.
After study, a shoreline management plan was proposed. The best alternative selected for this case study is the
use of groins and beach fill (Alternative 2). Groin fields are the most common and effective method of coastal
defense and are used successfully around the world. Groins are structures that run perpendicular to the
shoreline and are usually built either using concrete armor units or natural rocks. For the present study area, a
group of eight groins is sufficient. The groins are needed only in the northern part of the area, between
locations 2 and 6, with lengths ranging from 35 to 100 m. After the artificial nourishment of the groin
compartments, the groins will get buried and work as reinforcements, which will help reduce the sand drifting
from the compartments. Although groins are viewed as making the coastline look unattractive, they are costeffective and require little maintenance.
Applications
The outcome of this project can be extended to cover other areas in Kuwait to produce a shoreline management
plan for all its shorelines. The study may suggest that the government could put forward a set of rules and
regulations for future projects along the coast and set penalties for any violations taking into consideration
international and national nature conservation legislation.
Acknowledgements
EC066K
265

Completed Project
EC067K; September, 2007 to October, 2008
Interactive Coastal Information System fRU.XZDLWVTerritorial Waters

Phase II: A Website for Online Hydrodynamic Predictions
*K. Al-Salem, K. Rakha, K. Al-Banna and A. Al-Rashed
Introduction
Waves and currents are the main hydrodynamic parameters responsible for the movement of pollutants or
sediment in the marine environment. Forecasting of waves, tides, and tide-induced currents is essential for the
proper operation and planning of any marine projects in the territorial waters of Kuwait. The prediction of the
fate of any oil spill is also essential for monitoring and combating such spills.
In this study, a system was developed to forecast waves, tides, tidal currents and the movement of oil spills in
Kuwait territorial waters. This included the development of efficient forecasting models that are easy to run
and efficient. These models were also made accessible through the internet.
A web site was developed on the internet to introduce the Coasts DQG$LU3ROOXWLRQ'HSDUWPHQWVH[SHUWLVHDQG
provide online information for these models and hydrodynamic forecasting for Kuwait territorial waters
(www.hceatkuwait.net). The online system will provide useful information to all interested parties on the
hydrodynamic conditions in Kuwait territorial waters. A major objective was to provide online daily
hydrodynamic forecasting of some of the important oceanographic parameters of Kuwait coastal waters and
the Arabian Gulf.
Methods
A previous project (EC026C) was completed in 2007 by the Coasts and Air Pollution Department (CAD) for
hindcasting waves, water levels and currents to generate previous long term data. The hindcasted data were
also used for predicting the extreme waves with different return periods.
The overall planned program of this project included the following phases: i) Hindcasting of waves, water
levels and currents; ii) Online Forecasting of waves, water levels and currents using the Internet; iii) Prediction
of sediment budget and shoreline changes and iv) Forecasting water quality.
Phase I was completed and provided a useful database that can be used for design purposes. Phase II covered
waves, water levels and 2D tidal currents were forecasted. This report also covers part of the water quality
modeling by including the Kuwait oil spill model. The Coastal Information System (CIS) was placed on the
internet to provide data to worldwide users at address: http://www.hceatkuwait.net/web_pas/main.aspx.
*ksalem@kisr.edu.kw
266
Findings
The development of Coastal Information System (CIS) were based on a set of different hydrodynamic models
that were developed to run on the internet. The main hydrodynamics models were:
x KWAVE model was developed by (Al-Salem K., 2005) to predict the significant wave height and period
from wind data for the Kuwait territorial waters and the Arabian Gulf.
New empirical equation was developed for this method as described below. Equation 1 is used to
determine the significant wave height (HsIRUDFHUWDLQZLQGVSHHGY FODVVDQGGLUHFWLRQFODVV
n
H s (v, D )
H si
(1)
i 1
Where the weighting factor CH is calculated according to,
CH
CH
v v v max
1.0 if min
D min D D max
0.0
otherwise
(2)
:KHUH Q LV WKH WRWDO QXPEHU RI GDWD YDOXHV DYDLODEOH DQG P LV WKH QXPEHU RI GDWD YDOXHV ZLWK
CH 7KH PLQLPXP DQG PD[LPXP YDOXHV IRU Y DQG DUH WKH OLPLWV IRU HDFK FODVV 7KH
wind classes were taken every 1.0 m/s till 20.0 m/s. For the directions a class of 45 degree was
used. Hourly data for full years (1993-1995) were used to determine the value of Hs IRU HDFK Y
DQGFODVV
A similar relation was used for the mean wave period (Tm),
n
C T
T
mi
(3)
i 1
Where the weighting factor CT is calculated according to,
CT
CT
v v v max
1.0 if min
D min D D max
0.0
otherwise
(4)
An Active Server Pages (ASP) technology for internet version for the KWAVE model was listed under the
web address: http://www.hceatkuwait.net/web_pas/web-kwave/kwave1.aspx.
EC067K
267
Tm (v,D )
x KTIDE Model was developed by Al-Salem K., (2004) for Kuwait territorial waters and the Arabian Gulf.
The KTIDE model predicts the tides level from the following equation.
H (t )
H o f n H n cos>a n t Vo u n N n @
(5)
The KTIDE model has been developed with a Graphical User Interface, GUI and List in the internet as
http://www.hceatkuwait.net/web_pas/web-ktide/default.aspx.
x KCURRENT Model was developed by Al-Salem K., (2005) using the tidal constituents for the tidal
currents in the x (east) and y (north) directions. Based on the amplitude and phase for these constituents
(22 constituents were used), it was possible to predict the tidal currents at the locations where the
constituents were determined. The model has been developed with a Graphical User Interface (GUI) and
Listed in the internet as: http://www.hceatkuwait.net/web_pas/web-current/kuwcurrent.aspx.
x Oil Spill Models (for Kuwait waters and Arabian Gulf) were developed by Al-Salem and Lo (1993) and
Al-Salem K., (2007).
Conclusions
An Active Server Pages (ASP) technology was developed for internet. The links to the models through the
internet are:
http://www.hceatkuwait.net/web-oilSpil/gulfoilspil/kos.swf
http://www.hceatkuwait.net/web-OilSpil/gulfoilspil/gulfoil.aspx
Validation reports for all models were included in the website for each model page.
Applications
In this study several forecast models were developed to work through the internet. The models forecast the
tidal water levels and currents, the wave conditions and the fate of oil spills. All the models include a
graphical user interface and manuals to facilitate the use of the models.
These models will provide useful information to interested parties on the hydrodynamic conditions in Kuwait
territorial waters. One of the main purposes is to provide online daily hydrodynamic forecasting of some of
the important oceanographic parameters of Kuwait coastal waters and list them on:
http://www.hceatkuwait.net/.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge financial support from Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KD 10,160).

S. Neelamani, K. Al-Salem, and K. Rakha. (2007). Extreme waves in the Arabian Gulf. Journal of Coastal
Research, Special Issue 50 (Proceedings of the 9th International Coastal Symposium), 2124. Gold Coast,
Australia, pp 322-328.
EC067K
268

Completed Projects
EC007S, EC009S & EC010S; July 2005 to June, 2008
Testing, Evaluation and Post-Certification Activities for Radionuclide Station,

RN-40, Kuwait City, Kuwait
*M. Al-Sudairawi and H. Tang
Introduction
Under the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), the Preparatory Commission for the
Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) has established a worldwide network of
monitoring facilities. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) signed a contract with CTBTO to
operate an online continuous ambient air radioactivity monitoring station, which is designated as RN-40. The
new RN-40 station replaced the old International Monitoring System (IMS) located at Kuwait City with a new
automatic radionuclide aerosol sampler/analyzer (RASA) system. The RN-40 station has been designated as a
facility of the radionuclide network of the CTBTO and was identified for installation by the CTBTO as a part
of 1998 program of the work of the IMS.
The RN-40 station is located at 29o 20.23' N, 47o 54.19' E, on KISR campus, Shuwaikh, Kuwait. The CTBTO
provided KISR with all required hardware and software support including installation, training and running
costs.
Methods
The station was supplied with the Radionuclide Aerosol Sampler/Analyzer (RASA) that consisted of an
Aerosol Sampling Station, Gamma Detector System, Computer Hardware and Software and Meteorological
Equipment.
The station runs automatically by drawing an air sample into a filter for 24 hours. The filter is then kept idle
for another 24 hours to stabilize before it is passed through the gamma detector. The data are sent by V-sat, to
the information data center in Vienna, Austria, for analysis. Data from all stations around the world become
available within 24 to 48 hours for inspection and analysis. This data, along with other technologies, can
pinpoint any nuclear explosion or nuclear release that might occur anywhere in the world.
Findings
x Pakistan and North Korea nuclear tests were conducted underground, so no signals from these events were
detected since the radionuclide station can only reveal above ground nuclear tests. However, other
available technology can reveal such tests.
*msudrawi@kisr.edu.kw
269
The objectives of this project were WRIXOILOO.XZDLWVLQWHUQDWLRQDOREOLJDWLRQVEHLQJDPHPEHURIWKH&7%72

Treaty) and to build the capability to detect any ionizing radioactivity in the region that might affect the
environment.
x Some high levels of 137Ce where found in samples collected by this station.
Conclusions
The station fulfilled its role as an active part of the CTBTO network in monitoring atmospheric radionuclides.
Applications
KISR developed a well trained staff to run and maintain the radio nuclide station, in addition to analyzing and
interpreting the data.
This monitoring station is essential for detecting harmful radiation. The data from the monitoring station and
international network can be used to alert authorities to take necessary precautions in case of a nuclear accident.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization
for funding (total budget was KD 56,299) and for providing assistance in establishing the RN-40 station. The
authors also thank the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Permanent Mission of Kuwait in Vienna for
providing necessary assistance in establishing the cooperation with CTBTO.
EC007S, EC009S & EC010S
270

Completed Project
EC015G; April, 2005 to March, 2006
Upgrading and Maintenance of Hydraulics Laboratory, its Infrastructure and

Wind Tunnel Facility (2005-2006)
*S. Neelamani
Introduction
The Coastal and Hydraulic Laboratory is one of the unique facilities in Coasts and Air Pollution Department,
Environment and Urban Development Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (CAD/EUD, KISR).
These facilities serve as important tools for investigation of issues associated with coastal problems in Kuwait
and other GCC countries. It has been routinely maintained and upgraded to support quality research for
physical model studies. This facility was used for some collaborative projects with researchers from GCC
countries and visitors and collaborators were impressed with the quality and standard of the setup.
In 1990, the Hydraulic Laboratory including the wave machines and instruments were damaged during the
Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. This has led to renewal and upgrading of the whole system that brought it to a value
of approximately KD one million. The Department is continuing these efforts to bring the facility to the best
international standards which may require additional investment of approximately KD 250,000. Wave makers
in the laboratory were considered in the upgrading plans.
The objectives of this proposal were: 1) to overhaul the existing Coastal Engineering Laboratory facility and
all its instruments, 2) to upgrade the glass flume wave maker, 3) to carry out necessary work for the purchase
of Basin wave maker, and 4) to modernize the coastal engineering laboratory facility to attract projects from
public and private organizations.
Methods
This project involves execution and upgrade activities in the Coastal Engineering Laboratory facility as
indicated in the Introduction section. The pumps were run periodically and maintained. KISR has ordered the
purchase of the wave maker for the wave basin. Wave gauges, diaphragm type pressure sensors, digital
weighing balance for measuring wave overtopping were purchased.
Findings
x The glass flume wave maker was upgraded with a state of the art wave generation facility during the fiscal
year 2005-06. The laboratory can carry out any type of two dimensional coastal physical model tests with
this facility.
271
At present, the glass wave flume wave maker is upgraded using the wave makers supplied by Danish
Hydraulic Institute (DHI) Water and Environment, Denmark. In the following year it was planned to upgrade
the basin wave maker facility. The concrete flume facility needs a major up-grade.
x A calibration chamber of 4.8 m depth for pressure sensor calibration was completed.
x An On Job Training (OJT) was organized for CAD staff on "Stability Study of Seabees Armor unit of
Al-Khiran Offshore Breakwater" for 40 hours.
Conclusions
Further progress requires extra tools like wave maker for the basin and concrete wave flume, laboratory
instruments and a knowledgeable and self-motivated instrumentation engineer to meet the future research
needs.
Applications
A 2D stability test on a proposed offshore breakwater was carried out using the available glass flume facility.
The project focused on all aspects which are needed for maintenance and documentation of the laboratory
facilities, so that it may be useful for future research projects.
Acknowledgments
The author thanks Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for support of this project (total budget KD 20,080).
EC015G
272

Completed Project
Daily Monitoring and Assessment of Kuwait Climatic Conditions Measured

by Eight Meteorological Stations of Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
*A. Ramadan
Introduction
The Coasts and Air Pollution Department (CAD) has eight MetOne-USA meteorological stations distributed
over the area of the State of Kuwait. These stations are located in: KISR, Um Omara, Al-Wafra, Ras
Al-Subiyah, Al-Mutla, Um Al-Haiman, Al-Taweel and Ras Al-Zoor. The objective of this project covered the
routine monitoring and maintenance activities of the meteorological stations as well as the discussion, analysis
and documentation of the meteorological data of 2005.
Methods
The meteorological data was then checked by examining the maximum, minimum and average values for each
month. This allowed removal of spurious values. The hourly values for temperature, rainfall, barometric
pressure, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, solar radiation were then plotted and checked again. The
final histograms were produced after having established the accuracy of the readings. The meteorological data
was then applied to the map of Kuwait. This facilitated the identification of suspicious readings for further
investigation and action. Surfer (www.scientificsoftwaregroup.com) software was used to produce the contour
plots.
Findings
x Temperature: One of the distinctive characteristics of the temperature in Kuwait is the large diurnal
variation in temperature which can reach 15oC. For the year 2005, the lowest temperature of 1.4oC was
recorded at Umm Omara station in January, whilst the highest temperature of 52oC was recorded at
Al-Wafra station in July. On an average, the temperatures recorded throughout the year were slightly
lower (by 0.3o&WKDQWKHSUHYLRXV\HDUVUHVults.
x Relative Humidity: The weather in Kuwait is dry most of the year due to its location.
x Rainfall: In 2005, the average rainfall was 144.2 (compared to 123.7mm in 2004). The maximum amount
of rain received by a station during a day was recorded at Al-Taweel during January.
x Barometric Pressure: The stations located at or near the coastline (sea level) are in the high pressure region.
From January to June, except May, the highest average barometric pressure was always recorded at Ras
Al-Zoor. From July to September, the highest barometric pressure was always recorded at Um Al-Haiman.
273
Daily reports were produced for all the parameters. Typically most of the values (except rainfall and wind
direction) from all stations should follow one another due to the small area and the relatively flat terrain of
Kuwait. Comparisons between data collected from the eight stations helped identification and removal of
erroneous values.
For the rest of the year 2005, the highest barometric pressure values were recorded at KISR, Ras Al-Zoor
or Ras Al-Subiyah. The lowest barometric pressure was always recorded (or inferred from the contour
plots for the months of February and March) at Um Omara. From May to September, the average
barometric pressure was below the 1000mb as compared to the rest of the year when the average
barometric pressure was above 1000mb. This slight variation reflects the relationship between the
atmospheric temperature and pressure, i.e. pressure increases as the temperature drops.
x Wind Speed: The average wind speed in Kuwait was between 4.4m/s and 6.3m/s for year 2005. The
lowest wind speed recorded at 10m height was 1.7m/s during November at Al-Taweel station, whilst the
highest wind speed was 12.6m/s recorded at Al-Wafra during June. The high wind speeds (greater than
10m/s) during the dry season (June-August) are responsible for dust and sand storms.
x Wind Direction: Except for Um Al-Haiman and Al-Mutla stations, the total number of hourly wind speed
data for 2005 was higher than the corresponding one for 2004. The prevailing wind direction in 2005 is
strongly north-western at all stations except for KISR and Ras Al-Zoor stations where the prevailing wind
directions were south-western and northern to north-western respectively.
Conclusions
As the frequency and the quality of the maintenance and calibration activities of the meteorological sensors
increased, the gaps in the meteorological data reduced dramatically. The increase in the accuracy of the
meteorological data provides higher confidence in using it for research projects.
Applications
This meteorological facility became a reference base for interested parties. Twenty requests were received
from researchers in the Coasts and Air Pollution Department, the Environmental Sciences Department, the
Hydrology Department, the Environment and Urban Development Division, Kuwait Ports Authority, Kuwait
University, Schlumberger Carbonate Research Centre in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Det Norske Veritas
Limited-DNV Houston, USA.
6RPHRI.,65VUHVHDUFKSURMHFWVWKDWXVHGWKHPHWHRURORJLFDOGDWDZHUH
EC053C (Assessment of Wind Tunnel as a Seismic Testing Environment), EC038C (Technical Assessment of
the Air Quality Impact of SO2 Emission from the Power Plants in Kuwait Until 2030), EC053C (Wind Tunnel
Assessment of Kuwait Airport - VVIP Shade Structure), EC046K (Maintenance and Upgrade of CAD's
Meteorological Stations), EC056C (Indoor Air Quality and Environmental Assessment Study for the New
Corporate Oil Sector Complex Phase 2), EC058C (Kuwait Air Quality Index System), EC050C (Subiya and
Shuaiba North Environmental Impact Assessment (Air Pollution Part)), EC051C (Environmental Baseline
Survey for The Clean Fuel Project at Port Abdullah, Port Al-Ahmadi and Shuaiba Refineries), EC030C
(Assessment of Available Sand Stabilization Techniques at Al-Salmi Road: An Experimental Case Study),
EC042C (Indoor Air Quality and Environmental Assessment Study for the New Corporate Oil Sector
&RPSOH[(0.3HUVLVWHQW2UJDQLF3ROOXWDQWVLQ.XZDLWV$WPRVSKHUH-Building the Capacity to Fulfill
Data Requirements of the Stockholm Convention on POPs), EC019C (Field environmental measurements in
Bubiyan Island monitoring climatic conditions and movement of Aeolian sediments (sand and dust)),
WM026K (Effect of Fluctuating Seawater Level on Groundwater Table).
Acknowledgements
EC016G
274

Completed Project
Upgrading the Wind Tunnel Research Facilities at Kuwait Institute for

Scientific Research
*A. Ramadan
Introduction
The Coasts and Air Pollution Department (CAD) of Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) has a
boundary layer wind tunnel with a long section in which floor roughness and turbulence generators are utilized
WRVLPXODWHWKHQDWXUDOGUDJRIWKH(DUWKVVXUIDFHJURXQGYHJHWDWLRQWHUUDLQPDQ-made objects) on the wind
flowing over the model. Flow measurements in the wind tunnel relied so far on Dwyer Pitot-static tubes, a hot
element anemometer, a phase Doppler anemometer, a smoke generator and a sand feeder. While this
equipment is essential for most of the potential work in the wind tunnel, a pressure scanner was lacking. In the
FRXUVH RI WKLV DFWLYLW\ WKH H[SHULPHQWDO FDSDELOLWLHV RI &$'V ZLQG WXQQHO KDYH LPSURYHG DV D UHVXOW RI
acquisition of a pressure scanner system capable measuring the pressure difference from 64 ports
simultaneously at frequencies up to 150Hz. With such relatively high sampling rates, the pressure scanner will
reduce experiment times dramatically. An objective of this report was to present the flow maps in the wind
tunnel as obtained using the new system.
The wind speed was measured at x = 15.0m using a specially made pitot rake of 33 tube (outer diameter =
1mm). The pitot rake was traversed upwards in the test section. The vertical steps varied logarithmically
(smaller steps near the bottom and roof of the test section and bigger steps in the core of the test section). The
velocity was measured at 17 heights resulting in a 33 17 grid points. The height above the gravel bed was
measured with a precision of s 1mm. At each measurement point, readings were taken for a period of 120s
with a sampling rate of 45Hz.
The Dwyer Pitot-static tube at x=16.72m and height = 470mm was used to provide the reference pressure for
the pressure transducer as well as the speed inside the wind tunnel. Due to its location downstream of the pitot
rake, the speed measured was affected by the vortices shed from the upstream pitot rake. However, once the
pitot rake was above 500mm, the effect on the pitot-static tube reading became negligible. The velocity versus
time plots shows the variation in the signal. In future work, the low frequency part of the velocity signal will
be filtered out.
Findings
x $W [ P WKH ERXQGDU\ OD\HU DSSHDUHG WR FRQWLQXH JURZLQJ XS WR KDOI WKH WHVW VHFWLRQV KHLJKW DW WKH
centre of the test section. As measurements were made over the gravel bed, the accurate location of the
floor of the wind tunnel (y=0) was not easy to determine.
275
Method
x The velocity field contour plot was obtained and showed that the flow in the free stream was fairly
uniform occupying the central region of the cross section.
Conclusions
The installation of the pressure scanner provided relatively high sampling rates, which reduced experiment
times dramatically.
A force balance is expected to increase the capabilities of the wind tunnel enabling the measurements of wind
forces on models.
Applications
(IIRUWVWRXSJUDGHWKHH[SHULPHQWDOFDSDELOLWLHVRI&$'Vwind tunnel were successful in attracting funds for
research projects such as: Wind Tunnel Assessment of Kuwait Airport: VVIP Shade Structure (EC052C),
Assessment of a Wind Tunnel as a Seismic Testing Environment (EC053C) and Assessment of Available Sand
Stabilization Techniques at Al-Salmi Road: An Experimental Case Study (EC030C).
(IIRUWV ZLOO EH H[SHQGHG WR XSGDWH DQG XSJUDGH WKH ZLQG WXQQHOV SRWHQWLDO DQG FDSDFLW\ WR FDWHU IRU PRUH
research projects.
Acknowledgements
EC018G
276

Completed Projects
EC017G, EC021G & EC024G; April, 2005 to March, 2008
World Seismic Activities as Recorded by Kuwait National Seismic Network

*A. Alenezi, R. Abdel-Fattah and F. Al-Jeri
Introduction
The Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) established the Kuwait National Seismic Network
(KNSN) in 1996 with the objectives of recording local, regional and teleseismic events and assessment of the
seismic hazards caused by these events.KNSN started functioning in March 1997. The objectives of this study
were to analyze the seismic events recorded by KNSN, to compare the output results with the international
results, and to construct seismicity maps for the local, regional and world seismic activity.
Methods
The analysis of the seismic data was performed using the SEISAN 8.1.3 software package depending on the
Kuwait Velocity Model of Alenezi et al., (2006) for locating earthquake epicenters. The duration magnitude
(MC) was calculated using the Lee and Stewart (1981) relation:
MC = -0.87 + 2 log (t) + 0.0035D
(1)
where t is the duration of the seismic waves in seconds, which is taken as the time from event onset to the time
when the wave amplitude is double the pre-event amplitude, and D is the epicentral distance in kilometers. The
local magnitude (ML) relation that was used in analysis is the Hutton and Boore (1987) relation, which is close
to the original Richter definition:
where (amp) is the amplitude in nanometers and (D) is the hypocentral distance in kilometers. The body wave
magnitude (Mb) was calculated using:
Mb = Log (amp/T) + Q (dist, depth)
(3)
where T is the period and Q is a hardwired function of distance and depth (Veith and Clawson, 1972). The
location and magnitude of the analyzed events were compared with the data of the international agencies, such
as the National Earthquake Information Center, United States Geological Survey (PDE/NEIC/USGS) and the
European Mediterranean Seismological Center (EMC/EMSC). The parameters of distant and some regional
events were added (from USGS and EMSC) as fixed parameters. Study data were archived in the KNSN
database at KISR as well as on other forms.
Findings
x During the year 2005 the KNSN recorded a total of 1518 events. These events were analyzed and assigned
to three categories: local (80); regional (359); and distant (1079).
*aenizi@kisr.edu.kw
277
ML = Log (amp) + 1.11Log (D) + 0.00189D - 2.09 (2)
x During the year 2006 the KNSN recorded a total of 1573 events. These events were analyzed and
categorized into three categories: local (68); regional (507); and distant (998).
x During the year 2007 the KNSN recorded a total of 2592 events. These events were analyzed and assigned
to three categories: local (203); regional (752); and distant (1637).
x Many of the recorded events have insufficient data to be located precisely as they were recorded only by
one or two stations.
Conclusions
The regional and distant earthquakes are located along tectonic belts. Seismic activities in Kuwait are clustered
within oil fields in the north and south of Kuwait.
Applications
Project results represent important tools for the evaluation of Kuwait National Seismic Network (KNSN) and
for monitoring the negative impacts of plate tectonic movements and human activities. Results are also of
immense value for seismic hazard assessment in Kuwait.
Acknowledgments
The authors appreciate the financial support provided by Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Total budget
was KD 26,020.
1. R. Abdulfatah and A. Al-Enezi. Source Mechanism of Earthquake in Kuwait. Gulf Seismic Forum Muscat,
Oman, 2006.
2. Rodger and A. Al-Enezi. Seismicity and Improved Velocity Structure in Kuwait. Gulf Seismic Forum
Muscat, Oman, 2006.
EC017G, EC021G & EC024G
278

Completed Project

Wind Tunnel Facility and Other Infrastructure of the Hydraulics Laboratory
(2006-2007)
*S. Neelamani, K. Al-Banaa, J. Ljubic and B. Kaushik
Introduction
Methods
The method involves execution and extraction of works from hydraulic staffs in order to overhaul the existing
Coastal Engineering Laboratory facility and all the instruments at the hydraulic CAD/EUD KISR, upgrading
the basin wave maker and to modernize the coastal engineering laboratory facility.
Findings
x During the financial year (FY) 2006-07, the hydraulic laboratory acquired a new basin wave maker.
x This state of the art wave maker was installed during Nov. 2006 and our staff members are trained on
wave generation, data collection, operation and maintenance of the basin wave makers.
x Few new laboratory instruments (ADV, Miniature Propeller Meter, Six component force balance and wave
probes) were purchased.
x Two control rooms were designed, one for the wave basin and one for the glass flume. These were also
successfully fabricated and installed.
279
The Coastal and Hydraulic Laboratory is one of the unique facilities in Department of Coasts and Air
Pollution, Environment and Urban Development Division, KISR. The facilities available in this laboratory are
important tools for solving many coastal problems faced in Kuwait and other GCC countries. Up-grading and
routine maintenance of the following is of paramount importance for tackling any projects involving physical
model studies in the future. The facilities in this laboratory have been used to carry out some of the important
research work for Kuwait and GCC countries in the past. It was the point of attraction for visitors of KISR.
However, during IraTLLQYDVLRQLQ.XZDLWWKHODERUDWRU\V wave machines and instruments were disturbed and
destroyed and the system did not function as required. Hence special attention is required to upgrade the
system and make it a world class coastal engineering laboratory in this part of the world. Physical modeling is
an important tool in Coastal Engineering and it is always impressive to watch the staff working with their
hands and brains in the laboratory. The wave makers were obsolete and hence the hydraulic group has carried
out required work to upgrade them. At present, the laboratory has good number of instruments for field data
collection like sea waves, currents, tides, etc. The complete infrastructure of the laboratory is worth more than
one million Kuwaiti Dinars. During 2005-06, the glass wave flume wave maker was upgraded by purchasing
the system from Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI) Water & Environment, Denmark. During 2006-07 the basin
wave maker facility was upgraded. The concrete flume facility needs a through up gradation.
x A temperature calibration set up was obtained for calibration of field instruments for the seawater
temperature.
x A boat was purchased for field work.
x The various facilities in the laboratory were periodically operated and maintained.
x Wave makers and pumps were operated once in every 15 days and the problems, if any was logged
systematically in a log sheet.
x The wind tunnel facility was used for few projects.
x Tangible progress in the development of research facilities in the area of physical modeling in the area of
coastal engineering were carried out during the FY 2006-07.
x The facility was advertised through internet links for possible users around the world.
Conclusions
Sufficient efforts were expended to upgrade the Coastal Laboratory and significant achievements were
realized.
Applications
KISR has state of the art Coastal Laboratory facility to tackle any 2D or 3D physical model work with respect
to coastal and ocean engineering problems.
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements are due to Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for manpower and facilities to carry out
this work. The total budget of this project was KD 18,510.
EC020G
280

Completed Project
EC022G, April, 2006 to August, 2006
Managing Flash Floods in Shouaiba Area

*A. Al-Dousari
Introduction
The Shouaiba industrial area is known to be subject to flash floods following intensive rainfall of 3040 mm
in one storm, for example in the rainy season of 2004. The hilly terrain (40 to 105 m above sea level), which is
located 5-6 km to the west of the industrial area acts as a watershed area. This watershed area is dissected by a
set of drainage basins of different morphologic and hydrologic characteristics. In addition, the industrial area
receives direct precipitation which sometimes produces runoff water.
Previous floods caused intensive damage to the physical infrastructure including roads, drains, security fences
and other facilities. The current measures of flood management and control together with some types of land
use are environmentally inappropriate causing complications for control of floods in the concerned area. The
objectives of this study were to identify the magnitude of the drainage problem in the study area (cause and
effect approach), evaluate the hydrologic setting of the area, assess the efficiency of adopted measures of flood
control, identify the sites of field tests and experiments and locate the runoff cuts influencing the security fence
of ShouaibaPort Abdullah area (using GPS).
Methods
Field Trips: About 40 field trips were arranged to the study area (2 field trips /week). In addition, several field
trips were arranged immediately after rainfall events, as in November, 2005 and February, 2006.
Field tests and measurements (initial infiltration rate and surface hydrological measurements): The most
appropriate sites for field measurements including infiltration tests and surface hydrological measurements
were selected. Twenty seven representative sites were chosen in three wadis (northern, central and southern)
based on morphologic and hydrologic characteristics of the wadis. The results of field work were presented in
the database and GIS. The main topics focused on the: scientific background of the floods in Kuwait, drainage
basins (morphology, hydrology etc.) and magnitude of the problem.
Findings
x The morphological characteristics of wadis at the sites of infiltration tests were identified. The width and
depth of wadis in addition to height of cliffs and terraces height were measured.
x Geotextile methodology is efficient as a good application to manage flash floods.
281
Analyses and interpretation of aerial photos (2003), satellite images (2005) and topographic maps (1995) were
undertaken. A set of maps was prepared for the study area including drainage basins, landforms and land use.
Ground truthing for the information and data of the aerial photos and satellite images were conducted.
Conclusions
There are 116 wadis and attributes in the study area covering 1,944,701 m2 and 69,143 km as total length.
During floods which usually happen whenever the rainfall exceeds 30 mm within 4 hours or less, a lot of
damage is caused to the Shouaiba Industrial area. The immediate action plan included forming several check
sandy dykes in the three main wadis in the area. The present dykes location and design was fixed after field
investigation and analysis of the aerial photos and satellite images.
Applications
Immediate and long term action plans were implemented in order to save the area from flash floods. Flood
control was based mainly on the establishment of check dykes (about 2 m high) in the course of two wadis
(Fahaheel and Shouaiba). In addition, a set of check dykes was constructed at the lower reaches of the main
open drain at Port Abdullah. Environmentally friendly materials represented by palm leaves, cut plant
materials and tires were used to stabilize the soil in the wadi flanks and sides. Geo-textile was used to cover
one of the main dykes in the northern wadi in Fahaheel area.
The long term action plan should be aimed to support the immediate action plan through application of Geotextile and environmentally friendly materials rather than plantation by using native plants to some of the main
wadis and channels in the study area. The plan also concentrated in localizing all the flood cuts in the fence of
Shouaiba Industrial area and recommended redesign of the fence in order to minimize the flood effects.
Acknowledgements
The author thanks Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for funding (KD 4,710) this project.
1. A. Al-Dousari, R. Misak, H. Al-Gamily and S. Neelamani. (2008). Flood managements in Shuaiba

Industrial area, Kuwait. Symposium on disasters managements and safety of buildings in Arab countries,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 29 March - 1 April, 2008, B122. http://disasters.momra.gov.sa/Default_en.aspx.
2. A. Al-Dousari, R. Misak, H. Al-Gamily and T. Al-Asfour (2007). Flood managements in Kuwait.
2nd Scientific symposium on water issues in GCC countries, Kuwait, 27-28 March, 2007, pp: 113-126.
EC022G
282

Completed Project
EC023G; June, 2006
Hydrodynamic Study on the Al-Khiran Offshore Breakwater with Seabee

Armour Units
*S. Neelamani, W. Al-Nassar, K. Al-Banaa, K. Rakha, A. Al-Ragum and J. Ljubic
Introduction
/DDOD $O-Kuwait Real Estate Company is developing the Al-Khiran Pearl City project in Kuwait. In the
second phase, Phase A2, the company is developing an artificial promontory, which extends into the Gulf
providing residential plots and protection of the north inlet against wave ingress and southerly littoral drift.
7KHSURPRQWRU\ZLOOEHEXLOWXVLQJVDQGZKLFKZLOOUHTXLUHHURVLRQSURWHFWLRQ/DDOD$O-Kuwait Real Estate
Company proposes to build an offshore breakwater to protect the promontory beach. A stability study of this
offshore breakwater is a basic requirement to assess whether the armor units are stable to design wave
conditions and is the objective of this study. The overtopping of waves on the breakwater will result in
generation of waves at the lee side of the breakwater. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the overtopping,
especially for high tide conditions. La'ala Al-Kuwait Real Estate Company decided to build the breakwater
with single layer Seabee armor units instead of rock armor. The model Seabee units were supplied by the
company for the physical model studies. The objective of this project was to study the stability of offshore
breakwater as a basic requirement for assessing whether the armour units are stable to design wave conditions.
A physical model study using 1:22.5 scale model of the offshore breakwater was carried out in the glass wave
flume in Coasts and Air Pollution Department, Environment and Urban Development Division (CAD/EUD,
KISR). All pertinent field parameters were scaled down using Froude model for scale of 1:22.5. The 2D
stability test with rock armour units was carried out. The incident, reflected and transmitted wave heights were
measured. The stability of the armor units was assessed.
Overtopping of waves may also cause destabilization of the armour units on the lee side of the breakwater. The
toe mat design (weight of stones and the width of the sea-side toe mat for toe scour protection) depends on the
water particle kinematics at the toe region. The stability of the sea side armour and the water particle
kinematics needed to be studied, especially for low tide level and design wave condition.
Findings
Stability:
x For the design wave conditions and for Low Astronomic Tide (LAT) and High Astronomic Tide (HAT)
levels, the Seabee armor units did not experience any physical displacement. Only rocking of the units and
local realignment, especially on the seaside and 6 to 7 rows from the crest level, is expected. It is
recommended that more attention needs to be given to this part of the breakwater during construction.
283
Methods
x
x
x
Only few Seabee units were thrown off for Crest-level Astronomic Tide (CAT) and for 120% of the design
wave conditions. This situation is not expected in the field.
The stones in the top portion of the under-layer experienced rocking, plucking and jumping over the crest
level. Investigations were carried out without in-situ concreting between the crest wall and first row and
also in situ concreting between the Seabee units where the direction changes from slope to horizontal at
crest level. This type of reinforcement in the field is expected to reduce rocking and plucking of inner
layers significantly. However, as a precaution, reinforcement is recommended for the inner layers on the
seaside and closer to crest level, since this is the most vulnerable area for plucking of inner layer stones.
Some of the stones, 30 to 50 kg, covering the seaside toe part of the breakwater experienced physical
movement and filled the holes between the Seabee units. Hence it is recommended to design stones for
water particle kinematics of 1.5 m/sec for this portion.
The leeside Seabee armor units were completely stable.
The stability test was carried out for model Seabee units corresponding to 1100 kg, but the weight of the
unit used in the field is 1450 kg. It is expected that with this increased weight of armor units, the rocking
and plucking of inner layer stones may be reduced further.
Hydrodynamic Characteristics:
x Reflection coefficient is about 0.6, 0.5 and 0.4 for LAT, HAT and CAT conditions respectively.
x Wave transmission is insignificant for LAT condition. For HAT condition, the transmission coefficient
varies from 0.12 to 0.165. It is in the order of 0.6 for CAT condition. There is a low probability of
occurrence of CAT condition. Hence, the rear side of the breakwater can be expected to experience
transmitted wave height in the order of 0.15 times the incident wave climate during HAT condition and
when the waves are in the design condition level. This aspect needs to be considered for its effects on the
promenade.
x The average normalized value of the significant wave height at the crest level of the breakwater is
approximately 0.013 to 0.19 for LAT condition. For HAT, the normalized value has reached
approximately 0.35. For CAT condition the normalized wave height value is closer to 1.0 and such
condition is not expected to occur, unless there is an unexpected surge due to a strong storm. These figures
are significant for planning activities (vehicle driving etc.) on the crest level under design conditions.
x The breakwater with Seabee armor unit is dissipating energy the most for LAT and HAT conditions
(Dissipation coefficient approximately 0.8 to 0.85) compared to CAT condition (dissipation coefficient
approximately 0.65).
x The significant value of the water particle velocity at the seaside toe is in the order of 0.6 m/sec for LAT
condition. For HAT and CAT conditions the values are smaller than LAT condition by 10% to 25%.
x It is recommended to design the toe mat unit for a water particle velocity in the order of 1.5 m/sec.
Conclusions
/DDOD $O-Kuwait Real Estate company has built the offshore breakwater off Al-Khiran area. The stability
study proved that the breakwater is stable for the design condition.
Applications
Data from this study can be used as a reference for similar projects.
Acknowledgments
7KH DXWKRUV WKDQN /DDOD $O-Kuwait Real Estate Company for the opportunity to carry out this study and
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for financial support (KD 4,625).
EC023G
284
1. S. Neelamani, A. Al-Ragum, K. Al-Banaa, W. Al-Nassar and J. Ljubic. Effect of tidal variation on wave
transmission over a single layer Seabee armored offshore breakwater. The International Conference on
Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering (ICPCO'07), Institute of Technology Bandung, Indonesia, December
7, 2007, pp. 192-201.
2. S. Neelamani, K. Al-Banaa, W. Al-Nassar, A. Al-Ragum, and J. Ljubic. Hydrodynamic Performance of an
Offshore Breakwater with Single Layer Seabee Armor Unit. Fourth Indian National Conference on
Harbour and Ocean Engineering (INCHOE 2007), National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Suratkal,
India, December 12-14, 2007.
3. S. Neelamani, K. Al-Banaa, A. Al-Ragum, W. Al-Nassar and J. Ljubic. Effect of tidal variation on wave
transmission and reflection of a Seabee armoured offshore breakwater. Second Gulf Conference and
Exhibition on Environment and Sustainability, February 16-19, 2009, Kuwait, pp. 749-759.
EC023G
285

Completed Project
EC025G; April, 2007 to September, 2007
Design and Development of a Wave Absorber System for the Wave Flume
Facility in the Hydraulic Laboratory of Coasts and Air Pollution (CAD),
KISR
*S. Neelamani and A. Al-Ragum
Introduction
The glass flume in the Hydraulic laboratory, Coasts and Air Pollution Department, Environment and Urban
Development Division (CAD/EUD) was upgraded with a state of the art wave maker. The wave maker is
based on wet back system, where the flume has water on both sides of the wave maker during operation. In
such wave generating systems in wave flumes and wave basins, it is essential to effectively dissipate the wave
energy at the rear side of the wave maker in order to protect it from the dynamic loads due to these waves. If
the rear side wave energy is effectively dissipated, the wave maker will operate better providing a longer
operating lifetime. Also in wave basins, it is essential to dissipate the wave energy from the surroundings walls
in order to reduce the unwanted reflection from the walls into the test section. People look for wave absorbers,
which occupy a minimum space of the total basin area, in order to maximize the useful physical model study
area. In general, the wave absorbers are efficient in dissipating the wave energy, if they have milder slope, like
1:10 slope, which means that they occupy a large basin/flume area. It is therefore challenging to design a wave
absorber which occupies minimum space and has better wave energy dissipating characteristics. One of the
solutions used in many coastal labs around the world is progressive energy dissipation using series of
perforated plates. The possibility of using commercially available craters as wave absorbers was explored. This
item is made out of plastics and has enough pores to induce turbulence for energy dissipation. The wave
energy dissipation characteristics of these craters are not known. Also, the space available between the wave
makers to the rear side wall of the flume is only about 2.0 m. Many rows of these craters must be present to
induce progressive energy dissipation. It is proposed to introduce 4 rows as well as 7 rows of these craters for
wave energy dissipation. It is essential to assess the wave energy dissipation characteristics of the structures
and determine how much wave energy dissipation results when the number of crater rows is increased from 4
to 7. It is not possible to directly measure the wave energy dissipation. The wave energy reflection can be
assessed and from the law of conservation of energy one can estimate wave energy dissipation. In the present
study, the wave energy dissipation characteristics of commercially available craters for two different cases
were assessed based on physical model study; a) 4-row type and b) 7-row type.
The objective of the study was to explore the possibility of using commercially available craters as wave
absorbers in a glass frame tank.
Methods
Physical model on 4 row and 7 row crater barriers were carried out for a wide range of regular and random
waves. The crater model contains arrays (4-rows and 7-rows) of craters. The total width of the wave barrier
system is 1400 mm. Each crater width is 122 mm and the spacing between the craters is 304 mm for 4-row
*nsubram @kisr.edu.kw
286
barrier assembly and 91 mm for 7-row barrier assembly. Regular waves of heights 5 to 30 cm, wave period
from 1 to 3 seconds and water depth of 0.7 m were used. Random waves of Pierson Moskowitz spectrum were
used. The wave time series at 3 different locations were measured and wave reflection was assessed for each
experimental run. Using law of conservation of energy, wave energy dissipation was assessed.
Findings
The wave energy dissipation character of 4-row and 7-row crater type wave barrier was assessed based on
physical model investigations both in regular and random wave fields of a range of wave heights and wave
periods.
x For a constant incident wave height, the wave reflection from the barrier was reduced with increased
relative water depth, d/L.
x For a constant wave period, the wave reflection from the barrier was reduced with increased incident wave
steepness.
x Overall, in regular wave field, the 7-row crater barrier is 29% better in reducing the wave reflection
compared to 4-row barrier. In random wave fields, the 7-row barrier is 27% better in reducing the wave
reflection than the 4-row barrier.
Conclusions
The 7-row crater barrier was consistently better than 4-row crater barrier in dissipating the wave energy. In
general, the water surface fluctuation on the wall, kept at the rear side of the wave barrier is smaller with 7-row
barrier compared to 4-row barrier. Under identical test conditions, when steeper wave acts on the barrier, due
to significant energy dissipation, the water surface fluctuation on the rear wall reduces significantly due to 7row barriers compared to 4-row barriers.
Applications
Based on this study, a 7-row crater wave barrier was designed, fabricated and installed in the glass wave flume
(at the rear side of the wave maker) to absorb the wave energy created during physical model studies.
Acknowledgments

1. S. Neelamani and A. Al-Ragum. Progressive wave energy dissipation of crater type barriers.
HYDRO2007, SVNIT, Surat, India, December 21-22, 2007.
2. S. Neelamani and A. Al-Ragum. (2009). Development of an efficient crater array wave energy dissipater
for wave flumes and basins. International Conference in Ocean Engineering, February 1-5, IIT Madras,
India, pp. 396-404.
3. S. Neelamani and A. Al-Ragum. Crater Array Wave Dampers for Open Sea Swimming, Boating and
Coastal Erosion Protection. The Second Gulf Conference and Exhibition on Environment and
Sustainability, February 16-19, 2009, Kuwait, pp.777-786.
4. A. Al-Ragum and S. Neelamani. Design and development of crater array wave barriers. Proceedings of the
10th International Coastal Symposium ICS 2009, April 13-18, 2009, Lisbon, Portugal, Journal of Coastal
Research; 56(1): 458-462.
EC025G
287

Completed Project
EC026G; April, 2007 to September, 2007
Calibration of Hydraulic Laboratory Instruments for Tide Measurement

*S. Neelamani, K. Al-Banaa, K. Bhattacharya, F. Al-Hulail, W. Al-Nassar and J. Ljubic
Introduction
Periodic calibration of field instruments is very important in order to ensure that the oceanographic data
collected in the field for various projects has acceptable quality. The Hydraulics Laboratory of Coasts and Air
Pollution Department, Environment and Urban Development Division, (CAD/EUD) has many field
instruments, which are capable of measuring tides. The list of these instruments (with numbers) is as follows:
Recording Current Meter, RCM 7 (7), Wave Tide Recorder, WTR 9 (3), Water Level Recorder, WLR 7 (2),
Recording Current Meter, RCM 9 (1), Inter Ocean Model Current Meter, S4 (2), Valeport Model Shallow
Water Current Meter (4), Water Level Sensor from Aanderaa, WLS 3191 A (1).
All these instruments are factory calibrated, when they are purchased. Most of the pressure sensing elements in
these instruments are of the diaphragm type, with movement of the diaphragm proportional to the magnitude
of the pressure acting on the diaphragm. The flexibility and stiffness of the diaphragm is expected to change
with respect to time and frequency of usage. It is also possible that scale formation on the outer surface of the
diaphragm where the seawater is in contact with the diaphragm may change the factory calibration constants.
Hence, it is essential to calibrate the pressure sensors periodically to ensure the quality of field measurements
and maintain confidence in the results. Objective was to calibrate the pressure sensors of the instruments in the
Hydraulic Laboratory to ensure quality of data.
Methods
Two different approaches are used for calibration of the instruments: a) calibration using a deep water pit, and
b) calibration using the pressure chamber fabricated for this purpose.
A water pit is already available in the laboratory. This pit was filled and the instruments immersed at different
depths. The change in the voltage output for the change in immersion was recorded for the purpose of
calibration. A pressure chamber was fabricated for calibration, all the instruments were placed inside the
chamber and the water level was varied and the corresponding pressure values sensed by the instruments are
recorded.
Findings
x The range of error in the measurement of water depth was from 5.57% to 8.02%.
x The equation of best line fit for the applied pressure and measured pressure for each instrument was
documented and can be used for correcting the field measurements.
x Each instrument measures the pressures in different units. Hence, care should be taken while using the
measured data from the field.
288
x Some of the instruments record the data with respect to (w.r.t) absolute vacuum pressure and some w.r.t.
atmospheric pressure. This should be taken into consideration while using the field data, especially when
the data collection is from deep water.
x Clocks in all the instruments need to be set to local Kuwait time. It was observed during calibration that
some of the instruments were set to GMT and some were lagging or leading by few minutes to several
minutes. This must be corrected meticulously to avoid errors in timing of high tide and low tide.
x Calibration for pressure sensing gives increased confidence in the instruments for the measurement of
tides in the field. Some of the instruments are very old and have not been calibrated for several years.
Fortunately, the present calibration has proved that the tide measuring sensors are still working accurately
for field measurements.
Conclusions
All the instruments performed satisfactorily in the calibration tests and met the standards required. It is
recommended that this calibration is conducted yearly.
Applications
The pressure calibration charts for all the field instruments are documented. It is recommended to refer to
these charts and apply the corrections during the field work for tidal measurements.
Acknowledgments
EC026G
289

Completed Project

Wind Tunnel Facility and Other Infrastructure of the Hydraulics Laboratory
(2007-08)
*S. Neelamani, K. Al-Banaa, J. Ljubic and B. Kaushik
Introduction
Kuwait is a coastal country and it is the responsibility of the manpower in the coastal group of CAD/EUD to
address any type of coastal problem faced by the country. Physical modeling is an important tool for research
and development activities in coastal engineering. The Coastal and Hydraulic Laboratory is one of the unique
facilities in CAD/EUD, KISR. The facilities available in this laboratory are important tools for solving coastal
problems in Kuwait and may be used to tackle coastal problems of companies from GCC and other countries.
Upgrading and routine maintenance of the facility is of paramount importance for physical model studies. The
facilities in this laboratory have been used to carry out some important research work for Kuwait and GCC
countries in the past. It was the point of attraction for visitors of KISR. However, during the Iraqi invasion in
Kuwait, the laboratory wave machines and instruments were damaged and the systems did not function
adequately. Special attention required to upgrade the system and make it a world class coastal engineering
laboratory. Physical modeling is an important tool in Coastal Engineering. The wave makers for glass flume
and basin were replaced with state of art wave makers. At present, the laboratory has a good number of
instruments for field data collection on sea waves, currents, tides, etc. Few new instruments were purchased in
the reporting year for running projects. The complete infrastructure of the laboratory is worth more than
KD one million. The concrete flume facility needs a through upgradating.
Methods
The method involves overhaul and modernization of the existing Coastal Engineering Laboratory facility and
all the instruments at the Hydraulic Laboratory.
Findings
During the FY 2007-08, there are a good number of progressive activities recorded in the hydraulic laboratory.
x The basin was renovated to prevent the leakage and to make the basin floor flat. The contractor has done
the work but not up to mark. He needs to do fine tuning for preventing the present leakage of about 300
liter/day and reduce the floor level difference from 25 mm to 1mm.
x The demolition work is going on for the hydraulic laboratory office, storage, workshop area and is
expected to get a new building in 15 months following this report.
x Few new laboratory instruments (Kistler pressure sensors from Switzerland, vane shear equipment from
India, ULTRALAB UWS type scour sensor from Germany, CTD probe from Seabird electronics, USA)
were obtained.
290
x The various facilities in the laboratory were periodically operated and maintained. Wave makers and
pumps were operated once in every 15 days and the problems, if any logged.
x Tangible progress in the up gradation of research facilities in the area of physical modeling in coastal
engineering was achieved during the financial year 2007-08.
Conclusions
Efforts to renovate and upgrade the coastal laboratory were carried out. New coastal laboratory and field
instruments were purchased. Proper documentation has been completed.
Applications
KISR has a state of the art coastal laboratory facility to tackle most of the 2D or 3D physical model work for
coastal and ocean engineering problems.
Acknowledgements
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research is thanked for manpower and facilities to carry out this work. The total
EC027G
291

Completed Project
Extraction and Photodegradation of Aerosol Macromolecular Organic Matter

*Y. Al-Otaibi
Introduction
Macromolecular organic compounds have been found in the atmosphere, and recently recognized as
comprising an important fraction of the bulk organic carbon in various atmospheric samples. These
compounds play an important role in the atmosphere, and there has been speculation that they are involved in
atmospheric aerosol chemistry. It has been found that such compounds exhibit a variety of chemical
behaviours, such as photodegradation processes, in the environment. The objective of this study was to assess
the photodegradation of aerosol macroorganic matter under simulated atmospheric conditions, by using
HULIS extracted from aerosols and to compare this degradation with humic acids extracted from other sources
such as the soil and the Aldrich supplied chemical. In addition, the effects of atmospheric species such as
metals, oxidizing agents, and acidity on photodegradation of aerosol HULIS was investigated.
Methods
Aerosol, soil and Aldrich humic like substances (HULIS) were used in this study. The extraction procedures
used in this study were similar to those employed by Mukai and Ambe, (1986) for the extraction humic acids
from airborne particulate matter, with the difference that dichloromethane was not used as this may affect the
physical and chemical nature of the substances extracted. In addition, in this study sodium hydroxide was used
to collect efficiently solubilze HULIS from the aerosol filters, as this is widely used in the extraction of humic
substances from terrestrial or aquatic studies.
Extract solution was placed in 30-ml quartz tubes sealed with quartz stoppers. A mercury vapour lamp (400 W
MB/U), intended to mimic sunlight radiation entering the atmosphere was used. The wavelength range of the
mercury lamp is 280-1400nm. The light produced was measured by a calibrated LiCor2II light meter, and the
intensity was 670 einstein /m2 s. The experiment was performed in a fume chamber. The sample tubes were
placed directly opposite the radiation source. The distance between the lamp source and each quartz tube was
30 cm. Every 24 hours over a period of 7 days, aliquots of HULIS solutions were withdrawn from the quartz
tubes. Similar solutions were prepared and left in a dark place to use them as a dark control samples.
Absorption analyses were performed by using UV/Vis spectrophotometer at wavelength of 350nm.
Findings
x Humic like substances extracted from aerosol undergo a photodegradation process as do other humic acids
extracted from Aldrich or soil samples, as confirmed in previous studies.
x Rate of the photodegradation appeared to be fairly slow in the normal atmospheric conditions which
nonetheless facilitate the photochemical reactions and interactions to occur.
x Atmospheric oxidants such as H2O2 were found to enhance the rate of photodegradation.
*yalotaibi@kisr.edu.kw
292
x The interaction with trace metals such Cu was found to retard this photodegradation.
x HULIS-Cu complex photodegradation is affected by the acidity level of the medium.
Conclusions
Interaction between HULIS in the atmosphere and solar radiation is highly probable and measurable.
Interactions of aerosol HULIS with metals show the extent of the copper complexing ability with these
substances. Results with other metals suggest that electronegativity may play an important role but not totally
control the photodegradation trend. The effects of atmospheric acidity on the HULIS/Cu complex
photodegradation as the acidity represents an important factor in the atmosphere and could play an important
role in the formation and transformation of atmospheric organic compounds, particularly on the HULIS/Cu
that may occur in the atmospheric samples such as aerosol and may explain HULIS interaction in the
atmosphere. In the hydrogen peroxide experiments, the results highlight the effects of this oxidant as it
significantly enhances HULIS photodegradation in normal atmospheric conditions. This may be on account of
the presence of OH radicals which attack HULIS; these radicals form in the presence of light because
hydrogen peroxide absorbs most of the light. The results from this study help in understanding the behaviour
of HULIS photodegradation in the atmosphere under simulated conditions.
Acknowledgments
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research is thanked for financial support. The total budget of this project was
KD 13,540.
Y. Al-Otaibi, Latif and P. Brimblecombe. (2008). Humic-like substances and surfactants from biomass burning
and airborne dust. International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, USA.
EC028G
293

Completed Project
EC030G, June, 2008 to October, 2008
Effect of Threshold Values on the Predicted Extreme Waves in Kuwait

Territorial Waters
*S. Neelamani, K. Rakha and K. Al-Salem
Introduction
Establishing the design wave condition in Kuwait territorial waters is essential for safe and optimal design of
marine structures. A lack of such design wave condition will result either in an unsafe or over designed and
hence uneconomical structure. For example, the weight of armor unit of a breakwater depends on the design
significant wave height to the power of 3. Hence selection of 2 m or 3 m significant wave height results in an
armor unit of weight in the ratio of 8:27. Therefore, it is essential to predict the design wave heights for
different return periods. Presently, in Kuwait territorial waters, most of the coastal structures appear to be over
designed, because of lack of systematic extreme wave height prediction for these waters. The procedure for the
prediction of extreme wave height involves selection of a threshold wave height as an important input in the
data preparation stage. The effect of selecting the threshold value needs to be studied in order to know its
influence on the predicted extreme wave heights for different return periods; this data is not currently available
for Kuwait territorial waters. The present work was carried out to understand the effect of threshold wave
height value on the predicted extreme wave heights at 19 different points in the Kuwait territorial waters.
Methods
The Gumbel and Weibull distribution was used for the extreme value prediction. Peak Over Threshold (POT)
method was used. In the present work the threshold values of 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2.0, 2.25, 2.5, 2.75, 3.0
and 3.25 m were used and the extreme value analysis was repeated for each threshold value in order to
understand the effect of threshold value on the predicted extreme waves of different return periods. The data
points for each location were arranged in the descending order. The probability of exceedence, Q is calculated
using the formula Q = (i-c1)/(N+c2) Where, i=Rank, N=Total number of data points, c1=0.44 and c2 = 0.12 for
Gumbel distribution and, c1 DQGF2 IRU:HLEXOOGLVWULEXWLRQZKHUHLVWKH
VKDSHSDUDPHWHU7KHYDOXHRILVYDULHGIURPWRZLWKDQLQFUHPHQWRIDQGWKHYDOXHRIZKLFK
gives best fit for the data set is selected. The return period, TR and the probability of exceedence are linked by
the following expression, Q = 1 / (l TR), where l is the number of event/year. For the present problem, we
know the total number of storm events exceeding different threshold value of Hs for each location in Kuwait
WHUULWRULDO ZDWHUV 6LQFH WKH GDWD LV IRU D WRWDO GXUDWLRQ RI \HDUV WKH YDOXH RI O FDQ EH FDOFXODWHG
immediately. According to Gumbel distribution, the wave height expected for a selected return period HTR can
be estimated as follows:
HTR = g -b In[In(1/P)]
i.e. HTR = g -b In[In{(lTR)/(lTR-1)}]
(1)
(2)
294
According to the Weibull distribution, the wave height expected for a selected return period HTR can be
estimated from the following formula:
HTR = g +b [In(1/Q)]
i.e. HTR = g +b [In(lTR)] ]
(3)
(4)
Using the above equations, the extreme wave height for different return periods and for different threshold
values were obtained.
Findings
x The effect of varying the threshold wave height value on the predicted extreme significant wave height
was evaluated. Kuwait territorial waters were investigated at 19 different locations.
x Threshold value varied from 0.75 m to 3.0 m with increment of 0.25 m. Gumbel and Weibull extreme
value distributions are used for the extreme wave analysis and Weibull distribution was found to be better
for all the locations. The value of shape parameter varied from 0.8 to 1.3 with increment of 0.05 and the
best shape parameter was selected (based on the highest coefficient of regression value) for obtaining the
location parameter and scale parameter of the Weibull distribution.
x It was found that change in threshold wave height value affects the extreme wave height prediction.
x There is no definite trend in the predicted extreme significant waves when the threshold value is varied
from 0.75 m to 3.0 m. For some locations, the predicted extreme significant wave height reduces with
increased threshold wave height value and for some locations the predicted extreme wave height value
oscillates when the threshold value is changed from 0.75 to 3.0 m.
x The difference between the maximum and minimum predicted 100 year return period significant wave
height value is more than 0.5 m for some locations in Kuwait territorial waters and for few locations the
difference is less than 0.25 m.
Conclusions
For a typical location in the territorial waters of Kuwait, it is up to the investigator for the project to select a
design value in between the minimum and maximum predicted significant wave height for different return
periods by keeping the risk and project cost in mind. The results of the present study will be highly useful for
risk based analysis and for optimal design of marine structures for ongoing and future coastal projects.
The results of this study give the design wave heights and can be used for safe and optimal design of marine
structures in Kuwait territorial waters.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for manpower and facilities to carry out this work.
The total budget of this project was KD 4,640.

1. S. Neelamani. (2009). Influence of Threshold Value on Peak Over Threshold Method on the Predicted
Extreme Significant Wave Heights in Kuwaiti Territorial Waters. Proceedings of the 10th International
Coastal Symposium ICS 2009, 13-18 April 2009, Lisbon, Portugal, Journal of Coastal Research, 56(1):
564-568.
2. S. Neelamani. (2009). Influence of threshold value selection on the predicted long term waves in Kuwaiti
territorial waters. International Conference In Ocean Engineering, February 1-5, IIT Madras, India,
pp.358-371.
EC030G
295
Applications

Completed Project
EC032G, June, 2008 to December, 2008
Erosional Lineations in the Um Al-Rimam Depressions (North Kuwait)

*A. Al-Dousari
Introduction
Yardang is a Turkmen word, used in geomorphology for erosional landforms produced by wind action. Most
yardangs occur in unidirectional regimes. In the geomorphological literature, yardang is generally used to
designate elongate streamlined hills developed in different lithologies in numerous deserts of the world. The
initial investigations of yardangs had a local character and were focused mainly on their description rather than
on their genesis and sedimentological characteristics. The use of airborne imagery (i.e. aerial photographs and
satellite images) gave rise to a significant advance for the study of yardang. These analyses have been
complemented by laboratory experiments, field observations, and theoretical considerations. Geological
studies of erosional landforms in general and yardangs in particular in the region are rare. The aim of this work
was to reveal the existence of a suite of yardangs associated with playas of the Um Al-Rimam depression.
Methods
To study the playayardang systems, a preliminary geomorphological map of the study area was produced by
interpretation of aerial photos from 1972 and 1992 of 1:33,000 and 1:29,000 scales respectively. In addition,
digital aerial photos with 30 cm resolution were used to produce geological and morphological maps of the
pilot area. All the recognisable yardang-like morphologies were represented in this map. Subsequently, a
detailed field survey of the area was carried out. All the mapped yardang morphologies were carefully checked
and analysed in situ in order to gain information about their geometry, morphometry, and spatial relationship
with other geomorphological and sedimentary features. Additionally, a detailed geomorphological map of the
largest closed depressions was made in the field on a 1:25000 scale topographic map with contour intervals of
5 m. Combining the maps produced in the field and by stereoscopic analysis of the airborne imagery, a final
geomorphological map was delineated on the 1:25000 topography. The grain size and carbonate content of
several samples collected from terraces, yardang slopes, corridors, and playa bottoms were analysed.
Morphological parameters (width, length, height, slope measurements) for 41 yardangs were measured within
the two main playas of Um Al-Rimam depression. Sample locations were identified by GPS. Grain size and
statistical parameters were analyzed using graphical methods. Sampling was also extended to cover two
yardangs in order to identify the mean grain size and statistical variations over yardang body. Carbonate
percentages were measured and minerals were identified using x-ray diffraction (XRD). Contour maps were
also prepared for statistical parameters, minerals and carbonate variations in the depression.
Findings
x Up to 41 yardangs have been identified in the study area found in four main terraces. They can be grouped
lithologically in three types. Twenty-eight yardangs are developed in calcreatic bedrock (rock yardangs)
296
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
within Ghar Formation, two have been formed in consolidated sand stone of Lower Fars formation and
eleven have been recognized in the unconsolidated alluvial deposits.
The mean direction of the yardangs, N297W, coincides with the most frequent wind direction.
There is consistent relationship between the orientation of the yardangs and the strike of the joints
measured in four locations.
The yardangs are more frequently developed on plateaus dissected by the drainage net with unidirectional
winds. The gullies parallel to the wind direction are widened, whereas wind erosion tends to obliterate the
gullies of the windward slopes.
The terrace levels give evidence of several morpho-sedimentary episodes in the evolution of the playas.
The relatively thick deposits of the playa terraces record periods of vertical aggradation.
The maximum length, width and height of the yardangs are 92, 53 and 7.5 m, respectively. The average
length/width ratio is 1.5:1. The studied yardangs correspond to the meso- and mega-yardangs of Cooke et
al. (1993) and to mega-yardangs following the terminology of Livingstone and Warren (1996).
The windward and leeward slopes of the yardangs have mean angles of 11 and 10, respectively. The
slopes generally show a stepped profile controlled by the horizontal bedding of the bedrock. The incline of
the windward and leeward slope shows a progressive decline, but windward side is slightly steeper.
Signs of undercutting at the foot of the slopes, indicate that, at the present time, wind deflation and
abrasion (sandblasting) exceeds sediment accumulation. However, the gypsiferous silts slope deposits
locally show aeolian pits and flutes. The pits are small (25 cm) irregular, closed depressions, which
commonly occur on steep slopes.
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
The author thanks Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for financial support (KD 18,510) for this project.

1. A. Al-Dousari, M. Al-Elaj, E. Al-Enezi and A. Al-Shareeda. (2009). Origin and characteristics of
Yardangs in the Um Al-Rimam depressions (N Kuwait). Geomorphology; 104:93-104.
2. A. Al-Dousari, M. Al-Elaj, E. Al-Enezi and A. Al-Shareeda. (2006). Yardangs in the Um Al-Rimam
depressions (North Kuwait). 14th International soil conservation in semi-arid environments, Conference
Palace Marrekech, Morocco, 14-19 May, 2006.
EC032G
297
The yardangs are developed in horizontal Tertiary calcretic and sandstone and flat Quaternary mud. They exist
within 4 main terraces. There are two main depressions that have been formed in the continental sediments of
this area connected by neck area, both hosting muddy playas. Most of the yardangs occur on margin of the
northern depression and on the neck area connecting between the two depressions. Their mean orientation NW
(2970) coincides with the prevalent direction of the strong local wind called shamal. The maximum length,
width and height of the yardangs are 92, 53 and 7.5 m, respectively. The average length/width ratio is 1.5:1.
The strong northwesterly wind and lower density of vegetation are suitable conditions for yardang
development in the area. Three main types of yardang have been identified; 28 rock yardangs formed Lower
Fars Formation (lower to middle Miocene) and two in Ghar Formation (Oligocene to lower Miocene), and 11
yardangs developed in Quaternary deposits. Yardang contour map illustrates larger mean grain size on the
erosional resistant cap sediments in comparison to flanks.

Ongoing Projects
Numerical Model Study and Field Data Collection for the Al-Khiran Pearl City ProjectPhase A3, A4 and A5
Project code: EC035C
Sponsor(s): La'ala-Al Kuwait Real Estate Company
Budget: KD 124,330
Project leader: K. Rakha
Email address: krakha@kisr.edu.kw
Optimum Burial Depth of Submarine Pipelines for Kuwaiti Marine Environmental

Conditions
Code No.: EC023C
Sponsor(s): Kuwait Pipe Industries Oil Services Company
Budget: KD 105,220
Project leader: S. Neelamani
Email address: nsubram@kisr.edu.kw
Field Monitoring of the Coastal Area around Qaroh Island

Project code: EC072K
Duration: March, 2008 to February, 2010
Budget: KD 39,560
Project leader: F. Al-Hulail
Email address: fhulail@kisr.edu.kw
Geological and Geomorphological Characteristics of Um Al-Rimam Depression

Project code: EC073K
Budget: KD 14,820
Project leader: A. Al-Dousari
Email address: adousari@kisr.edu.kw
Upgrading, Regular Upkeep and Maintenance of Hydraulic Laboratory and Other

Infrastructure of the Hydraulic Laboratory for 2008-2009
Code: EC029G
Sponsor: Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Budget: KD 13,455
Project Leader: S. Neelamani
Email Address: nsubram@kisr.edu.kw
www.kisr.edu.kw
298
World Seismic Activities as Recorded by Kuwait National Seismic Network (2008-2009)

Code: EC031G
Budget: KD 16,400
Project Leader: R. Mohammed
Email Address: rmohamad@kisr.edu.kw
Volatile Organic Compounds Concentrations in the Ambient Air in the Vicinity of KISR
by GC/FID
Code: EC033G
Duration: June, 2008 to March, 2009
Budget: KD 39,088
Project Leader: K. Beg
Email Address: krbeg@kisr.edu.kw
Study the Environment of Kuwait by Using Remote Sensing Techniques

Code: EC034G
Budget: KD 29,480
Project Leader: M. Ahmed
Email Address: mahmed@kisr.edu.kw
Low-Level Radioxenon Measurement in Ambient Air in Kuwait City, Kuwait
Development and Maintenance of a Geographic Information System (GIS) for the Coastal
Engineering Group for 2008-09
Project code: EC036G
Budget: KD 10,120
Project leader: B. Shuhaibar
Email address: bshuhaibar@kisr.edu.kw
Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) Concentrations at Different Locations of KISR Main

Building, Kuwait
Project code: EC037G
Budget: KD 7,340
Project leader: M. Al-Hayi
Email address: mhai@kisr.edu.kw
www.kisr.edu.kw
299
Code No.: EC035G

Budget: KD 14,700
Project leader: M. Al-Rashidi
Email address: mrashidi@kisr.edu.kw
Department of Building and Energy Technologies

Mission
To investigate and develop quality building systems to serve private and public sectors
through advanced research and to contribute to establishment of codes and regulations
taking into consideration international standards. Provide studies on efficient usage of
energy in buildings and suggest future alternative energy resources.
Objectives
x Improve building materials and investigate alternative local materials
x Develop technologies to enhance the quality and increase the estimated longevity of modern buildings
x Study methods to increase the efficiency of energy usage in commercial, industrial and residential
buildings
x Evaluate modern (artificial intelligence) and control technologies for electric energy systems
x Investigate different systems to improve buildings and contribute to establishment of building codes
to improve quality of buildings
x Establish information systems and basic guidelines to contribute to energy saving in established and
new buildings
www.kisr.edu.kw
301

Staff Members
Department Manager
Dr. Adel-Husain
Senior Research Specialist

Mr. Gopal Prasad Maheshwari
Research Scientists
Dr. Amr Wagih Sadeq
Dr. Moetaz Maher El-Hawary
Ms. Suad Khalid Al-Bahar
Dr. Ali Ebraheem Hassan Hajiah

Dr. Saud Fahhad Al-Otaibi
Dr. Hasan Ali Khazal Kamal
Dr. Yehya Naji Al-Hadban
Dr. Abdelrahman Isam ElSherbini
Dr. Mohammed Jasem Sebzali
Dr. Ahmad Ali Al-Mulla Ali
Dr. Saad Salem AlJandal
Ms. Eatedal Abdel-Raouf Al-Bassam
Ms. Saddeka Gholam Ali Hussian
Mr. Hassan Ali Al-Busairi
Mr. Jamal Saheb Al-Qazweeni
Mr. Musaed Abdullah Al-Abdulhadi
Ms. Nadia Khalil Ibrahim Shaban
Mr. Mustafa Ghuloom Abbas
Ms. Fatouh Abdulaziz Al-Ragom
www.kisr.edu.kw
303

Dr. Adel-Husain
Electricity consumption per capita in Kuwait is among the highest in the world. There is international
commitment to minimize burning of fossil fuels to reduce emissions of green house gasses. Therefore,
implementation of further conservation measures for reducing the energy demands of buildings has been
the main goal for the Department. These issues were addressed through: i) revision of the energy
conservation code to further enhance the energy efficiency of the buildings and their systems and provide
guidelines on how to operate these systems smartly to minimize their year round energy consumption and
ii) provide guidelines on how to best operate these systems to minimize the energy consumption. During
the reporting period the code has been revised, in 2007 and is ready to be implemented by MEW. Other
notable achievements of the Department for the reporting period (2006-2008) were energy audits in airconditioned buildings, optimization of cooling production systems, peak power demand reduction, district
cooling and optimization of water consumption in cooling towers. This is in addition to completion of
several projects related to the energy conservation program, these were; Advancement of Energy
Conservation Standards and Practical Measures for their Implementation n Kuwait (DOE-01),
Optimization of Water and Electricity Consumption in Cooling Towers (EU001C), Optimization of
&RROLQJ 3URGXFWLRQ LQ .,65V 0DLQ %XLOGLQJ (8& 6PDUW 2SHUDWLRQ RI $LU-conditioning and
Lighting Systems in Government Buildings for Peak Power Reduction (EU046C), Assessment of HVAC
(heating, ventilation and air conditioning) and Lighting Systems Performance and Indoor Air Quality of
the Oil Sector Complex Building (EU047C) and Demand Side Management of Major Power Consumers
through Optimum Remote Control (EU050C).
During the reporting period the Departments mission extended to support the needs of infrastructure and
construction industries and address their main challenges with provision of the latest scientific and
technical expertise to support development of major sectors such as oil, electricity, water and housing.
This was emphasized through preparation of tender documents, supervision on implementation and
evaluation of the treatment measures of the pilot area in Al-Dhahar (EU023C) where the area was treated
and rehabilitated for general use. The effectiveness of treatment was further investigated in project
EU049C. Another area of investigation was environmental impact of unsafe disposal of oil based mud
cuttings generated from oil well drillings (EU040C). The investment in the construction and building
industries in Kuwait is the second largest after the oil industry. The Department aims at improving the
www.kisr.edu.kw
305
In Kuwait, buildings are the largest consumer of electrical power and energy. Air-conditioning (A/C) and
lighting in buildings account for over 85% of the peak power demand and nearly 65% of the yearly
electricity consumption. Consequently most research efforts on energy conservation pursued by KISR
since 1980 have been directed towards enhancing energy efficiency of buildings and their A/C and
lighting systems. Implementation of the Energy Conservation Code of Practice for all new and renovated
air-conditioned buildings since 1983 is a major achievement of the energy conservation program. This
code was developed by KISR and is being implemented by the Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW).
quality of construction techniques and expanding the life expectancy of the structures by professional
implementation of state-of-the-art research tools and technology transfer and adaptation. Hence,
investigations were focused on durability of concrete incorporating slag under Kuwait environmental
conditions (EU028K), evaluation of advanced organic coating system for Kuwait atmospheric corrosion
control (EU031C) and feasibility of using fiber reinforced plastics as reinforcement in concrete
constructions in Kuwait (EU004C).
Inconsistent quality of building products, building systems, details and design, were addressed by several
research projects during the reporting period such as characterization and evaluation of concrete building
materials available for construction industry in the local market (EU038C), polymer mortar as a building
materials (EU006C), cost effective Kuwaiti houses (EU027C) and high performance concrete for Kuwait
(EU045K).
Sustainability of resources, building materials, structures and infrastructure systems, along with
minimizing the environmental impact of urbanization and the construction industry were considered with
projects related to recycling of concrete and masonry (EU022C) and evaluation of clay locations suitable
for ceramic industry (EU030C). Sustainability of resources, building materials, structures and
infrastructure systems, along with minimizing the environmental impact of urbanization and the
construction industry where considered under projects related to recycling of concrete and masonry
(EU022C) and evaluation of clay locations suitable for ceramic industry (EU030C).
During 2006 to 2007 the budget from the ongoing projects was KD 190,694 and the service generated an
income of KD 8,000 which increased to KD 39,195 the following year, 2007-2008, when the total budget
was KD 185,700. The Department needs to upgrade and modernize its testing facilities in order to
accommodate work from the local industry. The Department is in the process of establishing new
laboratories and offices for its employees.
Regarding development of human resources, the Department has one researcher and two professionals on
scholarship. On job training was conducted for professionals and in-house training sessions were given to
personnel from Ministry of Electricity and Water, Ministry of Education and the Public Authority for
Applied Education and Training. Several professionals attended training courses abroad. The Department
is also searching for highly specialized technical staff who can support specific equipment. One of the
main constraints for development of the Department is lack of financial support for temporary and
administrative staff. Recruitment difficulty is also due to lack of incentives for specialized scientists to
work at KISR.
Eight papers were published in refereed journals during the year 2006-2007 and a total of 30 papers
presented in various conferences and seminars during the reporting period.
www.kisr.edu.kw
306

Completed Project
EU027C; October, 2004 to September, 2006
Cost-effective Kuwait Houses

*S. Al-Otaibi and H. Kamal
Introduction
Considerable national resources are invested in housing in Kuwait. Ownership of a house has always been a
major goal of every Kuwait household. The assumption that buildings in Kuwait are costly compared with
other countries is widely accepted, although hardly verified or investigated. The conventional comparison of
costs of finished house construction in Kuwait relative to those in GCC countries, industrial countries in
Europe and or the United States has no sound basis.
This study aimed at: 1) investigating the different aspects related to the cost effectiveness of Kuwait houses,
and 2) suggesting technically feasible alternatives and evaluate their role in reducing the cost of buildings.
Methods
A typical space distribution model for Kuwait houses was developed based on actual requirements to increase
the efficiency of built-up areas (theoretically based model). This model was compared to the actual practice.
The study investigated technically feasible alternatives and assessed their role in reducing the cost of buildings.
Such alternatives include parameters that affect the direct and indirect construction cost locally and
internationally. A mathematical model was used to assess the effect of the different sectors contributing to the
construction that influence the overall cost and which should be considered when attempting to optimize the
cost of the house.
A decision support database was prepared to provide essential tools for building optimization including
building materials and construction.
A survey was carried out to establish current preferences in space distribution within Kuwait houses. Based on
the survey, a model is being developed representing an optimization of common patterns, which will be
consolidated with the computerized cost database and used extensively for cost optimization and feasibility
analysis. A computer program was developed for determining the optimal parameters for cost-effective
residential houses in Kuwait. The program takes into account the factors that directly and indirectly affect the
cost of houses such as the social-technical needs for Kuwait families, and the cost of design process, materials,
workmanship, finishing quality and other requirements
*uotaibi@safat.kisr.edu.kw
307
To determine cost-effectiveness of Kuwait housing, this study approach included documenting current
practices to provide the basis for establishing relevant correlations through carrying out a survey and collecting
data.
A computer model was used to examine different technically feasible alternatives to determine their potential.
These alternatives were compiled as verified in previous KISR studies, in addition to other new building
technologies
Data from the pre-conducted survey have been used for classifying and categorizing the factors that affect the
cost of buildings. Constraints will be determined for each factor in the developed computer program which will
define the acceptability levels. Based on different input data, several trials were conducted and tabulated for
determining the optimal cost of houses in Kuwait. A Monte Carlo simulation program was developed for
estimating the cost of houses in Kuwait. The simulation program depended on the previously collected data
for the cost of the factors contributing to the cost of houses. A probabilistic method was used to precisely
estimate the cost based on the probability density function for each factor. The probabilistic method took into
consideration the uncertainties existing in the cost of each factor affecting the cost of houses in Kuwait
The estimation of a house cost using the average of Kuwait Dinars per square meter of the total built-up area is
an indication of the cost that is affected by the quality of finishes used. The total cost of the house with
basement using the traditional process of Bill of Quantity (BOQ) rates is calculated to be equal to KD 146,234
while the total house cost using the simulation is about KD 130,000. The difference is around 10% and could
be attributed to the cost of basement construction to the total cost of the house. Several types of work are
needed for construction of basements such as excavation, dewatering, retaining wall and others. The cost is
then normalized to the total cost of the house.
Findings
x In Kuwait, there is a vast variation in the quality and cost of materials of construction
x The built-up area is the main factor of the cost variation among different houses
x In general, the built-up spaces are not distributed properly and not utilized efficiently; this creates extra
unnecessary cost for the owners. The lack of understanding of the needs and preferences of the owner is
the main reason for this cost
x The local construction codes and governmental regulations, indirectly, encourage building of larger
houses, leading to higher costs
x Several factors are directly and indirectly affecting the cost of houses such as; cost of the design process,
material, workmanship, finishing quality and social impact of Kuwait families, the latter was considered in
the design and space distribution
Conclusions
This study managed to develop a database on factors directly and indirectly affecting the cost of houses and
concluded that uncertainty is inherent in the cost estimation of housing projects as the cost of building
materials and manpower varies during the house construction life cycle. The source of uncertainty is available
in the actual cost of the needed materials and manpower.
Applications
The outcome on cost-effectiveness from the alternative models arising from this study can have an economic
impact as an effective approach at individual and government levels, if applied.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences for financial support (KD 12,500)
and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for funding (total budget KD 68,560).
EU027C
308

Completed Project
EU014C; April, 2005 to October, 2006
Optimization of Cooling Production in Kuwait Institute for Scientific

Research Main Building
*A. Hajiah, G. Maheshwari, A. El-Sherbini and R. Alasseri
Introduction
Air-conditioning (A/C) is the single largest consumer of electricity in Kuwait. A significant proportion of the
electrical power and energy consumption for A/C is attributed to governmental and institutional buildings. A/C
systems in these buildings have large chillers and a network of chilled water piping to cool required areas. For
most of the time, an A/C system operates under partial load conditions. Thus, it is important to optimize the
operational parameters of the A/C system and keep the demand of auxiliaries in line with the cooling demand
and occupancy pattern of the building. This approach was implemented under this study for the cooling
SURGXFWLRQV\VWHPLQ.,65VPDLQEXLOGLQJ
The project aimed at minimizing peak loads and annual energy consumption of the cooling production system
LQ.,65VPDLQEXLOGLQJ
An energy-efficient operational strategy was developed and implemented taking into consideration the
RFFXSDQF\SDWWHUQLQ.,65VPDLQEXLOGLQJPower rating (PR), the amount of power needed in kilowatts (kW)
to produce one refrigeration ton (RT) of cooling was chosen as a key parameter to assess the performance.
The methodology included the identification of monitoring parameters and development of instrumentation
scheme, selection of instruments and data logging system, establishment of base case performance of the
cooling system, development and implementation of energy efficient operation strategies, and quantifying the
impact of every operation strategy on power and energy savings.
The strategy was based on improving the performance of chillers, reducing the power consumption of the
chilled-water pumps and utilizing the cooling stored in building thermal mass by implementing pre-closing
treatment (PCT) one hour before closure of business at 15:00 h. Improvement in chiller PR was achieved by
applying energy conservation to keep the chilled-water supply temperature higher during non-occupancy
periods and lean demand seasons and several energy-efficiency measures such as optimization of water
distribution in chilled-water branches, closing off flow through the chillers that were not in operation, and
increasing the loading of chillers. Another energy-conservation measure was to limit the number of pumps in
operation to two during working hours and just one during non-working hours and lower demand periods.
Findings
x .,65VPDLQEXLOGLQJZLWK DQDLU-conditioned area of 23,470 m2 is an energy-efficient building. Its A/C
system accounts for nearly 70% of the annual electrical consumption of 14,000 MWh.
*ahajiah@safat.kisr.edu.kw
309
Methods
x The cooling production and distribution system, commissioned in 1984, is comprised of ten air-cooled
chillers and four chilled water pumps. The air distribution system has 23 air-handling units (AHUs) and 67
fan coil units (FCUs). The building has a daily occupancy of seven and one-half hours between 07:30 and
15:00 h from Saturday to Wednesday. Chilled water pumps and the fans of the AHUs and FCUs run
continuously 24 hours per day, seven days a week.
x Prior to the implementation of the new operating strategy, the number of operating chillers was determined
by the experience of the supervising engineer. In addition, three chilled water pumps and a minimum of
one chiller operated continuously, even during the winter season. No operating strategy was implemented
to control the number of operating chillers or the chilled water supply temperature. In addition, no concern
ZDVVKRZQRYHUWKHFKLOOHUVSRRUORDGLQJRIOHVVWKDQZKLFKOHGWRHQHUJ\ZDVWDJH
x Energy savings of well over 30% were achieved by implementing the measures specified above; average
chiller loading was increased to over 65% and the temperature of chilled water supply was maintained 5 to
6C higher during non-occupancy periods than in occupancy periods.
x During the peak summer period, a peak power reduction of nearly 25% was achieved between 14:00 and
15:00 h by switching off one pump and chiller. Rise in the space temperature during this period was less
than 0.5C. Reduction in peak power after 15:00 h was more than 40%. Also, the number of chillers and
pumps operated for different seasons during occupancy and non-occupancy periods have been specified as
guidelines for the cooling system operators.
Conclusions
Results of assessment of air-conditioning system at KISR main building and implementation of the suggestions
raised in this study have minimized peak loads and annual energy consumption of the cooling production
system without noticeable change in their interior cooling environment.
Applications
Similar assessments of air conditioning systems and application of suggestions raised in this study for
buildings of similar structure may have a large impact upon energy efficiency and saving.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Kuwait Foundation for Advancement of Sciences (KD 17,050) and Kuwait Institute for
Scientific Research for financial support. The total budget was KD 38,542.
EU014C
310

Completed Project
EU022C; September, 2005 to May, 2007
Recycling of Concrete and Masonry

*M. El-Hawary, S. Al-Otaibi, A. Abduljaleel, N. Al-Enezi and S.Al-Sanad
Introduction
Recycling is becoming essential to reduce the amount of solid waste, which is becoming a global
environmental crisis, in addition to conserving resources for the future. As a result of the hydration process, the
hardened concrete contains a considerable amount of calcium hydroxide (lime) and silica, the main component
of sand. The utilization of grind recycled concrete in the production of autoclaved lime-silica bricks was
addressed. The production technology was included along with the properties of the resulting bricks. The
reported properties include compressive strength, absorption and specific gravity.
Recycled concrete may be also crushed and utilized as aggregates in the production of new concrete. The
properties of those aggregates, along with the properties and durability of concrete produced using this type of
aggregates, was discussed.
The objective of this project was to study the use of structural waste in the production of silica bricks.
Methods
Concrete mixes were selected using two different water cement ratios of 0.44 and 0.6. Required cubes,
cylinders and beams were cast and cured. Resulting concrete was tested for absorption, density, compressive
strength and tensile and flexural strength. Cubes of 100 mm were tested for compressive strength, water
absorption and aging in different conditions (fresh water, seawater, open environment, buried underground) for
different durations of up to one year.
Utilization of crushed masonry bricks as aggregates was also investigated. Properties of the resulting
aggregates along with the properties and durability of the resulting concrete were investigated.
Findings
x The rate of deterioration of the resulting recycled concrete was found to be comparable to that of new
concrete.
*mhawary@safat.kisr.edu.kw
311
The crushing factory was visited and crushed aggregates of different sizes acquired. Physical and chemical
properties of recycled aggregates were determined, including density, absorption, sieve analysis, chloride
content, sulphate content, impact and abrasion. Virgin aggregates were tested for comparison. Consistency of
the recycled aggregates was assessed through testing three different batches collected at different times.
x Crusher fines were also collected and utilized in the production of lime-silica bricks. The resulting bricks
were found to exceed the specificDWLRQVUHTXLUHPHQWVLOOXVWUDWLQJWKHSRWHQWLDOIRUWKHSURSRVHGSURFHGXUH
in brick production.
x In order to simulate the actual production of lime-silica bricks in the industry, some samples were
manufactured and tested in the National Industries Company (NIC) lime-silica bricks factory. Samples
were found to produce the same properties as those produced in the laboratory. The effect of different
types of additives, including sand, cement, silica, slag, fly ash and lime, on the properties of the lime-silica
bricks was investigated. Additional sand may be added to further reduce cost. Up to 40% increase in fresh
sand resulted in no significant change in compressive strength.
x Old concrete may be crushed and used as aggregates in the production of new concrete. The resulting
aggregates have higher sulphate and chloride contents. Their properties are inferior to new aggregates in
terms of absorption, abrasion resistance and impact resistance. Their density is almost the same as new
aggregates.
x Compressive strength of the resulting concrete is of the same order as that of conventional one. The rate of
strength gain is higher for the recycled concrete.
x Additional super plasticizers should be used to get the same slump.
Conclusions
Variation in the properties of the recycled aggregates between different batches was found to be tolerable.
The durability of different types of recycled aggregates concrete was found to be analogous to that of control
concrete. The effect of exposure to sea water, soil conditions and open air for durations up to one year was in
general the same for both recycled and new concretes. Old concrete may be ground and used in the production
of lime-silica bricks. The resulting bricks were found to have higher compressive strength than that required by
specifications along with an average absorption less than the American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) requirements.
Silica fumes, fly ash and slag were also found to improve properties of the resulting bricks. However, their use
will increase the cost considerably and should be limited to special requirements. Masonry building blocks
may be also used to produce lower quality concrete. The resulting concrete has lower strength; its durability,
however, is analogous to that of control concrete for all the considered exposures and time durations.
Reducing water-to-cement (w/c) ratio and applying quality control measures in producing crushed bricks
concrete will result in producing concrete of the same quality as normal concrete. Both recycling methods
may be used together as the crusher fines are estimated as 20%, which may be used in brick production and
hence avoid the costly grinding process.
Applications
Recycling, in general, has economical and social benefits besides the positive environmental impact.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences for funding (KD 18,000), the
Environment Preservation Industrial Company for providing recycled aggregates and the National Industries
Company (NIC) for allowing use of their autoclaving units. Support of Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
is also acknowledged. The total budget was KD 48,980.
EU022C
312
1. S. Al-Otaibi and M. El-Hawary. (2005). Potential of Recycling Demolished Concrete and Building Rubble
in Kuwait. Proceedings of the 6th International Congress, Global Construction: Ultimate Concrete
Opportunities, Dundee, UK.
2. M. El-Hawary and S. Al-Otaibi. (2006). Recycling and reutilization of Concrete. Proceedings of the 10th
International Conference on Inspection, Appraisal, Repairs and Maintenance of Structures, Hong Kong.
3. S. Al-Otaibi, M. El-Hawary and A. Abdul-Jaleel. (2007). Production of Lime-Silica Bricks from Crushed
Concrete Fines. Proceedings of the Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies Conference,
Coventry, UK.
4. M. El-Hawary, S. Al-Otaibi and S. Al-Sanad. (2009). Sustainable Development and Recycling Systems in
the Structural Industry. Proceedings of the 5th International Professional Development Conference for
Health, Safety, Environment and loss Prevention, American Society for Safety Engineers, Kuwait.
EU022C
313

Completed Project
EU038C; January, 2006 to December, 2007
Characterization and Evaluation of Concrete Building Materials Available for

the Construction Industry in the Local Market
*S. Al-Fadala, S. Al-Bahar, F. Al-Shatti, A. Al-Arbeid, T. Mukherjee, A. Al-Othman,
Y. Al-Sowayan, M. Kawyani and M. Al-Dehani
Introduction
Concrete is the most commonly used structural material in Kuwait and its quality is determined by the
properties of its constituents, their mixtures, and its placement, finishing and curing. Kuwait is a large and
open importing market for various building materials, especially cements and coarse aggregates. Limited
studies have been carried out locally to evaluate the building materials and there is no database to present the
technical and scientific information regarding building materials available locally. The objective of this study
is to characterize and perform identification quality assessment and to build up the fingerprint database of
locally available concrete building materials.
Methods
In this study, major Kuwaiti suppliers of cements and aggregates were identified. Samples of each material
were acquired for periodic testing. The evaluation program was designed according to the specifications
published by Public Authority for Industry (PAI); local and international testing methods were applied.
A database application was developed and entitled Concrete Building Materials Information System (CBMIS).
The main objectives of this system are to report information on identification, physical, mechanical, and
chemical properties of cement and aggregate samples with regard to standard limits and to generate reports
which produce various relations and interpretations of material qualities and properties.
Findings
x The evaluation of cement quality in compliance with Kuwait Standard Specification KSS 381(2004)
showed that all Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) samples collected from different suppliers during the
evaluation period satisfied all the physical properties specified, except for a marginal failure of a sample in
satisfying the limit of compressive strength at day 3.
x Sulfate-resistance cement (SRC) samples collected during the evaluation period showed satisfactory
performance in all the physical properties as specified in KSS, but an exceptional single failure in the
fineness was monitored. Results of chemical analysis of OPC and SRC samples were satisfactory in
relation to the limits specified.
x Evaluation of coarse and fine aggregates based on Kuwait Standard Specification KSS 94 (2002) showed
that the majority of coarse aggregate samples violated grading limits; larger size aggregates were more
likely to meet the standard grading limits.
*sfadala@safat.kisr.edu.kw
314
x Gabro and Limestone aggregates showed acceptable values for chloride content in aggregate used in
reinforced concrete, but exceeded the value limit in aggregate used in pre-stressed concrete.
x No alkali reactivity behavior was observed in coarse aggregate samples collected during the evaluation
period.
x Determination of percentage of material finer than 75 m conducted on different sizes of coarse
DJJUHJDWHV VKRZHG VRPH PLQRU QRQFRPSOLDQFH ZLWK PD[LPXP OLPLW VSHFLILHG 8QOLNH FRDUVH
aggregates, the majority of fine aggregate samples (washed and sieved) showed acceptable grading results
compared to the grading limits specified.
x The study showed that sand washing process had no effect in lowering the chloride and total SO3 contents
but it had a positive impact on lowering the percentage of clay lumps and material finer than 75m. The
majority of sand samples collected (washed and sieved) had not met the minimum standard limits
specified for clay lumps or the percentage of material finer than 75m.
x There is no defined trend in the quality of sand between different suppliers and the washed and sieved
samples collected from the same quarry in terms of chloride content and total SO3.
x The majority of sand samples showed good test results using magnesium sulfate relative to standard limit
and no alkali reactivity behavior was monitored in fine aggregate samples tested after 6 months.
Conclusions
This study has set up the initial attempt for the evaluation of concrete building materials available in the local
market through periodic testing of cement and aggregate samples acquired from local suppliers. Establishing a
fingerprint database of locally available cements and aggregates should raise awareness of the local suppliers
to the importance of quality assurance of their product and the need long term monitoring of their materials.
This is in order to insure quality of source and consistency of specifications that have great impact on
durability and endurance of structures in Kuwait. This testing program can be applied for other building
materials such as waterproofing, sealants, admixtures, plastering, paints, fillers and curing compounds.
Applications
The most important aspect of this research is the utilization of its results for upgrading, reviewing, and
verifying standard limits and specifications of the Kuwaiti standards issued by Public Authority for Industry
(PAI). KISR can provide technical support to PAI to facilitate the safe integration of new technologies and
material advancements in the building industries.
The authors appreciate the contributions made by the major concrete materials supplying companies; Kuwait
Cement Company (KD 2,400), Kuwait Portland Cement Company (KD 2,400), Hilal Cement Company
(KD 2,400), Gulf Rocks Company (KD 1,000), Kuwait Rocks Company (KD 2,400), Salbookh Trading
Company (KD 2,000) and Al-Fadalah United Company (KD 1,000). The total budget was KD 26,296.
EU038C
315
Acknowledgements

Completed Project
EU047C; March, 2007 to February, 2008
Assessment of Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning and Lighting

Systems Performance and Indoor Air Quality of the Oil Sector Complex
Buildings
*A. Hajiah, F. Alghimlas, D. Al-Nakib, M. Sebzali, M. Al-Suwaidan and R. Alasseri
Introduction
Concerns for indoor air quality (IAQ) are growing in Kuwait. IAQ deals with the content of interior air that
could affect the health and comfort of the building occupants. The Kuwait Environment Public Authority (EPA)
has established guidelines and regulations for indoor and outdoor environments. Kuwait Petroleum
Corporation (KPC) management decided to conduct an assessment of the IAQ in the Oil Sector Complex
(OSC) building located in Shuwaikh after it had been occupied and contracted this task to Kuwait Institute for
Scientific Research (KISR).
The OSC building comprises of two buildings housing the Ministry of Oil (MOO) and KPC. The OSC
building has a common heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system and building automation
system (BAS) to control the operation of the HVAC system. The HVAC system, commissioned in 2005, is a
state-of-the-art system that comprises of three energy efficient chillers with water-cooled condensers, primary
and secondary chilled water pumps and variable air volume system with independent outdoor air supply
system.
The project aimed at examining the ventilation rates, and the performance of the heating, ventilation and airconditioning (HVAC) system to assure good thermal comfort and healthy IAQ. Moreover, the project also
evaluated the lighting system and the illumination levels based on the activities performed within the OSC
building.
Methods
Data collection was conducted for the assessment of HVAC and lighting systems performance, thermal
comfort and IAQ in the OSC building. Analysis of the data collected from the continuous monitoring of the
temperature and relative humidity (RH) for the months from March, 2007 until March, 2008 in the OSC
building. Data loggers were placed in thirty-nine locations to collect these parameters. In addition to the
analysis of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration profiles was conducted. Three new instruments: the Personal
Sampling Pump, the IAQ Monitoring Station and the CO2 Data Loggers were used to evaluate the IAQ and
thermal comfort in the OSC building.
The illumination levels were measured using a lux meter. An assessment of the lighting system was conducted
in addition to engineering and economic analyses for the suitability of using occupancy sensors in the OSC
building.
*ahajiah@safat.kisr.edu.kw
316
Findings
x The lighting systems in the OSC building employ the latest technologies. Use of energy efficient lamps
with electronic control gear saves around 30% of the lamps' electrical consumption. Direct-indirect
lighting fixtures are used in the offices within the OSC building. These fixtures are recommended for
offices with extensive use of computers to prevent glare on the monitors.
x Temperature readings are generally within the acceptable range of 2024.5C for most locations expect for
some offices where the temperatures were lower than 20C or higher than 24.5C.
x Measurements of the relative humidity (RH) recorded for different locations varied between 20% and 60%.
Many RH readings were below the lower comfort limit of 40% indicating poor control of humidity within
the HVAC system.
x CO2 concentration levels were measured for some locations in KPC and MOO buildings and compared
ZLWK$6+5$(VUHFRPPHQGHGPD[LPXPDOORZDEOH&22 concentration of 1,000 ppm for office buildings.
Most readings were below 1,000 ppm, except for some locations where the measurements exceed the
maximum allowable limits during working hours.
x Illumination levels and were found to be within the recommended values of 300-500 lux in general. It was
noticed that the location of some offices and partitions were not in line with the luminaries above them;
illumination levels in these offices were lower than the recommended levels. Low perception of the
illumination is due to dark carpets and partitions that absorb light.
x The effect of using occupancy sensors to control the switching of the lights in the offices of the OSC
building according to the presence of employees was evaluated. Due to the low price of electricity, the use
of occupancy sensors in the offices is not economically feasible. However, its application is feasible in
meeting and prayer rooms.
Conclusions
Large variations in the indoor temperature of many locations especially in KPC building were identified.
Many unstable locations (i.e. spaces with temperature variation of 3oC or more) in the OSC building were
highlighted. Some locations had 7oC variation during the same day and extreme low temperatures were noticed
in some locations. For the KPC building temperatures varied between 17 and 26C (i.e. below and above the
comfort level).
Adding uniform task lights equipped with energy efficient lamps can support and enhance the illumination
levels in some offices in the OSC building. Due to the large glazed areas in the OSC building, proper use of
daylight is recommended especially in the lift lobby areas and staircases. Rescheduling the operation of the
lighting system is recommended to reduce the lighting energy consumption and the building overall cooling
load. Continuous commissioning and auditing of the HVAC and lighting systems of the OSC building to
insure energy efficiency while maintaining thermal comfort and IAQ is essential.
Applications
Auditing of parameters as evaluated in the present study is advantageous and recommended for large building
complexes in the private and government sectors due to their impact on working environment, economic
grounds and energy saving.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Kuwait Petroleum Corporation (KD 24,000) and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for
financial support. The total budget of the project was KD 53,352.
EU047C
317
Many RH readings were below the lower comfort limit of 40%. This indicates the poor control of humidity
within the HVAC system. Locations where the CO2 measurements exceed the maximum allowable limits of
1000 ppm during working hours need to be investigated thoroughly. The HVAC system is operated
LQHIILFLHQWO\DQGWKLVOHDGVWRRFFXSDQWVWKHUPDOGLVFRPIRUWDQGHQHUJy wastage.

Completed Project
EU040C; May, 2007 to September, 2009
Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment of the Unsafe Disposal of

Oil-based Mud Cuttings Generated from Oil Well Drilling
*S. Al- Bahar, S. Ali, S. Al-Otaibi, B. Gevao, S. Al-Sanad and M. Bahloul
Department of Building and Energy Technologies, Environmental and Urban Development Division,
Introduction
On behalf of Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) and the Environment Public Authority (EPA), Kuwait Institute for
Scientific Research (KISR) undertook the task of assessing and identifying the environmental impact of the
unsafe disposal of oil-based mud cuttings (OBMC), generated from oil well drilling operations, on
groundwater quality. This was the main objective of this study.
Methods
Different tasks were set up and undertaken in close cooperation with the Engineering team of the Drilling
Group of KOC.
Task 1: Assessing the Situation on Ground: Site conditions were assessed visually and documented by photo
illustrations, and surface samples were collected for initial assessments. Selected locations of oil well sites
were marked by GPS readings.
Task 2: Test Specimens Sampling and Analysis: Collected specimens and boreholes were classified and
sampled for chemical and physical testing. Contamination levels of ground and groundwater samples were
assessed, quantified and classified according to Kuwait EPA guidelines and USA EPA SW846 protocols for
hydrocarbon cleanup.
Task 3: Provision of Remedial / Rehabilitation Measures: Based on the calculated levels of the contaminations,
the HSE Unit of the Drilling Engineering Team was advised to take set of actions to adhere to rules and
regulations of disposal and cleaning at and around the oil rigs.
Task 4: Evaluation of Methods of Processing of the OBM Cuttings: Based on worldwide techniques, treatment
and disposal of industrial wastes, such as OBMC, were reported.
Task 5: Recommendations of Possible Applications of Recovered Mud Cuttings: Literature review on
applications of treated and separated mud cuttings were carried out and reported.
Findings
x Levels of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in groundwater
were insignificantly low when compared to the industry limits of hydrocarbons for closure of
contaminated pits (10,000 mg/kg or 1%, respectively). Groundwater samples taken from all three sites
*sbahar@safat.kisr.edu.kw
318
showed little variation in PAHs and other pollutants, indicating that these were background concentrations
in the aquifer at the study area and not due to seepage of contaminants from OBMC. This indicates that the
environmental impact of the current disposal process was insignificant. Levels of PAHs were in the range
from 0.018 to 0.026 mg/kg, and levels of TPHs were in the range from 0.067 to 0.008 %.
x Contamination of the soil was confined to the top layers (up to 1.5 m) of the soil profile. In deeper layers,
levels of contamination decreased naturally to the background concentration levels of PAHs available in
original soils, as in soil samples of reference boreholes, which were in the range from 0.23 to 0.36 mg/kg.
x Results showed significantly low levels of contamination in soil samples in terms of total oil content
(TOC), at all sites, when compared to TOC in fresh OBM. This indicates that OBM-related contaminants
are not reaching the groundwater; and therefore, have no adverse environmental impact on water aquifers
or underground resources.
Conclusions
This investigation although limited and narrow in scope, has substantiated the insignificant environment
impact of the current disposal practice OBMC, and has proven that levels of the related contaminants at all
sites were insignificantly low, and that with time, they will have no adverse environmental impact on
groundwater or underground resources. Nevertheless, the current disposal practice followed by Kuwait Oil
Company did not comply with the Kuwait Environment Protection Agency (EPA) rules and regulations
(Article 56 and Article 57) for treatment and disposal of industrial wastes. To adhere to Kuwait EPA rules and
regulations, treatment of wastes is required before disposal to convert them to non-harmful compounds and to
minimize their danger when disposed of in the receiving locations.
Applications
KOC can opt for more responsible environmental protection measures by utilizing other drilling fluids that do
not pose occupational health and environmental risks to the drilling crew and to the ground and underground
resources. They can also apply appropriate waste treatment and recycling techniques on-site or off-site,
instead of OBMC burial/disposal practice in open pits. Therefore, until such measures are implemented, annual
monitoring and inspection ought to be executed to ensure that groundwater remains unaffected.
The bioremediation process although having many advantages, is a slow process that may require months or
years to reach the desired result due to its limitations in terms of thickness of treated layers, concentration of
contaminants, and monitoring and maintenance requirements.
Thermal treatment processes such as thermal desorption and incineration can be used to treat wastes without
excavation of contaminated soils or transferring to off-site facilities. Thermal technologies use high
temperatures to reclaim or destroy hydrocarbon-contaminated soils.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Kuwait Oil Company and Environment Public Authority for financial support (KD 20,985).
Thanks go to INCO LAB, for their cooperation for drilling and sampling test specimens in the selected oil field
locations.
EU040C
319
Burial is the most common onshore disposal techniques used for disposing of drilling wastes. However, it
does not comply to Kuwait EPA regulations, Article 56 and 57, which makes the treatment of the industrial
wastes mandatory before its burial. Processes such as bioremediation and thermal treatment are considered
other forms of on-site waste treatment.

Completed Project
EU023S; April, 2007
Testing of Reinforced Concrete Beams and Slabs with Steel Fibres

*A. Sadeq, M. Taha and A. Ali
Introduction
This study was conducted upon the request of Kalifornia Platinum Trading & Contracting Co. (KPTCC) which
is promoting applications of steel fibers in concrete constructions. Steel fibers are commonly used as
secondary reinforcement in concrete construction to improve certain properties of concrete such as tensile
strength, impact resistance and serviceability requirements
The objective was to investigate the effect of adding Helix steel fibers to the concrete mix and evaluate the
impact on properties of concrete.
Methods
An experimental program was designed to examine the effects of adding Helix fibers to concrete beams and
slabs.
Helix is a high performance, optimized steel fiber for use in reinforcement of concrete. Helix 5-25 fibers used
in the study are 25 mm in length and 0.5 mm in diameter. A total of 3 beam specimens and 4 slab specimens
were examined. Different fiber contents were added to the specimens. Ultimate loads were observed and loaddeflection curves were recorded.
Beam test specimens consisted of 3 specimens, denoted B1C, B2M and B4F, all of dimensions 150 x 250 x
2400 mm. Specimen B1C served as the control specimen with ordinary reinforcement and zero fiber content.
Specimen B2M contained minimum ordinary reinforcement and low fiber content of 60 kg/m3 or 1% per
volume. Specimen B4F contained no reinforcement but high fiber content of 130 kg/m3 or 2.22% per volume.
Slab test specimens consisted of 4 specimens denoted S1, S2, S3 and S4, all of dimensions 1200 x 1200 x 80
mm. Specimen S1 contained ordinary reinforcement of 7I8/m in both directions and no fibers were added.
Specimen S2 contained same ordinary reinforcement as S1 but a minimum fiber content of 3 kg/m3 was added.
Specimens S3 and S4 contained no ordinary reinforcement but with fiber contents of 15 kg/m3 (0.25%) and 30
kg/m3 (0.5%), respectively.
For beam specimens, a four-point loading test setup was used in a displacement-controlled testing machine.
For slab specimens, the test setup was employed using a central load exerted by a load-controlled testing
machine.
*asadeq@safat.kisr.edu.kw
320
Findings
x It was demonstrated that Helix fibers could not be used as a replacement for or in lieu of, ordinary
reinforcement of beams or slabs.
x The benefit of using the Helix fibers became evident in the post ultimate load behavior which was denoted
by the favorable mild descending branch rather than an abrupt drop.
Conclusions
Helix fibers even at high levels tested (value) could not be used as a replacement for or in lieu of, ordinary
reinforcement.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Kalifornia Platinum Trading and Contracting Company for funding (KD 1,050).
EU023S
321

Completed Project
EU025S; September, 2007 to October, 2007
Assessment of Vibrations of Ministry of Interior Building in Farwaniya

*A. Sadeq, A. Abdul-Jaleel, M. Taha and H.Karam
Introduction
The present study was conducted at the request of the Ministry of Interior (MOI) to assess the excessive
vibrations phenomena in four MOI buildings in Farwaniya. The need for the study was triggered by several
complaints of excessive vibrations causing inconvenience and sometimes panic to the occupants of the
designated building. The objective of the study was to address a request by (MOI) to assess the excessive
vibrations phenomena in four MOI buildings in Farwaniya.
Methods
A preliminary visual inspection of the buildings as well as review of design documents, were performed and it
was decided to conduct detailed assessment of vibrational analysis. Analysis consisted of both computer
modeling and vibration measurements.
Detailed inertia and stiffness calculations were conducted prior to modeling of the structure for lateral analysis.
The design wind loads were calculated based on the Uniform Building Code of USA, according to which the
design wind pressure P was determined. Total drift values in the transverse and longitudinal directions were
determined. Then an Eigen, or frequency, analysis was conducted to determine the natural frequencies
(periods) of vibration and associated mode shape which control the structural dynamic response under wind
excitations.
The study included: static lateral structural analysis under design wind loads, dynamic analysis to determine
structural dynamic characteristics governing wind responses, vibration field measurements of vertical and
lateral motions using specialized measuring equipment and vibration perception field survey.
Findings
x The structural lateral analysis and the conducted measurements of vibration concluded that the drift in the
transverse direction far exceeds the acceptable limit indicating excessive flexibility.
x Frequency analysis showed relatively high values of the first, or the fundamental, period of vibration
confirming the excessive flexibility of the structure which might amplify the effect of wind excitation.
Conclusions
Drift in the transverse direction far exceeds the acceptable limit and this is an indication of excessive flexibility
in that direction and consequently unacceptable drift behavior which in turn might cause inconvenience to the
occupants of the buildings, particularly in the upper floors.
322
Applications
The study used a technique for measuring vibrations in multistory buildings and could be followed in similar
cases. In addition, the recommendations of the study would contribute to improving the design of high rise
buildings and could provide guidelines for safe construction.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Ministry of Interior for financial support (KD 4,000).
EU025S
323

Completed Project
EU026S; February, 2008 to March, 2008
Testing of Concrete Beams with Embedded Polyvinyl Chloride and

Galvanized Steel Pipes
*A. Sadek, M. El-Hawary, H. Kamal, A. Abdul-Jaleel and M. Taha
Introduction
The study aimed to conduct a series of tests on concrete beams with embedded polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and
galvanized steel pipes. The objectives were to examine the effects of embedding the pipes on the performance
of concrete beams.
Methods
A total of eleven beam specimens were prepared by the client as follows: 4 control specimens, 4 specimens
with PVC pipes and 3 specimens with steel pipes. Eight specimens were tested for flexure under four-point
loading setup and three specimens were tested for shear under three-point loading setup.
Testing of all flexure beam specimens was displacement-controlled with an applied displacement at a rate of
0.5 mm per minute using a four-point bending setup. The 2440 mm length specimens were tested over a clear
span of 2200 mm with equal loads applied through a spreader bar at 733.5 mm from each support. This gives a
constant moment zone of 733 mm in length.
For shear specimens of length 1000 mm, a three point test setup was used with clear span, distance between
supports, equal to 800 mm with central load applied in the midpoint.
Findings
x Compared to control beams, beams with PVC pipes experienced an insignificant reduction in their load
carrying capacity along with a slight reduction in their structural stiffness and hence increase in deflection.
x The beams tested in shear, experienced a considerable reduction in carrying capacity.
x Beams with PVC pipes may be utilized to reduce their own weight and reduce concrete quantities and
hence cost.
x Beams with steel pipes experienced increase in their loading carrying capacity with an average of 35% for
flexure and a reduction of 8% for shear capacity, compared to control beams. Slight increase of stiffness,
of 5% on the average, was also noticed. Steel pipes may therefore be utilized in concrete beams to reduce
dead load and concrete quantities without experiencing a reduction in the load carrying capacity on the
short term.
324
Conclusions
Although results are encouraging, additional investigations including long-term behavior and durability should
be performed to assure suitability of the PVC pipes. Bond between PVC and concrete should also be
investigated as debonding was noticed in some cases. Additional shear reinforcement should be considered at
some critical sections.
To fully utilize the increase in the loading carrying capacity in design, a full investigation is recommended.
The investigation may address the transfer of stresses between the two materials, bond, slippage, factors of
safety, effect of steel properties and type, thickness and location of pipe. Long term investigation should also
be performed to assure durability and suitability of material to local environment with emphasis on corrosion
resistance.
Applications
The study helps to introduce the technique of embedding steel or PVC pipes in concrete members so as to
reduce own weight of members dead loads. By doing so, potential for cost reduction and cost-effective
constructions may be introduced.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Engr. Tareq Abu-Laban. Financial support was provided by Al-Shahed Company. Total
budget was KD 2,500.
EU026S
325

Completed Project
EU020G; November, 2007 to March, 2008
Demonstration of Test Pit for Ground Penetrating Radar Applications

*A. Sadek, A. Abdul-Jaleel, M. Taha and H. Karam
Introduction
There has been growing interest in ground penetrating radar (GPR) applications in non-destructive testing
(NDT) of infrastructures and facilities, particularly in pavement and geotechnical engineering. Applications
include thickness mapping of overlays and surface layers of pavements and bridge decks, mapping of bedrock
topography and subsurface stratigraphy, and estimation of depth of groundwater.
The objective of this study was to prepare a demonstration site for ground penetrating radar applications in
detection of utilities and geotechnical survey.
Methods
The basic GPR system used in the study consisted of a transmitting and receiving antenna, a control unit and a
portable computer. The system is one of the well-known RAMAC GPR series developed by Terraplus Inc. The
RAMAC X3M system is an integrated radar control unit fitted directly on shielded antennas. It is compatible
with RAMAC GPR shielded antennas that operate at 100, 250, 500 or 800 MHz. the antennas can be either
vehicle-towed or hand-towed, depending on the application.
In order to demonstrate the use of GPR equipment to detect underground utilities and in geotechnical surveys,
a demonstration site was established at KISR. A 3.0 x 3.1 m test pit with a depth of 1.0 m was constructed with
two main parts labeled A and B, separated by a brick wall erected in the middle of the pit .
Ten pipe segments, each 1500 mm in length, were laid in the bottom of the test pit to demonstrate the
following effects; contents of the pipe, pipe diameter and proximity of the features.
In order to demonstrate the ability of the GPR equipment to determine the profile of groundwater table, a water
feed system was installed in part B of the test pit. Five additional vertical piezometers were installed in part B
to monitor the height of water table. The measured water table levels could be then compared with the
predictions made in the GPR surveys.
Findings
The pit was appropriate for the required specifications to demonstrate GPR performance.
Conclusions
A demonstration site for GPR testing and surveys of infrastructure and geotechnical surveys have been
established at KISR premises. The site consists of a test pit with known buried features as well as the facility to
326
control the level of the water table. It is believed that the GPR demonstration site will serve as an efficient tool
to promote the GPR technique.
Applications
The prime application of the conducted study was to introduce the cost-effective non-destructive testing (NDT)
tool, the GPR technique, to the construction industry in Kuwait by establishing a demonstration testing site for
GPR applications to detect underground features.
Acknowledgements
EU020G
327

Ongoing Projects
Development of Effective and Water-Efficient Condenser Pre-cooling System
Code: EU024C
Duration: March, 2007 to May, 2009
Sponsor: Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences
Budget: KD 98,626
Project Leader: Y. Al-Hudban
Email Address: yhadban@safat.kisr.edu.kw
Implementation of Energy and Power Saving Scheme in the Avenue Mall

Code: EU052K
Duration: December, 2007 to March, 2009
Budget: KD 108,942
Project Leader: H. Al-Busairi
Email Address: hbusairi@kisr.edu.kw
Implementation of Energy and Power Saving Scheme in the Avenue Mall

Code: EU051C
Duration: March, 2008 to February, 2009
Sponsor: Al-Rai Real Estate Company
Budget: KD 40,384
Project Leader: Y. Al-Hudban
Email Address: yhadban@safat.kisr.edu.kw
Benchmark Assessment of the Performance of Grid Connected to an Experimental Wind

Power Station in the State of Kuwait
Code: EU054K
Budget: KD 10,630
Project Leader: N. Al-Enzi
Email Address: noenezi@kisr.edu.kw
Production and Characterization of Synthetic Ceramic Lightweight Aggregates Utilizing

Kuwait Argillaceous Materials
Project code: EU036C
Budget: KD 199,850
Project leader: S. Al-Bahar
Email address: sbahar@kisr.edu.kw
www.kisr.edu.kw
328
Evaluation of Application of Green Building System in Kuwait

Project code: EU024G
Budget: KD 9,840
Project leader: S. Al-Sanad
Email address: ssanad@kisr.edu.kw
Evaluation of Kuwait Solar Radiation for Photovoltic Applications

Budget: KD 9,876
Project leader: H. Qasem
Email address: hnqasem@kisr.edu.kw
Assessment of Building Accessibility to Meet the Needs of Disabled People

Duration: December, 2008 to January, 2009
Budget: KD 5,376
Project leader: S. Al-Fadala
Email address: sfadala@kisr.edu.kw
www.kisr.edu.kw
329
Department of Advanced Systems

Mission
To engage in advanced technology to investigate terrestrial and marine nuclear and
chemical pollution, promote applied research in the field of energy and electrical power,
and develop advanced management systems with a special emphasis on programs for
special needs.
Objectives
x Improve and apply advanced technologies for contamination detection with a focus on underground
pollutants using a mobile laser induced fluorescence (LIF) system
x Assess environmental and industrial radioactive materials and potential hazards
x Investigate and apply advanced technologies (fuel cell, artificial intelligence, etc.) for improving
electrical energy systems
x Introduce pilot advanced systems to support local and regional organizations concerned with special
needs
x Implement advanced management systems to evaluate institutional performance and suggest solutions
www.kisr.edu.kw
331

Staff Members
Department Manager
Engr. Hani Qasem

Dr. Jaroslav Jakes
Dr. Michael Quinn
Research Scientists
Dr. Khaled Jawad Mobarak Habib
Dr. Osamah Abdullah Al-Sayegh

Dr. Majed Abdullah Al-Rasheedi
Dr. Hasan Saleh Al-Matrouk
Dr. Aman Mahmoud Al-Qattan

Engr. Waleed Yousef Roy
Assistant Research Scientist

Engr. Nourah Jaber Al-Ghurair
Engr. Abdulaziz Mansour Aba
www.kisr.edu.kw
333

Engr. Hani Qasem
The Department of Advanced Systems (DAS) has worked to fulfill its assigned mission within the
IUDPHZRUN RI .,65V th Strategic Plan. DAS has managed to make breakthroughs in almost all its
targeted objectives in the past three years. In its Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) research activities, it
managed to develop and put into operation a LIF mobile laboratory capable of measuring in situ
hydrocarbon contamination concentrations in underground soil layers. This type of unit is expected to be
heavily involved in identifying the size of underground contamination sites in the near future.
Through its radioecology laboratory, DAS completed two major projects in the field of radioecology; the
development of a radionuclide atlas for Kuwait and the execution of its NORM (naturally occurring
radioactive materials) pilot study for Kuwait Oil Company (KOC). The atlas provides GIS based
radionuclide maps to be used as a reference for any future studies. The outcome of the NORM pilot study
EXLOW FDSDFLW\ IRU FDUU\LQJ RQ DQ\ PDMRU 1250 PDQDJHPHQW SURMHFW IRU .XZDLWV RLO SURGXFLQJ DQG
refining companies.
The Department is proud to have achieved a leading position both nationally and internationally in
e-health and e-inclusion for the handicapped. At the World Summit Award (WSA) for e-content, DAS
won first position for e-health category in 2007 with its Arabic Phonetic Computer program. This
program was adopted by top professional doctors at the Kuwait Physiotherapy Hospital. This success was
followed by another program focused towards treatment of a student with dsylexia that also received first
position in an e-health category in 2009. Furthermore, the Department gained two first winning position
awards at the Kuwait e-content contest for both e-health and e-inclusion for developing its computerbased communication system for the physically handicapped. This program has enabled speechless
people to restore two way communications with their relatives and helped in developing their careers. In
an effort to play a role in eQKDQFHPHQW RI .,65V NQRZOHGJH V\VWHP WKH 'HSDUWPHQW VXFFHHGHG LQ
GHYHORSLQJ LWV FUHDWHNQRZOHGJH#.,65 SURMHFW WR VXSSRUW UHVHDUFKHUV NQRZOHGJH PDQDJHPHQW DQG
acquisition.
Human resources are an essential element in the progress of the Department. In 2008, the Department
suffered a sad loss with the death of Research Specialist Engr. Mohammad Juraidan. In addition to this
loss, two staff positions at Researcher level were vacated. However, in the reporting period (2006-2008),
the Department recruited seven staff members, (one Researcher, three Professionals, one Technician, one
www.kisr.edu.kw
335
In accord with international trends in using alternative sources of energy, DAS has executed and
completed its co-generation systems for cooling and power in buildings using fuel cells. This project
enabled KISR to build its first laboratory capable of carrying out research in the fields of both fuel cells
and nanotechnology.
Associate Scientist and one Research Associate). Staff development was supported by sending one
member on PhD scholarship and one was granted leave without pay. One staff member returned to duty
from extended leave.
Members of the Department served on various committees within KISR and on external committees such
as the Islamic Bank for Science and Technology Committee. Staff members attended 15 training courses
overseas and 10 local training courses held within and outside the Institute. In the reporting period, the
Department submitted 11 project proposals, 9 Final Reports, and delivered 12 conference presentations
outside Kuwait and 3 within the country. Members attended 13 workshops and gave 10 lectures.
www.kisr.edu.kw
336

Completed Project
EA014C; July, 2003 to March, 2007
A Radiological Atlas for Kuwait

*J. Jakes, M. Quinn. S. Ebrahim, A. Ismaiel and S. Ghoreishi
Department of Advanced Systems, Environment and Urban Development Division,
Introduction
In recent years, many countries have changed their outlook and policies in favor of nuclear energy and the
increased application of ionizing radiation in the fields of medicine, industry and research. This has
contributed to a surge in interest concerning the impact of ionizing radiation on the environment and human
life, primarily due to concerns regarding the potential hazards of radioactivity and radioactive contamination
of the environment. Kuwait has always been in the forefront in seeking to contribute to the welfare and
protection of its people, and thus established a protection system that aims to keep the risks as low as
reasonably achievable.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) initiated a research program, integrating all aspects of
terrestrial, marine and atmospheric environments, to address sustainable control of radiation related hazards.
The primary objectives of the program focused on determining the levels of ionizing radiation in urban and
industrial areas, mapping the concentrations of radionuclides, identifying the main sources of radioactivity and
formulating remedial measures to meet the national radiation protection and waste management strategy.
Methods
An integrated analytical procedure consisting of the developed sampling strategy was used in identifying
measurement and sampling sites, performing the laboratory measurements, analyses of raw experimental
spectra and data evaluation. Special attention was given to establishing gamma ray analytical capabilities by
building up the necessary technical infrastructure and expertise in line with the project technical needs.
A laboratory for radiation measurements was designed, built and equipped with specialized systems for
spectrometry analyses and measurements of gamma emitting radionuclides. An upgraded low-background
gamma spectrometry system for laboratory measurements was selected and technical infrastructure in the field
of radiation monitoring and measurement was developed.
Data on radionuclide concentrations in terrestrial environment were spatially referenced and assembled in to a
Geographical Information System (GIS) database. It provides the base-line radiological reference data for
assessing exposure to terrestrial gamma radiation and for future assessment studies on consequences of
potential risks of nuclear energy on the environment in Kuwait.
*jjakes@kisr.edu.kw
337
7KH PDLQ FRPSRQHQW RI WKH ILUVW SKDVH RI .,65V FRPSUHKHQVLYH SURJUDP DGGUHVVHG UDGLRORJLFDO DVSHFWV
associated with gamma rays (outdoor and indoor), and exposure to radon and cosmic rays. The main objective
RIWKHVWXG\ZDVWRSURGXFHWKH5DGLRORJLFDO$WODVIRU.XZDLW
Findings
x Radionuclide energy spectra have been measured for terrestrial topsoil samples collected from 162 sites
covering the territory of the country. From the measured spectra, the concentrations of the anthropogenic
radionuclide 137Cs and key primordial radionuclides 40K, 226Ra, 224Ra, 232Th, 238U, 212Ac, and 214Pb were
calculated.
x In situ-measurements were conducted at 45 selected sites in urban and suburban areas. From these
measurements, the concentrations of the key primordial radionuclides 40K, 226Ra, 224Ra, 232Th, 238U, 212Ac,
and 214Pb and man-made radionuclide 137Cs were determined.
x The concentration of 40K in soil is an order of magnitude higher than that of 232Th and 238U. Values ranged
from 75 to 465 Bq/kg, 4 to 17 Bq/kg, and 8 to 40 Bq/kg for 40K, 232Th, and 238U, respectively. A similar
result was confirmed for 226Ra (decay product of 238U) despite the fact that 226Ra in the chain of 238U may
have slightly different concentrations than 238U, because separation may occur between its parent 230Th
and uranium and because radium has greater mobility in the environment. The concentrations measured in
Kuwait are lower than the West European average, namely 288 Bq/kg, 14 Bq/kg, and 11 Bq/kg for 40K,
238
U, and 232Th, respectively (mean values of concentrations for West Europe suggested in the UNSCEAR
2000 Report are 430, 39, and 32 Bq/kg for 40K, 238U, and 232Th, respectively).
x Absorbed gamma dose rates (in air outdoors) from terrestrial gamma radiation were calculated from
concentrations of 40K, 232Th, and 238U. Contribution of other radionuclides, including 137Cs, was
insignificant and not included in the total dose. Results show the same tendency as concentrations of
radioactivity in soil; low values in Kuwait are comparable with lower values of the average data published
for around 25 countries that range from 18 to 93 nGy/h (UNSCEAR 2000).
Conclusions
From the databank of radionuclide concentrations, dose rates in the air at the height of 1 m were calculated. In
general, the level of radioactivity of natural soil in Kuwait is less than the world average, mainly due to the
fact that the average concentrations of the parent radionuclides, uranium 238 and thorium 232, and their decay
products, are two to three times lower than the global average.
A typical international range of variability for absorbed dose rates in air is from 10 to 200 nGy/h. The range
for data measured in Kuwait is from 18 to 29 nGy/h with mean value of total absorbed dose in air of 25 nGy/h.
Of the mean values of the absorbed dose rate in the air reported in (UNSCEAR 2000), the lowest are in Egypt,
Cyprus and the United Kingdom, all less than 40 nGy/h.
Applications
7KH5DGLRORJLFDO$WODVIRU.XZDLWUHSUHVHQWVWKHRXWFRPHRIWKHUHVHDUFKSURMHFW,WFRYHUVWKHWHUULWRU\RI
Kuwait and contains maps, by administrative areas, of terrestrial concentrations and dose rates in the air of
some of gamma ray emitting radionuclides.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences, International Atomic Energy Agency
(Vienna), Ministry of Defense and Kuwait Oil Company for funding (KD 113,438).
EA014C
338

Completed Project
EA019C; August, 2005 to September, 2008
Development of a Laser-Induced Fluorescence Cone Penetrometer System for

Site Characterization and Analysis of Subsurface Contaminants
*M. Al-Rasheedi, M. Quinn, A. Qabazard, A. Ismail and A. Al-Nijada
Introduction
Oil-contamination in soil and groundwater poses significant problems for society, especially in terms of health
and expense. Traditional site characterization techniques are extremely costly, time consuming and prone to
error in determining the direction and extent of the contaminant plume. The present study investigated the
major oil-contamination occurring in the desert of Kuwait and its effect on groundwater. This experience
emphasized the need for improved, on-site characterization tools and sensor for petroleum hydrocarbon
contaminants in soil. The Environmental Unit for Measuring Subsurface Oil-Contaminants System
(EUMSOC) was in charge of developing this technology.
The EUMSOC combines two technologies: 1) the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique, which is a
pulsed laser coupled with a detector to measure fluorescence via optical fibers, and 2) the cone-penetrometery
technique (CPT), which has been widely used in the geotechnical industry for determining soil strength and
soil type from measurements of tip resistance and sleeve friction on an instrumented probe. The LIF method
provides data on the in situ distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons based on the fluorescence response induced
by excitation with UV light in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds that are components of
petroleum hydrocarbons. By combining the LIF with CPT technologies, an in situ field measurement system
for site characterization for petroleum hydrocarbon contaminant in soil has been developed.
The LIF system was designed and assembled by the KISR project team using specialized components such as
probe-head and fiber-optic systems fabricated in Germany and US respectively. The measurement is made
through a sapphire window on a probe that is pushed into the ground with a 20-ton truck-mounted CPT system.
Findings
x System was subjected to detailed laboratory trials using field samples taken from boreholes in the Umm
Al-Aish area of north Kuwait.
x $ GXPP\ SUREH ZLWK WKH VDPH JHRPHWULFDO GHVLJQ IHDWXUHV ZDV FRQVWUXFWHG DW .,65V PHFKDQLFDO
workshop and subjected to rigorous testing in the field at Um Al-Aish, where a discontinuous gatch layer
(cemented soil) exists below surface soils. This probe was pushed through the gatch layer and sub-surface
soils with known lithological features at a number of locations.
x The LIF probe system was field tested during three visits to the Um Al-Aish area of north Kuwait. During
these investigations, LIF data was recorded at 1 sec intervals as the LIF probe was advanced through soils
with various lithologies at a rate of ~ 1 cm/sec. Both total fluorescence measurements and spectral
*mrashedi@kisr.edu.kw
339
Methods
measurements were made during the pushes. The results of these investigations confirmed the capability of
the system to rapidly characterize oil-related contamination in sub-surface soils.
Conclusions
The field visits allowed the project team to determine the capabilities and limitations of the LIF system,
namely: (1) the ability to push through gatch layers with a layer thickness of < ~1 m without interfering with
LIF measurements or presenting a risk of probe damage, (2) rapid and reliable screening of soils for oil-related
contamination with a capability to indicate whether an action threshold was exceeded, and (3) the ability to
characterize contamination via spectral measurements.
Cone penetrometer testing can be used to determine the nature of the soil from tip-resistance and sleevefriction measurements, using methods specified in the ASTM 5778-07 standard. The electronic equipment and
the CPT probe-head attachment with strain-gauge sensors are currently being acquired and incorporated into
.,65V/,)-probe system.
Applications
The LIF measurements made on these spiked samples provided the means for producing calibration lines and
can easily be used for field-screening similar soils contaminated by any of the products mentioned above. The
LIF/CPT system will be used as a screening tool in the UNCC sponsored Remediation Program, starting in
June 2010, to: (a) screen soils below oil lakes when the liquid oil has been removed, (b) screen soils at the
fringes of the oil lakes, and (c) Provide additional contaminant profiles in the vadose zone (Um Al-Aish and
Raudhatain). LIF/CPT work during the remediation program will contribute significantly to the success of the
program, provide an opportunity to demonstrate the capability and reliability of the system, build up a team of
trained system operators, and develop all the support facilities required to ensure a quality service to potential
clients in the oil industry and other sectors.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KD 51,550) and KISR for financial
support (KD 135,653). Total budget was KD 187,203.

1. E. Al-Awadi, M. Quinn, A. Mukhopadhyay, A. Hauser, A. Akber, A. Al-Haddad and M. Al-Rasheedi.
(2006). Identification of different hydrocarbon groups in groundwater of Kuwait. KISR Report 8072.
2. E. Al-Awadi, M. Quinn, A. Mukhopadhyay, A. Hauser, A. Akber, A. Al-Haddad and M. Al-Rasheedi.
(2007). Extent and nature of hydrocarbon occurrence in the groundwater of Kuwait. Environment Geol.
DOI 10.1007/s00254-008-1188-1.
3. A. Qabazard, M. Quinn, M. Al-Rasheedi, A. Ismail and A. Al-Najadah. (2008). Identification of pathways
of pollutant movement towards groundwater in northern Kuwait. KISR Report 9302.
EA019C
340

Completed Project
EA016C; September, 2005 to September, 2008
Nonlinear Predictive Control and Applications for an Industrial Scale

Pilot Plant
M. Juraidan1, H. Lababidi2, *D. Chehadeh1, A. Al-Qattan1 and E. Al-Abboudi1
1
Department of Advanced Systems, Environment and Urban Development Division, Kuwait Institute for
Scientific Research, 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Kuwait University
Introduction
The petroleum refining industry is currently exploring the benefits of advanced process control more actively.
In particular, the industry is demanding advanced control strategies to deal with constrained multivariable
processes, which are sufficiently nonlinear vis--vis conventional linear control techniques.
The main objective of this project was to implement linear model predictive control (LMPC) and investigate
nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) strategies. An industrial scale hydrocracker pilot plant resembling
an actual conversion unit in local refineries was selected for the present study. The pilot plant provides an
excellent platform for investigating and implementing advanced control strategies.
Methods
Better control of the hydrocracking process is expected from the ability to model and understand the kinetic
performance of the catalytic system. Two lumping approaches have been investigated for process modeling:
continuous and discrete lumping.
The activities preformed throughout the project covered the experimental runs conducted on the hydrocracker
pilot plant, the resulting kinetic models, the step test, the identified dynamic models, and the commissioned
LMPC for NMPC investigation.
Findings
x A number of experimental runs were conducted on the hydrocracker pilot plant and provided a consistent
and clear conclusion that increasing the reaction severity enhances the extent of cracking and increases the
yield of lighter components.
x Catalyst deactivation was not significant during the duration of the experimental runs.
x Two kinetic modeling approaches have been investigated: discrete lumping and continuous lumping
approach. The two kinetic modeling methods have been implemented and programmed using MATLAB
and in gPROMS (general Process Modeling System), licensed by Process Systems Enterprise Ltd. Kinetic
modeling results were obtained using the experimental data of the experimental runs.
x The results of continuous lumping demonstrated that gPROMS proved very efficient in both parameter
estimation and simulation. At a later date, the six lumps discrete model was presented.
*dchehada@kisr.edu.kw
341
Step testing is the first milestone in building the dynamic models. Based on the step test, the process was
identified, and the models were built and implemented throughthe LMPC controller.
x The LMPC was successfully commissioned on the hydrocracker pilot plant. The process was identified
EDVHGRQWKHVWHSWHVWDQGWKHPRGHOVZHUHEXLOWWKHQLPSOHPHQWHGWKURXJK+RQH\ZHOOV3URILWFRQWUROOHU
The identified models were suitable presentations of the process actual performance.
x System identification confirmed that the hydrocracking process is nonlinear. Nonlinearity calls for the
need of nonlinear empirical model relating the manipulated and controlled variables and detailed model
representing the material and energy balance of the hydrocracking reactor.
Conclusions
The project was concluded with the development of both discrete and continuous lumping kinetics models and
the implementation of an LMPC controller for NMPC investigation. It is recommended that 1) upgrade of the
process history database should be carried out in order not to jeopardize data collection and 2) enhance pilot
plant operation to maximize benefit from automation.
Applications
Performance of the LMPC control system is superior to that of the hydrocracker SLORWSODQWVH[LVWLQJFRntrol
system. MPC implementation provides DPXOWLYDULDEOHFRQWURORIWKHUHDFWRUVEHGWHPSHUDWXUHVE\DGMXVWLQJ
the skin temperatures of the reactor. However, the ideal scenario would be in the direct control of the cracking
conversion. This requires development of soft analyzers capable of correlating conversion to measurable
variables. Working towards this objective, a soft analyzer that predicts conversion from online density
measurements is recommended as soft-sensing applications.
The ultimate aim of this project is to apply NMPC techniques and strategies on actual industrial scale
conversion reactors at local refineries. Although their current control systems are quite advanced and efficient,
a number of operational difficulties are still faced due to embedded nonlinearities of some processes and
variations in operating modes. Moving to NMPC is challenging, but is an attractive option for local refineries.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the financial support of Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences
(KD 80,300).
The authors also would like to express their sincere condolences for the sudden loss of the project leader
Eng. Mohammad AlJuraidan. May his soul rest in peace.

1. M. Al-Juraidan. (2005). Nonlinear predictive control and application for an industrial-scale pilot plant.
KISR Report 7171.
2. M. Al-Juraidan, H. Lababidi, D. Chehadeh and A. Al-Qattan. (2005). Nonlinear model predictive control:
an overview. KISR Report 7864.
3. M. Al-Juraidan, H. Lababidi, D. Chehadeh, A. Al-Qattan and M. Juma. (2006). Nonlinear predictive
control and application for an industrial-scale pilot plant. KISR Report 8229.
4. M. Al-Juraidan, H. Lababidi, D. Chehadeh, A. Al-Qattan and M. Juma. (2006). Nonlinear predictive
control and application for an industrial-scale pilot plant. KISR Report 8455.
5. M. Al-Juraidan, H. Lababidi, D. Chehadeh, A. Al-Qattan and E. Al-Abboudi. (2007). Nonlinear Predictive
Control and Application for an Industrial-Scale Pilot Plant. KISR Report 8746.
6. D. Chehadeh, M. Juma, R. Marouf and M. Al-Juraidan. (2008). Hydrocracking pilot plant U06: process
description, control system and experimental runs. KISR Report 9114.
7. H. Lababidi, M. Juraidan, D. Chehadeh, and A. Al Qattan. (2006). Kinetic modeling of VGO
hydrocracking process, Conference and Exhibition on Catalysis in GCC Countries, Kuwait.
EA016C
342
8. H. Lababidi, M. Juraidan, D. Chehadeh, and A. Al Qattan. (2008). Modeling of hydroconversion processes.

gPROMS Annual Meeting, London, England.
9. H. Lababidi, D. Chehadeh, A. Al Qattan, and E. Al-Abboudi. (2009). Modeling and control of
hydrocracking processes in refineries. 10th Japan-Kuwait Symposium in Petroleum Refining, PR&SC,
Kuwait.
EA016C
343

Completed Project
EA021C; September, 2005 to April, 2006
Consulting Studies for the Electrical Supervisory Control Centers Planning

*O. Al-Sayegh, A. Qabazard, O. Al-Matar, M. Juma and D. Chehadeh
Introduction
This study was carried out to formulate an optimal development plan for the upgrade, expansion and
replacement of the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), energy management (EMS) systems
and associated telecommunication network for the efficient operation of the Kuwait electric power system.
Methods
Current hardware and software systems were assessed and reviewed in order to develop recommendations on
upgrading and expanding the existing communication system, implementation of a National Control Center
(NCC) emergency system, implementation of data warehouse, implementation of a multi-site concept for NCC
and District Control Centers (DCCs), and existing maintenance specification for NCC/DCC. Moreover, a
revision of existing specifications was carried out in order to standardize maintenance, control and
communication equipment.
Findings
x As a result of the assessment of the existing SCADA systems, the recommendations included the
replacement or upgrading of the NCC remote terminal unit (RTU). The outstation equipment and
associated communication system is required to ensure continuation of present network operation.
x It is recommended to implement an Emergency System to the NCC and also to upgrade the NCC to
connect the Gulf Interconnector Control Centre (ICC). A data warehouse would be helpful in operation of
the Kuwait electricity supply system.
Applications
The recommendations of the study are being and will be implemented including: upgrading of existing NCC to
connect the ICC system, replacement of conventional ground wire by optical ground wire (OPGW), building
up an NCC Emergency System, building up a data warehouse and building up a multi-site configuration as
back-up for the NCC and DCCs.
Acknowledgements
Authors thank Engr. Ali Al-Wazzan, Assistant Undersecretary, Supervisory Control and Information Systems
Sector and Engr. Ismaeel Al-Haddad, Manager of Maintenance Department, Supervisory Control Centers for
their time and efforts in facilitating the work and in making the goal of the study achievable and Ministry of
Electricity and Water for funding (KD 200,000).
*osayegh@kisr.edu.kw
344
O. Al-Sayegh. (2007). Design Alternatives for the Hierarchical Structure of the Electrical Dispatch Centers,
paper presented at IEEE 2007 Power Engineering Social General Meeting, Florida, USA.
EA021C
345

Completed Project
EA025C; April, 2007 to March, 2008
Development of Computer Workshop for the Blind at Kuwait University

*G. Al-Naqi, N. Al-Ghurair and H. Qasem
Introduction
For the past two decades, a research team at Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) has conducted a
set of support projects for handicapped persons. These projects had a great impact in improving lifestyle
standards of the handicapped. In 2001, a project was accomplished by developing a computer facility for the
blind at Kuwait University (Shuwaikh Area). Due to the fast evolution in computers, the project team decided
to conduct the current project by upgrading the present computer workshop at Shuwaikh site and developing a
new facility at Kuwait University (Kifan Area) that has the latest equipment for the blind. These facilities
enable blind students to use computers to read, write and print documents in both English and Arabic
languages.
Methods
The project team selected the best hardware and software available in the local and the international market.
Hardware: Braille terminals 3DF0DWHIURP)UHHGRPVFLHQWLILF86$%UDLOOHSULQWHU5RPHR$WWDFKp3UR
IURP(QDEOLQJ7HFKQRORJ\86$6RIWZDUH6FUHHQUHDGHUVRIWZDUH-$:6DQGVFUHHQPDJQLILHUVRIWZDUH
0$*LFIURP0HGLDORJ/HEDQRQ7KHVHVRIWZDUHDSSOLFDWLons are Arabic compatible and compatible with
the Braille terminals purchased. Four high personal computers were purchased on which the terminals and the
software applications were installed. These computers form four complete workstations for the blind to use.
Arrangements were made with Kuwait University to select locations for the facilities with the best accessibility
for blind students. Kuwait University decided to put two workstations at the College of Social Sciences in
Shuwaikh and the other two at the College of Education in Kifan. The project team installed the system, linked
all its parts together and updated it to match Arabic language requirements and prepared an Arabic manual for
the workshop. This manual serves as a user guide for any user to easily get started.
Finally, the project team trained computer supervisors at the two laboratories on use of the facility in order to
have these supervisors ready to train any new blind student joining the university.
Applications
Providing blind students with high-tech tools such as computers and internet access gives them an improved
chance of succeeding in their studies with their sighted counterparts. These tools make studying easier for both
the teachers and the blind students.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences for funding (KD 19,010).
*gnaqi@kisr.edu.kw
346

Completed Project
EA029K; September, 2006 to March, 2008
Development of Arabic Computer Application for the Diagnosis and

Treatment of Dyslexia
*N. Al-Ghurair, H. Qasem and G. Al-Naqi
Introduction
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) has gained a distinctive reputation in providing technical
support for the people with special needs. Its research group spared no effort in reaching concerned centers,
examining and testing their systems and giving them all necessary solutions to upgrade their facilities.
Kuwait Dyslexia Association (KDA) requested KISR to provide them with technical support for developing an
Arabic Dyslexia treatment application. KDA had completed a thorough study in Kuwait schools, and found
that 6.29% of the students are dyslexic. KISR, with its experience in the field of developing specialized
systems for the support of handicapped persons, joined forces with KDA specialists in developing this
application.
The project team held several meetings with KDA specialists to determine the requirements and functionalities
of the desired software. Once these specifications were collected, a prototype of the software was developed
and remarks and suggestions of KDA specialists were considered. Macromedia Flash was used to develop the
software. Pictures were acquired and edited using Print Shop Pro. Artists were hired to do all desired drawing
work including designing the main characters of the program Sinbad and Jasmine. Wave pad program was
used to create the sound effect files as well as editing the sound narration files and saving them in MP3 format.
Conclusions
7KHVRIWZDUH$UDELF0HPRU\%RRVWHUZDVFRQVWUXFWHGVXFFHVVIXOO\
Applications
$UDELF0HPRU\ %RRVWHU LV DQ$UDELFFRPSXWHU-based application that was developed in this project. This
software is the first of its kind in enhancing the short term memory for treatment of Dyslexia. Developed
software is regarded as an essential tool that will help in treating dyslexia, knowing that there is shortage in
dyslexia specialists.
In accordance with KISR policy and donation of software that provides technical support to people with
special needs, to concerned centers and to regional countries, this software will be donated to Dyslexia centers
in the Arabic world.
*nghurair@kisr.edu.kw
347
Methods
The developed software was awarded first position in Kuwait e-Award sponsored by Kuwait Foundation for
the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS) for the category of e-Health in March, 2009.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for financial support (KD 15,210) and the
specialists at Kuwait Dyslexia Association for providing technical materials.
EA029K
348

Completed Project
EA031K; October, 2006 to March, 2007
Scout Deaf Sign Language Dictionary

*G. Al-Naqi, H. Qasem and E. Yamar
Introduction
After success accompanying the development and distribution of many deaf applications, the Ministry of
Education, Scouting Department, requested KISR to prepare a specialized deaf sign language dictionary for
scouting. The objective was to include in the dictionary all scouting words and expressions in sign language.
This would enable people concerned with scouting, both deaf and with normal hearing, to communicate
effectively with each other while scouting.
The project team at KISR developed this dictionary to be the first computerized video scout deaf sign language
dictionary in the area. Copies of the scout deaf sign language dictionary were mass-produced and were
distributed to all concerned organizations and users.
Methods
The project team, with the help of sign language specialists from Kuwait Special Schools, video captured all
the needed vocabulary of the scout dictionary, a total of 450 words and expressions. The project team then
worked on those clips to get the best file size to video quality ratio. Those clips were organized in a database to
be accessed by the application.
The project team developed the application with a very user friendly interface which has a vocabulary list on
the left and a large screen to play the video on the right. A still picture is also provided a as an extra illustration
tool for each clip. This application has many beneficial features such as the search engine which make finding
a word in the dictionary very easy and fast. This application comes with a self-extracting setup program which
makes it easy to install.
Conclusions
The scout deaf sign language dictionary, the first of its kind in the area, has great benefits locally in Kuwait
and globally in all Arab countries. Locally, this dictionary is available to all users concerned with deaf scouting
like teachers and parents, or any person who needs to learn those signs. The use of this application facilitates
communication between deaf people and others while scouting. It is a great tool to learn the scout vocabulary
in sign language independently and professionally.
*gnaqi@kisr.edu.kw
349
Findings
Applications
The project team designed a complete software package. This package includes an easy step-by-step user
manual, CD cover and a package folder. Five hundred copies of this application package were produced and
distributed to concerned organizations in Kuwait and Arab countries.
Globally, this dictionary is available to any Arab country interested in using the Arabic unified deaf sign
language.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for funding (KD 6,164). The authors thank sign
specialists Mr. M. Al-Ramzi and Mrs. A. Al-Wazzan for providing technical material and signs recording.
EA031K
350

Completed Project
EA034K; July, 2007 to June, 2008
Create Knowledge@kisr: A Framework for Knowledge Production

*H. Al-Matrouk
Introduction
2UJDQL]DWLRQV GHSHQG PDLQO\ RQ NQRZOHGJH . LQ RUGHU WR GHYHORS SURGXFWV DQG VHUYLFHV DQG IXUWKHU WR
compete and cope with other organizations. K at Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) has a plethora
of resources, namely; clients, research results, research and development resources. Knowledge gained has
VWURQJ LPSDFWV RQ .,65V ZRUN SHUIRUPDQFH LPSURYHPHQW 3,#.,65 $ PHWULF PI@KISR is structured
according to the factors of cost, time, and data precision. There exist other factors at KISR that need to be
UHYLHZHG DQG FRUUHFWHG UHJDUGLQJ ZRUNSODFHV FXOWXUH IRU H[DPSOH LQWHUDFWLRQV 7KH SURMHFW KLJKOLJKWV DQG
presents clear e[DPSOHV RI LVVXHV DW .,65V ZRUNSODFH DQG VXJJHVWV VROXWLRQV IRU LPSURYLQJ UHVHDUFK DQG
development activities and output.
Research into the role of knowledge (K) in research and development at KISR will tackle knowledge creation
and management as an added-value to research and development work and measuring work improvement.
Research methodologies followed in this work were both qualitative and quantitative based on the following
methods at KISR:
x A 5-Likert scale survey that was distributed to researchers.
x Unstructured interviews that were held with senior researchers and department managers.
x $QDO\]LQJ.,65VOLWHUDWXUHHJ6WUDWHJLFSODQVDQGERRNOHWV
x 5HYLHZLQJDGPLQLVWUDWLRQVUXOHVDQGUHJXODWLRQVDQGZRUNSURFHGXUHV
x Communication with knowledge management (KM) experts and exploring KM literature.
Findings
x Management needs to know what is affecting progress and what are the obstacles that researchers face in
WKHLU HYHU\GD\V ZRUN DFWLYLWLHV SHUWLQHQW WR UHVHDUFK DQG GHYHORSPHQW DW .6,5 For example, routine
administration, assigning the right people (with the right knowledge) in committees and within the right
time-frame given to a research proposal from initiation until its final approval.
x Knowledge of research and development to be conducted for the benefit of society and people in various
fields that affect health, environment, commerce, energy, education, etc., has to come first. Sense of
authorization, delegation and forming the right work groups should be followed as a work policy.
x Teamwork and management support, especially in research and development sectors should be followed.
Being a government-funded scientific research institute like KISR in Kuwait poses an even more vexing
problem when it comes to measuring performance improvement (PI) due to several constraints affecting
both the researchers and their performance. These constraints are discussed in this report.
*hmatrouk@kisr.edu.kw
351
Methods
x Lack of research and development vision: ZKHQ FRQVLGHULQJ .,65V VWUDWHJLF SODQV DQG UHYLHZLQJ WKH
research conducted over the past 5-10 years, no innovations were found. Missions and objectives were not
practical or executable.
x Knowledge output of KISR and how the management and researchers collectively fulfill the objectives
and aims for which KISR was established as a research and development organization in Kuwait is not
appropriate.
x .,65VIL[HGEXGJHW comes from the government of Kuwait, which covers mostly salaries of employees; a
small amount is assigned for internal small-scale research projects. Other income comes from government
and private sector clients that fund large-scale research projects. Although their mandate is geared towards
benefiting the public good, the benchmarks of that mandate are often worded vaguely and in ways that are
very difficult to measure.
x Low transparency of administration at KISR; outcomes include not informing researchers of rules and
regulations and related decisions concerning not updating, incorrect interpretation, of rules and regulations,
not updating changes to rules and regulations regularly and inflexibility of management by department
heads.
x Inappropriate attitude of KISR management and administration staff towards researchers.
Conclusions
KISR management and researcher need to formulate practical objectives and aims for research and
development in Kuwait in collaboration with higher authorities in the country.
The performance metric used to measure year-to-year performance variances at KISR is the number of external
and internal contacted projects per department and the amount of funding assigned for these projects from
clients inside Kuwait. It is a general and an adopted norm that the more brought-in projects and funding, the
EHWWHUWKHUHVHDUFKHUVSHUIRUPDQFHFRQGXFWLQJresearch and development work. It should be noted that these
contractual research projects are funded by government agencies e.g., Ministries or the Kuwait Foundation for
the Advancement Science (KFAS). Both of these factors i.e. number of projects and amount of funding have
proven to be very ineffective indicators for actual organizational performance improvement (PI).
The suggested metric measures PI against a set of real-life variables, namely, cost, time and precision. This PI
metric is more closely correlated to organizational output, as opposed to organizational norms.
Acknowledgements
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research is thanked for financial support (KD 21,200). The researcher thanks
Mark Juszczak from Columbia University for assistance in analyzing research results.

H. Al-Matrouk and M. Juszczak. (2007). Knowledge Impact on Measurement: A conceptual metric for
evaluating Performance Improvement (PI) at the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), WASET
International Conference DIKM 2007. Nice, France 12-14 October, 2007.
EA034K
352

Completed Project
EA019G; January, 2006 to August, 2006
Updating the Arabic Makaton Dictionary

*N. Al-Ghurair and G. Al-Naqi
Introduction
In 2003, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) developed pioneering software to support Arabic
Makaton. KISR developed a total of five Makaton based applications: a Makaton dictionary (local and
national), Makaton editor, communication program, Dawoor story and educational application. Due to the
success of the applications, the Makaton Kuwait and Gulf Center (MKGC) approached KISR to update and
adapt the software to include Saudi Makaton phrases. In this project, 350 new Makaton phrases were
successfully added to the existing software.
Methods
Each Makaton phrase is represented by a symbol, picture, word and sign language. Borland Delphi compiler
was used to develop this software. When adapting the previously developed software to new phrases, the
dictionary database was edited and the new phrases were added according to 26 categories. Image editing
software was used to edit the images of the new phrases. Video capturing software, namely ULead Video
Studio, was used to capture, edit and enhance the sign language.
The application is regarded as the only tool for teaching Makaton communication language. The development
of such applications and the technical support for Arabic Makaton provided locally, and to neighboring
countries, enhances the image of KISR and Kuwait at large.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for funding (KD 1,920). Project team appreciates
the cooperation of the sign language specialist Ms. Najat Mokhtar for her assistance in representing the signs
for all the phrases of this project.
353
Applications

Completed Project
EA021G; May, 2007 to October, 2007
Development of the Lateefa Font

*N. Al-Ghurair and H. Qasem
Introduction
For over two decades, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) has managed to provide technical
support to people with disabilities such as blindness, deafness, mental retardation and physical handicaps. Due
to this pioneering role in providing support to the blind, Sheikha Lateefa Al-Fahad had approached KISR to
LPSOHPHQWKHUSDWHQWHG/DWHHID)RQW6KDLNKD/DWHHIDLQYHQWHGWKLVIRQWWRPDNHLWHDV\IRUWKHEOLQGWRPL[
in society and for society to read what the blind are writing. Before the invention of this font, the blind used
BrailOH IRQW WR UHDG DQG ZULWH ZKLFK LV YHU\ GLIILFXOW IRU VLJKWHG SHUVRQV WR XQGHUVWDQG /DWHHID )RQW LV
composed of specially designed alphabet, numbers and punctuation.
Methods
In this study, a True Type Font was developed using Font Grapher software. Each letter was scanned and
placed in its corresponding ASCII cell. The process of designing each letter is highly accurate, since each edge
must be placed in its correct thickness to ensure the smoothness of letters once they are placed next to each
other. A thermal pen is used to write using this font in a raised style. This pen uses a special heat sensitive
paper. In addition, a custom magnetic Lateefa Font Board was developed taking into consideration safety and
stability for use as a teaching tool in classrooms.
Applications
A full writing system was developed to represent Lateefa Font for the blind. This system can be easily applied
in the schools for blind students. A magnetic board can also be used in classrooms as an illustrative tool.
Acknowledgments
354

Completed Project
EA022G; December, 2007 to November, 2008
Integration of Distributed Energy Resources with Electric Utility Network

*O. Al-Sayegh
Introduction
This study involves Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) grid connections WKDWDUHFDVHVSHFLILFWR.XZDLWV
electric power system. DER is any electric power production technology that is integrated within a distribution
(or transmission) network. DER technologies can be categorized as renewable and nonrenewable. Examples of
renewable technologies include: solar (photovoltaic or thermal), wind, geothermal and ocean. Examples of
nonrenewable technologies include: internal combustion engine (ICE), combined cycle, combustion turbine,
micro-turbines and fuel cell.
Methods
Investigation was carried out to identify the concerns or challenges that might arise when DERs are
interconnected with the electric utility network. These problems can be categorized into technical, commercial
and legal or regulatory LVVXHV 7KH WHFKQLFDO LVVXHV FRQFHUQ WKH XWLOLW\V HOHFWULF QHWZRUN DQG WKH '(5
wellbeing and are related to power quality, protection and reliability. The regulatory and business
(commercial) issues involve the legal and business procedures that allow the development and operation of
DER and encouragement and support of private sector to manage the DER facilities. Various studies are
proposed according to the challenge type.
x Technical challenges include: voltage rise effect, minimum fault current, voltage flicker, harmonics,
islanding, DC/AC inverters quality and improper operation of protective devices.
x Regulatory challenges include: DER ownership and operation by private sector, economic feasibility
owning and operating DER.
Conclusions
Research and development topics were identified involving control of power flow, analysis of infeed current
on fault current, developing case specific standards for acceptable distortions, examining various case specific
settings voltage and frequency protection levels and breaker/closure time delays, examining settings of
operating levels of the protective devices in the distribution system to suit the new fault levels, evaluating the
network reliability in case of DER grid connection, developing various scenarios that promote DER operation
by private sector, providing a visionary analysis of the future wellbeing of the private sector, and develop
market models that analyze and address possible completion.
*osayegh@kisr.edu.kw
355
Findings
Acknowledgements
Q. Al-Sayegh. (2008). Examining the Challenges of Distributed Energy Resources Interconnection with
Electric Utility Networks. Paper presented at Energy Research and Development, Kuwait.
EA022G
356

Ongoing Projects
Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials Produced by the Oil Industry in Kuwait
Project code: EA026C
Duration: May, 2007 to April, 2009
Budget: KD 125,856
Project leader: J. Jakes
Email address: jjakes@kisr.edu.kw
Developing Al-Noor Press and Computer Laboratory for the Blind in Kuwait Special
School
Project code: EA028C
Budget: KD 57,350
Project leader: N.J. Al-Ghurair
Email address: nghurair@kisr.edu.kw
Electric Power System Restoration Plan
Project code: EA023G

Budget: KD 15,072
Project leader: O.A. Al-Sayegh
Email address: osayegh@kisr.edu.kw
www.kisr.edu.kw
357
Food Resources & Marine Sciences Division
359
Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division

Mission
To assess and manage terrestrial and marine resources, develop new technologies for
processing and sustainable food production. Evaluate food quality and improve nutritional
values.
Objectives
x Enrichment and development of food production for certain strategic products
x Develop processes to enrich nutritional values and expand production of strategically important food
x Utilize research results and experiences to develop pilot models for applications in private sector
projects
x Develop advanced technologies for conservation, sustainable utilization and identification of

alternative renewable natural resources of water and soil
www.kisr.edu.kw
361
Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries and Marine Environment

Mission
To conduct studies on natural marine resources using applied advanced research to
contribute to food security, conservation of natural food resources, and to establish a
profitable aquaculture industry and sustainable fisheries in collaboration with the private
and government sectors. To be a reference resource at national and international levels in
the fields of applied aquaculture, fisheries and oceanography for the region.
Objectives
x Develop the culture technology for local fish and other marine species
x Increase fish production through developing fish culture technology and collaborate with the private
sector to encourage commercialization
x Assess stocks of shrimp and fish in local and regional waters and provide directions on conservation
and commercial utilization to ensure long-term sustainability
x Give guidance on preservation and maintenance of marine biodiversity
x Evaluate oceanographic parameters of Kuwait waters in order to understand the dynamics of the
marine food web and its influence on the fisheries
x Serve as a reference resource for regional marine and oceanographic information derived from
applied departmental research and other sources
x ,QFUHDVHWKHSXEOLFVDZDUHQHVVRIPDULQHOLIHDQGWKHFRQVHUYDWLRQRIQDWXUDOIRRGUHVRXUFHV
www.kisr.edu.kw
363

Staff Members
Department Manager
Dr. Sulaiman AlMattar

Dr. Faiza Yousef Al-Yamani
Dr. James Marcus Bishop
Research Scientists
Dr. Abdulaziz A. Al-Ameeri
Dr. Khaled Musaed Al-Abdulelah
Dr. Mohsen Sayed Al-Husaini
Dr. Charles Merylal James
Dr. Mohammed Arshad Hossain
Mr. Mohammed Mohammed Talaat Ridha
Dr. Salam Ahmad D. Al-Ablani

Dr. Valeriy Skryabin
Dr. Igor Gennadievich Polikarpov
Dr. Shaker Hamzah Al-Hazeem
Dr. Turki Fahad Al-Said
Dr. Azad Ismail Saheb
Mr.Tawfiq Saleh Abu-Rezq
Mr. Weizhong Chen
Mr. Ali Fahed Al-Baz
Ms. Wafa'a Abdulla Al-Rashed
Mr. Ahmed Ebrahim Al-Marzook
Mr. Adel Hassan Ali Alsaffar
Mr. Husain Mahmoud A. Al-Foudari
Mr. Abdulkader Ameen Ahmed
Mr. Abdul Rahman Abdul Ghaffar
Mr. Abdul Kader Al-Ahmed

Ms. Khalood Saeed Al-Rifaie
Ms. Amani Khalifa Al-Yaqout

Mr. Salim El-Dakour
Mr. Aws Yaqoub Yousif Al-Ghunaim
Research Associate
Mr. Hashem Hussain Al-Gharabally
www.kisr.edu.kw
365

Dr. Sulaiman AlMattar
7KH 'HSDUWPHQWV UHVHDUFK DFWLYLWLHV DUH GLYLGHG LQWR WKUHH PDLQ FRPSRQHQWV LQWHQVLYH FXOWLYDWLRQ RI
finfish and shrimp, commercial fisheries of finfish and shrimp, and oceanography. These components are
interdependent and often overlap.
Fisheries research activities have resulted in ongoing development of a database of fishery statistics.
6KULPSLVRQHRI.XZDLWVPRVWYDOXDEOHUHQHZDEOHUHVRXUFHVWKH'HSDUWPHQWKDVDORQJKLVWRU\RIVWRFN
assessment and annually advises the regulatory authority (Public Authority for Agricultural Affairs and
Fisheries Resources) on optimal management of this fishery. In past seasons the Department coordinated
regional studies of shrimping grounds including, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Qatar to compare and
determine unit stocks in order to manage stocks on a unit basis. For finfish fisheries, statistics were
FROOHFWHG IRU PDQ\ RI .XZDLWV PRVW LPSRUWDQW VSHFLHV LQFOXGLQJ KDPRRU E. coioides), nagroor
(Pomadasys argenteus), and nuwaiby (Otolithes ruber). Recorded statistics included length, weight, and
agebased on annual rings of otoliths. Regional activities were extended to include Iran through a
cooperative arrangement with Khuzestan Fisheries Research Center to jointly study zobaidy stocks in the
northern Arabian Gulf. Currently the Department in collaboration with scientists in other GCC countries
are managing a comprehensive project to survey the demersal fish stocks in the western Arabian Gulf
XVLQJ.,65V5HVHDUFK9HVVHOBahith II.
Oceanography studies in the Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries and Marine Environment include
investigations of both short and long term changes in the northern Gulf and the implications of these
changes on the ecosystem, particularly the food-web. The impact of ecosystem conditions is as important
as fishing pressure on fish stocks, therefore, establishing an oceanography program is vital for fisheries
studies.
The Department has employed its expertise in remote sensing technology to obtain synoptic assessment
of water temperature, primary production and selected nutrients to address freshwater flow into the
northern Gulf that has formed the driving force for high marine productivity. More recently, the
www.kisr.edu.kw
367
The major thrust of the aquaculture component is to conduct research to develop commercially viable
technology for selected fish species. This involves applied research into the life cycle, reproduction,
nutrition, and production of selected local fish species. During the reporting period (2006-2008), the
Department pioneered research on the closed-cycle cultivation of hamoor (Epinephelus coioides), sobaity
(Sparidentex hasta), and zobaidy the silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus). The Department is pleased that
culture techniques of sobaity have developed to an advanced stage for commercial application.
Investigations on hamoor and zobaidy cultivation are still ongoing.
Department extended studies to investigate the significant negative consequences on the ecosystem of
.XZDLWV PDULQH HQYLURQPHQW DULVLQJ IURP UHFHQW GHYHORSPHQW SURMHFWV LQ WKH 0DUVKHV LQ ,UDT DQG WKH
damming of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Turkey.
In the reporting period (2006-2008) the Department received external support for research from various
public and private sector parties including the Islamic Bank for Development, Arab Fund for Economic
and Social Development, the Gulf Cooperation Council, Kuwait Oil Company, Kuwait Foundation for the
Advancement of Sciences, Public Authority for Assessment of Compensation for Damages and the
Council of Ministers, which brought the Departmental grand total budget to KD 1,976,126.
The Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries and Marine Environment published 30 scientific papers in
UHIHUHHGMRXUQDOVLQWKHUHSRUWLQJSHULRGDQGRUJDQL]HGDQLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRQIHUHQFHHQWLWOHG7KH$UDELDQ
Seas International Conference on ScLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\RI$TXDFXOWXUH)LVKHULHVDQG2FHDQRJUDSK\
in February, 2007.
Unfortunately, WKH'HSDUWPHQWVUHVHDUFKprogress has been constrained by limited manpower at all levels,
but the shortage of professionals and technicians capable of field work is especially acute. Wages and
benefits need to be competitive with other regional and international institutions in order to succeed in
recruitment of top researchers in the fields of fisheries, aquaculture and oceanography. Collaboration with
Kuwait University needs to be developed to allow graduate students to conduct research in the
Department.
In the future, the Department is looking forward to enhancing its activities using the new building that
will accommodate a new library, lecture room and laboratories.
www.kisr.edu.kw
368

Completed Project
FM010C; April, 2003 to February 2007
Assessment of the Effects of the Shatt Al-$UDEV$OWHUHG'LVFKDUJH

Regimes on the Ecology of the Northern Arabian Gulf - Phase II
*F. Al-Yamani1, I. Polikarpov1, V. Skryabin1, J. Bishop1, K. Al-Rifaie1, H. Al-Mansouri1, M. Al-Enezi1,
A. Lennox1, M. Al-Kandari1, M. Behbehani2, A. Al-Ghunaim1 and W. Ismail1
1
Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries and Marine Environment, Food Resources and Marine Sciences
Division, 2Central Analytical Laboratory, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Introduction
Measurements of the magnitude and variability of plankton biomass and photosynthetic activity are essential
for an understanding of what regulates primary production in the northern Gulf ecosystem. These data are
crucial for determination of factors influencing the standing stock of higher trophic levels, including fish.
The objectives of this study were: 1) to characterize the bio-optical properties of the northern waters to
determine seasonal productivity, 2) develop a mathematical relationship between the measured phytoplankton
biomass with bio-optical characteristics of the northern Gulf, 3) estimate discharge rates of the Shatt al-Arab
during periods of peak flow via remote sensing, and 4) assess the effects of reduced flow on Kuwait's fisheries.
Methods
x Seawater temperature, salinity, Secchi disk depth, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), and total
inorganic solids (TIS)
x Dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, nutrients (ammonium, nitrites, nitrates, phosphates, silicates), and total
organic carbon (TOC)
x Chlorophyll-a, phytoplankton and zooplankton community structures
x Bio-optics and primary productivity measurements
x Water color and altimetry utilizing remote sensing technology
The project had six major stages: 1) review of data and literature and procurement of equipment; 2) field and
laboratory work, including in-situ measurements, sample collection, processing and analyses at selected
stations; 3) current and historical field data analysis; 4) image processing and derivation of algorithms;
5) comparison of the effects of reduced river flow rates on fisheries; and 6) reporting results.
Findings
x Northern waters displayed lower salinity; and higher turbidity, TSS, TIS, nutrients, DO, TOC, and higher
chlorophyll-a concentrations.
x The plankton community structure was variable among the different stations sampled. There was
variability in its spatial and temporal distributions. The most abundant phytoplankton in the northern
*fyamani@kisr.edu.kw
369
A three-year oceanographic study (August, 2003 through September, ZDVFRQGXFWHGLQ.XZDLWVZDWHUV

with monthly sampling at seven stations. The following oceanographic variables were measured:
waters were the smaller forms. Phytoplankton species richness gradually increased from the northern
waters towards the southern waters.
x Zooplankton community structure varied seasonally and spatially. The mean abundance of decapod larvae
was much higher off Bubiyan Island than at the other stations. Brachyuran crab larvae were found to
GRPLQDWHLQWKHZDWHUVRII%XEL\DQ,VODQGZKLOHIRUWKHUHVWRI .XZDLWVZDWHUVSHQDHLGVKULPSODUYDH
dominated.
x Highest density of fish larvae was observed in the waters off western Bubiyan Island, while the lowest
densities were reported in the southern offshore waters in the proximity of Kubbar Island.
x The northern areas (off Bubiyan Island, Khor Al-Sabiya and Kuwait Bay) are important nursery habitats
(e.g., for the two penaeids Metapenaeus affinis and Penaeus semisulcatus). Many of the commercially
important species (the shrimp Metapenaeus affinis, the pomfret/zobaidy Pampus argenteus, the
shad/suboor Tenualosa ilisha, the yellow-fin sHDEUHDPVKHLP Acanthopagrus latus) are directly
dependent on the Shatt Al-Arab River, as well as the marshes and the estuarine areas, for spawning,
feeding and nursery habitats.
Conclusions
Variability in the oceanographic characteristics of the northern waters of Kuwait is influenced by the
variability in flow levels and water quality of the riverine system. Interaction between Shatt Al-Arab River
discharge and the Arabian Gulf waters forms a north to south gradient, which depends on the seasonal and
interannual variability of the volume of the river flow and the distance from the discharge source.
Changes in the volume or characteristics of the fresh water regime could have devastating effects on the
distribution and abundance of species. Once the Southest Anatolian Project (22 dams on the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers) is fully implemented, flooding may well be a historical event, and in turn, so would be the
UHFRUGVHDVRQVIRU.XZDLWVVKULPp, silver pomfret, and hilsa shad.
Data assembled in this project DUH LQVXIILFLHQW WR VKRZ FRQFOXVLYHO\ WKH FKDQJHV WDNLQJ SODFH LQ .XZDLWV
waters due to the reduced flow of the Shatt Al-Arab (flow data not available), rehabilitation and subsequent
development of the Iraqi marshes, as well as impacts of the various reclamation projects (coastal development).
Long-term data sets (10-20 years) are necessary to document these changes.
Applications
Bio-RSWLFDOFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRI.XZDLWVZDWHUVZDVconducted for the first time in the Arabian Gulf during this
study and a preliminary linear algorithm for water color (chlorophyll-a) was developed. This algorithm will be
used as a basis for the future development of a more precise remote sensing algorithm for surface chlorophyll.
Further development will require additional time for field measurements, modelling and validation of the
algorithm using several case-2 algorithms and for the evaluation of the most suitable algorithm for the Arabian
Gulf and Gulf of Oman. Hence, a longer sampling duration is needed (> 5 year duration).
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KD 51,660), the Environment Public
Authority (KD 45,000), the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources (KD 25,000), and
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for funding this project (total budget KD 486,293).
The authors thank the following for laboratory analysis of samples: Graceykutty Thomas Varghese, Maria
Anthony Siluvai Johnson, Sainulabdeen Shajim, and S. Jose Mathan Singh Sanjevee. Prof. Trevor Platt and
Prof. Shubha Sathyendranath are thanked for reviewing the water color algorithm. Thanks are due to the
following international experts: Dr. Heather Bouman, Mr. Brian Irwin, Dr. Marie-Helene Forget and Mr. Bilal
Bjeirmi from the Bedford Institute of Oceanography; Dr. Mariya Saburova, Dr. Sergey Khvorov, Dr. Tatiana
Klimova and Mrs. Iryna Konakova from the Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas; Dr. Nikolay Nezlin
FM010C
370
from the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project; Dr. Sc. Evgeniy Yakushev from the Southern
%UDQFKRI6KLUVKRYV,QVWLWXWHRI2FHDQRJUDSK\DQG'U$OH[HL9.RXUDHYIURPWKH/DERUDWRLUHG(WXGHVHQ
Gophysique et Ocanographie Spatiales (LEGOS). Our sincere thanks to Dr. Azzam Alwash the CEO of
Nature Iraq and the Director of the Eden Again Project, and Ayman Al-Rubaie from Basrah University for
providing information on the Mesopotamian Marshes and on Shatt Al-Arab, to Hanan Al-Dahmi from NSTIC,
KISR for literature searching.
FM010C
371

Completed Project
FM022C; August, 2003 to September, 2006
$Q,QYHVWLJDWLRQWR,PSURYH.XZDLWV'HPHUVDO7UDS)LVKHU\
*A. Al-Baz1, J. Bishop1, W. Chen1, M. Al-Husaini1, S. Al-Jazzaf1, T. Dashti1, A. Taqui1, H. Karam2,
A. Husain2 and O. Al-Shamali2
1
Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries and Marine Environment, Food Resources and Marine
Sciences Division, 2Department of Building and Energy Technologies, Environment and Urban
Development Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Introduction
.XZDLWV ILVKHULHV DUH PXOWL-species and multi-gear. Gargoor, the most common gear used by Kuwait
ILVKHUPHQWDUJHWGHPHUVDOILVKVSHFLHV$OWKRXJKJDUJRRUDFFRXQWHGIRUPRVWRIWKH*XOIVILVK-catch volume
and value, there is very little information available on its catch efficiency, gear selection, and ghost fishing.
This project was initiated to describe: 1) the present status of the fisheries; 2) estimate the impact of ghost
fishing by lost gargoor on the demersal fish resource; 3) identify suitable materials for incorporating sacrificial
hinges on escape hatches or corrosion "ports" during gargoor construction; and 4) recommend to the Public
Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries Resources (PAFFR) approaches for restoration of the gargoor fishery
to its former importance and reduction of mortalities by ghost fishing.
Methods
To investigate the present status of the fisheries, 205 gargoors of medium size (diameter 2.05 m) were
deployed in gargoor commercial fishing ground from March, 2004 to September, 2005. To evaluate the
efficiency of different type of gargoor traps used in Kuwait fisheries, five different size gargoor traps were
used.
To design a cost-effective auto-release device for the gargoor to overcome the problem of ghost fishing, three
types of material with potential application for lock pins, were tested in laboratory for chemical composition.
Several designs of the escape hatch based on anodic sacrificial action of metals in connection with the
galvanized gargoor web were proposed. A new design of automatic escape hatch has been developed for
galvanized gargoor web that can be mounted on all type of gargoor regardless of differences in size and tested
in a laboratory by exposure in a circulated seawater salt solution bath
Findings
x The primary commercial fish contributed on average greater than 50% of the catch landed each month,
with the exceptions of March, 2004, June, 2004 and January, 2005. Higher mean catch rates were recorded
in 2004 (3.15 kg/trap pull) than 2005 (2.09 kg/trap pull).
x Bait type affected catch rates. Of the seven baits tested, the best catch rates, >5 kg/trap pull, occurred with
cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis), but hiff (Chirocentrus dorab) and mullet (Liza klunzingeri) also produced
good results (4-5 kg/trap pull). Overall catch rates were lowest (2.2 kg/trap pull) for gargoor baited with
hamer (Mulloidichthys flavolineatus) and hiff together. Gargoors baited with cuttlefish not only had the
*abaz@mfd.kisr.edu.kw
372
highest catch rate, but also the highest percentage of primary commercial fishes (77.6%) and lowest
secondary commercial fishes (16.6%) and discarded fish (1.5%).
x The rate of lost gargoor was variable over the survey period ranging from zero to a high of 42.9% lost in a
single month. The average rate of gargoor lost per month over the duration of the survey period was 15.1%
(12.5% in 2004 and 17.3% in 2005). Fitting a linear relationship between gargoor soak time (days) the
percentage of lost gargoors showed that the percentage of lost gargoor increased rapidly as soak time
increased.
x To evaluate the efficiency of different types of gargoor traps used in Kuwait fisheries, five gargoor traps of
different sizes (1.65, 1.90, 2.05, 21.5 and 2.25 m in diameter) were used. In general, the larger gargoor
sizes had consistently higher catch per unit of effort (CPUE) values than the smaller sizes, but all gargoor
sizes exhibited somewhat similar selectivity profiles in relation to the retention of smaller primary
commercial fish species The retention of larger primary commercial fish species, however, increased with
increasing size of gargoor.
x To design a cost-effective auto-release device for the gargoor to overcome the problem of ghost fishing,
several designs of the escape hatch based on anodic sacrificial action of metals in connection with the
galvanized gargoor web were proposed. Chemical composition of three types of material that might be
used for lock pins was determined. A newly design of automatic escape hatch has been developed for
galvanized gargoor web that can be mounted on all types of gargoor regardless of differences in size. The
auto-release device (automatic opening of the gargoor escape hatch) was tested with successful results in a
laboratory circulating seawater tank indicating that the targeted time of two weeks to one month for fish to
escape was achieved. The same device was investigated in actual Kuwait Gulf seawater and good
agreement between laboratory and marine seawater exposure testing was found.
Conclusions
The study furnished data on the state of the gargoor fishery and determined that cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis)
was the best bait. The results show that changes in gargoor dimensions will not increase the size and age at
first capture. Consequently, it is unlikely that changes in gargoor size will result in greater economic returns
and/or rebuilding of the most threatened stocks. It is recommended that a limit to the number of gargoor placed
in Kuwaiti waters should be identified, and that several no-fishing zones be established to ensure minimum
spawning stock biomass and preserve biodiversity for all fisheries. To reduce the impact of ghost fishing it is
recommended that gargoor soak time to be reduced to less than 20 days.
The auto-release device design by the project with sacrificial pin lock should be considered to overcome the
ghost fishing in the gargoor fisheries.
Acknowledgements
Authors thank Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences, Public Authority for Agriculture and
Fisheries Resources and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for financial support. The total budget was
KD 150,896.
FM022C
373
Applications

Completed Project
FM034C; April, 2005 to June, 2007
Comparative Study of Ancient and Modern Otoliths of Ariidae (Sea Catfish)

fromKuwait Waters
*M. Al Husaini1, W. Chen1, K. Al-Enezi2, A. Al-Baz1, T. Dashti1, M. Al-Ghanem2, S. Rajab1,
S. Al-Jazzaf1, A. Taqui1, H. Husain1, K. Al-Rifaie1 and F. Al-Yamani1
1
Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, 2 Kuwait National Museum, National Council for
Culture, Arts and Letters, Ministry of Information
Introduction
Fish remains from archaeological excavations have been used to study and reconstruct patterns of resource
use, subsistence and economy in the Gulf area. The objectives of the project were to study the fisheries
biology of four species of chim inhabiting Kuwait waters using annuli in otoliths, and to study ancient chim
otoliths retrieved from the archaeological excavation H3 site in the Sabyiah (Stone period, 7000-yr old), north
of Kuwait Bay, and from Al-Kheder Bronze Age (Dilmun period, 4000-yr old) of Failaka Island. The data
from the modern otolith (inner ear stones) study have been used for comparison with those from ancient
otoliths to determine fishing seasons, and past patterns of human occupation in the two sites.
Methods
Fish samples of four species of chim were collected randomly throughout the year to investigate the timing of
annuli deposition in their otoliths, as well as to collect data on age-at-length and gonadal maturity. Lengthweight relationships, marginal incremental analysis (MIA), otoliths meristic (discriminant, DS) analysis, and
estimation of growth parameters were performed. The data were generated from the modern otoliths and from
ancient otoliths were compared to estimate fishing seasons and past patterns of human occupation at the
archeological site. Stable isotope ratios of oxygen (18O/16O) in archeological otoliths from Subyiah were used
to reconstruct paleoclimate of the region.
Findings
x All sizes of two major species, A. tenuispinis and A. bilineatus were abundant seasonally in Kuwait waters
from March to November and probably migrate to deeper warm waters during the winter months
(December to February). Other two minor species, A. thalassinus and A. dussumieri ranged from 8 to 106
cm and 33 to 83 cm TL respectively. Maturity and Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) data for A. tenuispinis
indicated that the main spawning season was from February to April; for A. bilineatus, from April to June.
Mean fecundity were 159.3 for A. tenuispinis, 55.0 for A. bilineatus, 28.0 for A. thalassinus, and 82.9 for A.
dussumieri.
x MIA of otoliths showed that most annuli deposited in the two abundant species were mainly during April
and May. Estimated Growth Parameters (L, K, and t0) of the von Bertalanffy Model for the A. tenuispinis
were (41.6 cm, 0.33 yr-1, and -0.39 yr), A. bilineatus (77.5 cm, 0.27 yr-1, and -0.97 yr), A. thalassinus (91.6
cm, 0.30 yr-1, and -0.14 yr), and A. dussumieri (76.0 cm, 0.34 yr-1 and -0.27 yr), respectively.
*mhusaini@mfd.kisr.edu.kw
374
x Most sections of the ancient otoliths from the Sabyiah location were relatively easy to examine, but their
optical quality differed from the modern samples. Most of the otolith peripheral edges in the sections were
dark brown causing difficulties in examining and in reading these regions.
x Clarity and optical contrast of otolith sections from the Failakah Island were better than those from the
Sabiyah; i.e., annual counting and measurement at the edge areas were easy to perform except for few
specimens, were very dark perhaps due to overcooking.
x Age of sectioned otoliths ranged from 1 to 11 yr, but the majority (87%) of otolith samples were aged
between 4 to 8 yr.
x Otolith weight then age contributed to the DS power between species when the DS was used for seven
variables for the modern otoliths; all three DS functions were statistically significant. The computed
classification functions for each species were used to classify the ancient otoliths. All species were
presented in the specimens but in different percentages, from Sabyiah site, while all otoliths belonged to A.
tenuispinis from Al-Khider site.
x Values of G18Owater UDQJHGIURPWRDQGZHUHGHVFULEHGLQUHODWLRQWRVDOLQLW\The 18Ootolith
values of modern otoliths ranged from -WRIRUA. tenuispinis, and from -WRIRUA.
bilineatus. The values for the ancient otoliths ranged from - WR 7KH HVWLPDWHG WHPSHUDWXUH
values were calculated using an equation derived by Patterson (1993) to estimate temperature 18Ootolith
values.
Conclusions
Relative marginal analysis of the ancient otoliths indicated that majority of the fish were caught from March to
May in the Sabyiah H3 site, and during April in the Failakah Island, although fish were also caught around the
year. The results indicate that human residency at Sabyiah H3 area was permanent, although most fishing
activities occurred during the period from March to May. All otoliths showed similar temperatures before and
during annuli deposition (spring 17-21oC), but temperature estimates were significantly 2oC higher in the
ancient otolith than in the modern otoliths during summer. Previous paleoenvironmental studies suggest that
low water salinity prevailed the area; and thus, summer temperature was lower about 4oC.
Applications
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge financial support jointly by the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences
and the National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters (NCCAL). Total budget was KD 69,980. Dr. Mark
Beech, member of the Kuwait-British archaeological expedition, and Dr. Zora Miklkov, member of the
Kuwait-Slovak Archaeological Mission to Failaka Island, are acknowledged for providing ancient otoliths.

M. Beech and M. Al-Husaini. (2005). Preliminary report on the vertebrate fauna from site H3, Sabiyah: an
$UDELDQ1HROLWKLF8EDLGVLWHLQ.XZDLW,Q%XLWHQKXLV+&KR\NH$00DUWLQ / %DUWRVLHZLF]/ DQG
Mashkour, M. (eds.) Archeology of the neareast VI: Proceedings of the sixth international symposium on the
archeozoology of southwestern Asia and adjacent areas, August 30September 1, 2002, pages 124-138, ARC
Publicaties 123, Groningen, The Netherlands.
FM034C
375
Data on fisheries biology of the chim (sea catfish) species is not extensive although these species compose
about 30% of by-catch of the trawl fishery in Kuwait. The data and results of this project will contribute
understanding of the fisheries ecosystem in the Arabian Gulf. Study of otolith macrostructure and oxygen
isotope ratios in archaeological specimens can provide insight into past human settlement and historical fishing
activities together with valuable paleoclimate data for the region.

Completed Project
FM042C; May, 2005 to October, 2007
Reproductive Performance, Monosex Culture and Hybridization Studies of

the Improved Strain of the Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus
*M. Ridha
Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Introduction
The culture of the fast-growing Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) strain of Nile Tilapia would
improve the production potential of fresh tilapia and increase farm economic returns in Kuwait. Moreover, the
development of a tilapia hybrid that has a combination of fast growth and better tolerance to seawater would
enable the farmers to grow tilapia in a wide range of salinity environments (0-40 mg/l). Monosex (single-sex)
culture of the males of the normal strain or both sexes of the GIFT strain would further improve tilapia
production. The project objectives were; 1) to compare the reproductive performance of the GIFT and normal
strains, 2) to compare their monosex culture, and 3) to develop a tilapia hybrid that has a combination of fast
growth and better salinity tolerance.
Methods
All experiments were conducted consecutively in triplicate using 0.43 m3 tanks with recycling system. The
reproductive performance of the GIFT and non-improved strains (NS) was compared by stocking males and
females (269 and 193 g, respectively) broodstock of each strain at density of 4 fish/m2 and sex ratio of 1:3.
Seeds were harvested every 14 days for 120 days. To produce the reciprocal tilapia hybrids, Oreochromis
spilurus and the GIFT strain broodstock were stocked using the same experimental protocol. The hybrids
produced and their pure parents were first acclimatized to seawater (37 to 40 g/l). The fish (3.4 g) were then
stocked at density of 150 fish/m3 to compare their growth performance in seawater (37 to 40 g/l) for 180 days.
Monosex culture of the GIFT and NS was compared by stocking males and females (120 and 96 g,
respectively) at density of 100 fish/m3 for 160 days.
Findings
x No significant differences in the spawning parameters were obtained between the two strains indicating
that the spawning performance of the GIFT strain was not significantly affected by selective breeding for
growth during the different stages of the development of this strain.
x Viable reciprocal hybrids were produced by hybridizing the fast growing GIFT strain with the salt tolerant
O. spilurus under natural spawning conditions. However, the hybrids had lower seed production rate than
their pure parents due to the lower social compatibility between the hybrid males and females.
x Comparison of the growth performance and survival of the hybrids and their pure parents (GIFT strain and
O.spilurus) in full-strength seawater showed that the hybrids had higher mean weight (MWT), daily
growth rate (DGR), specific growth rate (SGR), better feed conversion ratio (FCR) and lower rates for
skin lesion and eye cataract than their pure parents. The hybrids also had high estimate of heterosis for
*mridha@mfd.kisr.edu.kw
376
MWT, DGR and survival. These results indicated that a hybrid vigor was produced. The higher heterosis
observed in the O. spilurus females x O. niloticus males (SN) hybrid than its reverse cross for MWT,
DGR, SGR and the better heterotic effect for FCR suggest that the SN hybrid could be selected for
seawater culture.
x Results of the monosex culture of the GIFT and non-improved strains of the Nile tilapia emphasized the
superior growth performance of the GIFT strain and of the males. The comparable growth rate between the
GIFT females and non-improved males supported literature reports.
Conclusions
This study showed that the spawning performance of the GIFT strain was not significantly affected by
selective breeding for growth during its development. Therefore, the GIFT strain can be used in tilapia farms in
Kuwait. However, to compensate for any possible decease in seed production, more spawners can be used.
The higher heterosis observed in the O. spilurus females x O. niloticus males (SN) hybrid than its reverse cross
and parents in seawater for MWT, DGR, SGR and the better heterotic effect for FCR suggest that the SN
hybrid could be selected as a potential candidate for tilapia culture in saline environment in Kuwait.
The comparable growth performance of the males of the non-improved strain and the females of the GIFT
strain indicate the possibility of growing the GIFT males and females separately without the need to discard
the females as is the case with the slow-growing females of the non-improved strain. This will increase the
production potential of tilapia in Kuwait.
However, further studies should be conducted to evaluate the spawning potential and growth performance of
the developed hybrids in different salinities, and to study the effect of different probiotics in enhancing the
growth and survival of the GIFT strain and the developed hybrids.
Acknowledgments
The author thanks Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences for funding this project (KD 61,040).
FM042C
377

Completed Project
FM054C; September, 2006 to August, 2008
Spatial Distribution of Phytoplankton in the Sea Area of the Regional

Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment during Winter
2005/2006
*F. Al-Yamani1, I. Polikarpov1 and M. Saburova2
1
Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research and 2Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Ukraine
Introduction
Very limited studies have been conducted on phytoplankton for certain localities in the Arabian Gulf as well as
for the Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment (ROPME) Sea Area as a whole.
Hence, ROPME conducted a cruise in the ROPME Sea Area during the winter of 2006. Objectives of this
scientific cruise in the ROPME Sea Area (RSA) were: 1) to describe the spatial distribution of phytoplankton
during winter 2005/2006, and 2) to produce a phytoplankton identification guide.
Methods
A total of 233 (42 net samples and 191 Niskin bottle samples) were obtained for phytoplankton density
estimation and identification of species. The Manual of Oceanographic Observations and Pollutant Analyses
Methods (MOOPAM) procedures (ROPME, 1999) were utilized for the analysis of the phytoplankton samples
and for estimation of the density for each species encountered in the samples. Identification of the different
species was based on the relevant keys available for the existing genera in the RSA. Diatom algae were
examined by the use of permanent slides. Samples were treated with sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate to
solubilize organic matter and frustules were washed repeatedly by centrifugation in distilled water, dried on a
cover glass and mounted using Pleurax resin.
The permanent slides were observed using an Axiovert 200 microscope (Carl Zeiss; brightfield) and phase
contrast under 40x or oil immersion (100x) and photographed using the AxioCam HR digital camera system.
Armored dinoflagellates were identified by light microscopy following observation from a certain angle to see
species-specific plate details. Observation of plate patterns were made using Calcofluor White M2R. The cells
were examined on an epifluorescence (violet excitation c. 430 nm, blue emission c. 490 nm) Leica microscope
with phase contrast optic. Unarmored flagellates were identified by microscopic observation of live material.
Findings
x The phytoplankton community in the RSA during winter 2006 was very diverse with 337 identified taxa,
representing nine classes. Diatoms and dinoflagellates were the most diverse groups.
x About 15 phytoplankton species were reported to be dominant in the RSA; 59 identified taxa belonging to
five different classes, are considered potentially harmful species, out of which, 21 species are potentially
toxic to humans.
*fyamani@safat.kisr.edu.kw
378
x Phytoplankton species diversity found in this study was similar to the higher levels of phytoplankton
diversity reported previously within the RSA. Species richness reached to 155 identified phytoplankton
taxa per sample (mean SD, 110.4 21.4); 0DUJDOHIV,QGH[UHDFKHGPHDQ6', 8.50 1.40);
VSHFLHVGLYHUVLW\6KDQQRQV,QGH[UHDFKHGWRPHDQ6', 2.05 0.48).
x Total phytoplankton abundance in the RSA waters varied from 162 cells/l up to 1.9 u 106 cells/l (mean
SD, 1.87 u 105 2.76 u 105 cells/l). The lowest concentrations of phytoplankton were associated with the
deeper waters in the Gulf of Oman. Low phytoplankton abundance was recorded within the waters off the
Saudi Arabian coast, near Qatar and in the southern part of the Arabian Gulf. Phytoplankton blooms
(concentrations close to two million cells per liter) occurred in the Strait of Hormuz area and in the waters
off the Iranian shores. High phytoplankton abundance (0.5-1 million cells per liter) was encountered off
the Omani coast and the Iranian coast in the Gulf of Oman as well as off the Iranian coast in the Arabian
*XOI DQG LQ .XZDLWV ZDWHUV Maximum phytoplankton abundance was supported by the presence of
small-sized chain-forming diatoms such as Chaetoceros spp., Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and Skeletonema
costatum.
x There was a good agreement between phytoplankton abundance and chlorophyll-a concentration. High
positive and statistically significant correlations were detected between total phytoplankton abundance
and both the in-situ and laboratory-measured concentrations of chlorophyll-a (R=0.65-0.67, p<0.0001,
coefficient of determination 0.42-0.44).
Conclusions
It is vital that a comprehensive study on phytoplankton be carried out during the spring, fall and summer
seasons in order to complement this winter study and better understand the seasonal dynamics of the
phytoplankton community for the ROPME Sea Area.
Applications
A biodiversity phytoplankton list is to be compiled including data from all seasons to assist future studies in
the ROPME Sea Area.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment (KD 17,460) and
the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for financial support. Total budget for the project was KD 26,660.
FM054C
379

Completed Project
FM043C; November, 2006 to October, 2008
The Production of Intergeneric Hybrids from Shaem and Sobaity:

Comparison of Growth and Survival Performances
*T. Abu-Rezq, K. Al-Abdul-Elah, S. El-Dakour and A. Al-Marzouk
Introduction
The objective of the study was to develop a fast growing fish that can be easily produced in mass quantities
and which will fetch a good price at the local market.
The specific objectives were: 1) to produce two hybrids, 2) to evaluate egg fertilization success, hatching, and
larval rearing procedures; to evaluate egg fertilization success, hatching, and larval rearing procedures, and
3) to evaluate suitability for farming; to compare growth and survival of the two hybrids with their parents and
possible future related investigations.
The most desirable characteristics that researchers looked for were; high egg production, high larval survival,
good growth rate, withstanding crowding, no cannibalism, good appearance and not jumping.
Methods
Selected shaem and sobaity breeders produced in Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) were used.
Fish with ova larger than 500 microns in diameter were injected with the ovulating hormone, human chorionic
gonadotropin (HCG). Belly of the injected females were gently pressed toward the oviduct and manually
fertilized. The four types of hatched larvae were reared and fed with rotifers Brachionus plicatilis. The rotifers
were treated with a mixture of algae plus enrichment media (DHA Protein Selco) for 24 hours prior to being
fed to the larvae. Three experiments were conducted to compare growth and survival performances, one for
larvae and the other two for 5 to 50g and 50 to 200g fry, respectively.
Findings
x The IRXUW\SHVRIIHUWLOL]HGHJJVIRUWKHH[SHULPHQWDOILVKQDPHO\VKDHP[VKDHPVKDHP[
VREDLW\+\EULG,VREDLW\[VREDLW\DQGVREDLW\[VKDHP+\EULG,,ZHUHREWDLQHG
x No significant difference (p>0.05) was observed in the fertilization (29-96%) and hatching rates (31-94%)
among the four types of fish.
x Up to 54 days after hatching (DAH) there was no significant (p>0.05) differences in the consumption of
algae added or in the amount of rotifers or Artemia consumed among the four types of fry.
x The highest cannibalism observed at 54 DAH was between sobaity x sobaity fry, followed by sobaity x
shaem (Hybrid II) fry then shaem x sobaity (Hybrid I) fry, while the lowest cannibalism was observed
between shaem x shaem fry.
x There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the survival or in the total length of the four fish types
measured at 54 DAH. On the other hand, the mean fry weight of sobaity x shaem (Hybrid II) fry was
*taburezq@mfd.kisr.edu.kw
380
x
x
x
x
x
significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of shaem x shaem and sobaity x sobaity fry, and not significantly
different (p>0.05) from that of Hybrid I.
Bi-weekly water samples collected from each larval experimental tank showed that there was no
significant difference (p>0.05) in the ionized ammonia contents.
There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the survival (%) or in the food conversion ratio (FCR)
among the four types of fish.
There was significant difference (p<0.05) in the mean weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), daily
growth rate (DGR) and total amount of the dry feed eaten among the four types of fish. The highest
growth performance was for sobaity x sobaity fish followed by the two hybrids while the lowest
performance was for shaem x shaem fish.
Due to proper fish maintenance and feeding, no serious bacterial infections occurred throughout the
project period. Measurements of ammonia concentrations in the experimental tanks showed that they were
in the safe range i.e., less than 0.3 mgl-1.
The two hybrids produced look like the shaem, with yellow pelvic and anal fins.
Conclusions
It was possible to spawn the broodstock of both shaem and sobaity and manually fertilize their eggs. The four
types of fertilized eggs hatched normally (31-94%) giving active larvae. The hatched larvae survived to fry
stage without any adverse effect due to hybridization. Results from the two growth experiments (5 to 50-g and
50 to 200-g) indicated that the growth performance for sobaity x sobaity is significantly higher (p<0.05) than
the other three types of fish tested. Furthermore, the growth performance of the two hybrids was significantly
higher (p<0.05) than shaem x shaem.
Applications
In general the results obtained in this project favor production of the two hybrids replacing shaem. The two
hybrids have good growth, survival and culturing characteristics such as stubby body (gives good fillet), low
cannibalistic behavior, calm (not jumping), ability to withstand crowded conditions and good appearance. The
production of hybrids by a spontaneous spawning is highly recommended to ensure production and to cut cost.
The fertility observed in the hybrids opened doors for future research studies to engineer a cross that could
result in a type that can spawn spontaneously. It also suggests that research aimed at enhancing the hybrid
already produced to obtain a true hybrid vigor could be productive.
The authors thank the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences for funding (KD 84,860). The
authors thank Nelson Thankian and Rajkumar Ramasamy for their participation in the project.
FM043C
381
Acknowledgments

Completed Project
FM055C; February, 2007 to July, 2007
Eco-Friendly Essential Oils of Plant Origin as Antipathogen Agents in Fish

Health Management
*A. Al-Yaqout, A. Saheb, M. Al-Roumi, S. Yaseen, A.Ghaffar, J. Sebastian,
A. Al-Marzouk and H. Al-Gharabally
Introduction
Infectious outbreaks of bacterial, parasitic and fungal diseases severely affect fish and shellfish aquaculture
industries causing heavy economic losses. Such diseases are usually treated with antibiotics and chemicals that
would contribute to environmental contamination and development of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria. In
this study, seven natural, biodegradable and environment-friendly essential oils (EOs) of plant origin were
evaluated for their antipathoginic effects. Also the EOs effects on nonspecific immunity enhancement were
tested.
Methods
The EOs used were clove, tea tree, garlic, thyme, oregano, eucalyptus and sage. Six bacterial cultures were
used, V. vulnificus, V. anguillarum, V. parahaemolyticus, S. aglactiae, V. harveyi and V.alginolyticus. The
Uronema sp. was isolated from the zobaidy fish tanks. Natural fungal infection was treated in this study.
Sexually immature Sheam (Acanthopagrus latus), Zobaidy (Pampus argenteus), P. semisulcatus and M. affinis
were tested for their tolerance towards the used oils.
Findings
x All EOs tested were effective against Uronema cells and eliminate 100% of the tested population.
x All Eos were effective against all tested bacterial culture.
x Sheam fish, suffered from natural bacterial infection that caused swelling and clouding of the eyes. The
infected fish were treated for 5 days with 20 ppm the EOs (Tea tree, Sage, Garlic, Thyme and Clove) and
all of the oils showed 100% healing effects from the bacterial infection symptoms.
x The shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus) suffering from fungal infection (winter mycosis), that caused high
mortality, were treated with 20 ppm of TTO for 5 days.
x Thyme oil showed anesthetic effect on sheam fish and this finding is under further investigation in the ongoing project FM068K.
x The neutrophil cells counts were significantly higher in all treatment groups indicating a clear nonspecific
immune enhancement due to the EOs.
x The shrimps treated with the EOs for five days, irrespective of the type of EO, produced elevated phenol
oxidase (PO) levels and enhanced microbicidal activity.
*kisr.researcher@gmail.com
382
Conclusions
The study clearly showed that the EOs exhibited antibacterial, antiparasitic (against Uronema sp.) and
antifungal qualities. They provide a good alternative as a disinfection sanitizer especially where quality and
valuable live fish or shrimp are involved, such as the high value broodstock, aquarium fish and hatchery
facilities. The results also indicated the immunostimulatory of the EOs as neutrophil cells counts were
significantly higher in all treatment groups.
Another aspect that was very significantly perceptible was the ability of the EOs to affect immune responses of
the fish and shellfish tested under natural infection. The healing process in the case of eye infection due to a
mixed etiology in sheam (yellowfin bream) was hastened after the treatment with EOs. It was noticed that the
inflammatory repair process began much earlier in the treated fish than the control. This could be explained by
the significant enhancement in the neutrophil counts in the blood of treated fish, irrespective of the type of oil.
The immunostimulatory nature of the EOs is similar to the effect elicited by injected killed bacterins or
-glucans which are well known as the immunostimulatory molecules in aquaculture. Effects of these EOs at
micro levels as dietary additives need to be studied for their immune modulator effects. This study showed that
thyme oil also was reported to have qualities of anesthesia, and this use of the EO needs further investigations
as a sedative and prophylactic during transportation of fish. The study clearly and significantly showed that the
EOs produced considerable bacterial and growth-inhibitory effects in aquatic environment and helped the hosts
recover faster from infection.
Applications
Those oils provide a good alternative as a disinfection or sanitizer agent especially where quality and valuable
live fish or shrimp are involved, such as the high value broodstock, aquarium fish and in hatchery facilities.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences for funding this study (KD 4,200)
and Mrs. Hanan Al-Dahmi the information specialist. Total budget was KD 13,060.
A. Al-Yaqout and A. Ismail. (2008). Australasian Aquaculture International Conference, 3-6 August, 2008,
$QWLSDUDVLWLFHIIHFWVRIVRPHHVVHQWLDORLOVRQWKHVFXWLFRFLOLDWHSDUDVLWHUronema VS
FM055C
383

Completed Project
FM058C; May, 2007 to February, 2009
Spatial Distribution and Abundance of Ichthyoplankton and Decapod Larvae

in the ROPME Sea Area during Winter 2006 Oceanographic Cruise
*F. Al-Yamani
Introduction
Studies on the taxonomy of the early life stages of the different species of fish and decapods are not extensive,
and the literature is lacking in the accurate descriptions of the ichthyoplankton and larval decapod fauna.
ROPME conducted (Feb-Mar 2006) an oceanographic cruise to collect samples from the RSA during the
winter season, to fill an existing gap in the information on the distribution, abundance and species composition
of the larval decapods and fish communities.
Main objectives of the study were to describe the spatial distribution and abundance of ichthyoplankton and
decapod larvae collected during ROPME Winter 2006 cruise, describe the biodiversity of the above two
groups, prepare two separate monographs on ichthyoplankton and decapod larvae of the ROPME Sea Area
(RSA)and publish an interactive larval decapod guide for the ROPME Sea Area.
Methods
The MOOPAM procedures (ROPME, 1999) was utilized for the analysis of the ichthyoplankton and larval
decapod samples and for estimation of the density for each species encountered in the samples. Identification
of the different species was based on the relevant keys available for the existing genera in the ROPME Sea
Area. Certain taxa, in particular the larval fish, could not be identified to species or even genus level, but rather
to family level, as the larvae were very small with no adequate details to allow for accurate classification.
Conclusions
The ROPME cruise was conducted during the winter period, when there was low abundance of spawning fish
species, possibly due to lower temperature, especially in the Arabian Gulf. During the period of this study, the
sampled areas were characterized by low abundances of ichthyoplankton species.
Certain stations registered the maximum abundance of larvae with reference to the mesopelagic fish species.
Such stations were located over great depths (deeper than 50 m). Within the sampled area of the Gulf of Oman,
relatively high variety of larvae, which represented the Sparidae family was found.
Within the waters of the Inner Gulf, the abundance of ichthyoplankton was low during the ROPME winter
cruise. Larvae of various sizes of the Engraulidae family were encountered at all sampled stations, but with
low abundance. Representatives of three species; Encrasicholina, Stolephorus and Thryssa that belong to the
above family occurred in the Arabian Gulf. The larvae encountered in this study in the Inner Gulf, most likely
384
belong to the genus Stolenophorus. Eggs in the samples from the Arabian Gulf were not abundant, and were
completely absent in some samples.
The diversity of planktonic decapoda was seen to increase toward the Gulf of Oman. The luciferid shrimp
Lucifer hanseni showed swarming conditions in the central part of the Arabian Gulf. The Strait of Hormuz
waters could be a nursery area for this species.
Occurrence of penaied shrimps Penaeus semisulcatus and Parapenaeopsis stylifera protozoeae in the winter
season in the RSA showed that reproduction of commercial penaeids is continuous throughout the year. The
presence in the RSA waters of larvae of deep sea mud shrimp Solenocera sp., sergestid shrimp Sergestes sp.,
oceanic luciferid shrimp Lucifer typus, pelagic caridean shrimp Thalassocaris obscura, oplophorid shrimp
Acanthephyra sp. indicate the influence of the Indian Ocean currents.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment for their financial
contribution to carry out this research (KD 17,460). Total budget was KD 26,660.
FM058C
385

Completed Project
FM051K; April, 2006 to September, 2006
Publishing an Arabic TextbRRNRQ.XZDLW6KULPS)LVKHULHV

*A. Al-Ghunaim
Introduction
Since the seventies, considerable scientific work on the shrimp fisheries has been conducted by Kuwait
Institute for Scientific Research (KISR). The work has resulted in significant recommendations for shrimp
fisheries management. Unfortunately there is an incomplete transfer of technical knowledge related to the
shrimp fisheries to the decision makes in Kuwait. This situation may be due to the gap that exists between
scientists and the decision makers in fisheries management.
The objective of this project was to narrow this gap by presenting simple interpretations of scientific findings
related to shrimp, in an Arabic text book. The book introduces the scientific information and findings in a
simple way together with documentation of historical studies on shrimp fisheries. The book will be a useful
educational tool for those concerned with fisheries such as government authorities and the private sector,
students, and the public.
Methods
An extensive literature survey concentrating on shrimp fisheries of Kuwait was conducted. Published data was
compiled to develop reference materials (charts and tables). A record in the form of photographs for different
shrimp fisheries fleets under working conditions at sea and illustrations that explain the shrimp life cycle was
produced.
Findings
All findings have been analyzed and an Arabic text book has been developed and published. The book covered
different aspects of shrimp fisheries in Kuwait including the scientific concept of shrimp fishery management.
The book has been registered under ISBN number 99906-41-63-3 and included detailed illustrations.
Conclusions
This book can be used as a reference and a model for future studies on shrimp and other marine fisheries.
Acknowledgements
*editorial@coolnetguide.com
386

Completed Project
FM053K; November, 2006 to May, 2007
Publishing an Atlas Book on Marine Phytoplankton Diversity in Kuwait

Waters
*M. Al-Kandari, F. Al-Yamani and K. Al-Rifaie
Introduction
Marine phytoplankton are mostly microscopic and unicellular floating flora, which are considered as the
primary producers that support the pelagic food-chain. The two most important groups are diatoms
(Bacillariophyceae) and dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae). They often also include a numerous and diverse
collection of extremely small, motile plants such as microflagellates (naked flagellates) as well silicoflagellates
and cyanophytes (blue-green algae). The taxonomical publications on dinoflagellates are less than those on the
diatoms. Most of the publications on the Arabian Gulf have concentrated on identifying these micro-organisms
at a generic level whereas species level identification with appropriate description is very rare.
Methods
The proposed atlas project was executed in three stages: stage 1 was the compilation of all bibliographic
references for all the major marine phytoplankton groups; stage 2 focused on the examination, identification
and photography of all available phytoplankton from the samples collected from 13 stations for the period of
2002-2005 (obtained by Niskin bottle and plankton net tow; and stage 3 dealt with classification and
description of all obtained taxa and the writing of the different chapters of the book, followed by the design
and publication of the atlas.
Findings
A total of 337 species of phytoplankton were identified to the species level and photographed. Descriptions of
all identified species were included in a reference document and produced as an atlas book.
Conclusion
A comprehensive guide and atlas for the phytoplankton community of Kuwait was produced.
*mkandari@safat.kisr.edu.kw
387
This short term project was an attempt to cover as many important genera and species of diatoms,
dinoflagellates and other groups of marine phytoplankton such as silicoflagellates, naked flagellates and
cyanophytes as possible from Kuwait waters using clear and informative micrographs to serve as a basic
taxonomical guide for identification purposes. The objectives of the project were: 1) to describe the most
FRPPRQVSHFLHVRIWKHPDMRUSK\WRSODQNWRQJURXSVLQ.XZDLWVZDWHUVLto include a taxonomical checklist;
(ii) to provide clear and informative micrographs to help in algal identification; (iii) to document the different
bibliographical references for describing the obtained phytoplankton species, and 2) to produce an atlas of
phytoplankton of Kuwait's waters which will serve as a reference for ecologists and other interested parties.
Applications
The atlas can serve as a general library text for those interested in ocean sciences.
Acknowledgements
FM053K
388

Completed Project
FM056K; November, 2006 to October, 2007
Establishment of Oceanographic Data and Information Systems at

Mariculture and Fisheries Department, Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research
*K. Al-Rifaie1, F. Al-Yamani1, I. Polikarpov1 and H. Al-Dahmi2
1
Division and 2National Scientific and Technical Information Centre,
Introduction
Oceanographic data are extremely valuable due to the uniqueness of observations and the values of data
collection and measurements. Moreover, in view of the general sparseness of ocean data sets and the
considerable investment required to collect observations, it is critical that data are managed in a way that
maximizes their utility and impact and thus their benefit to the community.
This project is a pioneer attempt to combine the unique oceanographic data collected through Mariculture and
Fisheries Department (MFD) projects which cover the period from 1995 to 2005 and all the available marine
information at MFD in order to establish an authoritative Oceanographic Data and Information System at MFD
which will eventually be used as a reference information system for parties interested in marine sciences.
Methods
x The project gathered the available physical, chemical and biological oceanography data from the results of
the different MFD/KISR projects conducted by the oceanography group from 1995 to 2005. Data were
sorted according to project, date, location, sampling depth and different oceanographic variables.
x Compiled MFD Oceanographic data underwent a series of steps to assure its quality, standardization and
homogeneity.
x To accomplish the information management task, all the information resources at MFD were gathered and
copied at the MFD library then scanned and converted to PDF format.
x For journal articles in the PDF file, a hyperlink was created for each article to allow user access to the full
text of the document immediately when clicking on the bibliographical information of the document.
x All data and information resources compiled from this project were backed up and stored in an External
Hard Disk (300 GB) as well as on CDs to prevent data loss.
Findings
These systems will provide various advantages such as: 1) archiving of the MFD scientific oceanographic data
of completed projects, 2) easy access to marine and oceanographic data and information for interested marine
*krifaie@mfd.kisr.edu.kw
389
The sequential work plan included: mobilization, oceanography data compilation, quality assurance and
standardization, software selection and implementation, information management and project reporting.
scientists, and 3) establishing a database for sharing and exchanging information among other peer
organizations which will serve as a high quality information resource to serve the interested scientific
community.
Conclusions
This project served as an excellent example of matrix projects between MFD and National Scientific and
Technical Information Centre. It achieved its goal in establishment of oceanographic data and information
systems at MFD.
Applications
The gathered oceanographic data can be a step towards the establishment of a National Oceanography Data
Center (NODC) for the state of Kuwait to allow future local and international oceanographic data exchange.
Many national and regional scientists are approaching MFD/ KISR to seek information on quality data for
interpretation of their research results and to consult on trends related to the marine environment. More
oceanographic variables will be added in the next phase of the project as well as data updates to include data
from future investigations.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for funding (KD 10,000) and acknowledge the
assistance of Mr. Jaber Awad from National Scientific and Technical Information Centre for his sincere
contribution and efforts in the information management task.
FM056K
390

Completed Project
FM052K; February, 2007 to November, 2007
Preparation of ScieQWLILF%RRNLQ$UDELFHQWLWOHGLife at Sea and in the

$UDELDQ*XOI
*S. Almatar, A. Rahman, A.Yousf and A. Al-Saffar
Introduction
Arabic literature is very limited with respect to scientific books and books on oceans and sea life are extremely
rare. Ordinary people are fascinated by the sea and they are interested to read about marine life and its
management.
The objective of this project was to produce an Arabic book with scientific focus for a broad readership on sea
life in general and the Arabian Gulf in particular. The mission of the book is to address knowledge of the ocean
sciences in standard Arabic in style that will attract public attention and interest.
Methods
The book is composed of eleven chapters as follows:
Chapter 1: Properties of the Seawater
Chapter 2: Seas and Oceans

7KHHDUWKLVDZDWHUSODQHWZKHUHRFHDQVFRYHUDERXWRIWKHHDUWKVVXUIDFH7KH VHDLVDG\QDPLFDQG
diverse environment with specific physical, chemical and biological properties, however, the majority (97%)
of the water in the ocean is deep, dark and unproductive, only 3% of the water in the ocean provides human
food resources. In this chapter, topography, biotopes, and classification of fauna and flora of the ocean are
reviewed.
Chapter 3: Productivity of the Seas
In the oceans, wind and effects of the earth's rotation combine to cause the nutrient-rich deeper water to rise to
the surface. This phenomenon is called upwelling and occurs in major and important fishery areas of the world.
In this chapter, the rich areas of the sea and upwelling phenomena are reviewed and discussed.
*smatter@mfd.kisr.edu.kw
391
The ocean's major features are due to the unique chemical and physical properties of water, including its
dissolving power, high specific heat, transparency and vaporization. These properties are the major cause of
currents (waves), and have an impact on fisheries. In this chapter, the physical and chemical parameters of the
sea are reviewed.
Chapter 4: Characteristics of Life at Sea

There are fundamental differences in the forms of life in the sea compared to life on dry land. Productivity at
sea depends mainly on tiny plants and animals (plankton), whereas on land, productivity depends on higher
plants. In this chapter productivity of sea and land are compared and discussed.
Chapter 5: Tide
Daily tides are caused by gravitational effects of the moon and sun, the earth's rotation, and landmasses. In this
chapter, the tidal cycle is explained in relation to moon phase and how it varies in the Arabian Gulf.
Chapter 6: Waves and Currents
Surface currents are controlled by the interaction of global wind systems and the earth's rotation, whereas deep
sea currents are caused by water density gradients. Details of the types of currents in the world's oceans and in
the Arabian Gulf are reviewed and their influence on fisheries is discussed. Waves are caused by wind moving
over the water's surface. In this chapter, the types of waves and how they form are reviewed.
Chapter 7: Fishes
Fishes are the most abundant and diverse, yet most poorly known, group of vertebrates. Fishes occupy every
aquatic habitat on earth and the number of living fish species may reach about 26,000; that is more than 50%
of all vertebrate species currently known on earth. In this chapter the biology and ecology of fishes are
reviewed with special consideration regarding the species of the Arabian Gulf.
Chapter 8: Fisheries of the world
Fishery resources are renewable, which means that fishery populations replace themselves, even if they are
exploited. However, this does not guarantee the immortality of a fishery. It simply means that maintaining a
sensible fishing level may allow the fish stock to survive and be fished again. In this chapter, the world's
fisheries are reviewed. The Arabian Gulf fishery and various fishing methods are discussed.
Chapter 9: Arabian Gulf

The Arabian Gulf is environmentally unique with an unusual fauna. It comprises a large area of shallow water
that undergoes wide fluctuations in temperature and salinity. Established species in the area must be capable of
withstanding the stress of osmotic and temperature extremes. Species composition varies mostly with bottom
type and in the north, with the influence of the Shatt Al-Arab. Most fish stocks in the area are in decline
because of high fishing pressure and climatic changes. In this chapter, the physical, chemical and biological
characteristics of the Arabian Gulf are reviewed. The fisheries and fishing methods of the area are also
reviewed for each country.
Chapter 10: Fisheries Management
Good fishery management depends on gathering information and statistics about the fishery that needs to be
managed. Information includes knowledge of the stock distribution, survival and mortality of the stock and the
spawning area and spawning season. In this chapter, the characteristics of fish stocks are reviewed. The
concept of fishery management in relations to fishing pressure is reported.
Chapter 11: Aquaculture
In fish farming, the natural habitats of marine organisms can be improved under human control so as to
enhance the yields. In this chapter different methods of fish farming are reviewed. Furthermore, KISR's long
standing research on the culture of local species is also reviewed and discussed.
FM052K
392
Findings
A manuscript of 200 pages in Arabic has been prepared to include more than 150 photographs, tables and
figures. The manuscript has been peer reviewed and registered under ISBN 978-99906-41-97-4.
Conclusions
Four thousand (4000) copies have been printed and should receive high acceptance from the public because of
the high standard of the book.
Applications
Publications of a similar nature on ocean sciences should be encouraged to cater for the shortage of books in
this field in Arabic.
Acknowledgements
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research is thanked for funding (KD 15,745). The authors thank many
colleagues who reviewed the early manuscript and those who provided information, photographs, figures and
tables.
FM052K
393

Completed Project
FM012S; July, 2006 to September, 2006
Spatial Distribution of Chlorophyll-a in the ROPME Sea Area during

Winter 2006
*F. Al-Yamani and I. Polikarpov
Introduction
Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment (ROPME) conducted a cruise in the
ROPME Sea Area during the winter of 2006. A total of 573 water samples were obtained for chlorophyll
measurement. Chlorophyll-a measurement has historically provided a useful estimate of algal biomass.
Objectives
To describe the spatial variability of phytoplankton biomass as well as the physicochemical variables during
winter 2006 in the waters of the ROPME Sea Area.
Methods
The fluorometric method was used for the quantitative analysis of chlorophyll-D and phaeopigments. The
samples were measured for chlorophyll using a Turner Designs Fluorometer (TD-700). Chlorophyll-a
naturally absorbs blue light and emits, or fluoresces, red light. Fluorometers detect chlorophyll-a by
transmitting an excitation beam of light in the blue range (440nm for extracted analysis and 460nm for in vivo
analysis) and by detecting the light fluoresced by cells or chlorophyll in a sample at 685nm (red). Generally,
this fluorescence is directly proportional to the concentration of chlorophyll.
The concentrations of chlorophyll-a and phaeopigments in the sample were calculated using the following
equations:
volex
Fm
u ( Fo Fa ) u K x u
vol
filt
Fm 1
Chl a (Pg/L) =
volex
Fm
u [( Fm u Fa ) Fo ] u K x u
vol
filt
Fm 1
Phaeo (Pg/L) =
Where:
Fm
Fo
Fa
Kx
volex
volfilt
=
=
=
=
=
=
acidification coefficient (Fo/Fa) for pure Chl a (usually 2.2)

reading before acidification
reading after acidification
door factor from calibration calculations
extraction volume
sample volume
394
The satellite data for some images (satellite derived chlorophyll and sea surface temperature), used in this
study were acquired using the GES-DISC Interactive Online Visualization and Analysis Infrastructure
(GIOVAnnI) as part of the NASA's Goddard Earth Sciences (GES) Data and Information Services Center
(DISC), Greenbelt, Maryland, USA.
True-color satellite images are courtesy of MODIS Rapid Response Project at NASA Goddard Space Flight
Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA. The bathymetry map was created using data from US Naval
Oceanographic Office DBDB-V Version 4.3, approved for public release.
Findings
x The ROPME Sea Area (RSA) showed significant seasonal differences in chemical and biological
characteristics between summer 2001 and winter 2006.
x Comparison between winter and summer chlorophyll distribution indicates a much lower surface
chlorophyll concentrations during summer season in the Arabian Gulf (maximum 1.6 mg/m3). The mean
concentration of chlorophyll for the water column was 2.091.92 g/l during the winter of 2006.
x Highest mean chlorophyll concentrations were recorded at the Strait of Hormuz, in the Gulf of Oman, in
the middle of the Arabian Gulf, and off Shatt Al-Arab and Karun deltas.
Conclusions
There was a significant difference between the spatial chlorophyll distributions in Winter 2006 compared to
Summer 2001 for the ROPME Sea Area. The highest mean chlorophyll concentrations were recorded at the
Strait of Hormuz, in the Gulf of Oman, in the middle of the Arabian Gulf, and off Shatt Al-Arab and Karun
deltas.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment for funding this
project (KD 6,860).
FM012S
395

Completed Project
FM030G; June, 2005 to March, 2006
Isolation, Characterization and Preliminary Evaluation of the

Efficacy of Aquatic Bacteria in Cultured Zobaidy Pampus argenteus
*A. Al-Marzouk, A. Saheb and H. Al-Gharabally
Introduction
The silver pomfret Pampus argenteus, locally known as zobaidy, is a valuable food fish with a wide
geographical distribution from the East China Sea to Southeast Asia, Indian Ocean, Arabian Gulf and the
North Sea. This popular fish commands a top price and high demand in Kuwait markets. Serious outbreaks of
parasitic and bacterial infections have occurred during different developmental stages of zobaidy propagation.
Research on zobaidy aquaculture is limited and there is no recorded research on disease outbreaks. Therefore,
research in disease diagnosis and control are essential requirements to advance the aquaculture technology for
zobaidy. The objective of the present project was to evaluate the effect of two bacterial preparations, an
isolated autochthonous bacterial species isolated from rearing environment of zobaidy and viable commercial
probiotic Gram-positive Lactobacillus sp on the growth, disease resistance and immune responses in zobaidy
sub-adults.
Methods
Two bacterial isolates, one isolated from the commercial probiont-enriched feed used for zobaidy (Alken-Clear
FIO-1006, Alken-Murray Corp, USA) coded as LLC and the second, isolated from the zobaidy tank wall
coded as PH1, were used in the present study. Bacterial isolates were integrated into commercial dry pellet
feed. In both treatments the bacterium was administered at 108 CFU/g feed and fed for 30 days. The control
treatment consisted of normal pellet feed without bacterial supplement.
The blood parameters such as the total blood volume was measured and represented as total column (TC) in
mm and similar expressions were used for the cell column (CC) and plasma column (PC). Challenge
experiment was carried out to evaluate the immune response. Six fish each in probiotic-fed and control groups
were challenged with live PH1 bacterium.
The efficacy of PH1 and LLC on the growth rate, survival rate and blood parameters of zobaidy sub-adults,
was determined.
Findings
x The isolated Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio sp (PH1), which has been inactivated by heat, can be
considered as a vaccine. It has the ability to produce enhancement in both specific and non-specific
immunity as indicated by the higher titers of antibodies produced.
*amarzouk@mfd.kisr.edu.kw
396
x The Gram-positive commercial probiotic (LLC), served as a non-specific immune enhancer as indicated
by the higher protective response to bacterial challenge compared to the control. The LLC can be
considered as a non-specific immune enhancer.
Conclusions
The Gram-positive commercial probiotic (LLC), may have a potential application as a probiotic during the
larval stages where the specific immune system is not well developed. Both isolates can be used in disease
control for zobaidy.
Applications
Based on the results obtained, it is plausible that the heat killed Vibrio spp (PH1) can be considered as a
specific immune enhancer and for developing a potential Vibrio vaccine for zobaidy and other cultured fish in
Kuwait. The LLC probiotic can be used as non-specific immune enhancer, since it may act against a broad
spectrum of pathogenic agent which may be able to be applied to other potential cultured fish. These results
will improve the health status and advance aquaculture technology of zobaidy.
Acknowledgements
Authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for financial support (KD 13,300).
1. A. Al-Marzouk, I. Azad and H. Al-Gharabally. (2007). Preliminary evaluation on the efficacy of heatkilled Vibrio alginolyticus and commercial Lactobacillus sp probiont in the growth and immune response
of cultured silver pomfret Pampus argenteus. International Journal of Oceans and Oceanography.
2(2):251-255.
2. I. Azad, A. Al-Marzouk, C. James, S. Al-Matar and H. Al-Gharabally. (2007). Autochthonous and
commercial in-feed probiotic bacteria influence growth and immune response of shaeim (Acanthopagrus
latus Houttuyin). International Journal of Oceans and Oceanography. 2(2): 221-225.
FM030G
397

Completed Project
FM033G; September, 2005 to May, 2006
Status of Kuwait's Shrimp Fisheries (2005-2006)

*H. Al-Foudari
Introduction
The Shrimp Fisheries Management Project began in 1977 as a joint project with the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. The project has been continued annually, except for the 1990-91
season due to the Gulf war. Under the auspices of the Gulf Cooperation Council and with financial support
from several institutions, the project became part of a coordinated international effort extending over a threeyear period. Monitoring the shrimp fishery is an important part of this project.
The present study reports results of the shrimp catch, effort and species composition, as well as bycatch for the
2005-2006 season.
Methods
Kuwait's 2005-2006 shrimping season opened on 1 August, 2005, and closed on 31 January, 2006, for a season
length of 185 days. Dhow boat catches, i.e., the number of 20kg baskets of small, medium and large shrimp
and the names of the dhow boats were obtained from the staff of the Public Authority for Agriculture Affairs
and Fisheries Resources (PAAFR) at the fish market. All data were entered into a spreadsheet-based format
(Excel Microsoft).
Industrial boat data were obtained from Kuwait's two commercial fishery companies, the National Fishing
Company (NFC) and the United Fisheries of Kuwait (UFK), which provided the information at the end of each
calendar month. These data were summarized into catch; effort and catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) for each
company, as well as overall CPUE using the UFK's catch rates as the standard.
Findings
x Fishermen landed 1,847 tons of shrimp, less than the long-term average of 2,045 tons, with 8,746 UFK
boat-days of effort. Compared with the previous season, this represents increases of 30, 7 and 22% in
landings, effort and catch per unit-effort (CPUE), respectively.
x The catch per UFK boat-day ranged from 551 kg in August 2005, to 75 kg in January 2006. The 20052006 season was dominated by the dhow fleet. Dhow boats landed 40% of the 2005-2006 catch and
accounted for 45% of the total effort in UFK boat-days.
x Landings by dhow boats consisted of 68% Penaeus semisulcatus, 25% Metapenaeus affinis, and less than
6% Parapenaeopsis stylifera. Landings by the UFK fleet consisted of 78% P. semisulcatus. The total
effort was much higher than that required for maximum economic and biological yields.
*hmohamad@ns2.mfd.kisr.edu.kw
398
Conclusions
Preventing unlicensed dhow boats from shrimp trawling should be a priority for the 2006-2007 season.
Opening the season earlier than September could have an adverse effect on total landings.
Application
One of the most important aspects of fisheries management is the collection of catch and effort statistics and
their analysis. The data collection for commercial shrimp landings is necessary to relate stock assessment to
the commercial landings. These statistics allow current season success to be judged in the context of past
seasons. The available data of the 2005/2006 season was compared with the data of previous seasons and the
outcome of such comparisons supported recommendations for the period of the closed season. Results were
discussed with PAAF and fishing companies and it was suggested that the 2005-2006 season be closed not
later than 31 January, 2006.
Acknowledgements
The author thanks Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for funding (KD 8,411), the Public Authority for
Agriculture Affairs and Fisheries Resources for catch and effort information and the United Fisheries of
Kuwait and the National Fishing Company for monthly catch and effort data. Special thanks go to Dr. J.M.
Bishop for his editorial comments.
H. Al-Foudari. (2007). Status of Kuwait's shrimp fisheries (2005-2006). KISR Report 8774.
FM033G
399

Completed Project
FM034G; October, 2005 to January, 2006
The Effect of Clove Oil (Eugenol) as an Anesthetic for Shrimp Larvae

Penaeus
*A. Al-Yaqout, A. Al-Ameeri and L. Al-Musalam
Introduction
Shrimp farming is increasing in many countries. Shrimp larvae are hard to handle during capture,
transportation, sorting and measurements. Also, as shrimp seeds are not available at many farms and are
procured from distant places. This transport may cause heavy mortalities of the transferred stocks.
Clove oil appears to meet nearly all the criteria for an ideal anesthetic. The main advantages of clove oil lies in
its low cost, limited or no withdrawal time requirements, and its relative safety to both shrimp and humans.
Methods
Shrimp larvae Penaeus semisulcatus, were produced in Marine and Fisheries Department laboratories from
eggs collected from wild stock brooders. Clove oil was procured (85-95% eugenol), and tested for its
anesthetic effect on the shrimp larvae. The concentration range tested was 5-600 ppm. A concentration of the
drug was considered effective if total loss of equilibrium of movement occurred within 10 minutes of the
exposure of shrimp to the solution of the chemical. Survival rate of the tested shrimp from different
concentrations of clove oil was investigated for 96 hours.
Findings
x The recommended does for shrimp larvae to elicit a complete anesthesia appears to be 100-150 ppm. The
shrimps would show no resistance to being caught even after 15 minutes in the recovery chamber after
complete sleep using doses of 150, 200, 350 and 400 ppm.
x The recommended dose for prolonged transportation between farms would be 10-25 ppm with no
mortality for 60 minutes. There is no mortality for the dose of 50 ppm until 60 minutes. The lethal time for
the doses 150 and 200 ppm is 10 minutes. The lethal dose is 600 ppm.
x The shrimp show late end effect, where they tend to go back to sleep and rest on their sides. However, they
would be active when touched after recovery and could regain their balance and their normal swimming
behaviour.
Conclusions
The recommended dose of clove oil for shrimp larvae to elicit a complete anesthesia appears to be 100-150
ppm.
400
Applications
Clove oil can be used as an anesthetic for laboratory work on shrimp to avoid mortality of the tested
population. The recommended dose for shrimp larvae to elicit complete anesthesia appears to be 100-150 ppm.
In addition, clove oil can be used to sedate shrimp larvae for transportation between farms. For periods of up to
60 minutes, a recommended dose of 10-25 ppm does not show lethal toxicity.
Acknowledgements
The project team thank the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences for funding (KD 2,530).
A. Al-Yaqout, A. Al-Ameeri and L. Al-Musalam. $XVWUDODVLDQ $TXDFXOWXUH ,QWHUnational Conference

3-6 $XJXVW Comparative Efficacy of Clove Oil, MS-222 and Quinaldine and Anesthesia for Shrimp
Penaeus Semisulcatus.
FM034G
401

Completed Project
FM038G; April, 2006 to March, 2007
Characterization of a Ciliate Parasite (Uronema Sp.) and Efficacy of

Anti-Proteases on the Pathogenicity of the Ciliate in Zobaidy
*A. Saheb, A. Al-Marzouk and H. Al-Gharabally
Introduction
Among marine food fishes, the Zobaidy or silver pomfret, (Pampus argenteus, Euphrasen), occupies a special
place in the food habits of the people of Kuwait.
Frequent infections by Uronema sp. mainly during early summer (April-May) caused heavy mortality among
cultured zobaidy.
Urgent studies were needed to understand and thus suggest methods for control of parasite virulence. Ciliate
isolation, light and electron microscopy of infected tissue, protease activity and muscle digestibility of in vitro
cultures were the major objectives of the study.
Methods
The parasite isolated from cultured Zobaidy (Pampus argenteus) infected with the parasite was grown in vitro
and characterization of the parasite was based on silver staining and electron microscopy of the infected tissue.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) carried out at the electron microscopy unit of Kuwait University.
Tissue sections from infected fish were used in the study.
Two anti-proteases (ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) and 1, 10 phenanthrolin) were tested for their
neutralizing effects on the protease secreted by the parasite which is one of the major causes of severity of the
disease. Cell free supernatant of 3 days old Uronema culture was reacted with standard Bovine Serum
Albumin (BSA-Sigma, USA) protein content of the standard protein before and after incubation was
determined. The difference in the protein content was taken as measure of of protease activity. The protein
estimation was carried out using the Bradford (1972) method. In vitro histophagous digestibility of zobaidy
muscle was tested with or without anti-proteases.
Findings
x The parasite was found in the bloodstream, peritoneal and cerebro-spinal fluids, gills and most of the
internal organs causing death of zobaidy sub-adults.
x Necrosis of epithelium present on the skin, gills and intestinal lumen coupled with the histophagous
muscle necrosis were the salient clinical features of histopathology.
x The parasite produced protease in vitro with decreasing digestibility upon successive passages. However,
the protease activity was revitalized upon repassage in zobaidy indicating that the presence of natural host
*aismail@mfd.kisr.edu.kw
402
fish increases the disease-causing ability of the parasite through enhanced protease and muscle digesting
capabilities.
x Both EDTA and 1-10, phenanthrolin were effective in reducing the protease activity in vitro. These
antiproteases in concentrations more than 13 mM and 2 mM of EDTA and 1-10, phenanthrolin were
effective in reducing the protease-mediated muscle digestibility by more than 50 and 75% respectively.
x The study revealed that the earliest avoidance and separation of clinically normal fish from infected stock
reduces the risk of complete mortality. The study also paves the way for further investigations on the use
of EDTA as a protease chelating agent in Zobaidy infested with Uronema sp.
Conclusions
Significant outcomes of the project were successful in vitro production of Uronema sp. and initiation of a
SURMHFW RQ WKH 'HYHORSPHQW DQG (YDOXDWLRQ RI VLPSOH IRUPDOLQ-inactivated whole-cell Uronema vaccine in
sobaity.
Applications
The study revealed significant information on the virulence of Uronema sp. cultured in vitro and freshly
isolated from infected Zobaidy. This information is of immense help in the management of aquaculture
infections by separating the clinically normal fish from the infected group as early as possible to minimize
losses. Also, the study indicated the beneficial effects of EDTA for reducing the severity of infection. Both
these management measures directly help to enhance survival of cultured Zobaidy.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Kuwait Institute of Scientific Research for funding (KD 8,512).

1. I. Azad, A. Al-Marzouk, C. James, S. AlMatar, and H. Al-Gharabally. (2007). Scuticociliatosis-associated
mortalities and histopathology of natural infection in cultured silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus
Euphrasen) in Kuwait. Aquaculture 262:202-210.
2. A. Al-Marzouk and I. Azad. (2007). Growth kinetics, protease activity and histophagous digestibility of
Uronema sp. infesting cultured silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus Euphrasen) in Kuwait. Diseases of
Aquatic Organisms. 76: 4956.
FM038G
403

Completed Project
FM035G; May, 2006
Investigation on the Possibility of Increasing Market Demands on Locally

Cultured Tilapia
*A. Al-Ghunaim
Introduction
The introduction of a large-scale tilapia farm (integrated system) may increase the annual production of tilapia
in Kuwait to around 800 tons. However, this approach may not be acceptable by investors due to a number of
technical and economical limits. One of these limits is the high marketing risk in selling large quantities of one
species of fish in the limited market of Kuwait. Accordingly, this study aimed to: 1) discuss the present market
situation of cultured tilapia and its marketing limitations, 2) assess the consumer response to tilapia, and
3) investigate possible means to increase demand for tilapia in the Kuwait Market. The focus of the project was
to find out whether the fresh fish market in Kuwait would accommodate the possible increase in the production
of tilapia. A preliminary estimate of market potential in 1984 was 2,500 tons per year. However, this estimate
was based on assumptions and conditions which have changed.
Methods
Information on the tilapia farming industry was gathered and a market survey was conducted. Information was
gathered on the number of tilapia farms, the area used in culturing tilapia and quantities of subsidized fish feed
used from Public Authority for Agriculture Affairs and Fisheries. Records for the daily sales of tilapia in
quantities (kg), price (KD), and nationalities of buyers were taken for 30 days. Data on monthly supply of
imported frozen tilapia (kg) into Co-ops and Danas (UFK shops) together with prices was gathered from UFK.
Findings
x Demand for tilapia at the fish market in Kuwait was very low because of the preference of Kuwaiti
customers for marine fish rather than fresh water fish.
x Tilapia did not compete with marine fish in the Kuwait market during the study period.
x Tilapias are preferred by other nationalities in Kuwait but low prices of imported tilapia dramatically
affected the demand for tilapia produced by local aquaculture.
Conclusions
Cheap imported tilapia represents a potential constraint on local production of fresh water fish by aquaculture.
Further studies are needed to establish likely demand for this fish. New market avenues including fish
processing may be needed to enhance the tilapia market.
Acknowledgements
The author thanks Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for funding (KD 960).
*editorial@coolnetguide.com
404
Completed Project
FM040G; August, 2006 to November, 2006
Growth Rates of Some Harmful Algal Bloom Species in Kuwait Waters

*W. Ismail, F. Al-Yamani, H. Al-Mansouri, G. Thomas and S. Johnson
Introduction
Phytoplankton algal blooms can be caused by a number of species; Myrionecta rubra, Prorocentrum
rhathymum, Karenia selliforme, Nitzschia spp., Rhizosolenia spp., Trichodesmium (Oscillatoria) erythraeum,
Cosinodiscus spp., Gymnodinium impudicum, Phaeocystis sp., Cylindrotheca closterium, Karenia brevis and
others. Non-harmful algal blooms of ciliate Myrionecta rubra and haptophyceae Phaeocystis have been
reported. Bloom development of non-harmful algal species (e.g., blooms of Gymnodinium spp. and Nitzschia
VSSZDVREVHUYHGGXULQJ0D\DORQJ.XZDLWVFRDVWDODUHD)LVKNLOORFFXUUHGin the summer of 1999 in
Kuwait waters because of the harmful algal bloom created by the two HAB species; Karenia selliforme and
Prorocentrum rhathymum.
One reason to study the blooms is that some of them could be toxigenic and lead to fish kills, with
consequential economic losses and health issues. The purpose of this project was to study the growth rate of
the five groups of phytoplankton (Picoplankton (Prochlorococcus sp.), filamentous blue green algae,
dinoflagellate (Prorocentrum sp.), the naked marine flagellate (Pyramimonus sp.) and Chlorophytes
(Dunaliella salina)) which grew successfully in Guilards media. The objectives for this project were to
establish cultures of different HAB species and to determine their growth rates.
In the culture laboratory of Mariculture and Fisheries Department, ten Falcon tubes (10 ml) with ten cultures
are settled for a microcosm type experiment. These cultures are two replicates of the picoplankton
(Prochlorococcus sp.), three replicates of the filamentous blue green algae, two replicates of Dunaliella salina,
one for the flagellate Pyramimonus sp. and two replicates of Prorocentrum sp. These five phytoplankton
species were recultured until they reached 800 ml. A 1.5 L culture flask was used in this experiment and the
ratio of culture to media was 1:1. The duration of the experiment is 26 days. The experiment was run under
continuous light (24 hrs) in the range RI18 WR18 quanta sec-2 cm-2 and room temperature in the range
of 21.5 to 22oC for 26 days. After the success of increasing the volume of the culture, hundred ml portions of
each culture were sampled. The sampling was on days 0, 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 18, 21, 23 and 25 for
phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll-a concentration) and salinity, pH, culture temperature and dissolved
oxygen. Nutrients (ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, silicate and phosphate) were measured on day 7 which was
suspected to have the highest division. Five ml of each culture was sampled on days 0, 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16,
18, 21, 23 and 25 for phytoplankton abundance and enumeration. Growth rates were calculated from the
phytoplankton cell counts following the formula by Abu-Rezq.
Growth rate = InNt-InNo
*wismail@mfd.kisr.edu.kw
405
Methods
Graphical analysis was undertaken for two replicates of the picoplankton Prochlorococcus sp. (Cyanophyta),
three replicates of filamentous blue green algae (Cyanophyta), two replicates of Dunaliella salina
(Chlorophyta), one for Pyramimonus sp. (Chromophyta) and two replicates of Prorocentrum sp (Dinophyta).
Using chlorophyll-a concentration, cell densities and growth rate. Biodiversity Pro program was used for
statistical analysis of the phytoplankton densities. Species distribution of the individual species and cluster
analysis were run.
Findings
The highest growth rates calculated per day for the 26 days for the five species are as follows: picoplankton
(0.43-day 2), filamentous blue green algae (0.4-day2), Prorocentrum sp. (0.11-day2), D. salina (0.1-days 7 and
11) and flagellates (0.09-day 11).
Conclusions
The five species isolated from the local marine environment, the harmful picoplankton (Prochlorococcus sp.),
filamentous blue green algae and Prorocentrum sp. and the bloomed species causing red tide Pyramimonus sp.
and Dunaliella salina, behaved differently towards growing in media without continuous enrichment with
nutrients. All these microorganisms showed four stages (lag, log, stationary and senescent) of growth.
Flagellates and D. salina growth rates were similar to the growth rate under normal conditions, but the others
did not show the same.
Applications
This type of study is important as a pre-application and a basic study to culture high quantities of a harmful
species. It will support further analytical studies such as HPLC (pigment analysis), DNA markers of different
species, toxicity and bioassay tests. Also growth rate information is an important tool to understand the life
span and the phases of growth of each species.
Acknowledgments
FM040G
406

Completed Project
FM039G; September, 2006 to October, 2006
Comparative Efficacy of Clove Oil (Eugenol), MS-222 and Quinaldine as

Anesthetics for Semisulcatus
*A. Al-Yaqout and A. Al-Ameeri
Introduction
The principle use of anesthetics in fish husbandry and management is to minimize stress during routine
procedures, such as handling the fish during capture, transportation, sorting, or measurements because these
manipulations have strong effects on both physiology and behavior in un-anesthetized animals. Shrimp
farming is increasing in many countries. As shrimp get bigger they become hard to handle during capture,
transportation, sorting and measurements leading to high mortality in the tested population during experiments.
Quinaldine is widely used as an anesthetic by marine biologists. Another important anesthetic used in fisheries
is 3-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester methanesulfonate (MS-222). Clove oil has caught the attention of fish
biologists as a potential anesthetic and was investigated in our project number FM 034G. The objective of the
present study was to draw comparison between three compounds: clove oil, quinaldine and MS-222 as
anesthetics for Penaeus semisulcatus.
The shrimp were collected from the wild. The chemicals tested were from Sigma Chemicals Company; clove
oil (85-95% eugenol), quinaldine (2-methylquinoline), and MS-222 (3-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester
methanesulfonate). The response of shrimp to these chemicals was tested. A concentration was considered
effective if total loss of equilibrium occurred within 10 minutes of the exposure of shrimp to the chemical.
Clove oil and MS-222 were dissolved in ethanol at a ratio of 1:5. Similarly, quinaldine was dissolved in a
mixture of alcohol and acetone with a ratio at 1:5 (1 ml quinaldine + 1 ml acetone + 4 ml ethanol).
Findings
x Clove oil appears to meet nearly all criteria that are characteristic of an ideal anesthetic for penaeus
semisulcatus.
x The recommended dose for that size of shrimp to elicit a complete anesthesia appears to be 150 ppm for
laboratory work.
x The recommended dose for long transportation between farms would be 10-25 ppm which gave no
mortality for 60 minutes exposure.
x None of the tested concentrations of quinaldine and MS-222 showed anesthetic effect on Penaeus
semisulcatus.
407
Methods
Conclusions
Clove oil can elicit complete anesthesia but quinaldine and MS-222 are not effective anesthetics for Penaeus
semisulcatus.
Applications
Clove oil can be used in laboratory work on shrimp during measurement to avoid mortality of the tested
population. The recommended dose for shrimp larvae to elicit a complete anesthesia appears to be 100-150
ppm. In addition, clove oil can be used to sedate shrimp larvae for transportation between farms, for up to 60
minutes; for this application the recommended dose would be 10-25 ppm.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for funding (KD 3,800) and Mr. Musaad Al-Roumi
and Mrs. Hanan Al-Dahmi for their technical assistance.
A. Al-Yaqout and A. Al-Ameeri. Comparative Efficacy of Clove Oil, MS-222 and Quinaldine and Anesthesia
for Shrimp Penaeus Semisulcatus. $XVWUDODVLDQAquaculture 2008 International Conference 3-6 August,
FM039G
408

Completed Project

*H. Al-Foudari
Introduction
from several institutions, the project became part of a coordinated international effort extending over a threeyear period. Monitoring the shrimp fishery is an important part of this project. Reported here are results of the
shrimp catch, effort and species composition, as well as bycatch for the 2006-2007 seasons.
Methods
Kuwait's 2006-2007 shrimping season opened on 1 August, 2006, and closed on 15 January, 2007, for a season
(Excel Microsoft).
Findings
x Fisherman landed 2,267 tons of shrimp, more than the long-term average of 2,062 tons, with 8,827 UFK
boat-days of effort.
x Compared with the previous season, this represents increases of 32, 1 and 22% in landings, effort and
catch per unit-effort (CPUE), respectively.
x The catch per UFK boat-day ranged from 458 kg in August 2006, to 42 kg in January, 2007. The 20062007 seasons was dominated by the dhow fleet. Dhow boats landed 50% of the 2006-2007 catch and
accounted for 52% of the total effort in UFK boat-days.
x Landings by the UFK fleet consisted of 72% P. semisulcatus.
Conclusions
The total effort was much higher than that required for maximum economic and biological yields. Preventing
unlicensed dhow boats from shrimp trawling should be a priority for the 2007-2008 seasons.
409
Applications
their analysis. The data collection of commercial shrimp landings is necessary to relate stock assessment to the
commercial landings. These statistics allow current season success to be judged in the context of past seasons.
The available data of the 2006-2007 seasons was compared with data of previous seasons and the outcome of
such caparisons supported recommendations for the period of the closed season. Results were discussed with
PAAF and fishing companies and it was suggested that the 2006-2007 season be closed not later than 15
January, 2007.
Acknowledgements
Agriculture Affairs and Fisheries Resources for catch and effort information, the United Fisheries of Kuwait
and the National Fishing Company for monthly catch and effort data. Special thanks go to Dr. J.M. Bishop for
his editorial comments.
H. Al-Foudari. (2007). Status of Kuwait's shrimp fisheries (2006-2007). KISR Report 8964.
FM037G
410

Completed Project

*H. Al-Foudari
Introduction
from several institutions, the project became part of a coordinated international effort extending over a threeyear period (from 1998 to 2000). Monitoring the shrimp fishery is an important part of this project.
Results of the shrimp catch, effort and species composition, as well as bycatch of the 2007-2008 seasons were
reported.
Methods
Findings
x Catches for both industrial and dhow-boat fleets for the 2007-08 season were 13% lower than those of
2006-07 (1,970 vs. 2,267 tons), and were less than the long-term average of 2,062 tons. The 2007-08
effort was also 23% lower than that of the previous season (2006-2007), but this was probably due to poor
landings.
x The catch rates during 2007-08 were higher than those of 2006-07 (290 vs. 257 kg/UFK boat-day),
indicating higher abundance or biomass, possibly due to delay in opening season. Comparing landings
before and after the Gulf War, i.e., 1974-75 to 1989-90 vs. 1992-93 to 2007-08, average landings ( SE)
were about the same. Landings in the 16 seasons prior to 1990 averaged 2,210 280 tons, and landings
since 1992 have averaged 2,080 104 tons. The CPUE, however, highly favors pre-war catches: 378 67
vs. 221 22 kg/UFK boat-day.
411
Kuwait's 2007-2008 shrimping season opened on 1 August, 2007, and closed on 15 January 2008, for a season
(Excel Microsoft).
x The decreased landings and CPUE indicate lower abundance after 1990. The primary factors for this
decrease appear to be increasing fishing effort pressure during the opening season coupled with illegal
trawling during closed season and perhaps, most importantly, reduced discharge by the Shatt Al-Arab.
The fishing effort after the Gulf War was 46% higher than that before the Gulf War (10,072 727 vs.
6,913 861 UFK boat-day, respectively).
Conclusions
The total effort of the shrimp fishing during the 2007-2008 seasons exceeds the maximum for optimum
economic and biological returns, and appears to have negative consequences.
Applications
their analysis. The data collection of commercial shrimp landings is necessary to relate stock assessment to the
commercial landings. These statistics allow current season success to be judged in the context of past seasons.
The available data of the 2007-2008 seasons were compared with data of previous seasons and a
recommendation for the closed season was made. The results were presented at a meeting with PAAF and
fishing companies and it was suggested that the 2007-2008 season be closed not later than 15 January, 2008.
Acknowledgements
Agriculture Affairs and Fisheries Resources for catch and effort information, the United Fisheries of Kuwait
and the National Fishing Company for monthly catch and effort data. Special thanks go to Dr. J.M. Bishop for
his editorial comments.
H. Al-Foudari, M. Al-Kharafi and H. Murad. (2008). Status of Kuwait's shrimp fisheries (2007-2008). KISR
Report KISR 9477.
FM041G
412

Completed Project
FM042G; November, 2007 to December, 2007
Phytoplankton and Harmful Algal Blooms in Kuwait Waters

*W. Ismail and F. Al-Yamani
Introduction
Harmful algae are microscopic, single-celled plants that live in the sea. Occasionally, the algae grow very fast
or "bloom" and accumulate into dense, visible patches near the surface of the water (> one million algal cells
per liter). "Red Tide" is a common name for such phenomena where certain phytoplankton species contain
reddish pigments and "bloom" which colors the water to red without negative effects. Several non-toxic (nonharmful) red tide patches have been observed on many occasions since October 1995 (e.g., Myrionecta rubra
and Phaeocystis sp.). The term HAB stands for Harmful Algal Blooms. HAB refers to bloom phenomena that
produce toxins or that cause negative impact such as killing marine fauna. Some harmful phytoplankton
species bear sharp spines or produce mucus that injures and clogs the gills of fish. Other harmful algae caused
fish kill by oxygen depletion because of high density of phytoplankton resulting from excess of nutrients
through eutrophication. There are five human syndromes caused by consuming affected shellfish, and fish.
These syndromes are Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP), Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP), Diarrhetic
Shellfish Poisoning (DSP), Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning(PSP); furthermore Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) is
a syndrome that affects fish.
The objective of the project was to produce a scientific booklet in English and Arabic on the importance of
SK\WRSODQNWRQDQG+$%VSHFLHVLQ.XZDLWVZDWHUV
Literature was searched for information regarding the importance of phytoplankton and HAB species in
.XZDLWV ZDWHUV 7KH OLWHUDWXUH LV FRPSRVHG RI VFLHQWLILF SDSHUV DQG WZR ZHE VLWHV www.Marinedepot.com
and www.Bigelow.org/hab/links.html. Literature was mainly on HABs in Arabian Gulf and Kuwait waters.
The information was divided into different parts and subparts dealing with different aspects on phytoplankton
and HABs.
The booklet information was presented in a simple scientific form designed to be understandable by those
without specialized training in biology. In addition to the booklet in English, another version was produced in
Arabic to make the content available to a wider audience.
Findings
x The booklet was organized and divided into parts as follows: 1) What is Phytoplankton?: Marine
phytoplankton is an important component of the marine ecosystem, 2) Main Groups of Phytoplankton: The
communities of phytoplankton are made up of five major phylogenetic groups, 3) Importance of Studying
Phytoplankton: Phytoplankton plays an important role in the marine ecosystem, 4) Phytoplankton
413
Methods
Sampling: In Kuwait waters, certain stations are allocated for collecting phytoplankton, 5) Density and
Distribution of Phytoplankton in Kuwait's Waters: Higher densities of phytoplankton are found in Kuwait
Bay, 6) What is HAB?: Since blooms cause discernible harm in one way or the other, they have been
termed harmful algal blooms (HABs), 7) Occurrence of HAB Species in Kuwait: In Kuwait waters, there
are at least 21 such potentially toxigenic algae, 8) Importance of Monitoring HAB in the Marine
Ecosystem: HAB monitoring is an important issue to be followed in the marine ecosystem, 9) Who is
Monitoring Phytoplankton and HAB?: The Environmental Public Authority (EPA) plays an important role
in the continuous monitoring of phytoplankton abundance and diversity and the detection of HAB species
in Kuwait waters, and 10) Who is doing research on HAB?: KISR is involved in conducting research and
references.
x In brief, the booklet examines fish kill, economic losses and implications of losing the main meal from the
sea for Kuwaiti society.
Conclusions
This booklet will be of a good source of information for society to become aware of the meaning of terms such
DV UHG WLGH and DOJDO EORRP. It will provide a better understanding of the role of phytoplankton in these
problems in the marine environment.
Applications
The booklet entitled "Phytoplankton and Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in Kuwait Waters" is a useful
reference for local and regional marine phenomena that provides information to the public and interested
nonspecialist scientists and students.
Acknowledgements
W. Ismail and F. Al-Yamani. (2008). Phytoplankton and Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in Kuwait waters (in
English), KISR Report 9330.
FM042G
414

Completed Projects
FM043G; November, 2007 to January, 2008
Methods in Marine Phytoplankton Ecology

*W. Ismail and F. Al-Yamani
Introduction
The marine ecosystem is characterized by different physical, chemical and biological properties. Some of the
physical properties are sea water temperature, salinity, density, underwater pressure, light and marine bio-optics.
Chlorophyll-a is one of the marine bio-optics. The mean annual temperature of Kuwait's waters is 23.8C. There
is a predictable summer-winter difference with the highest mean temperatures recorded in July and August
(30.5C), and the lowest mean temperature recorded in January and February (14C). The mean salinity of
Kuwait's waters was 39.6 psu for the period prior to 1993 and it reached a mean of 41.6 psu during 1999-2002.
The benthic and the pelagic realms are the biological zones of the marine environment. For Kuwait waters
the benthic refers to the floor of the sea, extending from the high tide line to the greatest sea depths. The
organisms that live in or on the bottom are called benthos. Pelagic refers to the water column of the sea which is
divided to photic (with sunlight) and aphotic (without sunlight) zones.
The main objective of this project was to produce a simple scientific booklet with emphasis on how to
sample the phytoplankton and enumerate them, take measurements of chlorophyll-a, as a primary
measure of productivity, and methods for culturing phytoplankton and high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) analysis. All procedures will be described in a simple way to make it easy
for individuals who are not oceanographic specialists to understand these procedures.
Literature was searched for the information regarding the methods for phytoplankton ecology. The
oceanography group uses standard methods quoted from refereed publications. The major parts of the booklet
are: 1) Phytoplankton sampling, 2) Chlorophyll-a (phytoplankton biomass), 3) Primary productivity,
4) phytoplankton culture, and 5) HPLC analysis and a list of references. This information was simplified to a
simple scientific standard to be understandable for a non-biologist. The booklet was prepared in two formats
English and Arabic.
Research data on phytoplankton ecology from the Oceanography Group at the Mariculture and Fisheries
Department (MFD) of the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), was one of the information
resources for the book.
Findings
Significant information collected from citations and research experience at Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research is featured in the booklet as follows:
415
Methods
x
x
x
x
x
x
Phytoplankton are small plants, mostly microscopic in size and unicellular. They are collected by
Niskin sampler for quantitative analysis and by a plankton net of 20-m mesh size for qualitative
analysis.
A subsample is isolated and examined under an inverted microscope to enumerate the organisms
(cells per liter). These densities of phytoplankton can be presented temporally and spatially.
Phytoplankton biomass (Chlorophyll-a or Chl-a) is a measure of a mass of photosynthetic pigment
per unit volume or per unit area and it is measured by a Turner Fluorometer (TD 700).
Primary productivity is the mass of organisms produced through photosynthesis per unit area and
time by plants. This parameter is measured by ICES Incubator. It is expressed as: Pg carbon/1/d
(PgC/l/d), or Pg carbon/cm2/h, or mg carbon/m2/d, or g carbon/m2/yr.
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a method that can be applied to seawater analysis
to facilitate examination of the different phytoplankton groups through determination of pigments
spectra.
Culture of phytoplankton is mentioned in the booklet and it is important for studies of morphology,
genetic variation and toxicological properties.
Conclusions
This booklet provides general information about phytoplankton, a complex assemblage of microscopic
primary producers in the water column of estuaries, seas and the open ocean. This booklet focuses on
information on sampling phytoplankton, counting and evaluation of other ecological attributes for
phytoplankton.
Procedures for measuring and testing five important parameters: phytoplankton density, chlorophyll-a,
primary productivity, culture and HPLC are given in a clear format.
Applications
This booklet will be useful for scientists who want to study the phytoplankton community for determining
parameters such as cell density, biomass and productivity and in culturing these organisms.
The booklet can be a useful reference for phytoplankton methods that provides information to the public and
interested non-specialist scientists and students.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for financial support (KD 5,014).

1. W. Ismail and F. Al-Yamani. (2008). Methods in Marine Phytoplankton Ecology (In English), KISR
Report 9315, Kuwait
2. W. Ismail and F. Al-Yamani. (2008). Methods in Marine Phytoplankton Ecology (In Arabic), KISR
Report 9315.
FM043G
416

Ongoing Projects
Effect of Changing Photoperiods and Water Temperature on Spawning Season of Sobaity,
Sparidentex hasta
Project code: FM023C
Budget: KD 197,770
Project leader: K. Al-Abdulelah
Email address: kaelah@mfd.kisr.edu.kw
Survey of Demersal Fish Stocks of the Arabian Gulf and Gulf of Oman
Duration: June, 2007 to February, 2010
Budget: KD 602,000
Project leader: M. Al-Husaini
Email address: mhusaini@mfd.kisr.edu.kw
Probiotics: Alternative Methods for Disease Control in Sobaity Larvae Production
Culture of Zobaidy (Pampas argenteus) in Kuwait; Phase II

Sponsor: AFESD
Budget: KD 672,738
Project leader: S. Almatar
Email address: smattar@mfd.kisr.edu.kw
Experiments on the Culture of Dunaliella salina for Induction and Extraction of E-Carotene
Budget: KD 49,900
Project leader: T. Abu-Rezq
Email address: taburezq@mfd.kisr.edu.kw
www.kisr.edu.kw
417

Budget: KD 55,104
Project leader: A. Al-Marzouk
Email address: amarzouk@mfd.kisr.edu.kw
Development and Evaluation of Formalin-killed Whole Cell of Uronema sp. as a Vaccine

Against Scuticociliatosis in Sobaity
Project code: FM062K
Budget: KD 13,940
Project leader: A. Saheb
Email address: aismail@mfd.kisr.edu.kw
Status of Kuwait's 2008/2009 Shrimp Fishery

Project code: FM045G
Duration: September, 2008 to May, 2009
Budget: KD 8,393
Project leader: H. Al-Foudari
Email address: hgharabally@mfd.kisr.edu.kw
Biofouling in Kuwait's Waters

Duration: October, 2008 to June, 2009
Budget: KD 16,748
Project leader: M. Al-Enezi
Email address: malanaze@gmail.com
Accurate Estimation of Zooplankton Biovolume and Abundance by the Optical Plankton

Counter
Duration: October, 2008 to May, 2009
Budget: KD 13,740
Project leader: I. Polikarpov
Email address: igor.polikarpov@gmail.com
Microphytobenthic GXLGHIRU.XZDLWV:DWHUV
Project code: FM070K
Duration: February, 2009 to January, 2010
Budget: KD 14,995
Project leader: F. Al-Yamani
Email address: fyamani@sataft.kisr.edu.kw
www.kisr.edu.kw
418
Department of Aridland Agriculture and Greenery

Mission
To develop, transfer and adapt advanced technologies for sustainable food and feed
production ensuring food quality, biosafety and security, restore productive capacity of the
soil and promote efficient management of agricultural resources.
Objectives
x Develop and adapt modern technologies for efficient production of high quality milk, meat and table
eggs
x Promote production efficiency of new and existing crops and enhance efficiency of the use of
irrigation water and quality of soil resources
x Establish sustainable production of landscape and ornamental plants using advanced horticultural
practices on both research and semi-commercial scales
x Apply advanced biodiversity methods and promote applied technologies for conservation of natural
resources to address large scale rehabilitation of degraded land
www.kisr.edu.kw
419

Staff Members
Department Manager
Dr. Afaf Al-Nasser

Dr. Mohammed Abdur Razzaque
Dr. Magdi Mohamed Mashaly
Research Specialist
Ms. Sameeha Mahmoud Zaman
Research Scientists
Dr. Mohammed Saleh Al-Bahouh
Dr. Narayana Ramachandra Bhat
Dr. Gary Martin Brown
Dr. Mahdi Saleh Abdal
Ms. Majda Khalil Suleiman
Mr. Robert Harvey Grina
Dr. Habiba Saud Al-Menaie

Dr. Hani Abdulkarim Al-Zalzaleh
Dr. Tareq Ali Hussain Madouh
Dr. Tareq Ashour Al-Sabbagh
Dr. Samira Ahmed Abbas Mohammed
Dr. Samir Adieb Al-Ghawas
Dr. Muhammed Ali Taqi Abul Ali
Dr. Abdulameer Eissa Al-Saffar
Dr. Emad Hussain Al-Ali
Research Associates
0V+DQDD$GHO$EX-Rizq
Ms. Laila Abdul Razak Mulla Ali
Ms. Mariam Ebrahim Hamad Al-Bahouh
Ms. Faten Khalil Abdullah
Ms. Sara Mohammed Fahed Al-Dossery
Ms. Ouhoud Mohammad Al-Ragam
Mr. Tawfiq Abdulnabi Al-Mutawa
Mr. Thomas Marutimuttil Thomas
www.kisr.edu.kw
421

Dr. Afaf Al-Nasser
In Kuwait, interest in agricultural activates has been steadily increasing in spite of the difficult
environmental conditions including harsh climate, limited water resources and poor soil quality. This is in
addition to unfavorable economic factors such as high land prices, lack of large scale plans, vigorous
competition from imported food products and slow return on investment. Local parties concerned with
agriculture are keen to adopt modern technologies to overcome these challenges. On these grounds the
Department of Aridland Agriculture and Greenery (AAD) directed its efforts in the reporting period
(2006-2008) to investigate, modify and demonstrate sustainable technologies in order to support sectors
involved with local plant and animal production.
The Department achieved a number of significant successes; major accomplishments of these projects and
activities include testing and adapting closed insulated pallet system (CIPS) for protected agriculture,
selection of growing substrates and fertilizers for organic greenhouse vegetable production, initiation of
long-term evaluation of olive cultivars, development of efficient technology for production of omega-3
enriched eggs, reduction in Salmonella in local poultry with the use of competitive exclusion approach,
establishment of efficient biosecurity measures for local poultry operations, evaluation of dietary protein
levels on production performance of Arabian chickens, significant reduction in calf mortality, application
of state-of-the-art techniques and formulation of rations for hot arid conditions for improving the
performance of heifers and cows under harsh weather regimes, establishment of seed bank and herbarium
units for ex-situ FRQVHUYDWLRQRI.XZDLWVQDWLYHSODQWVVWDQGDUGL]DWLRQRIHIIicient techniques for mass
propagation of native plants and rehabilitation of degraded terrestrial ecosystems and expansion of the
plant palette for large-scale greenery and landscape projects.
While substantial progress was made in overcoming the major constraints in plant and animal production
related activities a number of technological gaps still remain to be addressed. Therefore, the Department
has several ongoing and new projects to address these gaps and issues.
The Department exerted effort in human resources development during the reporting period through a
variety of training and related activities. These included agricultural training abroad for 11 staff members
and all staff members participated in in-house and local training courses offered by the Division. In the
reporting period 3 staff members returned from scholarship and 5 staff left on scholarship to pursue
postgraduate (MSc and PhD) studies.
www.kisr.edu.kw
423
The Department activities covered plant production, livestock (sheep and dairy), poultry, biodiversity
conservation and urban greenery and planning of natural resources. During the reporting period a total of
31 projects and activities were completed, 14 were ongoing and 25 potential projects were developed by
the Department. Six potential projects were extended as ongoing projects in 2008 and 5 projects received
approval from funding agencies. The remaining projects are still under consideration for funding.
The Department organized six training courses in Agriculture in the reporting period and on-job training
was given for issues related to Plant and Animal Production. In addition, the Department organized
training for summer students.
Regarding publications, 16 papers were published in refereed journals and one scentific book was
published by KISR in 2006; 15 papers and two scientific books were published in 2007. In 2008, 20
articles were published in different journals and 4 scientific books were published by KISR. Staff
members attended and contributed to a number of international conferences and participated in a number
of national committees at KISR level and with other organizations.
In the reporting period, major constraints impeding progress of the Department were lack of highly skilled
professionals and technicians in the Plant and Animal Sciences areas coupled with an insufficient
Department budget. The Department has succeeded in identifying new clients and collaborators which has
helped in increasing the number of projects.
www.kisr.edu.kw
424

Completed Project
FA038C; September, 2003 to March, 2006
Site Planning Inventory: Boubyan Island Environmental Assessment and

Preparation of a Master Plan
*R. Grina1, S. Omar2, D. Parkinson4, M. Belt1 and K. Hadi3
1
Department of Aridland Agriculture and Greenery, 2Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division
4
QSP Geographical Inc., Canada
3
Site Planning Inventory (SPI), was a key component of the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research scope of
work in executing the first regional sustainable development plan driven by a systematic environmental survey
program, the Boubyan Island Environmental Assessment and Master Plan. The Government of Kuwait utilized
an international planning consultant and KISR consortium to conduct the environmental biological and
physiological baseline assessment on the island and to prepare a master plan. The Mega client mandated a
leading role for KISR in conducting field surveys, executing environmental investigations, and generating
baseline data for the evaluation of alternative land use scenarios for the islands as well as making contribution
with technical environmental design, input and review comments during the planning processes. The present
project team was assigned the lead technical coordination role and full mapping production responsibilities. An
assessment of the islands unique land character was made with resulting view sheds identified and key vistas
UHFRUGHG $QFLOODU\ VXSSRUW VWXGLHV HYDOXDWHG WKH LVODQGV SRWHQWLDO KLVWRULF FXOWXUDO LPSRUWDQFH H[LVWLQJ
groundwater conditions, transfer potential of sustainable planning principles and needs for natural resource
management. The SPI field work and GIS map work was a pre-requisite to environmental impact evaluation,
compatible land use decisions and development of a long-term sustainable master plan for the islands. The
%RXE\DQ ,VODQG 0DVWHU 3ODQ UHSUHVHQWV D QHZ HQYLURQPHQWDOO\-GULYHQ PDVWHU SOanning paradigm for the
Gulf region.
Methods
The Terms of Reference (TOR) from the Ministry of Planning originally subdivided the work into four
primary phases. The tasks to be executed under the FA038C work program were developed to address
corresponding responsibilities by phase as defined in the KISR-HOK/GC Agreement. Specifically, the
research roles and scope of technical services provided by the Site Planning Inventory project were organized
into twelve (12) tasks covering review of available data about the site; prepare requirements for the survey
program; site analysis; creation and updating of a GIS database; development, manipulation, and production of
cartography and mapping work; planning design input and review as well as overall Boubyan matrix project
management, technical coordination activities, and support for training needs. Responsibilities included overall
KISR matrix submittal packages to HOK/GC and specific SPI project reports. Methodologies employed in SPI
fieldwork included GPS data collection (76 station points) and field trip tracks, direct observation and
sightings, photo documentation, ground-truthing/interpretation of satellite images and aerial photos, and
creation of a SPI field data collection form. The difficult terrain of the island required access by 4WD vehicles,
$79V ERDWV KRYHUFUDIW DQG KHOLFRSWHU 6SHFLILF *,6 VNHWFK PDSSLQJ PHWKRGV LQFOXGHG VFDQQLQJ LPDJH
*rgrina@safat.kisr.edu.kw
425
Introduction
rectification, on-screen digitizing, and attribution of geospatial data, geographic coordinate conversion, and
interpolation of point data into zonation polygons.
Findings
The major outcomes of the Site Planning Inventory survey and design analysis results for the KISR Boubyan
,VODQGPDWUL[SURMHFWLQFOXGHGFUHDWLQJWKHIROORZLQJSODQQLQJDQGPDSWRROV
x A comprehensive visual assessment of the unique island landscape character created from GPS recorded
221 site photos
x A total of 110 geo-referenced project maps (both digital and hardcopy formats) were developed as follows:
36 desktop study data reference GIS Base Maps and GIS Base Map Layer, 53 Data Theme Maps and 21
Constraint Maps
x SPI produced all maps for KISR matrix project (all terrestrial and marine disciplines) used in the following
ways: existing data reviews, analysis and interpretation; graphic representation of data collection point
locations; for terrestrial multi-disciplinary layers in selected transect lines and zones representing major
island habitats; field data and environmental assessment work, constraint and opportunities evaluations,
alternative option planning studies, and final master plan decision-making
x Specific project maps delineated existing land use reference base maps (local and regional plans, regional
and Kuwait archaeology, topography, existing infrastructure, recreation and open space); SPI field data
collection points; island road and access network, KOC land concessions, land character and visual
aesthetic quality analysis, and shaded relief mapping as well as composite and multi-layer constraint
mapping overlays (Key Map, BUE Zone, Resorts, Port and Transportation Corridor, and Physical Features
and Migration Zones)
x SPI Tasks 10 and 11 synthesized key sustainable principles of the Boubyan master plan process to create a
Kuwait national park concept plan and to develop three energy efficient visitor center and research
complexes (one for Boubyan Island, one for a Kuwait national park, and one for a national botanic garden
all included preliminary site plans, building floor plans, and energy savings solutions for future planning
use)
x 7KHPDSSHGVXUYH\UHVXOWVSURYLGHGFOHDULQGLFDWRUVIRUWKHLVODQGVHQRUPRXVSRWHQWLDOIRUFRQVHUYDWLRQ
RI .XZDLWV QDWXUDO ELRGLYHUVLW\ DQG UHODWHG HFRWRXULVP ODQG XVH DQG FDUU\LQJ FDSDFLW\ VHQVLWLYH
ecological zone delineations, and resource management planning.
Applications
The completed reports and maps arising from this project were submitted to the Prime Consultant joint venture
(HOK/GC) for their use in fulfilling phased progress and final reporting requirements to the Mega-Client
Kuwait government agencies. The output reports also provided the basis for a KISR matrix proposal for
follow-on natural resource monitoring and EIA consulting services (KD 285,000) during the initial Phase 1/
Stage 1 construction implementation (Seaport, Road, Bridge, and Soil Treatment Works) on Boubyan Island.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Ministry of Public Works (Mega Projects Agency); Council of Ministers; Divided Zones
Agreement & Kuwaiti Islands and Mega Projects Development Team; and Ministry of Planning as well as the
project planning consortium: HOK Planning, Toronto, Canada (Lead International Consultant): Rob Marshall/
VP Planning, Ken Buchanan; Gulf Consult (GC), Kuwait: Hamad Alghanim, Jeff de Lange, Najla Alghanim;
Mouchel, London, UK and Dubai, UAE: Marco Caporilli, Simon Ward and Adrian Dawes.
The authors are grateful to KISR specialist support Team: Mohamad Abdulkhuder, Shehab Abdul Al-Hameed,
(Kuwait Museum), Tareq Abul Hawa, (IUCN/WESCANA), and KISR staff members: Ricardo Bellen,
Reynaldo Cruz, and Anil Kumar (DAS/EUD).
FA038C
426
The SPI portion of the Boubyan project budget was KD 222,820, of which 55% was Client (HOK/GC) funded.
The total KISR Boubyan matrix project budget was KD 1,092,400, of which 78% (KD 851,842) was Client
(HOK/GC) funded.

Presentation to DIZART/Hill SDPM @ GC head offices, Kuwait March 8, 2005.
Presentation to Council of Ministers @ Diwan Amiri, Kuwait - April 3, 2005.
Presentation to MPA/MPW @ Kuwait Liberation Tower, Kuwait June 12, 2005.
R.Grina. Environmental Baseline Investigation and Assessment (Boubyan Phase 4 Training Seminar: Final
Master Plan Sustainability and Compatible Land Use) September 26, 2005.
5. S. Omar and R. Grina. KISR: Sustainable Land use Planning for Boubyan Island, Kuwait 2nd International
GIS Conference, February 21, 2006.
6. R. Grina and S. Omar. GIS Application for Land-use Planning: The Case of Boubyan Island Sessions 1, 2
and 5 (KISR Training Course) January 22, 2009.
1.
2.
3.
4.
FA038C
427

Completed Project
FA024C; October, 2003 to September, 2006
Evaluation of New Ornamental Plants for Use in Kuwait's Landscape and

Demonstration Gardens
*M. Suleiman, N. Bhat, R. Grina, M. Abdal, L. Al-Mulla, S. Al-Dossery, R. Bellen, M. Al-Zalzaleh,
5&UX]*'&UX]$&KULstopher and J. George
Department of Aridland Agriculture and Greenery, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division,
Introduction
Kuwait is undertaking large-scale greenery activities in the urban and suburban areas. Expansion of the
ornamental plant pallete is required to avoid monotony in the landscape and to provide a wide variety of shape,
color and foliage. The objectives of this project were to augment the existing plant list to suit both coastal and
inland conditions, and to study the effect of salinity and drought stress on selected ornamental plants.
Methods
Potential plants were selected for introduction and testing. A suitable seed mix and various desert plant seeds
suitable to the local climatic conditions and documented by the United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA) were obtained and hardened locally prior to planting in the field. Concept landscape and irrigation
designs were prepared and finalized and the required infrastructure was established. The plants were screened
to ascertain their response to irrigation water salinity and drought stress. Salinity test was administered by
irrigating the plants with salinized nutrient solution with various concentrations of total dissolved solids.
Growth parameters, indicating the performance of the introduced plant species were recorded periodically.
Findings
x Introduced plants such as, Duranta goldiana, Allamanda cathartica, Peltophorum pterocarpum and
x
x
x
x
Thespesia populnea were most tolerant, whereas Acacia biflora, Clerodendrum thomsoniae, Ficus pumila
and Tephrosia haussknechtii were found to be susceptible to irrigation water salinity.
Three (Allamanda cathartica, Clerodendrum thomsoniae and Duranta goldiana) out of the ten species
studied were found to tolerate drought stress.
Acacia biflora, Acalypha wilkesiana and Tephrosia haussknechtii were severely, and Peltophorum
pterocarpum and Thespesia populnea were moderately affected by drought stress.
Out of the six palm species planted and tested only three viz. Chamaedorea ernesti-augusti, Phoenix
roebelenii and Oreodoxa regia survived the temperature extremes of Kuwait.
Twenty seven out of 39 introduced trees, 31 out of 49 shrubs, seven out of 16 groundcover species and
five out of 12 vines exhibited excellent survival and growth rates under the harsh environmental conditions
of Kuwait.
The annual/perennial seed mix and the three turf seed mixes (Arena Perennial ryegrass, Fusion Dwarf
Fescue Blend and Buchloe dactyloides texoka) produced good germination percentages.
*mkhalil@kisr.edu.kw
428
Conclusions
The study results showed that approximately 75% of the introduced plants performed well under favorable
local climatic conditions
Applications
These findings are beneficial for the execution of greenery and urban landscape projects both in public and
private sector.
Acknowledgment
The authors acknowledge the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences for financial support, the
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Public Authority for Agricultural Affairs and Fish Resources and
House of Development Company for their support, interest and encouragement of the project. The total budget
for the project was KD 101,240.
1. M. Suleiman, N. Bhat, M. Abdal, L. Al-Mulla, R. Grina, R. Bellen, G. '&UX] - George and A.

Christopher. (2007). 6FUHHQLQJRI3RWHQWLDO2UQDPHQWDO7UHHVIRU.XZDLWV&OLPDWLF&RQGLWLRQV-RXUQDO
of Food, Agriculture & Environment; 5(1): 281-287.
2. M. Suleiman, N. Bhat, M. Abdal, L. Al-Mulla, R. Grina, S. Al-Dossery, R. Bellen, G. '&UX], J. George,
and A. Christopher. (2007). Evaluation of Shrub Performance under Arid Conditions. Journal of Food,
Agriculture & Environment; 5(1): 273-280.
3. M. Suleiman, N. Bhat, S. Zaman, E. Delima, L. Al-Mulla, S. Al-Dossery, H. Al-Khalifa, R. Bellen, R.
Cruz, A. Christopher and J. George. (2007). Plant enrichment in the desert ecosystem. Journal of Food
Agriculture & Environment; 5(1): 328-331.
4. M. Suleiman, N. Bhat, L. Al-Mulla, A. Christopher and J. George. (2006). Screening of Plants for Drought
Tolerance. European Journal of Scientific Research; 14(2):173-179.
5. M. Suleiman, N. Bhat, L. Al-Mulla, A. Christopher and J. George. (2006). Evaluation and Screening of
Ornamental Plants for Salinity Tolerance. European Journal of Scientific Research; 14(2): 165-172.
6. M. Suleiman, N. Bhat, M. Abdal, L. Al-Mulla, R. Grina, S. Al-Dossery, R. Bellen, R. Cruz, G. '&UX] J.
George and A. Christopher. (2006). Evaluation and Screening of Suitable Vines for the Arid Conditions of
Kuwait. European Journal of Scientific Research; 15(3): 420-426.
7. M. Suleiman, N. Bhat, M. Abdal, R. Grina, L. Al-Mulla, S. Al-'RVVHU\5%HOOHQ5&UX]*'&UX]-
George and A. Christopher. (2006). Evaluating the Suitability of Groundcovers in the arid environments of
Kuwait. European Journal of Scientific Research; 15(3): 412-419.
8. M. Suleiman, N. Bhat, M. Abdal, and R. Bellen. (2005). Testing newly introduced ornamental plants to the
arid climate of Kuwait. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science; 51(4): 469-479.
FA024C
429

Completed Project
FA025C; December, 2003 to May, 2006
Evaluation of Different Methods for Reducing Salmonella in Broilers in

Kuwait
*S. Al-Zenki1, A. Al-Nasser2, M. Mashaly2, A. Al-Saffar2, E. Delima2, A. Al-Haddad2, J. Al-Otaibi1,
F. Khalil2, A. Al-Othman2 and M. Al-Bahouh2
1
Department of Biotechnology, 2Department of Aridland Agriculture and Greenery, Food Resources and
Marine Sciences Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Introduction
Salmonella food poisoning associated with the consumption of poultry is a continual problem for the local
poultry industry, resulting in loss in productivity and increases in medical expenses and annual production
costs. Therefore, methods to control Salmonella at the farm level are a priority for both the industry and public
health authorities in Kuwait. Novel innovative technologies have recently emerged to control the presence of
this pathogen at the farm level. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate different procedures for
reducing Salmonella levels in broilers and to study the effects of these treatments on the production
performance of broilers.
Methods
Various treatments were evaluated to reduce Salmonella on a broiler farm. These treatments included:
1) competitive exclusion (CE); 2) acidified water 3) zeolite and 4) litter amendment. These treatments were
tested in four separate experiments conducted both in summer and winter periods. Measurements included
production performance (body weight, feed consumption, feed efficiency, mortality) and Salmonella detection
in environmental samples on the chicken body, ceca, crop at the farm and at the processing plant. Other
parameters such as pH, water activity of the litter and ammonia levels in the rearing houses were also
monitored.
Findings
1. Competitive exclusion Process:
x A significant effect of competitive exclusion in reducing Salmonella levels in the cecal carriage and body
of chicken at the farm and the processing plant was found.
x The threat of Salmonella originated from the hatchery. Prior exposure of chicks to Salmonella in the
hatchery limited the effectiveness of the treatments used.
x Salmonella contamination of newly hatched birds and the hatchery tray liners resulted in the exposure of
chicks to Salmonella prior to chick placement. Colonization of the newly hatched chicks with Salmonella
resulted in a widespread contamination of litter and continued exposure of chicks to Salmonella during
the grow-out period.
x A positive correlation was observed between pH and water activity of the litter and Salmonella levels.
Salmonella levels increased when litter pH and water activity were favorable.
*szenki@safat.kisr.edu.kw
430
2. Treatment with Acidified Water:

x The effectiveness of adding various organic acids to the drinking water during the feed withdrawal period
to reduce Salmonella prevalence in market age broilers was demonstrated.
x Demonstrated that the season plays a major role in the overall prevalence of Salmonella. Prevalence of
Salmonella was higher in the body, ceca and crop during the summer period compared to the winter
period. This is supported by the failure to isolate Salmonella from the crop of the control or treated
chickens throughout the winter experiment.
x The presence of pathogen in ceca appeared to be the most prominent indicator of the effectiveness of the
treatments under investigation.
x A good correlation between the crop pH and Salmonella levels was found. In general, a decrease in crop
pH as a result of the addition of organic acids to the drinking water resulted in the reduction in
Salmonella colonization in the ceca, crop and the exterior of the chicken.
3. Zeolite Treatment: Addition of zeolite to the feed reduced Salmonella prevalence in the ceca and body of
chickens at the farm and the processing plant.
4. Litter Amendment: Litter amendment did not reduce Salmonella levels at the farm level.
Conclusions
Competitive exclusion could be used to significantly reduce Salmonella colonization in the chicks with an
LPSURYHPHQWLQEURLOHUVSURGXFWLRQSHUIRUPDQFHIHHGHIILFLHQF\UDWLRVDQGUHGXFWLRQLQPRUWDOLW\UDWHV
Acidified water and zeolite treatments also showed reduction in Salmonella colonization and improvement in
production performance; however, this reduction was not statistically significant. Litter amendment did not
reduce Salmonella levels at the farm level and thus may not be considered as a possible intervention for
Salmonella.
Applications
A reduction of Salmonella in local poultry could be achieved with the use of competitive exclusion with
PLQLPDOFKDQJHVLQEURLOHUVSURGXFWLRQSHUIRUPDQFH
The authors thank the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences and Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research for funding. Thanks are also due to Mr. Abdul-Aziz Al-Farhan for his cooperation and support in
providing his farm, poultry feed and manpower to conduct these studies. Total budget of this project was
KD 131,614.

1. S. Al-Zenki, A. Al-Nasser, A. Al-Saffar, F. Abdullah, M. Al-Bahouh, A. Al-Haddad, H. Alomirah and M.
Mashaly. (2009). Effects of using a chicken-origin competitive exclusion culture and probiotics cultures
on reducing salmonella in broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research. 18:23-29.
2. S. Al-Zenki, A. Al-Nasser, A. Al-Saffar, H. Alomirah, A. Al-Haddad, R. Hendriksen, and F. Aarestrup.
(2007). Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolated from a poultry farm and processing
plant environment in the State of Kuwait. Foodborne Pathogen and Disease. 4(3):367-73.
FA025C
431
Acknowledgements

Completed Project
FA013C; November, 2003 to October, 2006
Establishment of a Seed Bank Unit for Native Plants of Kuwait

*S. Zaman, S. Omar, S. Padmesh, S. Al-Dossery, H. Tawfiq, M. Al-Khamis and K. Hebani
Introduction
Over the last few decades the desert of Kuwait faced a number of threats including military activities,
overgrazing by camels and goats, damage to vegetation through off-road driving, oil surveys and other habitat
disturbances. The overall objective of the Seed Bank Unit Establishment at Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research (KISR) was to collect and conserve native seeds and thus, make them available for research, assist in
reintroduction of native species into degraded ecosystems and maintain and promote public interest in plant
conservation.
Methods
Seeds were collected throughout the year by conducting several field trips to 20 different areas in Kuwait to
cover various ecosystems. Manual harvesting methods were used for seed collection from native desert plants.
Depending upon the seed size and shape, different types of machines and operations were used for seed
cleaning. Seeds were dried on laboratory benches and the rate of drying and moisture content was carefully
monitored during the drying process. Germination tests were performed every month. After germination tests,
the purity, viability, seed health and moisture content tests were conducted. Seeds were packed in appropriate
containers if germination, seed health and moisture content met international standards. The seed bank unit has
two main facilities for seed conservation: 1) the cold storage room for medium-term conservation at 4C and
25-35% RH to store active collections and 2) a freezer for long-term conservation at -18C to store base
collections.
Conclusions
The Seed Bank has been established and is in operation:
The collection includes almost 199 accessions of about 66 species. Currently, approximately 156 seed lots
totaling to more than 77.98 kg of seeds are in medium-term storage. Current holdings include 55 taxa and
consists of 34.8% Rhanterium epapposum, 20.7% Brassica tournefortii, 20.7% Haloxylon salicornicum, 3.6%
Nitraria retusa, 3.4% Pennisetum divisum, 2.9% Calligonum polygonoides, 2.3% Zygophyllum qatarense,
1.8% Citrullus colocynthis, 1.8% Gynandriris sisyrinchium and 6.0% others. There are 2 categories of
information associated with each accession related to collection and storage details. These data are maintained
in Microsoft access data base program; 1) collection data included details of collection site and the population
status and, 2) the storage data included details of accession for seeds held in cold storage room, (quantity and
quality). Both viability and seed weight are monitored during the storage. The international standard, for
monitoring viability for medium storage is 3 to 5 years and every 10 years for long-term storage.
*szaman@safat.kisr.edu.kw
432
Applications
Some seeds of perennial species from the seed bank were distributed to various organizations, KISR
researchers and students upon request.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KFAS) and Kuwait Institute for
Scientific Research for financial support. The project budget was KD 149,760, of which 53% was client
(KFAS) funded.
1. S. Zaman, S. Padmesh, N. Bhat and H. Tawfiq. (2009). Germination Characteristics and Storage Behavior
of Tamarix Aucheriana (Dence.) Seeds. European Journal of Scientific Research 26(4): 533539.
2. M. Suleiman, N. Bhat, M. Abdal, S. Zaman, R. Thomas and S. Jacob. (2008). Germination Studies in
Nitraria retusa (Forssk.) Asch. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 3(4): 211-213.
3. S. Zaman, S. Padmesh, N. Bhat and H. Tawfiq. (2006). Germination Studies in Selected Native Desert Plants
of Kuwait. European Journal of Scientific Research, 3:339-345.
4. S. Zaman, S. Padmesh, N. Bhat and H. Tawfiq. (2006)*HUPLQDWLRQRI6RPH.XZDLWV1DWLYH3ODQWVunder
Saline Conditions. American Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 2:146-148.
FA013C
433

Completed Project
FA028C; November, 2004 to April, 2007

and Oil Production in Kuwait, Phase I: Introduction and Evaluation
*H. Al-Menaie, N. Bhat, M. Abo-El-Nil, M. Al-Zalzaleh, S. Al-Dossery and A. Al-Shatti
Introduction
Argan tree (Argania spinosa, family Sapotaceae), is endemic to Morocco and is valued for its edible oil. Since
this tree is hardy and well adapted to grow in arid lands, with an extensive and deep root system, it can be
introduced to Kuwait in order to slow down desert progress and sand dune movement, to develop an industry
based upon oil and for greenery applications. In spite of its importance, information on propagation and
silvicultural technologies are limited. The objective of this project was to determine the suitability of the tree
for greenery and oil production, to develop technology for the production of plantable argan seedlings from
seeds, to develop vegetative propagation techniques, to evaluate the potential benefits of the tree, to assess the
risk (if any) associated with its introduction and to develop a preliminary environmental impact assessment.
Methods
The project team conducted a scientific mission to Morocco and surveyed existing plantations to ensure that
the seeds were from their natural habitat. To study the effect of seed size and pre-sowing soaking on
germination, light (< 3 g), medium (3.04.0 g) and heavy (> 4 g) seeds were soaked for 24 h in fresh water or
dipped in hot water (700C) for 5 min; unsoaked seeds were used as controls. Five seeds were placed in
transparent polyethylene containers lined with tissue paper moistened with distilled water and covered with
moistened absorbent cotton to maintain adequate moisture during germination. Each treatment was replicated
10 times. The seeds were observed daily to record germination.
To study the effect of growth promoters, 100 seeds were soaked in different concentrations of gibberellic acid
(0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0g/l) or potassium nitrate (2.5 or 5.0g/l) for 24 h in the dark to avoid photo-oxidation of
gibberellic acid. The germination process in this experiment was conducted in the same manner as experiment
1; however, 10 seeds were sown in each container and each treatment was replicated 10 times in a completely
randomized design. Seed treatments to study the effect of soaking and surface sterilization on germination
included 5 min dip in hot water at 700C, soaking in KNO3 solution (0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 %) and no soaking (control).
Treated seeds were then dipped in 1g/l solution of Benlate [Methyl 1-(Butylcarbamoyl)-2Benzimidazolecarbamate] before sowing. Ten seeds were sown in each container and the experiment was
replicated 10 times in a randomized complete block design.
To study the effect of pot size, medium and seed soaking on germination and seedling establishment 10-cm
jiffy pots and polyethylene containers of size 10-cm and 15-cm were used. Five different growing media
including sand: peat moss: humus in the ratio 1:1:1, 2:1:1 and 3:1:1 and sand: peat moss in the ratio 1:1 and
sand alone were used. Seed treatments included pre-sowing soaking for 24 h and controls (no soaking). The
experiment was conducted using split plot design with 30 treatments which were replicated five times. Each
*hmanaie@safat.kisr.edu.kw
434
replication consisted of five containers each with five seeds (a total of 750 seeds sown in 150 containers). Data
on germination was recorded on daily basis and the final germination was calculated at the end of the
experiment. The data were analyzed using the ANOVA procedure (R method).
Effects of rooting of cuttings were studied by planting stem cuttings in pots of different sizes using sand: peat
moss: humus in the ratio1:1:1, 2:1:1, 3:1:1, 1:1:0 and soil alone. Studies on the evaluation potential and
preliminary environmental impact assessment were also conducted.
Findings
x Argan seeds without soaking prior to sowing germinated better than those soaked in fresh water or dipped
in hot water.
x Soaking seeds in fresh water or growth promoters like gibberellic acid or potassium nitrate solution
reduced the time required for initiation of germination and time required for 50% germination but it
affected the total germination percentage.
x Treatment of seeds with 0.1% Benlate prior to sowing effectively controlled fungal infection, but
delayed germination slightly.
x Jiffy pot was the best container for germination of argan seeds using sand: peat moss: humus in the ratio
2:1:1.
x During transplanting it was observed that the average root length was more than 15 to 20 cm, with the
roots penetrating the collapsible walls of the jiffy pots and entering the ground surface below. This
resulted in mechanical injury to the tips of the tap root system making the seedlings susceptible to root rot
fungi. Therefore, 10 cm polyethylene pots were selected as the correct pot size during germination phase
as they offer sufficient moisture while avoiding the risk of overcrowding.
x Cuttings when planted in pots of different sizes using sand: peat moss: humus in the ratio1:1:1, 2:1:1,
3:1:1, 1:1:0 and soil alone failed to survive
Conclusions
Key factors which control propagation and establishment of argan have been determined and a concerted and
focused approach is needed to increase the germination potential of argan seeds.
Studies on the evaluation potential and preliminary environmental impact assessment was proved to have a
positive impact, but the effect can be studied only after a few years as the argan plant needs three years to
reach maturity.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KD 27,700) and the Kuwait
Institute for Scientific Research for financial support. Total budget was KD 65,560.

1. H. Al-Menaie, N. Bhat and A. Al-Shatti. (2008). Nursery Production Techniques for Argan (Argania
spinosa L.). European Journal of Scientific Research; 23(4): 639-643.
2. H. Al-Menaie, N. Bhat, M. AboEl-Nil, S. Al-Dosery, A. Al-Shatti, P. Gamalin and N. Suresh. (2007).
Seed Germination of Argan (Argania spinosa L.). American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research;
2(1): 01-04.
3. H. Al-Menaie, M. AboEl-Nil and N. Bhat. Potential of Argan Tree for De-desertification. The International
Conference on Desertification Control in the Arid Region. May 12-15, 2007.
FA028C
435
The propagation of argan through cuttings has to be attempted again. Careful nurturing is required to maximize
the survival rate of argan seedlings in the nursery.

Completed Project
FA051C; April, 2005 to November, 2006
Investigation of Calf Mortality in Locally Bred Heifers used for Establishing a

National Dairy Herd
*M. Razzaque, S. Abbas, M. Bedair, M. Al-Khamis, T. Al-Mutawa and W. Al-Gallaf
Introduction
Efficiency of dairy cattle production in Kuwait is well below the regional and international standards and the
country can produce only 22% of total demands for dairy milk and milk products. There were high losses of
calves due to inadequate nutrition and health management practices applied to imported cattle. In previous
systematic studies (1998 to 2004) conducted at Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) on calf and
heifer rearing, milk yield was increased by 100%. The objective of this study was to investigate the overall
performance of cows and calves born in Kuwait in commercial dairy farms.
Methods
Studies were conducted to evaluate influence of two dietary regimes on milk yield, milk composition and
performance of calves housed in two types of housing systems. Ten Holstein Friesian lactating cows were
assigned to control (C) ration having 80% of commercial concentrate mixture (CM) and 20% roughage (R).
Twenty four cows were fed nutritionally improved concentrates, treatment (T) ration fed 80% CM and 20% R.
This ration fortified with protein, minerals and vitamins as per National Research Council (NRC 2001)
standards, whereas the ration C was not. Roughage sources were from silages, straws and alfalfa hay for both
C and T herds. Daily feed intake of individual cows was monitored. Milk samples were evaluated for
indication of mastitis, pH, total solid, solid-non-fat, fat, protein and lactose using Lactoscan (Manufacturer:
Milkotroic Ltd, Bulgaria) and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) was determined by Food Lab Milk Analysis (Italy).
Morbidity and mortality rates of pre-weaned calves housed in traditional and hutch housing were investigated.
Findings
x
x
x
x
x
Daily milk yield of T cows was significantly higher (P = 0.001) than C herd. Solid-non-fat (SNF) ranged
from 8.4% to 8.9% and did not differ significantly.
All cows in T had significantly (P = 0.01) lower milk fat%, than C group cows.
Milk protein and lactose concentrations did not differ significantly between the two herds. MUN differed
significantly (P = 0.01) between C and T herds reflecting poor protein nutritional status of cows fed
commercially prepared ration to C herd in Kuwait. MUN test has been newly introduced to investigate
protein nutrition status of dairy farms in Kuwait. This test can be used easily to correct protein nutrition in
lactating cows.
The incidences of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) in the dairy farms resulted in a very high morbidity rates
in young calves (50.8% hutch and 97% in conventional housing).
Crude mortality rates of calves in hutches were 4.7% in T herd calves compared to 8.7% in traditional
housing (significant P = 0.01).
*mrazzaqe@safat.kisr.edu.kw
436
x
x
The significance of better housing of young calves is evident in this study.

Three calves died after suffering from acute and severe diarrhoea from hutch housing due to infection
caused by Salmonella sp. E. coli. Pasteurella sp. Other calves suffering from mild diarrhea and coughs
had recovered quickly after the administration of electrolytes intravenously.
By intervention measures as described above, the calf mortality rates were reduced significantly with
direct economic benefits to the local diary producers.
Conclusions
Fortification and balancing of feed ration of milking cows improved the milk yield and MUN reflecting
significance of appropriate nutrition of cows in commercial farms of Kuwait.
Improved hutch housing of pre-weaned calves resulted in a significantly better performance than traditional
housing of calves.
On-farm training and demonstration to farm staff resulted in transfer of technology to the commercial dairy
producers with sustained dairy herd improvement.
Applications
$SSOLHGUHVHDUFKVWXGLHVZHUHH[HFXWHGLQWKHFRPPHUFLDOGDLU\IDUPVRI.XZDLW'DLU\IDUPVWHFKQLFDODQG
support staff members were directly involved in feeding, nutrition, reproduction, health management and farm
hygiene along with KISR team. They were trained on improved system of dairy cattle management and use of
new technology.
Locally raised calves were raised to adult cows for milk production and dependency on imported cattle has
been reduced. Some farms have already stopped importing exotic cows. Locally born cows have been
producing higher quality milk for a longer duration of milk production than imported cows. The dairy
producers have been benefited economically.
Acknowledgements

M. Razzaque. (2005). Field and Laboratory Investigation of Calf Mortality in Kuwait; Factors Affecting Calf
and Heifer Performance Phase II. KISR Report 7651.
FA051C
437
Partial funding supports of the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences and Public Dairy
Establishment, Kuwait are acknowledged. The total budget was KD 18,142. Technical assistance of
Ms. Shalini Mathew and Ms. Sheeba Albert and secretarial assistance of Ms. Shiji Thomas are acknowledged.

Completed Project
FA042C; May, 2005 to April, 2006
Poultry Biosecurity: A Case Study at Kuwait United Poultry Company

(KUPCO)
*A. Al-Saffar, A. Al-Nasser, M. Mashaly, M. Al-Bahouh and A. Al-Haddad
Introduction
The poultry industry in Kuwait is one of the most important animal production industries with sales exceeding
KD 23,000,000 annually. Biosecurity, which is a set of preventive measures designed to protect living things
from biological hazards, is the main approach that is used for health protection and disease control. However,
in many cases, food production biosecurity practices including vaccination are not applied, probably because a
comprehensive program is usually not in effect.
It is extremely important that each poultry company establishes a comprehensive biosecurity program and
follows it carefully in order for the program to be successful. The major objectives of this project are to apply a
FRPSUHKHQVLYH ELRVHFXULW\ SURJUDP DQG WR WUDLQ WKH FRPSDQ\V VWDII WR DSSUHFLDWH WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI
biosecurity and its application.
Methods
Assessment of the existing biosecurity in the company: Evaluation of the existing biosecurity plans and
procedures in the company. These included current biosecurity rules and regulations and security procedures.
Development and application of Kuwait United Poultry Company (KUPCO) Biosecurity Program: A
biosecurity program was designed and developed specifically for KUPCO with the cooperation of the decision
makers and veterinarians of the company to ensure the success of the program. This program included the
establishment of rules and regulations applicable to the poultry farms.
Findings
Biosecurity is an essential aspect of good management practices, thus many poultry companies worldwide
have developed comprehensive plans to improve procedures and elevate product quality.
This project was initiated in March, 2005 to assess the existing biosecurity in KUPCO as an example and a
model for the poultry production industry in Kuwait, to: 1) develop a comprehensive biosecurity program for
the different poultry facilities of the company, and 2) develop a follow up system to monitor the application
and measure the success of the newly developed biosecurity program. During the one year duration of the
project, several assessments were conducted at KUPCO farms to accomplish these objectives. The major
findings for improved biosafety were:
*aasaffar@safat.kisr.edu.kw
438
x Restriction and control of movements and traffic IORZ EHWZHHQ WKH IDUPV DQG IDUPV SUHPLVHV DQG
establishment of physical barriers,
x Establishment of proper and secure waste disposal systems,
x Sanitation and disinfection, hygienic and clean input to and output from the facilities,
x General health monitoring and proper vaccination programs.
x Implementing training and recommendations on the latest technologies in poultry biosecurity programs.
Conclusions
Assessments carried out in the project have clearly established the benefit of applying the biosecurity program
on both the poultry and the farm facilities. However, further studies are needed to confirm that the
implementations of the latest technologies in poultry biosecurity programs are effective and flexible if applied
by the poultry companies in Kuwait.
Applications
As a result of modifying and improving the biosecurity program at KUPCO, a more detailed and advanced
biosecurity program was developed for possible future applications for poultry farms and companies in Kuwait.
The program contains recommendations of poultry biosecurity that should be followed step-by-step together
with educational and warning biosecurity signs.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences for financial support (KD 18,200) and
Kuwait United Poultry Company management and staff for their support during this project. The total budget
was KD 32,340.
FA042C
439

Completed Project
FA054C; November, 2005 to May, 2006
Landscape Design and Study on Suitable Plant List for Burgan Oasis:
6SLULWRIWKH'HVHUW
*M. Suleiman, N. Bhat, S. Zaman, E. Delima, L.A. Al-Mulla, S. Al-Dossery, H. Al-Khalifa, R. Bellen,
R.Cruz, A. Christopher and J. George
Introduction
Conservation of native plants, the main constituent of the biological diversity, can restore the vegetation cover
LQ .XZDLWV GHVHUW ,Q DQ DWWHPSW WR FUHDWH D QDWXUDO RDVLV DW %XUJDQ 6LWH WKH .XZDLW 2LO &RPSDQ\ .2&
requested Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) to participate in developing the Burgan Oasis,
"Spirit of the Desert", located in the Burgan oil field. The main objectives of this project were to: 1) review
and suggest modifications in the landscape plan provided by KOC, 2) develop appropriate plant palette and
technical specifications for planting of various plant species at the oasis site, 3) provide selected native and
acclimatized plants to enhance the microclimate, and 4) periodically assess the status of native flora and fauna
at the site.
Methods
A tentative survey was executed by KISR team to adjust the changes in the activities performed at the site to
match the landscape design concept. Accordingly, an as-built drawing was prepared. The list of plants
provided by the contractor was revised and recommendations with a list of site-suitable plant species were
made. KISR also provided approximately 2240 acclimatized native and naturalized plants, and mangrove
seedlings in addition to a desert-seed mix for planting at the project site. The growth and development of these
plants were monitored. An eco-mat planted with Sessuvium protulacastrum was used in an experimental site to
observe its effects on the soil stabilization at the boundaries of the oasis. Soil and water samples were routinely
collected and analyzed for various parameters.
Findings
x
x
x
x
x
KISR team recommended eliminating Conocarpus lancifolius and Prosopis juliflora from the list provided
by the contractor and other site-suitable plants were recommended instead.
KISR provided several acclimatized native and naturalized plants which were planted by the fall of 2005,
where the site and plant specifications were matched. Considering the site conditions, the plants were
performing well and their survival rate was high until the termination of the project.
The desert mix seeds recorded approximately 50 % germination. The seed- mix is expected to re-seed once
the weather conditions are favorable.
An eco-mat provided by KOC was used in an experimental site and Sea Purslane seedlings were planted in
the eco-mat in an attempt to stabilize the soil.
It was recommended that slow-release fertilizers be applied to the palms, trees, shrubs and mangrove
seedlings in the growing seasons to fortify the soil with the essential nutrients. Irrigation should occur
440
daily in the summer season using the drip system followed by twice weekly in the winter according to the
SODQWVUHFRPPHQGHGZDWHUGHPDQGV
The micro-climate of the site has improved drastically since summer 2005 as the agricultural activity at the
VLWH LPSURYHG WKH VRLOV FRQGLWLRQV 7KH ZDWHU XVHG IRU LUULJDWLRQ KDV ORRVHQHG WKH FRPSDFWHG VRLO WKXV
allowing native dispersed seeds to germinate and develop.
Approximately 13 native plant species and 35 native and migratory birds were observed at the site up to
the termination of the project.
Applications
The main findings and recommendation of the study will provide Kuwait Oil Company with technical
specifications and guidelines for the installation of various landscape elements and planting of different
categories of plants at the oasis site.
Acknowledgment
The Project Team thanks Kuwait Oil Company for financial support (KD 11,816). The project total budget was
KD 20,316.
M. Suleiman, N. Bhat, S. Zaman, E. Delima, L. Al-Mulla, S. Al-Dossery, H. Al-Khalifa, R. Bellen, R. Cruz,

A. Christopher and J. George. (2007). Plant Enrichment in the Desert Ecosystem. Journal of Food, Agriculture
& Environment; 5(1):328-331.
FA054C
441

Completed Project
FA055C; December, 2005 to September, 2006
Wildlife Survey and Assessment at the Joint OperationWafra

E. Delima, A. Al-Nasser, *H. Khalifa, J. Dashti, A. Abbas and M. Al-Mutairi
Introduction
Biodiversity conservation is of major importance internationally and is now becoming recognized as a means
to achieve sustainable development. In August, 2002, the State of Kuwait ratified the International Convention
on Biodiversity and adopted the National Strategy for Biodiversity Conservation. This is to implement the
following primary elements: to identify important areas of biological diversity, establish methods to conserve
biodiversity, regulate access to genetic resources and transfer of relevant technology. The Joint Operations
Wafra (JO) protected their natural environment by fencing and dedicating areas for preservation and
conservation of biological diversity. The management of the JO had requested Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research (KISR) to conduct wildlife baseline assessment studies within the JO territories. In 19992002, the
perimeter fence around the JO-Wafra main oilfield was constructed to exclude livestock grazing and wildlife
hunters from the area. This resulted to the gradual rehabilitation of the flora and fauna in the oilfield. This
report might be the first to provide a baseline data on the wildlife fauna that utilize the JO-Wafra area during
the winter (ca. December to February) and early spring (ca. late February to March) seasons. The objectives of
the project were to: 1) Survey and assess wildlife (fauna) on selected study sites inside the protected JO-Wafra
main area, 2) Compare the habitat quality inside and outside the fence of the JO-Wafra main area,
3) Determine inter-specific diversity of the desert wildlife species in the different selected habitats within the
fenced JO-Wafra main area, 4) Pictorially document the wildlife (fauna and flora) habitats within the JOWafra territories, 5) Train designated national personnel from KISR in wildlife assessment of different habitats,
and 6) Establish and in-depth database for the collected field data.
Methods
The project team selected 11 study areas within and outside the JO-Wafra oilfields. Four study areas located in
the southern, three in the northern, three in the western and one outside the fenced area. The criteria used in
selecting the possible wildlife study sites were: 1) type of habitat that include soil and vegetation cover; and
2) location within the oilfield (disturbed or undisturbed). Four established methodologies of wildlife survey
and assessment were implemented: 1) Line Transects (LT) which was used to record animals within a specific
habitat type or area, 2) Pitfall Trapping (PFT) to catch ground crawling animals such as reptiles and
invertebrates, 3) Baited Mammals Trap Line (MTL) to survey and monitor small and medium sized mammals,
and 4) Mark-Release Recapture (MRR) used to estimate the population dynamics of an area, provides data on
birth, death and movements of the animal involved. Animals trapped were marked and was then released back
into the habitat after taking physical measurements which were used to determine growth, health status and
reproductive activities. Animals were recaptured after 12 days and data were entered on the sheet intended for
MRR. Seventeen field visits, during the winter period of 20052006 and in early spring of 2006 (March), to
the JO-Wafra oilfields were undertaken to perform 15 field data collection exercises.
*hkhalifa@kisr.edu.kw
442
Findings
x The fenced JO-Wafra main oilfield has rich and diverse wildlife fauna which suggests that ecological
health in this area is significantly better than the unfenced and unprotected oilfields.
x There are at least four types of wildlife habitats at the JO-Wafra oilfields, viz: (1) high and low lying
habitat with good vegetation cover; (2) high and low lying habitat with poor vegetation cover;
(3) windblown sand covered habitat; and (4) over-grazed and unprotected habitat. The first three types of
habitats are located inside the fenced oilfield, while the latter is at the unfenced South Umm Guddair
(SUG) oilfield. Because of the perimeter fence, the JO-Wafra main oilfield enjoyed protection from
livestock grazing and wildlife hunters. This has brought the gradual rehabilitation of the flora and fauna
x More than 78 wildlife fauna species were recorded at the JO-Wafra main oilfield. This includes 19 species
(24.36%) recorded at the unfenced SUG oilfield.
x Harmful animals were not encountered during 17 field visits to the JO-Wafra. Two black scorpions
(Androctonus crassicaudatus) and one lesser yellow scorpion (Uroplectes spp) were the only arachnid
species that might harm people through their sting. Venomous reptiles such as the Cerastes cerastes (also
called Sidewinder; Sand viper and or Horned viper) might be present because they are indigenous in the
desert areas of Kuwait
Conclusions
The timing of the field data collection might have impact on the numbers of individuals and fauna species
recorded from both study areas because desert animals tend to hibernate during winter. The collected field data
represent only the wildlife fauna species that were active during the winter period. It is suggested that the
wildlife field data collection should be continued to cover the four seasons of the country and to include the
two migration periods i.e. autumn and spring.
Applications
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Kuwait Oil CompanyJoint Operations (KOC-JO) and Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research for financial support. The project budget was KD 14,920 of which KD 9,220 was Client (KOC-JO)
funded.

1. E. Delima and A. Al-Nasser. (2007). New record of the Web-footed sand gecko, Stenodactylus arabicus,
from Kuwait. Zoology in the Middle East, 41: 111-112.
2. H. Al-Khalifa, E. Delima, J. Dashti, A. Al-Nasser and M. Abbas. Baseline Assessment of Wildlife Fauna at
Wafra. Oral presentation in the International Conference on Desertification Control in the Arid Region,
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait, May 12-15, 2007.
3. H. Al-Khalifa. Wildlife Survey and Assessment of the Wafra area in Kuwait, Biodiversity and the Oil &
Gas Industry in Arid Environments: North Africa and the Middle East. Abu Dhabi, UAE. April 05, 2006.
FA055C
443
The unfenced SUG oilfield could greatly contribute to the availability of habitat for the wildlife (flora and
fauna) if it is fenced and protected from detrimental activities. The two oilfields of the JO-Wafra illustrate
huge environmental and ecological differences; the JO-Wafra main, being fenced less than a decade ago
exhibiting rehabilitation of its flora and fauna while the unprotected SUG is suffering from environmental
degradation. It is appropriate to recommend to the JO-Wafra management to consider supporting biodiversity
conservation within their own oil fields. The unfenced SUG (South Umm Guddair) area could provide feeding
and resting areas for the migrating Houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata macquennii) and other important
and endangered migratory wildlife species such as the Imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca).

Completed Project
FA059C; December, 2005 to September, 2006
Assessment of Native Flora at Joint Operations - Wafra

*S. Zaman1, A. Al-Hadad1, S. Al-Dossery1, A. Al-Othman2, H. Tawfiq1, K. Hebani1 and S. Padmesh1
1
Department of Aridland Agriculture and Greenery, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division
and 2Department of Systems Development, National Scientific and Technical Information Center,
Introduction
The need for conserving biodiversity in the Gulf region including Kuwait has become increasingly apparent.
Realizing the increasing need to conserve wildlife and maintain the wellbeing of the natural environment, the
Joint Operations which include Kuwait Gulf Oil Company (KGOC) and Saudi Arabian Texaco Inc.
safeguarded their natural environment by fencing and dedicating areas in their territories for the conservation
and preservation of biological diversity. The management of Joints Operations requested Kuwait Institute for
Scientific Research (KISR), to conduct a baseline study of the native flora within the Joint Operation territories.
The overall objectives of this project were to conduct a native flora field investigation, to develop a
comprehensive database for Al-Wafra main area, inside and outside the fence to compare the habitat quality
and determine the impact of protection on native vegetation.
Methods
After identification and delineation of the important habitats in the joint operations territories, 10 sites inside
and 4 sites outside the fenced area were selected during December, 2005-January, 2006 and the Global
positioning points were recorded. The criteria used for the selection of study sites, depended on the type of the
native plant communities dominating the sites, and the land form, such as low hills (Rhayah), and flat areas.
Some sites were chosen to represent the dominant shrub Rhanterium epapposum vegetation type and others to
represent the dominant grass Stipagrostis plumosa vegetation type. Quantitative evaluation of vegetation and
sampling to measure the herbage production, ground cover, species frequency and density in the field were
carried out in March, 2006 by using the quadrant placement method. A suitable data base was designed and all
relevant data were entered.
Herbage production data are one of the best quantitative measures for the response of vegetation to
environmental and man-made stresses. The average herbage production of shrubs, perennial grasses, perennial
forbs, annual grasses and annual forbs in each of the selected study sites inside and outside Wafra main area
were determined. The overall average herbage production for the protected sites inside Al-Wafra main area
DQG WKH RXWVLGH JUD]HG DUHDV DUH FDOFXODWHG 6WDWLVWLFDO DQDO\VLV ZDV XQGHUWDNHQXVLQJ $129$ DQG 'XQFDV
Multiple Range Test, to test for difference among correlation sites and between treatments (protected versus
grazed).
444
Findings
x A total of 107 plant species belonging to 29 families were identified within the fenced area of Al-Wafra
main site, also additionally 3 species of fungi were recorded. A total of 19 plant species belonging to 8
families were identified outside the fence in the same site.
x The production of vegetation exhibited significant site-to-site differences among the protected sites which
were associated with variations in soil type, topography and micro-climate. In the protected sites (inside),
the total production of vegetation ranged from 871 Kg ha-1 yr-1 in site 6-inside to 215 Kg ha-1 yr-1 in site 4inside. In the impacted and grazed sites (outside), the total production was severely affected and it ranged
from 60 Kg ha-1 yr-1 in site 2-outside to 17 Kg ha-1 yr-1 in site 3 and 4-outside.
x The overall average herbage production inside the fence of Al-Wafra Main Area was higher for perennial
grasses (292 Kg ha-1), followed by annual forbs (146 Kg ha-1), annual grasses (62 Kg ha-1) and shrubs (21
Kg ha-1). The annuals were the primary producers of dry matter outside the fence.
x The seasonal precipitation of 135mm during 2005-2006 supported a total of 548 Kg ha-1 inside the fence
of Al-Wafra Main Area whereas the outside supported a total of 28 Kg ha-1 only.
Conclusions
Forage yields of the grazed unprotected rangelands in Al-Wafra Main Area was significantly less (P>0.05)
than that of the protected ungrazed area which shows clearly the effect of 12 years of Al-Wafra oil field
fencing by Kuwait Gulf Oil Company.
Applications
The most appropriate way to protect vegetation diversity in Kuwait would be to establish a large number of
relatively small nature reserves to cover as many different habitats as possible. These reserves would be multifunctional. They would not only preserve different vegetation types, but would also provide undisturbed places
for seed production. Establishment of National Parks in the habitats of threatened and unique species, unique
ecosystems, as well as preserving representative examples of ecosystem type which is another recommended
PHDVXUHIRUSUHVHUYDWLRQRI.XZDLWVIORUDDQGIDXQD
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Kuwait Oil CompanyJoint Operations (KOC-JO) and Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research for providing financial support. The project budget was KD 20,100, of which 54% was Client (KOCJO) funded.
FA059C
445

Completed Project
FA048C; December, 2005 to November, 2008
Selection of Olive Varieties for Greenery and Fruit Production in Kuwait:

Phase I
*N. Bhat, M. Suleiman, H. Al-Menaie, L. Al-0XOOD*'&UX]6,VDW$OL3*HRUJHDQG
M. Al-Zalzaleh
Introduction
Olive (Olea europaea L.) is a hardy evergreen dual purpose (ornamental and commercial fruit crop) tree which
can be successfully grown under harsh climates. It can endure abiotic stresses (such as low atmospheric
humidity, high velocity winds, high soil salinity and drought conditions) better than most other plant species
and offer excellent greenery impact and visual comfort under hostile arid climates. Therefore, efforts were
made by Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research to expand the germplasm base through systematic evaluation of
superior local genotypes and introducing improved varieties from various sources and, determination of the
UHVSRQVHVRIVHOHFWHGYDULHWLHVWRLUULJDWLRQZDWHUVDOLQLW\DQGLQGXFHGGURXJKWVWUHVVXQGHU.XZDLWVHQYLURQPHQWDO
conditions.
Methods
The project consisted of four tasks; germplasm mobilization, field evaluation, salinity study and investigation
of response of selected varieties to induced water stress. In the germplasm mobilization task, local olive
plantations in Green Island, Doha, Wafra and Abdally were surveyed based on the selection criteria
recommended by International Olive Oil Council. Additionally, 56 olive cultivars were imported from reputed
sources and are being evaluated under coastal and inland coastal environmental conditions in Kuwait. In the
salinity study, response of ten olive cultivars to irrigation water salinity of 1.6, 5, 10 or 20 dS/ m) was assessed
in 75-liter containers under the shadehouse environment. The irrigation study comprised of five varieties and
three levels of irrigation [50, 75, 100 % potential evapotranspiration (ETp)].
Findings
x From the survey of local olive plantations, 33 promising trees have been identified and fully characterized
for their future use in research and development as well as in commercial production.
x Under coastal environmental conditions of Kuwait, introduced cultivars such as Arbequina, Barnea, Del
Morocco, Pendulino, Picual, Picholine, UC13A6, Coratina, Maurino, Leccino and Frantoio performed
better than others, whereas Arecuzzo, Leccino, South Australian Verdale, Lazzero and Correggiolo
outperformed others at the Doha site. Flowering was noticed in 23 cultivars in the coastal site and five
cultivars in the inland site.
x The cultivar Barnea was found to be highly tolerant to salinity levels of up to 10 dS/ m, whereas cultivars,
Arbequina, Corotina, Istanbuli, Koroneiki and Picual were moderately tolerant and Black Italian, Frantoio,
Leccino and UC13A6 were susceptible to irrigation water salinity.
*nbhat@safat.kisr.edu.kw
446
x Preliminary results showed that none of the varieties was adversely affected by even the highest water
stress level (50% of ETp) indicating that these varieties are drought-WROHUDQWXQGHU.XZDLWVHQYLURQPHQWDO
conditions.
Conclusions
The superior trees selected from the survey have been multiplied for their use in future research and
development activities in this crop. Future studies should enlarge the number of olive varieties to be tested
under the KXZDLWVHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQs and introduce deficLWLUULJDWLRQDVD6HOHFWLRQFULWHULRQLQWKH
evaluation of live varieties. This would be undertaken by progressively reducing the amount of water applied
in order to select the varieties that are more resistant to drought. Experiments to standardize efficient mass
vegetative propagation techniques and determine optimum amounts of nutrients required by olive trees and
GLIIHUHQW PRGDOLWLHV WR VXSSO\ WKHP IHUWLJDWLRQ RUJDQLFIHUWLOL]DWLRQ HWF XQGHU WKH.XZDLWVHQYLURQPHQWDO
conditions should be carried out. Trials to establish the desired shape (training system) in young trees and the
intensity and modality of SUXQLQJIRUDGXOWWUHHVXQGHU.XZDLWVHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQVVKRXOGEHFDUULHG
out. These studies would develop efficient techniques for production of table olives from local production.
Applications
The results obtained in Phase I are very promising, indicating the possibility of producing olive trees for
greenery enhancement and fruit production in Kuwait, possibly on a commercial scale.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KD 32,250) and Kuwait Institute
for Scientific Research for financial support. The technical advice provided by Prof. F. Famiani, Prof. A.
Standardi and Prof. E. Falistocco from the University of Perugia and wholehearted cooperation received from
the Touristic Enterprises Company staff are highly appreciated. The total budget of the project was KD 57,546.
1. N. Bhat, H. Al-Menaie, M. Suleiman, L. Al-0XOOD ) )DPLDQL DQG *'&UX] Performance and Water
Requirement of Young Olives (Olea europaea L.) Under the Harsh Environment of Kuwait. European
Journal of Agronomy.
2. N. Bhat, M. Suleiman and M. Abdal. (2009). Selection of Crops for Sustainable Utilization of Land and
Water Resources in Kuwait. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences; 5(2): 201-206.
FA048C
447

Completed Project
FA062C; April, 2006 to June, 2007
Standardization of Growing Substrates and Fertilizer Application for Organic

Greenhouse Vegetable Production
*N. Bhat, M. Al-Bahouh, M. Suleiman, L. Al-Mulla, B. Thomas, S. Ali, P. George and
M. Al-Zalzaleh
Introduction
Several countries have converted traditional farming operations into organic farming to overcome price
competition and offer safe and healthy food products. Since organically certified produce commands premium
prices, it could be a feasible alternative for Kuwait, where large imports of cheap vegetables from different
countries have threatened the survival of local greenhouse operations. For this it is important to establish
technical and economic benefits and encourage local producers to adopt this novel technology. Growing
substrate and fertilizers play a crucial role in organic farming. Hence, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
conducted studies during 2006-2007 to select a suitable growing substrate and standardize fertilizer application
for production of organic greenhouse vegetables.
Methods
The project consisted evaluation of organic growing substrates; evaluation of nutrient formulations and
application methods. Al-Faisalia Farm sponsored the project by providing 2,000 m2 fan and pad-cooled
greenhouses and covered all operational costs during the course of investigations. The existing multi-span
greenhouses at the farm were modified to suit the project requirements. A number of vegetables were grown to
select suitable growing substrate, development of optimal organic fertilizer application program, establish
protocol for plant protection, and harvesting and handling techniques.
Findings
The results showed that the substrate containing vermicompost, avicumus, perlite and sphagnum peat moss
(1:0.5:1:1 v/v) and vermicompost, coco peat, perlite and sphagnum peat moss (2:1:1:1 or 1:1:1:1 v/v) produce
higher yields and increase net profits comparable or even better than the soil based growing system in lettuce,
tomato, beans, cucumber and capsicum. Similarly, incorporation of an organic fertilizer, DOrS @ 15 kg/ cu m
into the substrate followed by weekly soil drench application of Earth Juice products or Fish Hydrosylate at
recommended rates produced significantly higher yields in tomato, cucumber and capsicum.
Applications
These recommendations and the organic growing techniques developed in this project were used in the
subsequent project (FA079C) for producing organic vegetables on pilot-scale as well as to establish economic
feasibility of producing organic vegetables undHU.XZDLWVHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQV$GGLWLRQDOO\SURWRFROV
*nbhat@safat.kisr.edu.kw
448
for obtaining organic certification are being established so that produce can be sold under organic label at a
premium price.
Acknowledgements
The project team thank the management of the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for their continued
interest, encouragement and financial support to the project. The contributions made by Al-Faisalia Farm are
gratefully acknowledged. Total budget of the project was KD 19,718.
FA062C
449

Completed Project
FA043C; April, 2006 to March 2008
Development of Stress Score Due to Transportation and Handling and the

Related Effects on Physiological Behavior of Imported Sheep in Kuwait.
Phase I: Determining the Stress Score System
*T. Al-Sabbagh, J. Dashti, T. Al-Abdulla and A. El-Husaini
Introduction
Kuwait is importing most of its red meat requirements, since local production is slightly more than 5% of the
total demand. It is very important to start reducing this shortage by addressing protocols in relation to animal
handling issues. It is clear that deaths and poor sheep performance are leading to loss in the industry.
Establishing better handling procedures will generate a better end product of the sheep industry as stressed
animals have lower quality of meat (Apple et. al. 1993). This research is a step towards minimizing this loss by
defining a set of guidelines and procedures that can be applied to detect stress on sheep [Stress Score System
(SSS)]. This should help in alleviating the problem with a positive impact on the sheep industry.
Methods
Blood sample were taken from more than three thousand animals and were analyzed for its blood hormonal
stress levels. Factors addressed for scoring systems were: 1) location on the vessel, 2) tide at downloading, 3)
flooring of the vessel, 4) calling (handling procedures) on vessel, 5) crowding in the cell, 6) number of sick
animals or dead ones in location, and 7) handling activities. These factors were explained to the team members
who had previously practiced on the scoring system in a previous pilot study. Each factor has a maximum
score of 2 and a sub-score of 0.5 for fine tuning. The recording table of the SSS was finalized to be used in the
ILHOGDQGWKHSURMHFWVVWDIIVZHUHWUDLQHGWRXVHLWLQDVVHVVLQJWKHVWUHVVVWDWXVRIWKHWUDQVSRUWHGIORFNV
Some definitions of the scoring system were:
1- Tide: high tide is 2, low tide is 0 and in between (high tide time-low tide time)/5(score units).
Example: the high tide as per May 12th, 2008 is 6 am, the low tide is at 10 am and downloading at 9 am.
(a) 10 am- 6 am = 4; (b) 4/5= 0.8 hr (45min decreases 0.5 unit); (c) at 9 am which is 1 hr from the low tide
(0) = 0.5 (sss). The level of tide is affecting on the steepness of the downloading channel. The higher the
tide the steeper the channel will be.
2- Season: Summer with a score of 2 and spring with a score of 1 and winter with a score of 0.
3- Flooring on the ship: Vessels, with iron flooring give a score of 2. Vessels with a combination of wood and
steel flooring are given a score of 1.5.
4- Crowding of animals per cell on the ship or on the ground: The confinement area for each single sheep
should be about 1.5 sqm. Any increase in that space given 0 score and any decrease will be given higher
stress score. Values below 1 sqm are given stress score of 2.
*tsabbagh@kisr.edu.kw
450
5- Handling of animals on the ship and on the ground: Calling and moving the animals can cause stress on the
animals. Any physical blow delivered in moving the animals is given the score of 2, high noise level was
given 1, whereas the proper calling and moving behind the animals without exposing them to harsh
physical contact was given a score of 0.
6- Sick or dead animals: Presence of sick or dead animals is thought to be stressful to animals accompanying
them. Cells with no sick or dead animals were given a score of zero. Groups of animals with 1-5 sick or
dead animals were given a score of 1 and any numbers above that were considered to be very stressful and
were scored 2.
Stress score system was statistically analyzed using a general linear model; correlation analysis and the
repeated measures were applied.
Findings
x Findings showed that scores for any single factor is a total of two points graded into 5 units as follows: 0,
0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2. Any score that is given is fixed and cannot be debatable which gives a solid base to have
a total stress score number.
x Stress scores were highly correlated to cortisol concentration > 60% (P < 0.0001).
x Analysis of correlation also showed that the highest effective factor on the score is the location of animals
on the ship with more than 72% (P < 0.0001).
x Mean concentration of blood cortisol concentration is higher for those animals that are exposed to higher
level of stress (group 3) with a mean value of 455.05 ng/ml where as the medium and lower score (group 2
and 1) have mean level of cortisol concentration of 344.19 and 211.92, respectively. Those findings
showed clearly the effect of the given score on the level of cortisol that is measured.
x Animals which are downloaded in Kuwait port and being transported from Australia are exposed to levels
of stress that is considered to be a major factor in both mortality and meat quality.
Applications
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KD 16,500) and Kuwait Livestock
Transport and Trading Company (KD 8,440) for financial support. Total budget was KD 36,910.
FA043C
451
With the ability to score stress exposure on a standardized scale (1-3), one can direct the highly stressed
animals either to the meat factory where the animals are slaughtered and the meat is processed or to the farm
where they may be housed to recover from stress and hence improve the meat quality before delivery to the
customer. Animals with a lower stress score can be sent directly to the market (either to butchers or directly to
customers who prefer live animals) with assurance of meat quality.

Completed Project
FA061C; April, 2006 to December 2007
Assessment of Growth Media, Root Size Compartment and Fertilizer Source

in the Closed Insulated Pallet System
*M. Al-Bahouh, N. Bhat, H. Abo-Rezq and B. Thomas
Introduction
Traditional cultivation methods based on soil are not water-efficient mainly due to loss by excessive irrigation,
percolation and evaporation. A recent threatening rise in water table reported in many farmlands in the Wafra
area, reaching soil surface in certain places, has added to already existing problems associated with soil. One
approach to alleviate these unfavorable conditions is to adopt cultivation systems that are not dependent on
soils such as soilless culture techniques. The objective of this project was to refine an environmentally safe
soilless technique for large-scale use in a closed production system.
Methods
The study was conducted in greenhouse conditions using the closed insulated pallet system (CIPS). It is based
on a continuous subirrigation capillary system with fertilizers placed in reservoirs to ensure a reserve within
the rootzone. Refinement evaluation in CIPS consisted of using three growing media, one of which is a
control; two root compartment sizes, and two types of fertilizers, a standard and a slow release. Several
vegetables were selected as test crops. These include tomato, cherry (cv. Sakura) tomato (cv. Cindel),
cucumber (cvs. Hallal and Dinero), green (cv. Capino) and red (cv. Celica) peppers.
Findings
x Vegetable crops responded differently to different growing substrates.
x Tomato (cv. Cindel) performed significantly better in terms of yield components (up to 45% greater yield)
in the large size pouch combined with slow-controlled fertilizer than when grown in other treatments. The
cv. Sakura showed no difference in all treatments. Furthermore these substrates had significant effects on
plant characteristics; heights, number of leaves, chlorophyll index and total yields.
x Mean water uptakes for all the varieties were significantly lower in all growing media compared to the
control (peatmoss: perlite, 1:1, v:v).
x Larger root volume combined with standard fertilizer treatment considerably increased the yield and yield
parameters in sweet pepper (cvs. Celica and Capina) and cucumber (cv. Hallal).
x Cucumber (cv. Dinero) provided higher yield with medium 2.
x Capsicum and cucumber had greater vegetative growth rates and yields when fertilized with the standard
fertilizer compared to the controlled-release fertilizer.
x Chilli pepper had shorter fruit maturation and greater yield per plant when fertilized with controlled
release and provided five times greater yield than standard fertilizer. The amount of total fertilizers utilized
with CIPS was minimal.
*mbahouh@safat.kisr.edu.kw
452
Applications
Results recommend CIPS as a potential growing system in the protected agriculture due to its simplicity, high
efficiency of water and fertlizer use, recyclability of many of its components and low resource requirements
such as labor. In addition, it is an environmentally friendly system.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Al-Faisalia farm for providing in-kind support for the project amounting to KD 16,050 and
appreciate the contribution by Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for the rest of the budget (total budget
KD 17,793).
M. Al-Bahouh, N. Bhat, H. Rezq and B. Thomas. (2009). Effect of Different Substrates on Growth and yield
of Two Cultivars of Capsicum annua. European Journal of Scientific Research; 28(2):227-233.
FA061C
453

Completed Project
FA066C; June, 2006 to November, 2006
Improve Arabian Chickens Performance in Kuwait by Nutrition and Feeding

Management: Phase I - Growing Period
*H. Khalifa, A. Al-Nasser, A. Al-Othman, A. Al-Saffar and A. Al-Haddad
Introduction
Poultry meat is one of the major food items in Kuwait; per capita consumption reached 61.2 Kg per person in
2005 (USDA, 2005) due to increased consumer's health awareness and a shift from red meat consumption. The
poultry industry in Kuwait provided only 47% of poultry meat and 55% of table eggs consumed (Ministry of
Planning, 2004) so increased local production of poultry meat and eggs is required. For many years, the
worldwide trend of raising poultry has been adoption of intensive management systems, using commercial
chickens. This has also been the case in Kuwait for both poultry meat and table egg production. More recently
a shift towards raising poultry using locally acclimatized (non-commercial) poultry has been seen. So use of
Arabian chickens (locally acclimatized) may be investigated to improve poultry industry performance under
Kuwait's environmental conditions.
Little is known about the performance of the local Arabian chickens. Fayhorn hens (crossbreed from Fayoumi
males and white leghorn hens females) produced significantly more eggs, larger egg size with better egg shell
quality and had better feed efficiency than the Fayoumi. Other studies showed that the group size of Fayoumi
had no effect on feed intake. However, egg production had been reported to be significantly increased with
increase in the flock size. A study was conducted at Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) in which
production performance of the Arabian Chickens was studied.
The objectives of this project were to: 1) study the effect of three different feed rations on the performance of
Arabian chicken under Kuwait's environmental conditions, and 2) evaluate management practices used to raise
Arabian chickens under local environmental conditions.
Methods
This project focused on investigating feeding management practices needed for Arabian chickens during the
brooding phase (0 to 3 weeks of age). Three different feed rations were used to raise Arabian chickens under
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Research Farm at Kabed. One-day old chicks were provided by the client.
One hundred and seventy five Arabian chicks were used for the study. The birds were raised in 9 brooding
pens (each is l20 x 60cm) until they were 3 weeks of age. Nineteen chicks were randomly housed in each
brooding pen, providing an area of 0.04 m2 for each bird. One feeder and water were put in each brooding pen.
In the first 3 days of the brooding period, the chicks were provided with 24 hours of light. After that, stepdown lighting program was followed (using incandescent bulbs).
*hkhalifa@kisr.edu.kw
454
Three different dietary protein treatments were used in the brooding period, each with 3 replicates. A control
feed ration contained 21% of crude protein (as used currently by the client). The other two feed rations
contained 18% and 22% crude protein. All the replicates received the same level of energy. The feed rations
were formulated using Least Cost Formulation Program via the computer.
All the 175 chicks were vaccinated at the hatchery for IB spray (live). During the brooding period, the chicks
were also vaccinated against Gumboro and ND; the vaccination program was followed for biosecurity reasons
because other poultry in the farm were also vaccinated.
Body weight and feed consumption were measured weekly, and body weight gain and feed efficiency were
calculated. Temperature, relative humidity and mortality were monitored and recorded on a daily basis. Data
were analyzed statistically using one-way analysis of variance. Where diet was the only main factor; means
were separated using Duncan's multiple range tests.
Findings
x Different dietary treatments did not significantly affect body weight, feed consumption or feed efficiency
of the birds. Thus, use of a diet with 18%, 21% or 22% protein did not significantly affect the performance
of Arabian Chickens raised under the local environmental conditions indicating that using a diet with 18%
protein would be suitable in saving feed costs.
x No mortality among the birds occurred, and no signs of disease were observed during the experimental
period.
Conclusions
This study covered only the brooding period. More experimental studies will be needed to cover the growing
and laying periods. Dietary treatment with 18% protein is recommended for raising Arabian chickens (0-3
weeks old) under the environmental conditions of Kuwait.
Applications
Information from this study may be used to improve efficiency in the Kuwait poultry industry.
The authors thank the client (Mr. Suad AI-Azmi) for providing in-kind support and Kuwait Institute for
Scientific Research for financial support (KD 14,890). The assistance provided by Dr. Magdy Mashaly during
the different tasks of the project is acknowledged.
FA066C
455
Acknowledgements

Completed Project
FA063C; September, 2006 to October, 2007
Greenery Program of Kuwait National Petroleum Company Refineries and

Associated Works: Port Al-Ahmadi and Port Al-Abdulla
*R. Grina, N. Bhat, S. Omar and M. Khalil
Introduction
The Kuwait National Petroleum Company (KNPC) requested the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
.,65 WR GHYHORS D JUHHQHU\ SURJUDP IRU WZR .13& UHILQHU\ VLWHV Port Al-Ahmadi (MAA) and Port
Al-$EGXOODK 0$% 7KH PDLQ REMHFWLYH RI .,65V VHUYices was to provide KNPC with a more pleasant
environment and aesthetic visual image through the design and implementation of a comprehensive landscape
LPSURYHPHQWDQGH[SDQVLRQSURJUDP7RUHDOL]HWKH&OLHQWVJUHHQHU\GHYHORSPHQWJRDOV the KNPC greenery
SODQ VROXWLRQV ZHUH FUHDWHG WR SURPRWH .13&V FRQFHUQ IRU WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI VXVWDLQDEOH JUHHQHU\
SODQQLQJFRQFHSWVDQGSURYLGHSXEOLFDZDUHQHVVRQHQYLURQPHQWDOLPSURYHPHQWDQGHQKDQFH.XZDLWVQDWXUDO
biodiversity at the two refineries.
Methods
The KNPC Greenery Program developed by KISR encompassed all corresponding responsibilities as defined
in the KISR-KNPC contract and was organized into three primary phases including a field survey program,
master planning design and the preparation of detailed engineering drawing tender. These major elements were
further subdivided into a dozen tasks covering data gathering, site inventory work, establishment of a project
AutoCad system, planning design input, reviews, final engineering, Invitation To Bid (ITB) documentation
and reporting. Field reconnaissance work included a targeted site visual landscape survey and analysis of soils,
water availability and water quality based on field data collection and assessment methods such as direct
observation, photo documentation, and extensive verification measurements of site elements; analysis, review
and interpretation of existing site information, archive drawings, satellite images, aerial photos and report data;
along with water and soils sampling and laboratory analysis. Master planning activities for the refinery areas
designated to receive greenery improvements consisted of developing accurate digital site base plans, resolving
environmental constraints and security issues, investigating lagoon sea water use, evaluating alternative water
distribution schemes and identifying greenery zone parameters and planting density levels. The design process
utilized graphic tools such as conceptual site plan delineations and 3-d perspective renderings. Based on the
accepted master plan concepts, comprehensive technical landscape tender document packages for MAA and
MAB landscape construction, planting, and irrigation greenery elements were prepared, accompanied by
recommendations for: soil erosion control, weed abatement, a water savings based plant palette, and landscape
maintenance program options. To monitor the complex work program tasks and subtasks, an interactive
scheduling program was employed and, to ensure research and design quality control, the present project had
responsibility for overall project management, technical coordination and client reporting requirements.
*rgrina@safat.kisr.edu.kw
456
Findings and Conclusions

x The KISR team provided KNPC with an overall sustainable greenery vision and a variety of landscape
enhancement documents to be implemented at MAA and MAB. In general, these solutions were planned
to enhance environmental and economic benefits of landscape practices at the two refinery sites.
x Key sustainable landscape elements and design practices were recommended by KISR for the KNPC
Greenery Program included:
Water Resource Conservation:
1) Emphasis on native or drought tolerant plantings and use of design programming refinements in the
design process between preliminary project stage and final project stage resulting in reduction of green
areas, revised plant spacing adjustments, and minimizing lawn areas, significantly reduced projected
water consumption at both refineries.
2) Installation of effective water irrigation systems to increase watering efficiency.
3) Design of streetscape greenery acting to minimize surface water run-off.
4) Implement a water auditing program.
5) Implement green waste recycling and surface mulching programs for further water savings and landscape
maintenance cost benefits.
Other Resource Conservation:
1) Use of sea water to create lagoon habitat areas with naturalizing halophytic plantings and enhance Kuwait
bio-diversity preservation.
2) Re-use of native non-polluted soil on site for mounding.
3) Contract growing to benefit KNPC plant acclimatization and landscape cost savings.
Site Pollution Reduction:
1) Use of on-site water resources including discarded sea-water from refinery cooling process to provide
DGGLWLRQDOVFUXEELQJRUFOHDQVLQJOHYHOWRHIIOXHQWFRROLQJZDWHUEHIRUHUHWXUQWR*XOI
2) Elimination of fertilizer requirements and pesticide use in native planting areas.
Energy Savings:
Introduction of additional plantation of palms and shade trees adjacent to buildings to reduce heat gain, air
conditioning demand and energy consumption.
Applications
KNPC Greenery Program document outputs can be utilized for:
x Invitation to Bid (ITB) document packages were produced by KISR to exacting KNPC standards and
submitted for KNPC tendering use as separate, combined or phased projects
x KNPC future needs for budgeting and planning related to site and environmental improvements at MAA
and MAB
x Incorporation of KNPC greenery design program recommendations into MAA and MAB site
improvement plans can lead to long-term greenery maintenance cost savings
x KNPC sustainable greenery planning solutions and techniques (i.e. water demand savings, use of sea water,
emphasis on native and drought tolerant plants, water auditing, mulching, etc.) can serve as a model or
guideline for other Kuwait government and private sector landscape projects
FA063C
457
Public Awareness:
KNPC greenery plan will be an environmentally friendly project for public awareness.
Acknowledgements
Authors thank Kuwait National Petroleum Company (KNPC) Project Team: K. Bastaki, J. Al-Otaibi, F.
Dawoud and A. Al-Khalaf. Thanks are extended to Specialist Support Team Members: J. Basbous, Y. Khan,
M. Ray, G.I. Mangao (Rabya Co.), M. Abdulkhuder, C.M. Davidson (MAC Architects), R. Quimbo, E.
Ygpuara, and M.V. Murali; also acknowledge KISR Support Staff: A. Al-Nasser, E. Delima, L. Al Mulla, H.
Tawfiq, B. Thomas, S.I. Ali, P. George, V.S. Lekha, R. Cruz, R. Bellen, M. Al-Zalzaleh, E. Rodrigues, N.
Oliveira and A. Kumar. The total project budget was KD 168,010 of which 80% was contributed by KNPC.
FA063C
458

Completed Project
FA049C; September, 2006 to August, 2008
Introduction of Capers for Dual Applications in Kuwait: Introduction,

Evaluation and Field Evaluation (Phase 1)
*M. Suleiman, M. Abo-El-Nil, M. Abdal, N. Bhat, S. Al-Dossery, L. Al-Mulla, M. Al-Zalzaleh,
R. Bellen, R. Cruz, S. Jacob, R. Thomas, G. 'Cruz, S. Ali and P. George
Introduction
Screening of heat and drought tolerant plants that can adapt to the arid conditions is pivotal to the successful
introduction of new ornamental plants in Kuwait. Capparis spinosa is a drought resistant plant that has the
potential to withstand harsh climatic conditions. The main aim of the project was to introduce Caper (Capparis
spinosa L.) to Kuwait and develop the basic silvicultural techniques of propagating and growing superior
plants suitable for intensive planting for ornamental greenery utilization, desert rehabilitation and production
of culinary capers.
Methods
Findings
x Treatment combination consisting of acid scarification in 1% H2SO4 for 20 minutes combined with
soaking in 400 ppm Gibberellic Acid (GA3) for two hrs, followed by chilling stratification at 4oC for one
week resulted in the highest germination of 64% in Capparis spinosa. Warm water treatment with three
month chilling stratification was the next best treatment (42%) in improving germination in Caper seeds.
The scarification and chilling stratification treatments were found to be effective in breaking the seed
dormancy in Caper plant, while the duration of chilling stratification was reduced by prior treatment with
GA3 and/or potassium nitrate.
x Treated seeds sown in potting soil medium produced better results than the seeds sown in Petri dishes
proving that substrate has a significant influence on the germination of fresh Caper seeds.
x Though treatment with Pokon IBA and 400 ppm NAA produced 57.78% and 53.33% initial sprouting in
the semi-hardwood cuttings of Capparis spinosa, none of the hormone treatments were successful in
developing roots. Results indicated that propagation using stem cuttings was not a feasible method of
propagation at this stage.
459
As dried Caper seeds are difficult to germinate because of their dormant state, a number of pre-treatments
(chilling stratification, acid scarification, and seed soaking in gibberellic acid or potassium nitrate solutions)
were tested to break seed dormancy and enhance germination. For vegetative propagation of caper, semihardwood cuttings of Capparis spinosa and Capparis spinosa var. inermis were treated with varying
concentrations of rooting hormones like naphthyl acetic acid (NAA), indole butyric acid (IBA) to improve
rooting success. Hardened Caper seedlings were planted at KISR Waterfront Site for field evaluation and were
drip irrigated at 100%, 75% and 50% of the daily water requirements.
x During the field trials there was no significant difference in plant height between the irrigation treatments
(100%, 75% and 50% of daily water requirement), indicating that plant height does not play a vital role in
determining the growth rate of Caper plant during the period of vegetative growth. Canopy growth rate was
highest in plants with 100% irrigation. During active vegetative periods, 100% irrigation is needed for
Caper plants which are used as ground cover. If instant landscape was not vital, plants irrigated at 50%
still developed lusciously, however; at a slower growth rate.
Conclusions
Caper plant was found to be a problem-IUHH SODQW ZKLFK FRXOG UHDGLO\ DGDSW WR .XZDLWV HQYLURQPHQWDO
FRQGLWLRQVZLWKQRSHVWDQGGLVHDVHLQFLGHQFHDQGZLOOEHDQDVVHWWR.XZDLWVJUHHQHU\SURJUDP0DVV&DSHU
plantations will require average daily demands of irrigation water (12.5 liters) even in summer periods; unlike
most acclimatized groundcovers in Kuwait that require peak daily demands of irrigation water (25 liters/day).
Applications
Caper plant is a potential candidate for introduction into greenery projects as DJURXQGFRYHUEHFDXVHRILWV
ability to grow under arid conditions. Caper plantations may be developed by seed germination for greenery
projects.
Acknowledgment
M. Suleiman, N. Bhat, M. Abdal, S. Zaman, S. Jacob, R. Thomas, S. Al-Dossery and R. Bellen. (2008).
Germination studies of Capparis spinosa L. Propagation of Ornamental Plants; 9(1): 35-38.
FA049C
460

Completed Project
FA050C; October, 2006 to September, 2008
Cold Bed Culture for Tomato Production

*M. Abdal1, N. Bhat1, M. Suleiman1, L. Al-Mulla1, M. Al-Zalzaleh1, S. Jacob1, R.Thomas1,
R Bellen1, R. Cruz1, S. Ali1, P. George1, M. Al-Musallam2 and A. Ali3
1
3
Department of Aridland Agriculture and Greenery, 2Department of Economic Studies,

Central Analytical Laboratory, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Introduction
Different models of protected environments are created in Kuwait to alleviate the adverse impacts of hot desert
conditions for fresh-vegetable production. Cold bed culture is a method of crop production adapted from the
hot bed culture concept used in cold climatic regions to enhance crop production and save resources
throughout the season. The purpose of establishing the cold bed culture is to decrease the size of the cooling
area within the protected spaces in the greenhouse to save cooling water and to utilize the soil depth as
insulation for heat transfer.
A complete randomized block design was used to compare the treatments. Three covering materials (glass,
fiberglass and plastic) and two cooling methods (conventional cooling with paper pads and micro-water
misting) were compared within the protected area. The tomato plants were used as experimental indicator, and
bushy (determinate) types GS-12 F1 Hybrid variety were planted for comparison. Hardened tomato seedlings
were transplanted to 4.405 liter pots in sandy soil, peat moss and perlite (1:1:1) medium and then transferred to
the cold bed units and were irrigated with fresh water to soil capacity (7% by weight) using a trickle system.
The conventional greenhouse treatment was to compare the cold bed culture to the control. Plant growth and
environmental parameters were collected bi-weekly from all the experimental units to monitor the effect of
treatments on the growth. Yield data was recorded at the time of harvest. Fruits were graded according to
United States Department of Agriculture grade standards. Economic assessment and data analysis was carried
out by the Techno Economics Department, at KISR based on the data provided by the project team.
Findings
x Highest marketable yields of 56.13 kg (1.03 kg/plant) and 20.69 kg (0.38 kg/plant) were obtained from
units with plastic covering, cooling pad and 0 cm depth for the first and second crops, respectively.
x Lowest marketable yields of 27.74 kg (0.50 kg/ plant) was obtained from units with plastic covering,
misting and 15 cm depth for the first crop and 10.54 kg (0.18 kg/ plant) from units with fiber glass, cooling
pad and 30 cm depth for second crop. The highest yield was obtained for plastic cooling pad units with
zero depth for both crops. Thus, it can be inferred that this treatment is comparatively better than the other
treatments.
x Results from the field study indicate that gross profit from plastic cooling pad units with zero depth was
higher by 40% than the conventional greenhouses which incurred a loss of KD 1.91/ m2. During winter,
the highest yield (4.67 kg/ m2) was obtained in plastic units with zero cm depth indicating the fact that
depth of sowing has a complementary effect on yield in the winter season.
*mabdal@kisr.edu.kw
461
Methods
x Revenues per square meter from the various treatments of cold bed culture were more than the revenues
from the greenhouse (KD 0.417/ m2). Highest revenue from cold bed culture was from plastic cooling pad
units with zero depth (KD 1.167/ m2), which was three times higher than the conventional greenhouse.
Water required for cooling the green house was comparatively higher (1.8 x 103 IG/m2) than the cold beds
with cooling pad (1.1 x 103 IG/m2) and misting units (0.4 x 103 IG/m2). Additionally cost of electricity was
also higher in control greenhouse (KD 0.280/m2) than the cooling pad (KD 0.210/m2) and misting units
(KD 0.200/m2).
Conclusions
In general, cost of utilities like electricity and water for cooling were higher in control greenhouse as compared
to cold bed units indicating the potential in using this technique for reducing water consumption in water
deficient arid regions like Kuwait.
Applications
The concept of cold bed can be used in production of organic vegetables to make agriculture in protected
environment more profitable, as it fetches better prices for the produce.
Acknowledgments
M. Abdal, M. Suleiman and R. Thomas: Cracking of Tomato Skin in Kuwait. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 808, II
International Symposium on Tomato Diseases 2009.
FA050C
462

Completed Project
FA073C; May, 2007 to May, 2008

and Oil Production in Kuwait, Phase II: Determination of Irrigation
Requirements and Establishment of a Plantation
*H. Al-Menaie, M. Abo-El-Nil, S. Al-Dossery and A. Al-Shatti
Introduction
To improvise and exploit the gains achieved by testing the argan tree under local field conditions of Kuwait,
this project was initiated as a continuation of project FA028C. Since salinity of the irrigation water and soil are
critical factors affecting plant growth in Kuwait, the salinity tolerance level of argan needs to be determined. In
view of this, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research signed a contract with Al-Argan Company to obtain
and grow 10,000 argan seedlings in the client farm at Abdally. This one year project was executed in May
2007 with financial support from Al-Argan. The main objectives of the project were to determine the water
requirements by optimizing the irrigation regime in an experimental plantation, to determine the level of salt
tolerance of argan trees and to establish a large-scale field plantation for the demonstration of the feasibility of
argan introduction.
Methods
Germination and Plant Growth: To study the soaking effect on germination, the seeds were soaked in water for
different time periods of 24, 48 and 72 h. The soaked seeds were planted in 10 cm plastic pots at Urban
Demonstration Garden site (UDG), Salmiya.
To develop a comprehensive protocol on various aspects of argan seed germination and propagation, an
experiment was conducted to study the viability of argan seeds. Three thousand seeds stored at room
temperature (22oC-24oC) in air tight containers for a period of one year were sown in 10 cm pots in a mixture
of Soil: Peat moss: Potting soil (3:1:1) and germination recorded.
To study the impact of the number of kernels and the shape of seeds on germination, the seeds were grouped
into different categories based on the shape and number of kernels. Each treatment was replicated five times
with five units for each replication and sown in 10 cm pots filled with a mixture of Soil: Peat moss: Humus
(3:1:1) and germination recorded.
Determination of Optimum Irrigation Regime: One and a half year old seedlings were planted in 50 x 50 x 50
cm pits at a spacing of 3 x 3 m using Randomized Block Design with three treatments representing three levels
463
The project team conducted a scientific mission to Morocco and collected argan seeds in bulk quantities which
were used for further experiments. The seeds were germinated and utilized in the establishment of a large-scale
plantation in alliance with Al-Argan Company.
of irrigation and was replicated six times. A drip irrigation system was installed to deliver a static amount of
water at different intervals of irrigation representing different treatments. The amount of water applied was
uniform for all the treatments (3l/irrigation) but with varying frequencies of irrigation.
Determination of Salt Tolerance: Two year old plants were transplanted in 10 gallon plastic containers filled
with agricultural soil. Test plants were irrigated with freshwater until they were established in these containers.
Salinity stress was administered by irrigating the plants with salinized nutrient solution containing different
amounts of total dissolved solids concentrations 2.5ds/m, 5ds/m and 10ds/m. The pH of the salinized solution
was adjusted between 6 and 6.5.
Establishment of a Large Scale Plantation: One year old seedlings were planted in the field at UDG site,
Salmiya for evaluation of field performance. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block
Design (RCBD) with ten replications for each treatment. The vegetative parameters like plant height and
number of branches were measured at monthly intervals and data analyzed using R method.
Findings
x Studies conducted on germination and plant growth indicated that seed viability of argan is significantly
affected by the storage period of seeds; viability declined with period of storage.
x The number of kernels and the shape of seeds had a vital role in germination of argan seeds.
x Plants were subjected to water limitation induced stress to quantify their irrigation requirements. The
results indicate that, higher levels of irrigation provided better chances of survival and growth while the
threshold level was breached in the lower level irrigation regimes resulting in wilting of plants.
x Regarding field performance, argan seedlings exhibited notable ability to survive under harsh climatic
conditions of Kuwait.
Conclusions
Further studies on the monitoring and evaluation of the field performance of argan plants under harsh
environmental conditions of Kuwait are recommended.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Al-Argan Company and the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for financial support
(KD 20,000).
FA073C
464

Completed Project
FA044K; April, 2004 to September, 2007
Pilot Study on Production of High Quality Broilers and Eggs

A. Al-Nasser, *M. Mashaly, A. Al-Saffar, H. Al-Khalifa, F. Khalil, M. Al-Bahouh,
G. Ragheb and A. Al-Haddad
Introduction
Even though the poultry industry in Kuwait is one of the most important animal industries in the country, the
industry covers only 55% and 48% of local consumption of egg and poultry meat, respectively. These figures
demonstrate that the industry is facing serious competition from imported products. This requires the industry
to move towards further improvement of production efficiency, quality, and uniqueness of products in order
for the poultry producers to be able to meet this competition. The egg and broiler industries are both working
toward achieving this important goal. In the egg industry this may be achieved by producing eggs with
improved nutritional qualities at cheaper prices than the imported ones. New management technology can be
applied to increase production efficiency in the broiler industry.
The major objectives of this project were; 1) to produce in the table egg industry in Kuwait, unique eggs that
have high levels of omega-3 fatty acids and have the desired and appropriate ratio between omega-6 and
omega-3 fatty acids through including flaxseeds in the diet of the laying hens, 2) to introduce a cage
technology system for raising broilers, to the broiler industry in Kuwait, and 3) to demonstrate the financial
output and the economic benefits of producing omega-3 fatty acids enriched eggs, and using cages to raise
broilers.
The project examined; 1) table egg production; 2) broiler production in cages; and 3) economic impact. The
SURMHFWZDVLPSOHPHQWHGDWWKHSRXOWU\UHVHDUFKIDUPDW.,65V6XODLEL\DILHOGVWDWLRQ
Table egg production: 7KHSXOOHWVXVHGZHUH/6//RKPDQQ6HOHFWHG/LQH:KHQWKHKHQVZHUHZHHNVRI
age, trials started by feeding with 3 different levels of flaxseeds. Production parameters and levels of omega-3
and omega-6 were measured in eggs collected following the different feeding treatments.
Broiler production: The objective was to investigate the advantages of using cages, instead of floor, to raise
broilers and to determine whether there is an interaction between breed and management system. Fifteen
cycles were conducted. Indian River and Cobb 500 broiler breeds were used in these experiments. Production
parameters were measured at different ages to compare production performance of broilers raised on the floor
vs. in cages.
*mmashaly@safat.kisr.edu.kw
465
Methods
Findings
x In the experiments related to the production of omega-3 enriched eggs, increased levels of omega-3 fatty
acids can be accomplished by adding flaxseed in the diet of laying hens, reaching 255 mgs of omega-3
fatty acids per egg and a ratio for omega-6: omega-3 of 4.4:1.
x Feeding different levels of flaxseed, to produce omega-3 enriched eggs, does not adversely affect any of
the production performance parameters and therefore, the table-egg industry should not have any concern
over using it in the diet of laying hens.
x Production efficiency of broilers raised on the floor is better than that of broilers raised in cages because
feed consumption is more for birds raised in cages since they have more feeder space per bird.
x If feeder space is reduced for birds that are raised in cages, to become comparable to that of birds raised on
the floor, then production efficiency of birds that are raised in cages or on the floor becomes similar.
x Two advantages of raising birds in cages were noted; 1) the hygenic condition of birds raised in cages is
much better than that of birds raised on the floor and 2) space utilization is much better when birds are
raised in cages since for the same space can accommodate more birds.
x The breed has an impact on the body weight at 5 weeks of age (slaughter age) when they are placed in
cage system however it has no effect on feed efficiency.
Conclusions
Incorporation of flaxseed into the diet increased omega-3 fatty acids in eggs. However, future studies should
be conducted to increase levels of omega-3 fatty acids even further to reach approximately 400 mgs per egg
and reduce the ratio between omega-6 and omega-3 even further to reach approximately 2:1 as recommended
by the Food and Agriculture Organization. In addition, using cages to raise broilers could result in producing
high quality and healthier broilers.
Applications
The results can be applicable to both the broiler and the table egg sectors of the poultry industry. Application
of these results in Kuwait could improve the economical competitiveness of local companies compared to the
imported products. In addition, application of our results by the local broiler industry can produce broilers that
are healthier and of higher quality than the imported ones.
Acknowledgments
The project team thanks the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for financial support. Total budget was
KD 153,770.

A. Al-Nasser, M. Al-Bahouh, F. Abdullah, G. Ragheb, A. Al-Saffar and M. Mashaly. Effect of adding flaxseed
in the diet of laying hens on both production of omega-3 enriched eggs and on production performance.
Poultry Science Association 98th Annual Meeting, July 20-23, 2009, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
FA044K
466

Completed Project
FA009S; April, 2003 to March, 2007
Revegetation of Damaged Terrestrial Ecosystems

*G. Brown, E. Delima, T. Thomas, E. Ebrahim, K. Jose, P. Ramos and F. Ahmed
Introduction
The military activities associated with the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait resulted in widespread damage to the
natural environment, as recognized by the United Nations Compensation Commission (UNCC). Regarding the
compensation claims submitted by the Kuwait Government, the UNCC placed primary emphasis on restoring
the environment to pre-invasion conditions in terms of its overall ecological functioning, strongly
recommending remediation techniques that facilitate natural recovery processes. The main objective of this
project was to develop a suitable revegetation program for degraded desert ecosystems as well as for sites
affected by tarcrete. This program also encompassed all aspects of the mass propagation of native plant species
to be used in large scale restoration.
Methods
Findings
Revegetation in the Module Island:
x Before restoration activities commenced, the site was largely barren or covered by stands of the highly
undesirable chenopod Cornulaca aucheri.
x Due to the specific measures carried out in this project (seeding and planting), the native dwarf shrub
Rhanterium epapposum is beginning to gain a foothold in the Module Island, and once firmly established,
it will spread out from there into adjoining areas.
x The dwarf shrub Farsetia aegyptia, formerly one of the rarest plants in Kuwait, has become very common
in the Module Island due to the seeding and planting.
x Artificial irrigation proved to be superfluous, and yielded no significant improvement in plant growth.
x Specific restoration measures in the Module Island encouraged the recolonisation by native wildlife,
including certain rare bird species.
x In the first year of the project, natural rainfall was exceptionally high, and this was highly beneficial to
plant establishment and growth.
*gbrown@safat.kisr.edu.kw
467
Experimental plots were established in two separate areas: 1) in the "Module Island", a site located in the new
extension of KISR's Agricultural Research Station (ARS-EXT) at Kebd and 2) in a tarcrete-affected site in the
Burgan Oilfield. Various treatments were applied to the plots, including seeding, transplanting of container
plants, furrowing, irrigation and the application of organic amendments. Furthermore, a large scale program to
collect seeds of native desert plant species was embarked upon, as well as a program to mass-propagate native
plant species to be used for restoration purposes.
The tarcrete-affected site in the Burgan Oilfield:

x Complete removal of the tarcrete is not necessary to promote revegetation.
x Furrowing with a rangeland pitter, thus fragmenting the tarcrete in strips is an efficient approach. The
remaining tarcrete was found to be gradually becoming covered with sand and colonized by native
vegetation (e.g. Cyperus conglomeratus). Although the tarcrete would remain present in the soil profile, it
was thought to be unlikely to have any detrimental effects on plant growth.
x Soil amendments appeared to be having little or no effect on the revegetation process.
Conclusions
Revegetation in the Module Island using native plant species was deemed to be a great success in restoring the
natural environment, and was also highly beneficial for native wildlife. Complete removal of tarcrete is not
essential for revegetation and restoration. The development of the native plant propagation program was highly
successful, making KISR a regional leader in this field.
Applications
Knowledge and experience gained from this project is of prime importance for the proposed UNCC-funded
remediation activities in Kuwait and for Kuwait's Environmental Remediation Program (KERP), as well as for
ecosystem restoration work in general.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Public Authority for Assessment of Compensation for Damages Resulting from Iraqi
Aggression and Consortium of International Consultants for funding and cooperation in the project
(KD 415,000). The total budget was KD 498,460.
FA009S
468

Completed Project
FA035G; September, 2005 to June, 2006
Standardized Methods for the Production of High Quality Gardenia

(Gardenia jasminoides) in Kuwait
*H. Al-Menaie and A. Al-Shatti
Introduction
Many species of ornamental and flowering plants have been introduced in Kuwait during the past years but
efforts are still underway to test, select and introduce more exotic species and to improve plant production
technology. The common gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides), is a beautiful, shrubby evergreen plant which can
be used as free-standing specimens or in mass plantings. These shrubs are excellent choices for fragrant
flowers and handsome foliage. They can grow in a variety of soil conditions but do best in well-drained soil,
high in organic matter. Although many nurseries sell gardenia in Kuwait, they do not have the right techniques
for producing high quality gardenia plants. The aim of this activity was to study the effect of different growing
medium on the production of gardenia plants and to standardize horticultural practices for their cultivation as a
part of similar efforts aimed at producing high quality gardenia plants which will eventually help to combat
desertification and to enhance greeney in the country.
Methods
Various combinations of standard growing media like agricultural soil (sand), potting soil, perlite and peat
moss were used to determine the best growing medium suitable for potted gardenia plants. Sand alone and
potting soil alone were used as potting media in two different treatments and another six treatments were
prepared by mixing any of the medium sand, potting soil, perlite and peat moss in the ratio 1:1. Randomized
block design was utilized in all trials using eight treatments and each treatment was replicated 10 times in the
case of indoor plants and five times in case of outdoor variety. Each plant (replicate) was planted in five gallon
plastic containers.
The plants were continuously monitored for deficiency symptoms and disease incidence in relation to different
growing media. Data on vegetative growth parameters and flowering habits of each treatment were collected to
ascertain the media that is ideal for vegetative growth and flower production. Monthly application of 15:15:15
N: P: K at 2mg/l was given to encourage bud formation and blooming.
Findings
x Growing medium played a significant role in the vegetative growth of gardenia.
x Potting soil: perlite medium performed well with more canopy spread and flower production for indoor
plants. A medium rich in organic matter like potting soil and a lighter medium like perlite which provides
469
A total of 100 indoor variety and 50 outdoor variety gardenia plants were procured from one of the local
nurseries which could provide the certificate of origin of the plants. The research was carried out in the
greenhouse at the Urban Demonstration Garden (UDG), Salmiya.
better aeration and better water holding capacity encourages healthy canopy with characteristic dark green
leaves and profuse branching by encouraging bud formation. It was observed that other treatments showed
a reduction in growth of canopy and flower development.
x Flowering in outdoor gardenia was lower than indoor gardenia. This may be due to the fact that outdoor
plants are exposed to harsh environmental conditions like extreme heat and humidity.
x Canopy spread, chlorophyll index and flowering was higher in potting soil: peat moss indicating that
moisture retention and aeration are the key constraints in the growth and flowering of outdoor gardenia.
x Perlite: peat moss media also produced more flowers. In all other treatments gardenia plant showed
abnormally small pale green leaves and shrunken canopy.
Conclusions
Since gardenia is valued for their evergreen handsome foliage, canopy development in different growing media
is a prime concern for landscaping aspects. The optimum soil medium should have a right combination of
moisture, drainage and organic matter content for vegetative and reproductive plant growth.
The study revealed that growing medium had a significant effect on physiological growth parameters like leaf
area, chlorophyll index and canopy spread in both indoor and outdoor gardenia plants.
Acknowledgements
H. Al-Menaie, A. Al-Shatti, D. Prathish and N. Suresh: Effect of Growing Media on Growth and Flowering
Patterns of Gardenia jasminoides under Arid Conditions. European Journal of Scientific Research 2008; 24(1):
69-73.
FA035G
470

Completed Project
FA036G; December, 2005 to June, 2006
Standardized Methods for the Production of High Quality Roses (Rosa indica)
in Kuwait
Introduction
Kuwait has a thriving market for rose cut flowers. This market is served by importing flowers from overseas
sources. Imported flowers are expensive as suppliers have to bear the cost of packing, storage and transport. It
is difficult to grow roses under natural environmental conditions in Kuwait because of its harsh weather, but
roses can be grown successfully under controlled environmental conditions in greenhouses. The objective of
this study was to investigate the viability of establishing a domestic production base for rose cut flowers to
cater for the local population. In particular, the study aimed to provide insight into the practices and techniques
that are needed to develop production on a commercial scale for cut flowers, (flowers and flower buds having
stem of varying length) suitable for arrangement in bouquets and other ornamental purposes. The work focused
on testing standardized horticultural and management practices required to grow roses successfully in Kuwait.
This research was carried out in the greenhouse at the Urban Demonstration Garden Site of Kuwait Institute
for Scientific Research. Rose plants were imported from Netherlands, since Netherlands dominates the world
floricultural industry. Eleven bare root rose varieties (Michele Meilland, True Love, Kajmunk Paramount,
Walzer Traum, Lilac Wonder, Doris Tysterman, Orange Dream, Red Variety, Black Red, Ingrid Bergman and
Elfe) were planted in five gallon plastic containers filled with a mixture of potting soil: perlite: peat moss
prepared in the ratio 1:1:2. The plants were monitored regularly for pests and diseases. A fertilizer mixture
consisting of Kristalon, Calcinit, Krista K, Deltaspray, and Fosfato monopotassico cristallino was dissolved in
water and 100ml of the fertilizer solution was given for each plant twice a week. The plants started flowering
one month after planting and the flowers were cut along with 3-4 leaves. Pruning was done properly to
maintain the plants as and when needed as it has a direct relationship on flower production. Dead wood and
spent flower heads were also removed to encourage bud emergence. To alleviate any problems resulting from
high temperature, a net of Rocklin @ 80% was stretched inside the greenhouse during summer months so as to
block the excess heat penetrating the greenhouse. This measure had significant impact on bringing the
temperature down to the optimum levels.
Findings
x Biometric parameters indicated that the variety Michele Meilland is the best flower producing variety
followed by True Love, Kajmunk Paramount, Walzer Traum, Lilac Wonder, Doris Tysterman, Orange
Dream, Red Variety, Black Red and Ingrid Bergman.
x Variety Elfe exhibited the poorest performance.
471
Methods
x Regarding plant height, Michele Meilland was the tallest followed by Ingrid Bergman and True Love. The
varieties Elfe, Orange Dream, Black Red, Doris Tysterman, Kajmunk Paramount, Walzer Traum and Lilac
Wonder were at par on plant height.
x Red Variety showed the shortest stem length.
x Variety Doris Tysterman showed the maximum chlorophyll content value and the lowest value was
exhibited by Black red.
x Lilac Wonder showed the maximum leaf area value and Orange Dream the lowest.
Conclusions
The variation shown by different varieties in various parameters can be attributed to varietal character. All
the varieties except Elfe proved to be excellent cultivars suitable for growing under greenhouse conditions of
Kuwait. They produced attractive, colorful and long lasting fragrant flowers. The flowers were bigger in size
with long flower stalks and long vase life and hence can be efficiently used in flower arrangements.
Acknowledgements
H. Al-Menaie, A. Al-Shatti, D. Prathish, N. Suresh and M. Mathew (2008). Evaluating the Suitability of
Different Rose Varieties (Rosa indica) under Greenhouse Conditions in Kuwait, European Journal of Scientific
Research; 19 (4): 728-732.
FA036G
472

Completed Project
FA041G; September, 2006 to August, 2007
Establishment of a Native Plant Nursery: Phase I

*G. Brown, P. Ramos, T. Thomas and E. Ebrahim
Introduction
In recent decades, the rangelands of Kuwait have suffered from massive degradation caused by a number of
factors, most notably overgrazing. Furthermore, the military activities associated with the Iraqi invasion of
Kuwait led to a marked deterioration in their condition. The damage to the rangelands is so severe that in the
short to medium-term, specific restoration measures are required to promote vegetation regeneration.
Regarding damage caused by the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the United Nations Compensation Commission
(UNCC) strongly recommended remediation techniques that facilitate natural recovery processes. This will
inevitably require large numbers of native plant species to be planted or seeded, which in turn will necessitate
the involvement of the private sector to ensure that these plants can be grown within a short time-frame.
The primary aim of this Research Activity was to develop the infrastructure and initiate a large-scale operation
aimed at growing native plants for habitat restoration in cooperation with the private sector (Al-Faisalia Farm
in Wafra, Kuwait).
After establishing the necessary infrastructure at Al-Faisalia Farm in Wafra, including a new greenhouse and
shadehouse, as well as preparing several large fields for outplanting, work began on the propagation of the
different species. Germination was initially carried out in the KISR laboratory, and the seedlings were
transported to Wafra where they were planted in small Jiffy pots. After about 4-8 weeks, plants were
transferred to 5-gallon pots for further growth in the greenhouse, before they were either outplanted to the field
or moved to the shadehouse for longer-term storage.
Findings
x During the one-year duration of the project, approximately 45,000 native plants belonging to 10 species
were produced.
x Key species that were propagated in large quantities included Calligonum comosum, Farsetia aegyptia,
Panicum turgidum, Pennisetum divisum and Rhanterium epapposum.
x Smaller quantities of the following species were propagated: Astragalus sieberi, Convolvulus oxyphyllus,
Helianthemum lippii, Lycium shawii and Salvia spinosa.
x Approximately 21,000 plants have been planted in the field to be used for seed/forage production; a further
24,000 are located in the greenhouse/shadehouse and can be used directly for restoration projects.
x Growth of the plants was rapid and remarkably, some individuals of the ecologically important dwarf
shrubs Farsetia and Rhanterium began flowering in the field plots within a few months, producing seed
after just 5 months of growth.
473
Methods
x Two large fields that were planted with the native grasses Panicum turgidum and Pennisetum divisum also
grew extremely well, and required relatively little water to produce a substantial amount of biomass.
Conclusions
The large scale production of native perennial plant species has been shown to be technically feasible with
relatively little investment required for infrastructure. The plants produced can be used for ecosystem
restoration purposes, which could be of great relevance if the large-scale UNCC-funded remediation and
revegetation projects are implemented in Kuwait. Large quantities of seeds are produced by these plants after
just one year. This shows that a seed production unit is technically feasible, which will be of great relevance to
the UNCC-funded projects. Apart from restoration purposes, the native perennial grasses can be used as an
excellent source of fodder for domestic livestock, especially as they require relatively little irrigation water
when compared to conventional grasses.
Applications
Knowledge and experience gained from this project will prove invaluable once the large-scale production of
native plants species as part of the UNCC-funded remediation activities in Kuwait are initiated. The results of
the project will also be of great benefit to Kuwait's Environmental Remediation Program (KERP). The
production of native grasses using little water could have important implications for agriculture, as the grass
can be harvested as a cost efficient source of highly palatable forage.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Al-Faisalia Farm, for their assistance, Dr. K.P. Jose and Engr. H. Ahmed
Abd-Mohammed for their cooperation in technical matters and KISR for financial support (KD 4,600).
G. Brown, P. Ramos, S. Omar, K. Jose, T. Thomas, A. Al-Nasser, and E. Khalil,: Mass production of native
plants for ecosystem restoration in Kuwait. In: Desertification in Aridlands: Causes, Consequences and
Mitigation. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait.
FA041G
474

Completed Project
FA040G; November, 2006 to April, 2007
Effect of Dietary Protein Level on the Performance of Arabian Chickens in

Kuwait
*H. Al-Khalifa, A. Al-Nasser, M. Mashaly, F. Khalil, M. Bahou and G. Ragheb
Introduction
The poultry industry in Kuwait depends mainly on importing broiler hatching eggs and one day old chicks for
production on poultry meat and table eggs. The local chickens (Arabian Chicken) were long been important to
Kuwait society for both food and as pets. These chickens proved to be highly resistant to the local adverse
conditions in Kuwait.
Arabian chickens are known to produce high quality meat and eggs. However, the average egg production is
only 150 eggs/hen/year; compared with commercial chicken production that reaches 325 eggs /hen/year. This
activity was conducted to: 1) study the effect of using three different feed rations on the performance of
Arabian chickens raised under Kuwait environmental conditions, and 2) to develop management practices for
Arabian Chickens raised in Kuwait.
This activity was implemented at the poultry research farm at Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR).
The study focused on the effect of three different feed rations of protein (17%, 15%, and 19%) on the
production performance of the Arabian chickens under local environmental conditions. The production
performance parameters monitored included body weight, feed consumption, feed efficiency and mortality. A
total of 171 birds were raised during the brooding period from zero to four weeks of age. The period that was
covered in this activity was the rearing (pre-laying period) from 5 to 16 weeks of age.
Findings
x The body weight for hens fed with 17% protein was significantly higher (P 0.05) than hens fed with 15%
and 19% protein.
x There were no significant difference (P 0.05) on body weight gain and feed efficiency of the hens fed
with three different levels of protein.
x Even though feed consumption for the group that was fed with 19% protein was significantly lower
(P 0.05) than the other two groups, feed efficiency was similar to all the three groups.
Conclusions
These findings show that using a diet with three different protein levels (17%, 15% and 19%) would not have
significant effect on the feed efficiency and on the performance of Arabian Chickens raised under Kuwait
environmental conditions. Therefore, it is recommended to use a dietary treatment with 15% protein.
*mkhamis@kisr.edu.kw
475
Methods
Applications
Establishment of scientific information of the Arabian chickens raised under Kuwait environmental conditions
will support enhancement of poultry diversity and poultry production in Kuwait.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the client (Mr. Suaid Al-Azmi) for providing the in-kind support and Kuwait Institute for
Scientific Research for financial support (KD 4,800).
FA040G
476

Completed Project
FA039G; February, 2007 to July, 2007
Study of Seasonal Variation on Rose Flower Production

Introduction
Roses are universally acclaimed for their beauty and aesthetic appeal and are the most popular and widely
cultivated garden flower in the world. They are also considered as symbols of love, affection, warmth and are
used to mark celebrations and special ocFDVLRQV .XZDLWV FXW IORZHU PDUNHW LV VHUYHG E\ LPSRUWHG IORZHUV
from overseas sources and hence expensive as suppliers have to bear the cost of packing, storage and transport.
It is difficult to grow roses under natural environmental conditions of Kuwait because of its harsh weather, but
these plants can be grown successfully with some appropriate management practices under controlled
environmental conditions in greenhouses. Potentially, this cultivation method could increase control of rose
development, flexibility of production and possible automation of difficult or laborious cultural operations of
rose growing. Therefore, the aim of the present research was to conduct a study on the performance of rose cut
flowers under different climatic and environmental conditions in Kuwait.
Methods
The plants were transferred from five gallon to 10 gallon plastic containers to provide better rooting
environment for the plants. The containers were filled with a mixture of soil: perlite: peat moss in the ratio
1:1:2. Care was taken to ensure that the root ball was kept intact so as to minimize the damage caused to the
root system while planting.
Plants were labeled and kept separately in the greenhouse. The plants were monitored regularly for pests and
diseases. A fertilizer mixture consisting of Kristalon, Calcinit, Krista K, Deltaspray, and Fosfato
monopotassico cristallino was dissolved in water and 100ml of the fertilizer solution was given for each plant
twice a week. Data on the number of flowers produced in each month during the period of study were analyzed.
Findings
x Data on the number of flowers produced during the months of November to January when compared with
those of summer months indicated that the number and quality of flowers was the highest during the months
of September and October.
*hmanaie@kisr.edu.kw
477
This research was carried out in the greenhouse at the Urban Demonstration Garden Site of the Kuwait
Institute for Scientific Research. Ten plants each were selected from ten varieties (Michele Meilland, True
Love, Kajmunk Paramount, Walzer Traum, Lilac Wonder, Doris Tysterman, Orange Dream, Red Variety,
Black Red and Ingrid Bergman) which were subjects of a previous activity (FA036G), based on the
morphological characteristics and flowering pattern.
x The size of the blooms was significantly larger in case of Black Red, Ingrid Bergman and True Love with
better post-harvest life during winter when compared to summer months.
Conclusions
Variations in temperature, air circulation and relative humidity affect the growth and flowering of rose
cultivars.
The yield reduction during winter months can be attributed to reduction in temperature inside the greenhouse
which resulted in growth retardation of plants.
Acknowledgements
H. Al-Menaie and A. Al-Shatti. (2008). Impact of Seasonal Variation on Rose Flower Production under
Greenhouse Conditions in Kuwait. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment 6(2): 378-380.
FA039G
478

Completed Project
FA042G; March, 2007 to February, 2008
Surveillance of Avian Influenza in KISR Poultry

*M. Al-Khamis1 and S. Al-Mouqati2
Department of Aridland Agriculture and Greenery, 2Department of Biotechnology,
Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
1
Introduction
In the last century, the poultry industry around the world passed through many disease outbreaks causing high
mortalities in poultry flocks which led to huge economic and human losses. Avian influenza (AI) virus is one
of the most prominent global agents that had caused several pandemic outbreaks during the course of the last
century.
It has been confirmed that the HPAI H5N1 is spreading among bird populations in the state of Kuwait. The
virus had been detected and isolated from both poultry and falcon population. The Incidence of H5N1 had
been announced officially after Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries, Kuwait institute for Scientific
Research DQG:H\EULJK8.LQWHUQDWLRQDOUHIHUHQFH/DERUDWRU\IRUDYLDQLQIOXHQ]DFRQILUPDWLRQ,WVEHOLHYHG
WKDW WKHLQFLGHQFHRI+1LQ .XZDLWVELUGV SRSXODWLRQ LVGXHWRWKHFRXQWU\VVWUDtegic location i.e. birds
coming from Europe and Asia converged in the country to rest and feed during the winter migration periods
and during spring, birds again are in the country for their northward migration. KISR prepared a plan to protect
its poultry by monitoring and to record incidence of AI virus on scientific bases. The plan includes
Surveillance of the AI virus in KISR poultry farm, especially after the official confirmation of HPAI H5N1
presence in Kuwait. The current activity had focused on monitoring AI based on both serological and genetical
analysis in KISR poultry.
Before the collection process, the general health status of poultry flocks were examined and recorded,
biosecurity measure in the farm were inspected. 60 random blood samples were collected from KISR poultry
farm, particularly 3000 layer chickens and 1000 Arabian chicken flocks, in a period of every 8 weeks intervals,
which will equal 0.4% of both populations (Oie, 2004). 15 random PCR swabs were also collected from both
trachea and cloacae of the monitored chickens. Using the Synbiotics flock profile computerized system in the
animal physiology laboratory. A new profile was created in the synbiotics profile for windows XP ver.202
software. The profile included all the necessary information about the poultry flocks such as hatching date,
numbers of the population and collection information. ELISA was performed for the diagnosis using
Synbiotics Proflok Plus antibody test kits for type A avian influenza virus Plus Kits. RNA extraction was
performed from the collected swabs using QIAamp R 1HDV\ .LWV ZLWK PRGLILFDWLRQV IURP PDQXIDFWXUHUV
recommendations. RRT-PCR was performed using Qiagen one-step RT-PCR kit with a reaction volume of
25Pl. Results from the real-time PCR computer software was interpreted with ELISA calculated results.
*mkhamis@kisr.edu.kw
479
Methods
Findings
x The general health status of KISR poultry flocks was good, in that the feed conversion rate was normal,
the chickens had shown normal physical response to external stimuli and no physical clinical signs close to
avian influenza were detected during the general examination.
x Antibody detection ELISA showed negative antibody titer for type A avian influenza over 8 month period
of extensive monitoring.
x Both type A avian influenza and H5N1 were negative and showed zero values for the cycle threshold (CT)
in 15 swab samples.
x The existing biosecurity protocols in KISR poultry farm were excellent, due to absence of any positive or
suspected cases of AI.
Conclusion
The antibody ELISA detection system could be used to detect any possible pervious exposure and recovery
from avian influenza, while the real time RTPCR could serve as an early detection system for avian influenza
subtype H5N1. Both tests had shown high efficiency, in which they did not require large number of man power,
both were easily performed in a short period of time with easy training extensive and performed and feasible
for commercial use. Results of the study assisted in reducing the panic of poultry consumers.
Applications
KISR prepared a plan to protect its poultry by monitoring and recording incidence of AI virus on scientific
databases. The plan included surveillance of the AI virus in KISR poultry farm, especially after the official
confirmation of HPAI H5N1 presence in Kuwait. This activity focused on monitoring AI based on both
serological and genetic analysis in KISR poultry. Application of this methodology should be done routinely
and seasonally on anticipated Avian flu seasons for KISR flocks since its accurate and fast protocol. Molecular
techniques such as conventional RT-PCR have been used in the recent years as a confirmative diagnosis for AI
viruses along with conventional isolation and identification methods. Recently a new system had been
developed consisting of a specific and highly sensitive multiplex RT-PCR which can simultaneously detect
and differentiate between H5, H7, and H9 subtypes with high efficiency.
Acknowledgments
The total budget of this project was KD 7,080.
References
Al-Khamis, M., and Al-Mouqati, S. (2007). Surveillance of Avian Influenza in KISR Poultry. KISR Report
8872.
FA042G
480

Completed Project
FA043G; April, 2007 to June, 2007
Follow-up on Implementation of Recommendations Arising from Poultry

Biosecurity Project at Kuwait United Poultry Company
*A. Al-Saffar
Introduction
There has been a rapid growth in poultry consumption in Kuwait with consumers promoting the demand for
healthier and safe foods. Poultry are highly susceptible to disease outbreaks that may cause irreversible
economic losses to the poultry industry. Therefore, most of the poultry industries worldwide have developed
biosecurity measures to maintain the safety of poultry. However, in many cases biosecurity practices, including
vaccination programs, are not followed in the absence of effective implementation of a comprehensive
biosafety program. Therefore, it is extremely important that the poultry industry in Kuwait implements a
comprehensive program covering their farms to ensure better production quality and to reduce the burden of
any disease producing agents. The objective of this study was to examine implantation of recommendations of
an earlier study: FA042C (Poultry Biosecurity: A case study at KUPCO). The result of the reassessments
indicated that Kuwait United Poultry Company (KUPCO) is implementing a biosecurity program in all its
IDUPV +RZHYHU WKH FRPSDQ\V SURJUDP ZDV PRGLILHG DQG LPSURved using the updated regulations and
measures related to biosecurity programs worldwide.
Implantation of recommendations specified in the report produced by the previous study (FA042C) was
examined regarding: 1) biosecurity rules and regulations at the company, 2) the status of plan isolation at the
Poultry Company, 3) availability of security procedures for the different facilities, and 4) management
procedures for rodents and pest control, sanitation and disinfection practices. In addition, the FRPSDQ\V
records on diseases and poultry losses were reviewed.
Specific reassessment reviews undertaken were as follows:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
Broiler biosecurity practices,

Layer biosecurity practices,
Hatchery biosecurity practices,
Slaughter House biosecurity practices,
Feed Mill biosecurity practices,
Storage biosecurity practices,
Laborers facilities biosecurity practices,
Equipment and Transportation,
Waste Disposal Areas.
*aasaffar@safat.kisr.edu.kw
481
Methods
Findings
x Data collected from the company poultry farm sites such as hatchery, feed mill, layer farms, broiler farms,
SXOOHWVIDUPDQGRWKHUIDUPs indicate that the company was implementing the major biosecurity program
requirements at their farms.
x ,WHPVVXFKDVIHQFLQJYDFFLQDWLRQSURJUDPELUGVLVRODWLRQGLVLQfection, water and power supply, layer
and broiler farm isolation were rated good.
x In general, pest control, wild bird control, and waste disposal area control were rated fair.
x The company required to enhance the biosecurity program in some areas such as vehicle control (entering
poultry farms), visitor control (especially at the mosque and grocery area).
x Requirement for some improvements in the biosecurity level such as: 1) warning signs, and
2) identification cards for laborers but not for visitors at the farm facilities.
Conclusion
KUPCO was implementing the biosecurity program at different levels (fair to good) as recommended in our
previous study (FA042C) except for some enhancements and improvements specified under findings. It is
important to follow all regulations recommended by the biosecurity program and implement them carefully at
the farm to succeed in farm protection from diseases. Farm workers should be educated on the importance of
the biosecurity program and should be trained with respect to implementation of the program regulation.
Applications
Results of the reassessments were recorded in tables and photos IRUWKHFRPSDQ\VPDQDJHPHQWLQIRUPDWLRQ
only to clearly identify major points to be modified and strengthened in KUPCO current biosecurity program.
Acknowledgments
The author thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for their financial support (KD 1,090) and Kuwait
United Poultry Company for its support.
FA043G
482

Completed Project
FA037G; April, 2007 to March, 2008
Wildlife Survey and Assessment at the Urban Demonstration Gardens

*O. Al-Ragam, E. Delima and M. Al Zalzaleh
Introduction
In 1984, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), in collaboration with the Municipality of Kuwait,
established the Urban Demonstration Gardens (UDG) for ornamental plant and urban landscaping
experimentation. The site is located in the Salmiya district within the Governorate of Hawally. The UDG
suffered a setback in 1991 due to the Iraqi invasion where the Iraqi soldiers made their camp in the park;
however this was completely refurbished after the invasion. The objective of this study was to assess the
impact of the UDG on wildlife fauna.
Methods
This research was carried out in the Urban Demonstration Garden Site of KISR, in both Park A and Park B.
Three wildlife survey methodologies were performed, namely: 1) line transects; 2) baited mammal trapping;
and 3) pitfall trapping. All wildlife fauna observed within the two parks were identified, counted and recorded.
Photographs of wildlife were also taken for documentation. The baited mammal traps were prepared and set in
the afternoon by opening and placing baits inside the traps; they were checked in the early morning for
captures. Captured animals were identified, recorded and released back into their habitat. Pitfall method traps
were constructed in each park to catch ground crawling wildlife. Trapped animals were identified and recorded
before release back into the ground.
x The field data collected indicated that wildlife had benefitted from both parks as stoping and rest area for
migratory birds and refuge for resident animals. A total of 68 species were recorded inside the UDG over
the period of the study.
x Forty three invertebrate species; twenty bird species; two species each of mammals and reptiles; and one
species of amphibian were recorded.
Conclusions
Fewer birds appear to have visited the parks because of on-going building construction activities just outside
the UDG fence. It is suggested that this study be extended or continued after the construction nearby has
finished to determine fauna when the parks return to a normal tranquil state.
Acknowledgements
*oragom@kisr.edu.kw
483
Findings
E. Delima, A. Al-Nasser. (2007). New Record of the Web-footed Sand Gecko, Stenodactylus arabicus
(Haas1957) (Sauria: Gekkonidae), from Kuwait. Journal for Short Communications, Zoology in the Middle
East 41: 111-112.
FA037G
484

Completed Project
Wildlife Assessment at the Agriculture Research Station Sulaibiya, Kabd

E. Delima, *O. Al-Ragam and H. Al-Khalifa
Introduction
The Agriculture Research Station (ARS) was established in 1975 by the Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research (KISR) as a venue for research studies. It suffered damage and destruction in the course of the
invasion of 1991. Soldiers of the Iraqi Army constructed camps and bunkers, damaged the surrounding
environment with off-road heavy machinery and planted countless landmines; currently, unexploded ordnance
(UXO) can still be found. This study assessed the wildlife in the area of the Agriculture Research Station in
Sulaibya. The field data collected during this activity indicated that both ARS and ARS Extension provided
havens for wildlife flora and fauna because of the protection from environmental disturbances and the
availability of food and water. The undisturbed environment of both ARS and ARS extension had tremendous
positive impact on the wildlife flora and fauna, and also suggested that although most desert wildlife can
assimilate water through their food, the presence of water sources in their habitat is important to balance the
ecosystem because water is one of the factors for the survival of prey and food resources.
Methods
Findings
x The field data collected indicated that both ARS and ARS Extension had diverse wildlife fauna and flora.
There were 55 plant species recorded in the vicinity of the four study plots, 81.58% of these identified
plant species were in ARS study plots, while 47.3% species were in ARS Extension. It was noted that 29
of the plant species identified were absent from ARS Extension but present in ARS study plots and 11
plant species identified in ARS Extension but absent in ARS. These differences might be due to the
difference in time of protection of these two study areas (ARS and ARS Extension). ARS has been fenced
since 1975, while the perimeter fence of ARS Extension was completed in February, 2004.
x The field data indicated no significant difference in the number of identified and recorded wildlife fauna
species from ARS and ARS Extension. There were 206 wildlife fauna species recorded, consisting of:
invertebrates, 53 species; reptiles, 12; birds, 131; and mammals, 10 species. There were 38 species of
invertebrates, 9 species of reptiles, 10 mammals species recorded from ARS, while there were 27
invertebrate species, 6 species of reptiles and 6 species of mammals were recorded in ARS Extension.
x The field data collected indicated that 97.7 % of the recorded bird species were in ARS and 79.4% in ARS
Extension; this might be due to the presence of fully grown trees in ARS.
*oragom@kisr.edu.kw
485
Four study plots were selected for this activity; two plots each in ARS and ARS Extension. The criteria in
selecting the study plots were according to types of habitat in the fenced research station, #19 hard low-lying
ground; #20 soft, less covered high lying ground; #30 hard ground with succession growth vegetation; and #40
soft, sandy ground with succession growth vegetation. Established wildlife survey methodologies were used
during this study, namely: line transect in association with drift fence and baited mammal traps.
Conclusions
Both ARS and ARS Extension had great and important contributions to the survival of wildlife flora and fauna
in the country and ARS also has become a favorite breeding ground for various wildlife fauna.
ARS Extension was not deficient in wildlife when compared with the ARS areas.
Ponds in the form of artificial pools and plant irrigation have also attracted wildlife fauna into the research
station. The availability of food and water in the research station also encouraged some bird species to overwinter in these areas.
Acknowledgements
FA038G
486

Completed Project
FA045G; April, 2007 to May, 2008
Effect of Different Dietary Protein Levels on the Production Performance of

Arabian Chicken in Kuwait
*F. Khalil, M. Al-Bahouh and G. Ragheb
Introduction
Arabian chickens are important to Kuwait society and are used for both food and as domestic pets. Most of the
egg production in Kuwait is from commercial laying hens. However, interest is increasing amongst the Kuwait
population to entertain the domestic advantages of raising chickens in a domestic environment that can provide
them with eggs and meat. Arabian chickens have low production performance. This study was conducted to;
1) determine the optimum level of protein intake that would optimize production performance, and
2) investigate whether varying the levels of protein would affect the percent fertility and hatchability compared
to those of standard diets used commercially for Arabian chickens under Kuwait environmental conditions.
The main objectives were to study the effect of three different levels of protein on the production performance,
percent fertility and hatchability and to develop management practices for Arabian chickens.
The study focused on the effect of three different levels of protein on the production performance and the
effect of three different levels of protein on fertility and hatchability of the Arabian chicken. The activity was
implemented at the poultry research farm at Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) Sulaibiya field
station. Arabian chickens were provided by the client, Mr. Saud Al-Aazmi. The total number of chickens was
45; 9 males and 36 females. These hens were used at KISR poultry farm. Three different levels of protein were
used; 17% protein (control), 18% protein, and 15% protein. Egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed
efficiency, and the percent fertility and hatchability were measured.
Findings
x 7KHUHZHUHQRVLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHV3EHWZHHQWKHSHUFHQWHJJSURGXFWion, egg mass, egg weight
and feed efficiency of the hens fed with the three levels of protein. The results showed that in the first 10
days of egg production the fertility and percent hatchability were increased.
x 7KHUHZHUHQRVLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHV3 0.05) between the percent fertility and percent hatchability of
the hens fed with the three levels of protein. The result showed that in the first period (43 weeks of age)
the percent fertility and percent hatchability were increased.
x In the second and third period (51 and 59 weeks of age), the Arabian chickens were adapted to the 15%
protein in the diet. However, the percent fertility and hatchability were increased with no significant
GLIIHUHQFHV3IRUWKDWLWLVUHFRPPHQGHGWRXVHSURWHLn in the diet.
*fkhalil@safat.kisr.edu.kw
487
Methods
Conclusions
There is no reason to increase the level of protein used for these laying hens commercially, since increasing
levels did not increase in percent egg production, egg mass, egg weight and feed efficiency.
Applications
The results of the present study can be applicable to the poultry industry. Using crude protein of 15% in the
chicken diet is not harmful to the production performance, percent fertility and percent hatchability for the
Arabian chicken at the laying period.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Dr. Afaf Al-Nasser and Dr. Magdy Mashaly for their support and assistance. Kuwait
Institute for Scientific Research is thanked for financial support (KD 5,760).
FA045G
488

Completed Project
FA046G; April, 2007 to May, 2008
Effect of Feeding Flaxseed on Egg Production and Egg Weight of Arabian

Chickens in Kuwait
*M. Al-Bahouh, F. Khalil, and G. Ragheb
Introduction
Consumption of poultry products has increased in recent years. However, despite the fact that local poultry
industry is one of the most important animal industries in the country, it covers only 55% of the local egg
consumption. One of the poultry sources that is widely distributed in the farms of Kuwait is the Arabian
chicken, which is a local bird that is adapted to the adverse environmental conditions of Kuwait, and their eggs
form an important part of the Kuwaiti diet.
Arabian chickens produce high quality eggs with different color grades. In Kuwait the consumption of eggs
per capita is one of the highest in the world. High levels of omega-3 fatty acids in eggs are believed to confer
health benefits. This change can be affected by feeding Arabian chickens with different levels of flaxseed.
The major objectives of this project were; 1) to introduce, to the table egg industry in Kuwait, unique eggs
with high nutritional values due to high contents of omega-3 fatty acids and have the desired and appropriate
ratio between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids through including flaxseeds in the diet of the laying hens, and
2) to determine whether feeding different levels of flaxseed (0, 10% and 15% of the diet) to the laying hens to
increase omega-3 in eggs, would have a negative effect on production performance.
A total of 45 Arabian chickens aged 30 weeks were raised in 9 rearing pens, and assigned to three treatment
groups. These treatments included two different levels of flaxseeds in the diet, and the other group was treated
as control. Flaxseed was introduced at 34 weeks of age and was maintained until 61 weeks of age.
The effect of feeding different levels of flaxseed on production performance of Arabian chickens was
measured.
Findings
x Laying hens fed with flaxseed deposited significantly (P 0.05) more omega-3 fatty acids into their eggs
twelve weeks following treatment. The best ratio 3.87 and 2.77 of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids was
observed in groups treated with 10% and 15% flaxseed diets respectively.
x Feeding different levels of flaxseed, to produce omega-3 enriched eggs, did not adversely affect any of the
production performance parameters and therefore, the table-egg industry should not have any concern
over using it in the diet of laying hens.
*mrbahouh@safat.kisr.edu.kw
489
Methods
x Percent egg production, egg weight, and overall egg mass for hens fed with 15% flaxseed was higher at
all ages than that of control hens that received no flaxseed. However, the differences were not statistically
significant (P > 0.05).
x Feed efficiency was the best for the hens fed with 15% flaxseed, with no significant difference (P > 0.05).
Even though, the difference of feed efficiency was not significant, but economically the 0.1 difference in
feed efficiency could result in saving in feed.
Conclusions
Flaxseed used in the diet of laying hens could reduce the feed intake with improvement of feed efficiency. This
indicates that adding flaxseed in the diet could lead to reduction in the production cost.
Applications
The results can be applicable to the table egg sectors since the omega-3 enriched eggs are cheaper than those
imported from Europe; therefore, the local table egg industry can compete effectively with the imported
products using the products produced locally. Furthermore, feeding different levels of flaxseed to produce
omega-3 enriched eggs, does not adversely affect any of the production performance parameters. Overall,
feeding flaxseed to the hens will result in producing eggs with higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids, and will
have a positive effect on the production performance.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Dr. Afaf Al-Nasser and Dr. Magdy Mashaly for their support and assistance and Kuwait
Institute for Scientific Research for providing the financial support (KD 5,760).
M. Al-Bahouh, F. Abdullah, G. Ragheb, A. Al-Nasser and M. Mashaly. Effect of adding flaxseed in the diet of
local adapted chickens on both production of omega-3 enriched eggs and on production performance. Poultry
Science Association Conference held at Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, July, 2009.
FB046G
490

Completed Project
The Effects of Former Sheep Camps on Vegetation and Soil Properties in a

Recently Protected Area at KISR-Sulaibiya
*G. Brown and E. Ebrahim
Introduction
Rangelands account for a large fraction of the land area of Kuwait. However, in recent decades, these
rangelands have been subjected to severe degradation, mainly due to overgrazing by domestic livestock. Many
permanent or semi-permanent sheep camps are scattered throughout the desert, and they are occasionally
abandoned as the owners move on to new areas. As part of this one-year field study, carried out in the recently
protected extension at Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR)'s Agricultural Research Station (ARSEXT), the effects of former sheep camp areas on plant biodiversity and other vegetation characteristics in a
degraded desert ecosystem were examined.
Methods
Findings
Abandoned sheep camps represent characteristic habitat patches in the desert landscape, often sharply
delimited from the surrounding vegetation by their higher plant biomass. The nutrient status of the sheep camp
soils was shown to be generally higher than that of the control plot soils. The flora was broadly similar for the
two sites, i.e. there were no major differences in overall species composition, although more species of desert
annuals were recorded in the control plots. However, with respect to the biomass of desert annuals, it was
found to be much higher in the sheep camp plots than in those of the control plots. The results of our study
clearly show that despite the significantly higher productivity of desert annuals, sheep camp plots have a lower
biodiversity, both in terms of total number of desert annual species recorded and the mean number of species
per plot compared with control areas.
Applications
Knowledge gained from this project will prove useful for Kuwait's Environmental Remediation Program
(KERP), especially regarding the effects of high nutrient levels on plant biodiversity.
*gbrown@kisr.edu.kw
491
Seven sites that had been previously used as sheep camps inside the new ARS-extension were selected. The
camps were dismantled three to four years before a commencement of this study, and there has been no
grazing since then. Fieldwork was conducted in April, 2007 when plant growth was at its maximum, with
"perennial plots" used to sample the perennial vegetation, and smaller "annual plots" used to analyse the desert
annual flora. For biomass analysis, the aerial organs of the annual plants were harvested and after drying in an
oven, dry weight of aerial biomass for each plot was determined.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to KISR for financial support. Dr. N. Bhat (KISR, AAD) carried out analysis of the
soil samples. The total budget was KD 3,620.
G. Brown. Desertification in the Arabian Peninsula and Perspectives for Ecosystem Restoration. In:
Desertification in Aridlands: Causes, Consequences and Mitigation. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research,
Kuwait.
FA047G
492

Completed Project
Growth Characteristics of Four Desert Tree Species with Respect to Two

Different Soil Treatments
*G. Brown and E. Ebrahim
Introduction
Trees of the genera Acacia and Prosopis are of central importance in many of the world's arid and semi-arid
environments by providing fodder, timber, fuelwood and also by contributing to soil stabilisation and
enhancement. Furthermore, they are also often used in landscaping and in shelterbelts to protect sensitive areas
from sand encroachment. The specific objectives of this study were to: 1) examine growth characteristics of
selected desert plant species in respect to different soil treatments, and 2) determine optimum growth
conditions.
Methods
Findings
x All trees experienced initial rapid growth, displaying a typical sigmoid growth curve.
x Growth rates and final height of all the tree species were remarkably similar over the duration of the
experiment, and no significant differences were found among them.
x Presence or absence of inoculum did not affect tree growth. This could be due to the fact that trees
growing in the inoculated soil failed to become infected, or alternatively, all trees became infected with
mycorrhizae already native in the soil.
Additional studies
Analysis carried out by specialists in Germany after the project had been concluded showed the latter to be the
case.
493
Growth characteristics of four tree species native to Arabia were examined in a greenhouse experiment with or
without the presence of inoculum containing mycorrhizae. The four species were Acacia ehrenbergiana,
Acacia pachyceras, Acacia tortilis and Prosopis cineraria, all members of the Mimosaceae (Fabaceae). Of
these, only Acacia pachyceras grows wild in the Kuwait desert, although the others occur in areas adjacent to
Kuwait. All species were germinated in petri dishes in the laboratory from seed obtained from wild
populations in the UAE (all species except for A. pachyceras) and Saudi Arabia (A. pachyceras). One-month
old plants of equal size were planted in 5-gallon pots filled with a standard soil mix, half of which was treated
with natural mycorrhizae.
Conclusions
More detailed studies are required to assess the effects of mycorrhizal infection on tree growth and the growth
performance of trees under field conditions.
Applications
The results of this study suggest that the trees examined in this study have considerable potential for
afforestation/landscaping programs in Kuwait and could be particularly suitable given that they are native to
the region as a whole. Furthermore, the native species Acacia pachyceras is a suitable small tree species that
could be used in ecosystem restoration programs, such as Kuwait's Environmental Remediation Program
(KERP).
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for financial support. Ghulam Shabbir (Dubai) and
M. Al-Hassan of the Forestry Department Al Ain (UAE) are also thanked for obtaining seeds of various tree
species used in this study. The project budget was KD 2,730.
FA048G
494

Completed Project
FA049G; August, 2007 to July, 2008
Vegetation Monitoring in the New Extension of the KISR Sulaibiya

Agricultural Research Station
*G. Brown and T. Thomas
Introduction
Land degradation and desertification have become a serious problem in recent decades in Kuwait. It is against
this backdrop that efforts to restore the desert environment have assumed an increased urgency in recent times.
These efforts have received a fresh impetus from the revegetation work being proposed by the United Nations
Compensation Committee (UNCC) in the wake of the environmental damage caused as a result of the invasion
of Kuwait by Iraq. A well-planned and executed vegetation monitoring program can be used to provide reliable
information to evaluate the success of habitat management strategies, including restoration activities. The
overall objective of this project was to carry out vegetation monitoring in KISR's Agricultural Research Station
(ARS-EXT), including in the "Module Island" which was established as part of an earlier project (FA009S),
and in particular to monitor the survival of keystone perennials that had been outplanted to experimental sites.
Experimental plots were located in two separate sites in the new extension of KISR's Agricultural Research
Station (ARS-EXT) at Kebd: 1) in the "Module Island", a site that was established during an earlier project
(FA009S), and 2) in an adjacent site on firm gritty soil. Various treatments had been applied to the plots,
including seeding, transplanting of container plants, furrowing, irrigation, and the application of organic
amendments. A major part of the project was to determine the survival rate of transplanted individuals (where
a differentiation was made between older plants and young ones) of five desert species with respect of soil
treatment.
Findings
x With the exception of Panicum turgidum, all out planted species (Calligonum comosum, Rhanterium
epapposum, Farsetia aegyptia, Pennisetum divisum) fared much better when transplanted as older plants.
The extreme case was Calligonum comosum, where no plants appeared to have survived as seedlings by
2008. With Panicum turgidum, the trend was equally distinct, but it was the seedlings that had a much
higher survival rate.
x Farsetia aegyptia was the species with the generally highest survival rates, at least when planted as older
individuals, followed by Pennisetum divisum. With seedlings, Panicum displays the overall highest
survival rate, although Pennisetum seedlings have a high rate of survival in furrowed plots with organic
matter.
x In general, it appears that furrowing has no impact on apparent survival rate of the plants, irrespective as to
whether they were transplanted as seedlings or as older plants. Only Pennisetum divisum seedlings had a
slightly higher (but not significant) rate of survival in furrowed plots.
495
Methods
x Addition of organic matter (standard compost) had no influence on apparent plant survival.
Conclusion
This study has underlined the necessity to carry out long-term monitoring to assess the effectiveness of
restoration measures, and has also highlighted one of the major pitfalls associated with such undertakings in
arid regions when completed over a relatively short period of time, namely to distinguish which plants are dead
or just dormant in years of low rainfall. Furthermore, this study also indicates that site-specific restoration
options are required, and that blanket solutions may entail a high degree of failure. To maximise the value of
restoration efforts, a carefully chosen experimental design is required that can also be adopted in other
restoration sites, so that direct comparisons can be drawn and lessons learnt. Such carefully executed long-term
monitoring programs will accumulate a wealth of data that will inevitably lead to a broader understanding of
ecosystem functioning.
Applications
Knowledge and experience gained from this project is of prime importance for the proposed UNCC-funded
remediation activities in Kuwait and for Kuwait's Environmental Remediation Program (KERP), as well as for
ecosystem restoration work in general.
Acknowledgements
FB049G
496

Completed Project
FA052G; September, 2007 to January, 2008
The Herbarium of Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research: Upgrading

*S. Zaman, H. Tawfiq, S. Al-Dossery, S. Padmesh and K. Al-Hebani
Introduction
Herbarium is a collection of plants or plant parts that are picked, pressed and dried, and then mounted for
permanent display and reference. The term can also refer to the place where the specimens are stored, or the
scientific institute that not only stores, but undertakes research upon these specimens. The specimens in a
herbarium are often used as reference material in describing plant taxa.The Kuwait Institute for Scientific
5HVHDUFK .,65 +HUEDULXP ZDV HVWDEOLVKHG GXULQJ WKH V LQ WKH $ULGODQG $JUiculture and Greenery
Department. The objectives of this project were to highlight the importance of Kuwait Institute for Scientific
5HVHDUFKV KHUEDULXP WR H[DPLQH WKH TXDOLW\ RI .,65V KHUEDULXP VSHFLPHQV DIWHU ORQJ VWRUDJH DQG WR
prepare a list of all the collected and stored specimens.
Addition of samples to the collection: Plant materials are collected in plastic bags. They are cleaned and
examined under fluorescent magnifier lens. The first step after collecting the plant is to dry it in the plant press.
Good specimens should include either the flowering or the fruiting phase of the plant, preferably both. They
are carefully displayed on the pressing sheet without unnecessary folding or hiding the parts. It is important
that the plants are put under sufficient pressure; otherwise, more time will be required to achieve a good
desiccation, and they could be damaged by dampness and molds. Mounting is the process by which specimens
are prepared for the permanent files. The pressed and dried plants or plants parts are securely attached to one
side of a sheet of mounting paper. Labelling includes genus and species name, locality of collection, habitat,
collection date, name of the collector, botanical name, family name, local name, life type, growth form, seed
bag number and species number. Filing is the process of placing mounted material in a systematic arrangement
for storage until needed.
The Kuwait Institute for Scientific Researches (KISR) Herbarium was establisheG GXULQJ WKH V LQ WKH
Aridland Agriculture and Greenery Department (AAGD). It is located in a 10 x 13m area with four work tables,
16 built-in steel cabinets (2 x 0.7m), and four small steel cabinets (0.75 x 1m). The sheets of dried plant
specimens are stored in standard steel herbarium cabinets. The specimens are housed in steel filing cases,
compartmented into pigeon holes, and provided with tight-fitting doors. A card on the outside designated the
family name. Some precautions must be taken to safeguard against insect damage. Cabinet doors should be
kept tightly closed when specimens are not in use, and a fumigant should be kept inside each cabinet. Some
seed samples are stored in the small steel cabinets. Well preserved complete native plants specimens with full
labelled data are stored in the herbarium. The specimens are sorted alphabetically by family and genus in the
herbarium cabinet. The Herbarium contains multiple collections of the most common native plants. The
collection contains 186 genus aQG VSHFLHV EHORQJLQJ WR IDPLOLHV 7KH +HUEDULXPV FROOHFWLRQ KDV
included around 1940 specimens and the oldest specimen was collected in 1960.
497
Methods
Applications
The herbarium is a research tool showing the differences between species and resolving confusion that may
occur in species identification. The ultimate goal is to preserve a series of specimens and notes that will yield
maximum information about the plant concerned. The information contained in KISR herbarium may be of
considerable significance and a permanent reference resource for taxonomists, researchers, students and other
interested parties.
Acknowledgements
FA052G
498

Completed Project
FA056G; May, 2008 to November, 2008
Effect of Sand as a Component of Root Substrates on Performance of Selected

Plant Species
*H. Abo-Rezq, M. Al-Bahouh and B. Thomas
Introduction
Peat moss is the most common organic substrate used in growing media for propagation. The material is
imported, and it is relatively expensive so minimizing its use is necessary to cut down on expenses in nurseries
and in pot production systems. The utilization of sand as a substrate or an ingredient in a mixture of growing
media is however limited in Kuwait, despite the fact that sand is ubiquitous in this part of the world. The
objective of this study was to test the effect of different substrates on growth and development of Chlrophytum
comosum and Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Tyerede (tomato).
Two plant species were used in this study: Chlorophytum comosum and tomato cv. Tyerede to represent
ornamental plant species and vegetable crops, respectively. The C. comosum plants were irrigated 500
ml/plant/week. In the case of tomato, plants were irrigated according to their needs determined by placing
tensiometers in each pot. Irrigations and fertilization were carried out in accordance with the physiological
requirements of the plants. The design of the experiment was completely randomized with six replications. The
C. comosum experiment was conducted in an environmentally controlled room and the tomato in a greenhouse.
Pots were filled (by volume) with perlite, 33.3% + peat moss, 33.3% + sand, 33.3% (T1), perlite, 25% + peat
moss, 25% + sand, 50% (T2), perlite, 25% + peat moss, 50% + sand, 25% (T3), and perlite, 50% + peat moss,
25% + sand, 25% (T4).
Findings
x In general, the two plant species performed better in terms of plant height, mean number of leaves per
plant and chlorophyll index when the sand content was proportionally higher in the growing medium mix,
that is, with growing medium T2.
x Total marketable fruit weight produced in tomato was higher when grown in T2 (2,360.7 g/plant) and T3
(2,160.7 g/plant) than in the other growing media. Results in this study indicated that it is possible and
certainly more economical to prepare growing media with higher fractions of inexpensively available sand.
Conclusions
Results in this study indicated that it is possible and certainly more economical to prepare growing media with
higher fractions of inexpensively available sand. In order to reduce cost of using imported expensive organic
materials to be used in growing media in protected production, it is recommended that this study is extended to
a wide range of plant species with even higher ratios of sand in the growing media.
*hanaa.burezq@safat.kisr.edu.kw
499
Methods
Applications
The study suggests that imported materials are being used in quantities exceeding those required by certain
crops, and this adds extra expenses to agriculture production. Applications of these findings could reduce costs.
Acknowledgements
H. Abo-Rezq, M. Albaho and B. Thomas. (2009). Effect of Sand in Growing Media on Selected Plant Species,
European Journal of Scientific Research, 26(4):618-623.
FA056G
500

Completed Project
FA044G; May, 2008 to December, 2008
Impact of Foliar Dust Deposition on Stomatal Conductance of Selected

Plant Species
*M. Al-Bahouh, H. Abo-Rezq, B. Thomas and A. Christopher
Introduction
Kuwait is frequently prone to severe dust storms that may last many days at time. In addition suspended dust
particles are a common problem through out year in this part of the world. Indoor plant leaves attract
suspended dust; consequently dust deposition and accumulation on leaves closes stomata and therefore
negatively influences photosynthesis and thus growth and development of these plants. No information is
available on the effect of dust on photosynthesis and other growth parameters of indoor plants. The objective
of this study was to determine effects of dust on photosynthesis and growth of four indoor plant species.
Methods
Dust was collected from piles settled around desert plants and was applied on leaves by means of soft brushes.
Different levels of dust deposition (no dust or control (0), lightly dusted (I), moderately dusted (II) and heavily
dusted (III)) were applied at both abaxial and adaxial surfaces of leaves of four popular indoor plants species;
Nephrolepis exaltata, Schefflera sp., Ficus benjamina variegata, and Pepperomia sp. Five parameters were
measured on a weekly basis; stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, relative humidity, leaf temperature
and leaf area.
x Deposition of dust on foliar surfaces remarkably reduced stomatal conductance in all selected plant species
under investigation.
x Effect of dust deposition on the adaxial surface of Ficus benjamina leaves on the stomatal conductance of
leaves was more pronounced than that on the abaxial surface of the leaves during the first week of the
experiment. This was also the case for all other plant species tested in this study.
x The stomatal conductance at the adaxial surface was significantly greater in the control plants compared to
all levels of dust depositions, where stomatal conductance of leaves at the adaxial surfaces of leaves in
dust levels I, II and III were the same.
x Reduction in stomatal conductance of F. benjamina, was reduced 57.1% and 5.7% in the slightly dusted
plants (I), 59.5% and 26.3% in the moderately dusted (II), and 61% and 47.6% in the heavily dusted (III)
treatments at adaxial and abaxial surfaces, respectively, during the first week of the study.
x Reduction in stomatal conductance, transpiration rates and chlorophyll indices were much greater at the
end of the experimentation period for all plant species under investigation.
x Chlorophyll indices decreased as level of dust on leaves increased, and this remained so over the course of
the experiment except for the severely dusted treatment (III), where chlorophyll index was significantly
lower at day 90 (last week of the experiment) than earlier periods.
*mbahouh@safat.kisr.edu.kw
501
Findings
x The mean relative humidity at the adaxial surface of all plant species was significantly greater than that at
the abaxial surface at all dust deposition levels including the control plants.
Conclusions
The impact of dust is illustrated clearly in the present study where reduction in stomatal conductance could
reach as high as 97% with increasing levels of dust deposition over time.
Applications
It is recommended that periodic cleaning of foliar parts of indoor plants is practiced for healthier plants.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for financial support of KD 5,060.
H. Abo-Rezq, M. Albaho, A. Christopher and B. Thomas. (2009). Influence of Foliar Dust Deposition on Ficus
benjamina Variegata Stoamatal Conductance, European Journal of Scientific Research, 20(3):443-451.
FA044G
502

Ongoing Projects
A Comparative Study on Production Efficiency of Four Strains of Brown and White Egg
Laying Hens
Project code: FA035C
Duration: September, 2005 to January, 2010
Budget: KD 130,086
Project leader: A. Nasser
Email address: anasser@kisr.edu.kw
Optimization and Pilot Scale Production of Organic Greenhouse-vegetables

Duration: August, 2007 to July, 2010
Budget: KD 86,390
Project leader: N. Bhat
Email address: nbhat@kisr.edu.kw
Testing of Closed Production Systems for Controlled Environment Agriculture- SubIrrigation System for Protected Cultivation (Phase II)
Standardization of Propagation Techniques of Selected Indigenous Plants and Evaluation

of their Performance under Urban Conditions
Budget: KD 62,990
Project leader: M. Suleiman
Email address: khmkhalil@kisr.edu.kw
www.kisr.edu.kw
503

Budget: KD 54,640
Project leader: M. Al-Bahouh
Email address: mbahouh@safat.kisr.edu.kw
Introduction of Flowering Trees of the genus Cassia for the Enhancement of Greenery in
KuwaitPhase 1: Introduction and Evaluation
Budget: KD 26,600
Project leader: H. Al-Menaie
Email address: hmaniae@kisr.edu.kw
Utilization of By-product Materials of Building Construction and Demolition to Conserve

Water and Soil
Duration: December, 2008 to November, 2010
Budget: KD 69,500
Project leader: M. Abdal
Email address: mabdal@kisr.edu.kw
Evaluation of Water Plants from Greenery Development in Kuwait

Phase I: Introduction and Evaluation
Duration: December, 2008 to November, 2010
Budget: KD 62,360
Irrigation Studies in Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L)

Duration: January, 2009 to December, 2011
Budget: KD 97,680
Project leader: N. Bhat
Email address: nbhat@kisr.edu.kw
The Effect of Indoor Plants on the Environment in Offices

Project code: FA053G
Budget: KD 5,232
Project leader: H. Al-Zalzaleh
Email address: hzalzale@kisr.edu.kw
www.kisr.edu.kw
504
Enhancement of Seed Bank Unit

Budget: KD 7,980
Project leader: S. Zaman
Email address: szaman@safat.kisr.edu.kw
The Ecological Effect of Wastewater Application on the Vados Zone and Groundwater
Budget: KD 3,924
Project leader: E. Al-Ali
Email address: eali@kisr.edu.kw
Introduction and Germination of Four Different Cassia Genotypes under Kuwait

Conditions
Budget: KD 1,150

Duration: July, 2008 to April, 2009
Budget: KD 6,540
Project leader: T. Madouh
Email address: tmadouh@safat.kisr.edu.kw
Effect of Varying Levels of Flaxseed in the Diet of Laying Hens on the Production of
Increased Levels of Omega-3 Enriched Eggs
Duration: August, 2008 to June, 2009
Budget: KD 5,808
Project leader: M. Al-Bahouh
Email address: mrbahouh@kisr.edu.kw
www.kisr.edu.kw
505
The Influence of Drought Stress on Germination and Initial Growth in Group of Kuwait
Desert Forages
Enhancement of Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Herbarium

Budget: KD 9,980
Project leader: S. Zaman
Email address: szaman@safat.kisr.edu.kw
Standardized Methods for the Production of Argan Seedlings under Harsh Conditions of
Kuwait
Duration: January, 2009 to June, 2009
Budget: KD 8,600
Survey on Estrus Detection and Artificial Insemination in Kuwait Dairy Cattle Farms

Budget: KD 7,890
Project leader: M. Taqi
Email address: mtaqi@kisr.edu.kw
www.kisr.edu.kw
506
Department of Biotechnology
Mission
Exploit the latest concepts and biotechniques to address major challenges facing aridland
agriculture, food and environment through application of advanced multidisciplinary
research, with a focus on genetic engineering, tissue culture, bioremediation, fermentation
and food technologies.
Objectives
x Restoration and conservation of natural resources through the development of innovative techniques
of bioremediation, phytoremediation and value added bio-products
x Improvement of crop plants quality and productivity through the use of tissue culture and genetic
engineering
x Improvement of livestock health and productivity through the application of embryo manipulation
and molecular diagnostic and DNA fingerprinting
x Development of novel bioinsecticides, biosurfactants and biodesulfurizers for the conservation and
enhancement of natural resources
x Develop and support programs in food safety, nutrition and health as well as food processing
x Development of an extensive baseline data on the safety of various food commodities
x Establishment of nutrition databases for the Kuwait population, to support concerned authorities in
the development of national policies for public health
x Develop technologies for the extension of the shelf-life of perishable foods

x Integrate new and emerging innovation and technologies in the food industry to enhance the
functionality, quality, safety and nutritional value of food and value added products
www.kisr.edu.kw
507
x Identification and related investigations of pathogenic microorganisms to address consequent health

hazards
Staff Members
Department Manager
Dr. Yousif Al-Shayji

Dr. Mohammed Saleem
Dr. Sahar Saad Zaghloul
Dr. Mohammed Talaat Balba
Research Scientists
Dr. Sameer Fahed Al-Zenki
Dr. Sudhersan Chellan
Dr. Sabah Hassan Al-Momin
Mr. Adnan Jasim M. Husain
Ms. Suad Nasser Al-Hooti
Ms. Reyadh Daher Alhusaini
Research Specialist
Ms. Zainab Haji Baroon
Ms. Lateefa Salem Al-Sabah

Ms. Jamla Abdulrahman Al-Otaibi
Ms. Salwa Abdullah Al-Mouqati
Ms. Dalal Bader Al-Baijan
Mr. Hamad Eid Al-Mansour

Dr. Nabila Ahmed Shaheen
Dr. Tareq Abdullah Al-Ati
Dr. Husam Fahed Al-Omirah
Dr. Hani Mansour Al-Mazeedi
Dr. Qadriyah Ahmed Al-Mutawah
Dr. Khalil Yacoub Ma-taqi
Dr. Fadila Ayesh Al-Slameen
Ms. Hanan Abdulrahman Al-Ameeri
Ms. Jameela Mohamed Al-Saqer
Ms. Basma Hassan Dashty
Mr. Sami Husam Eldin Fahmi Alamad
Ms. Awatif Mohammed Yateem
Ms. Ebtisam Haider Mohammad
Mr. Jawad Abbas Ashkanani

Ms. Amal Abdulwahab Al-Ajeel
Ms. Shatha Matar Al-Matar
Ms. Hanadi Khalid Al-Hashash
Mr. Mohammed Ali Al-Otaibi
Mr. Amjad Javed
Ms. Batool Saleh Al-Feely
Ms. Khazna Soud Al-Enezi
Mr. Ahmed Salem Al-Azemi
Ms. Tahani Eid Al-Mutairi
Ms. Sarah Fahed Al-Hamli
Ms. Nabila Saleh Al-Shayji
Ms. Batla Batel Al-Mutairi

Dr. Jibi Sudhersan
Ms. Tahani Ibrahim Al-Surayaa
www.kisr.edu.kw
509
Research Associates
Dr. Yousif Al-Shayji
The Department of Biotechnology (BTD) aims to occupy a leadership position in planning, promoting
and performing biotechnology research related to the socio-economic and health benefits of Kuwait. The
Department seeks to conduct world class innovative research in selected areas including agricultural
biotechnology, environmental biotechnology and food safety and nutrition.
During the reporting period (2006-2008), BTD continued its long commitment of applied research
through a number of research projects and research service contracts. The Department successfully
completed 13 research projects of which ten were client funded along with a client funded research
service contract and fifteen general research activities. Three of the completed projects were recognized
for their exceptional potential to be considered for commercial development; bioplus for soil amendment,
tissue cultured date palm production and tissue culture potato seed production.
BTD demonstrated its research productivity through authorship of a total of forty three research papers of
which fourteen were published in international refereed journals, twenty four posters presented at
international conferences and two presented locally. The Department presented its research achievements
to local media in the form of twenty two articles published in local newspapers, two articles published in
.,65V6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\PDJD]LQHWZHQW\ILYHLQWHUYLHZVZLWK.XZDLW5DGLRHLJKWLQIRUPDWLYH
interviews with Kuwait TV, twenty three external lectures, ten in-house lectures and one workshop
conducted at the Ministry of Health on Hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP).
,QIXOILOOPHQWRI.,65VFRPPLWPHQWWRKXPDQUHVRXUFHVGHYHORSPHQWWKH'HSDUWPHQWRUJDQL]HGHLJKW
in-house training workshops in the areas of bioremediation, genetic engineering, tissue culture, DNA
fingerprinting and food safety and nutrition for staff. BTD was also actively involved in the Student
Summer Training Program which lasts for six weeks. Under this program, BTD trained high school
students and students from Kuwait University in genetic engineering, tissue culture, food technology and
environmental biotechnology.
The Biotechnology Department has actively sought scientific agreements and collaboration at national
and international levels for both funding and research activities as noted in the project summaries.
www.kisr.edu.kw
511
The Department attracted client funding and significantly contributed to income generation for KISR;
total income generated during this period was KD 1,022,382 of which KD 262,000 were inkind
contributions from client funded projects and other organizations both within and outside Kuwait
Completed Project
FB040C, April, 2003 to March, 2006
Large Scale Production of Soil Sulfur Amendment and its Implementation at

the Kuwait National Greenery Plan: Phase II
*R. Al-Daher, M. Balba, A. Yateem, H. Al-Mansour, T. Surrayai and B. Al-Mutairi
Department of Biotechnology, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division,
Introduction
This research project is a joint collaboration between KISR and the Idemitsu Kosan Co. Japan Cooperation
Center, Petroleum. Phase I of this project has recently been completed; and the outcome has been so promising
that both parties have agreed to proceed to Phase II. During the first phase of the project, the sulfur-oxidizing
bacteria have been isolated, a production process for the soil amendment pellets has been developed and the
effectiveness of the pellets as soil enhancers was successfully demonstrated through improved plant growth in
greenhouse and field tests. This second phase of the project involved large scale production and
implementation in the National Greenery plan in Kuwait.
Methods
Large scale Biomass production of Thiobacillus (KNPC-13) strain was carried out using mineral medium and
1000 L MBR fermenter. A basic mineral medium (Bushell-Hass) was used for the bio mass production of the
KNPC-13 strains. D-glucose was used as carbon source.
Three fermenters were used in the large scale production of S-oxidizing bacterial biomass, two as seed
fermenters (inoculum) and the other for large scale production. Bioengineering 19L fermenter was used as the
seed one and Bruan 100 L fermenter as seed two; a new MBR 1000L fermenter was the production fermenter.
A small-scale greenhouse test was carried out to assess the effectiveness of sulfur amendment on soil fertility
and also the growth characteristics of Vitex (Vitex Agis) shrubs and conocarpus trees (Conocarpus lancifolus),
which are the common landscape plants in Kuwait. Two different sulfur amendments were examined in this
test, the first amendment was prepared from pure mineral sulfur and the second from waste sulfur. The main
objectives of the test were to compare the effectiveness of the two types of sulfur amendments and determine
the impact of sulfur purity.
*rdaher@safat.kisr.edu.kw
513
Growth of selected sulfur oxidizing bacteria (K8, K45, SL4, K1 & K13) was optimized with CO2 enriched air
and yeast extract addition. Sulfate measurements were conducted to assess microbial activities. Shelf life
assessment experiments of sulfur amendment were conducted for 7 months. The experiment was designed to
assess the shelf life of the freshly prepared sulfur amendment after being stored at four different temperatures:
4oC, room temperature (22-24oC), 35oC and 45oC.
Findings
x Highly efficient strains of sulfur oxidizing bacteria were successfully isolated from local soil. The strains
were optimized and the best strain (KNPC-13) was selected for the development of sulfur amendment.
x An engineering process for the production of the sulfur amendment was developed at a pilot scale level
(50kg/day). The process included: crushing, microbial immobilization, mixing, pelletization and drying.
x The sulfur amendment product was evaluated on alfalfa in greenhouse testing; the sulfur amendment
increased yield by 71% compared to the control.
x Product optimization using combinations of various constituents such as microbial strains, percentage of
sulfur and type of binding agents was conducted in greenhouse and field tests.
x The product was also evaluated on the general growth performance of different ornamental and landscape
plants at Sulaibiya Experimental Station. The product has positive effects on the growth of the majority of
the plants tested.
x A comprehensive shelf life study was conducted to assess the survival and activity of the S-oxidizing
bacteria upon storage at different temperatures. The results suggested that the product is stable over a wide
range of temperatures and can be stored at ambient conditions.
x A feasibility study conducted by Techno Economic Department (TED), suggested that commercial
production of S-amendment in Kuwait is highly feasible.
x A market size assessment conducted by Kuwait University through Idemitsu Kosan Company concluded
that the local market for the commercialization of sulfur amendment is limited and requires intensive
marketing and promotion efforts. However, the study indicated that the regional and Asian markets are
feasible. The developed sulfur amendment is targeting landscape and ornamental plants and crops.
x Two demonstration sites were selected for the application of S-amendment. The first site was located at
Ahmadhi Refinery (KNPC) with a total area of 5,000 m2, the second site was located at Shaab KISR
station with a total area of 10,000 m2. Both sites were planted with a wide range of ornamental and
landscape plants. The sulfur amendment addition improved the survival rate and the plant growth of many
species, especially at the early stage of plantation.
Conclusions
The sulfur amendment addition improved the survival rate and the plant growth of many species, especially at
the early stage of plantation.
Applications
A large scale detailed engineering design of the commercial production of the sulfur amendment was prepared
(88t/year). The preliminary cost estimate of the product according to this study was KD 86/tons. However, the
cost can potentially be reduced significantly by optimizing the raw material, biomass production and
equipment cost.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the contributions of Dr. N. Bhat, Dr. M. Khalil, Dr. M. BuShehri, Dr. H. Al-Zalzalah,
Mr. R. Al-Khandri, Mr. A. Javed and Mr. M. Al-Zalzalah. The authors thank Japan Cooperation Center
Petroleum (JCCP) and Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for providing financial support (KD 685,212).

1. R. Al-Daher, M. Al-Bahou, K. Guerinik, H. Al-Zalzaleh, H. Al-Mansour, T. Al-Surrayai, and A. Yateem.
(2004). Production, Evaluation and Implementation of Sulfur amendment Product for Soil Improvement.
Proceedings of The Joint Bahrain-DSDQ 6\PSRVLXP Challenges on New Horizon Towards
0DQDJLQJ WKH *OREDO (QYLURQPHQW DQG :DWHU 5HVRXUFHV -DQXDU\ 20, 2004, Kingdom of Bahrain.
pp 459-470.
FB040C
514
2. R. Al-Daher, M. Balba, A. Yateem, H. Al-Mansour, T. Al-Surrayai, H. Miyamoto, K. Morimitsu and

S. Kamata. 1006. Development and Implementation of Sulfur Amendment for the Enhancement of
Sustainable Greenery in Kuwait. Presented at "The Third Joint UAEJapan Symposium", Abu Dhabi,
UAE, 2830 January, 2006. pp 49-53.
3. H. Miyamoto, K. Morimitsu, S. Kamata, R. Al-Daher, M. Balba, Ayateem, H. Al-Mansour and T. AlSurayai. (2006). Lab and Field Evaluation pf Sulfur Amendment for the improvement of Desert Soil.
Presented at "the Third Joint UAEJapan Symposium" Abu Dhabi, UAE, 2830, January, 2006. pp 55-60.
4. R. Al-Daher, M. Balba, A. Yateem, H. Al-Mansoor, T. Surrayai, B. Al-Mutairi. (2006). Large Scale
Production of Soil Sulfur Amendment and its Implementation at the Kuwait National Greenery Plan.
KISR Report 8241.
5. %LR3OXVA Novel Amendment for Improving Soil )HUWLOLW\ JUHHQ KRXVH VWXG\The 4th International
Forum on Investing in Technology held in Kuwait from 1011 April, 2006.
6. 'BioPlusA Novel Amendment for Improving Soil Fertility' (field demonstration). "Technology Awareness
Seminar for Businessmen", held in Bahrain on June 28, 2006.
FB040C
515
Completed Project
FB026C; June, 2004 to May, 2006
Evaluation of Genetic Integrity of the KISR-Tissue Cultured Date Palms

(Phoenix dactilyfera L.) Under Field Conditions
*S. Al-Amad, M. Saleem, D. Al-Baijan and I. Haider
Introduction
The date palm (Phoenix dactilyfera L.) holds enormous commercial potential. Date trees are in high demand
for beautification as well as for fruit production. Importation alone cannot meet the high local demand.
Production and propagation of date plants through tissue culture is an alternative process that can meet the
local demand as well as cater for a significant portion of the date market in Kuwait and neighboring GCC
countries. An economically successful date culture program is dependent upon production and marketing of
elite and true-to-type date palm varieties. Thus, the development of a trueness-to-type technology is a
prerequisite to obtaining full economic benefits from any commercial date production operation.
The main objective of this study was to investigate the potential of DNA fingerprinting using microsatellite
and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) probes as DNA markers with respect to its ability to
establish trueness-to-type of tissue cultured date palm.
Methods
The experimental work was primarily focused on 14 date palm cultivars. These varieties of date are
commercially important and are in high demand in Kuwait and other GCC countries. A number of
commercially available microsatellite and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) probes were
screened and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using genomic DNA which was isolated from the
fourteen selected tissue cultured date palm cultivars. Amplification fragment length polymorphism as revealed
by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and microsatellite assays were utilized to establish the
trueness-to-type of in-vitro cultured date palm cultivars.
Amplification of DNA samples were performed according to the standard methods. The amplified products
(DNA bands) were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and visualized under UV light, after staining with
ethidium bromide. All the reactions were repeated three times and only the reproducible bands were
considered to confirm the trueness-to type.
Findings
x Microsatellite-based DNA probes and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA primers were very sensitive
and useful in determining genetic integrity. The method is simple, rapid and produces both reliable and
highly reproducible results using only minute quantities of genomic DNA. The technique was shown to be
sensitive enough to determine and assess the trueness-to-type of tissue cultured date palm.
*samad@safat.kisr.edu.kw
516
x The DNA extraction protocol used in this study successfully extracted DNA from a number of tissue
cultured-derived date palm cultivars as well as from a number of mature mother date palm cultivars. UV
absorption measures suggested that the DNA from tissue cultured-derived leaf tissues of various cultivars
was relatively pure, appeared intact (undegraded) and free of contaminants that might interfere with DNA
fingerprinting assays.
x The yield and purity of the DNA varied with the physiological state of plant material and the cultivar. The
DNA preparation could be stored in Tris-EDTA (TE) buffer for several months without evidence of
degradation. Thus, a simple, consistent and reliable procedure for the isolation of relatively pure DNA of
high molecular weight from mature leaves of various date palm cultivars has been developed.
x Molecular analysis based on RAPD and microsatellite assays were performed to assess the genetic
uniformity and true-to-type character of both tissue cultured date palms and mother cultivars. Ten random
oligonucleotides primers were used in the RAPD analysis and ten oligonucleotides were utilized as
microsatellite primers to prime genomic DNA from various tissue cultured date palm cultivars.
x Tissue cultured date palms produced at KISR were true-to-type and may be considered as genetically
stable when compared with the DNA fingerprinting profile of the mother date palm cultivars.
Conclusions
The results showed that the microsatellite primers and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) probes
can be used as markers to differentiate and distinguish between the mother date palms and the tissue cultured
date palm cultivars. The study also demonstrated for the first time in date palm that microsatellites
complementary to a number of ISSR sequences are present in date palm genomes. It is clear that a number of
commercial microsatellite probes hybridize to many DNA sites and reveal DNA fingerprints to detect
variability between mother plants and tissue culture-derived date palm cultivars.
The study demonstrated DNA marker technology such as microsatellite and randomly amplified polymorphic
DNA primers can play a very important role and provide also a quick and efficient technology to screen DNA
for sequence-based polymorphisms. This can be used to study and assess the genetic stability or variation (if
any) and to establish the trueness-to-type of tissue culture derived date palm plants.
Applications
This study also demonstrated that microsatellite or ISSR DNA markers may be used to genetically fingerprint
date palm cultivars and may thus have a major impact on the management of date palm genetic resources and
act as a catalyst for expansion in the utilization of DNA marker-based technology in producing and marketing
of elite, true-to-type date palm varieties.
%HVLGHV.,65VLQ-house date palm tissue culture program, the other prospective end-users of the DNA marker
technology (RAPD/ISSR) developed and applied in this project would be the date agricultural industry sector,
such as date growers, nurseries and agricultural companies who are concerned to market true-to-type
commercially important date palm cultivars.
Acknowledgements
The project was supported jointly by the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences and the Kuwait
Institute for Scientific Research. The total budget of the project was KD 76,400.
FB026C
517
Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay is extremely important and is recommended in any
tissue culturing program since any economically successful date culture program is dependent upon production
and marketing of elite, true-to-type date palm varieties.
Completed Project
FB032C; October, 2004 to March, 2007
Development of Salt Tolerant Date Palm Cultivars via Tissue Culture

Technology - Phase I: Induction and Selection
M. Abo-El-Nil, *C. Sudhersan, L. Al-Sabah and S. Jibi
Introduction
Soil salinity and scarcity of good quality of irrigation water are major constraints that affect agricultural
expansion in Kuwait. The available groundwater in the agricultural areas of Kuwait is brackish with 2000 to
10,000 ppm total dissolved salts (TDS). Date palm, one of the major food crops of Kuwait, survive and give
yield at moderate levels of salinity. However, at higher soil salinity, due to continuous brackish water
irrigation and arid environmental conditions, growth and quality of date production are affected. The only
solution for the salinity induced problems for date production is the development of salt tolerant cultivars.
Developing salt tolerant date palm cultivars through breeding is time consuming and expensive. Therefore,
plant cell and tissue culture technology was selected as an alternative tool to develop salt tolerant date palm
cultivars. This project had the following main objectives: 1) to develop new and improved date palm cultivars
that are salt tolerant, 2) to develop and document the technology for induction and selection of salt stress
tolerant variants, and 3) to train Kuwaiti nationals on all aspects of somaclonal variation induction in cultures
and selection of salt stress tolerant date palm cultivars via plant cell and tissue culture techniques.
Methods
The somatic embryogenic callus raised from Barhi, Khlas, Madjhool and Nebutseif date palm cultivars by
tissue culture method were treated with 100 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) for four months. The
surviving (4 months old) callii of each cultivars were selected for the investigation of salinity tolerance.
Different concentrations of NaCl (0-15,000 ppm) added to the modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture
media were prepared for the salinity tolerance experiments. Culture transfer activities were carried out under
aseptic conditions. All the cultures were maintained in culture rooms with controlled light and temperature.
The selected callii were transferred to culture media with different concentrations of NaCl. The callii surviving
at 7,000 ppm NaCl were transferred to plantlet regeneration media for plantlet production through somatic
embryogenesis.
Findings
x Rooted plantlets were produced from salinity tolerant embryogenic callus from all the 4 date palm
cultivars. All the plantlets were transferred to the culture medium containing 8000 ppm NaCl (12,770 ppm
TDS) and maintained for three months.
x Majority of the plantlets produced from the salt tolerant callus survived at 12,770 ppm TDS culture media.
The surviving plantlets with good rooting at 12,770 ppm TDS media survived when transferred again to
brackish water containing 11,000-12,000 ppm salinity with MS basal salts for growth. The surviving
healthy rooted plantlets showed 100% survival during the acclimatization process.
*schellan@safat.kisr.edu.kw
518
x Salt tolerant plantlets of 4 date palm cultivars were produced from the somatic embryogenic callus
selected at 12,770 ppm TDS in vitro. Fifty plantlets from each cultivar were hardened and maintained in
the greenhouse for further studies.
Conclusions
Salinity tolerance assessment of embryogenic callus of the cutlivars Barhi, Khlas, Nebout-saif, Majdhool and
the male Boyer showed differences in tolerance when cultures were grown on media containing sodium
chloride. The embryos of salt-tolerant variants of cultivars Nebout saif and Majdhool multiplied and
regenerated plantlets faster than the other three cultivars; namely, Barhi, Khlas and the male cultivar Boyer.
About 495 plantlets of salt-tolerant variants were produced and acclimatized to the greenhouse environment
during the project period. Field evaluation against the salinity tolerance of these variants needs to be carried
out during the second phase of the project.
Applications
After confirmation of salinity tolerance, these date palm cultivars can be multiplied in large numbers through
tisssue culture technology and supplied to the farmers to grow on the salt affected areas and also the areas
where the irrigation water is brackish. Thus, date production can be increased in Kuwait with less fresh water
utilization.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences for financial support of KD 9,850.
FB032C
519
Completed Project
FB030C; November, 2004 to April, 2007
Introduction, Propagation and Evaluation of Male Date Palm Pollinators

Phase I: Introduction and Propagation
*C. Sudhersan, M. Abo-El-Nil, L. Al-Sabah and S. Jibi
Introduction
Date palm plantations have expanded in Kuwait since 1991 through offshoots and tissue culture derived plants.
The recent expansion in commercial date palm plantations from tissue culture derived plants in Kuwait caused
an increase in the demand for male flowers for pollination. Generally, any male date palm cultivar can be used
as a pollinator. However, certain varieties of males: Ghannamy, Garvis, Dyari, Fard and Boyer have been
recorded as superior for pollination of female date palms. The demand for these male cultivars is high due to
their role in high quality fruit production. This project had the following main objectives: 1) to collect the
germplasm of the male date palm cultivars known to be good pollinators, 2) to establish a demonstration
orchard of male and female cultivars at KISR campus, 3) to propagate and produce large number of plants of
superior male cultivars through tissue culture technology, and 4) to maintain the germplasm collection and to
train Kuwaiti nationals on all aspects of date palm propagation and orchard establishment.
Methods
Male date palm cultivars Ghannamy, Garvis and Dayri were obtained from the local market as tissue culture
derived plants and Fardh and Boyer obtained from the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fish Resources
(PAAFR) as offshoots and planted inside the KISR date palm orchard. Offshoots from each cultivar were
carefully dissected inside the plant tissue culture laboratory without damaging the young meristematic tissue.
Aseptic cultures were initiated using Murashihe and Skoog culture media with modifications.
The callus cultures were developed from all the five male date palm cultivars using 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy
acetic acid (2,4-D) and Kinetin under total darkness. The nodular friable callus isolated from the callus mass
when transferred to the media without 2,4-D induced somatic embryogenic callus. Somatic embryogenic callii
were produced from all the five male date palm cultivars. This somatic embryogenic callus multiplied
continuously and produced somatic embryos and germinated into plantlets. The isolated mature somatic
embryos were multiplied in large numbers through adventives embryogenesis. Adventitious roots were
induced by using low concentrations of napthalene acetic acid (NAA) and strong rooted palntlets were
transferred to sterile soil media and gradually acclimatized to the greenhouse environment. All the
acclimatized plantlets were maintained in the lath house for field transfer.
Findings
x All the five male date palm cultivars responded positively to a common micro propagation protocol
developed during the project period.
520
x The somatic embryos of all the five male cultivars multiplied through adventives somatic embryogenesis
method.
x The plantlets transferred to the field showed uniform and vigorous vegetative growth.
Conclusions
A common protocol was developed for the mass propagation of all the 5 male date palm cultivars. Five
superior male date palm cultivars were introduced to KISR date palm orchards through this project study and a
mass tissue culture propagation protocol was developed through experimentation. Large numbers of plantlets
were produced from all the 5 cultivars and maintained in the lath house for field transfer.
Applications
The protocol and culture techniques developed under this project for the propagation of male date palms
through tissue culture technology could be applied on commercial scale for male date palm production when
there is demand for male pollinators.
Acknowledgements
The financial support by Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KD 30,690) is acknowledged.
FB030C
521
Completed Project
FB052C; April, 2005 to September, 2006
Greenery Residues as Livestock Feed

Phase II: Pilot-scale Production of Silage and Animal Response Studies
*Z. Baroon1, M. Razzaque2, A. Yateem1, S. Abbas2, M. Bedair2 and N. Abdulmalek3
1
Department of Biotechnology, 2Department of Agriculture Aridland, Food Resources and

Biological Sciences Division, 3Techno Economics Division,
Introduction
There is a chronic shortage of local animal feeds in Kuwait while greenery residues are being discarded
without being utilized, resulting in environmental pollution. This research project was initiated to address the
potential value of the ever increasing quantities of landscape greenery residues as unconventional sources of
upgraded feeds for local livestock.
The objectives were to establish a silage making unit and produce silages utilizing greenery residues on a pilotscale, to assess the nutritional quality of the silages, to evaluate the formulated feed ration containing silages
for dairy cattle and sheep and monitor their performance, and to investigate cost effectiveness of silage
production and feeding to livestock
Methods
Silage processing area was protected by a boundary fence (four sides). A total of 21 trench silos (dimensions
of 2 m u 6 m u 3 m) were constructed in the ground with an approximate capacity of 25 t. The silo width was
twice the width of the packing tractor. Conocarpus, and Paspalum were selected for ensilage according to
their seasonal or annual availability, lack of toxicity and appropriate moisture content. Pilot-scale silages were
prepared from the greenery residues of Conocarpus and Paspalum where approximately, 25 tons of silage
were filled into each trench silo. The produced silages were prepared for formulation of complete feed rations
for the experimental animals.
The working site for the animal response experiments and palatability studies was provided in an area of 3000
m2, and was in the same location of the silage making site at Al-Sulaibiya dairy farm area. Conventional feed
ingredients needed for feeding the animals includes barley, wheat bran, alfalfa hay, soybean meal, vitamin and
mineral mix, straw, salt and feed supplements. Palatability, growth and animal performance trials were started
on dairy heifers, sheep and goats for the comparative feeding trials for a period of 6 months, of which 3 weeks
were for the adjustment of the animals to the new housing and adaptation to dietary treatments. A total of 63
dairy heifers, 33 sheep and 26 goats were used for the animal response studies.
Cost/benefit analysis (CBA) on the pilot-scale production of 500 tons of silage was carried out. Total variable
and fixed costs were compared with the sales revenue in order to determine the level of sales volume and the
price of the produced silage.
*zbaroon@safat.kisr.edu.kw
522
Findings
x Laboratory evaluation of nutritional and microbiological quality of silages was conducted. The pH values
were within acceptable limits ranging from 4.0 to 4.3; the physical characteristics and odor were within
normal levels.
x The crude protein (CP) contents ranged from 11.0 to 11.7% on dry matter (DM) basis, which was
considered to be adequate for livestock feeding.
x Volatile fatty acids and organic acid contents were within the recommended levels for a good quality
silage. The microbial enumerations, i.e., aerobic bacteria, fungi and lactic acid bacteria counts were within
the normal range. No mycotoxins were detected in the silages.
x Animals were fed with formulated feed rations containing different percentages of silages. Main
parameters included response on feed intake, live weight gains, and heights of the animals. Daily feed
(DM) intake increased linearly with the advancing age and weights of animal groups during the 5-month
study. Higher feed (DM) intake, increased live weight gains, acceptable feed conversion ratios were
observed in the animal groups receiving the highest proportions of silage in their diets.
Conclusions
The findings showed that 50% of the conventional roughage DM could be replaced by silage DM. The silage
made from greenery and landscape residues was palatable. Dairy cows after calving should be fed on a highproducing diet for 60 days. This initial dietary feed ration has to contain 18% crude protein, and not less than
49% crude fibers on DM basis. It has to be formulated from the available feedstuffs including protected fat,
especially under heat stress and fed as a total mixed ration (TMR) to stimulate both the appetite and
palatability of feeding of the animals. The animals should be divided according to their milk production into
two subgroups: high milk producers (> 25/kg/d) fed on the initial formulated dietary feed ration, and low milk
producers (< 24/kg/h) fed on a second formulated dietary feed ration. The financial analysis confirmed a
feasible and competitive product. The cost was calculated to be KD 33/ton silage, and the break-even point
will be achieved after 2 years and 6 months when 3159 tons shall have been produced.
The results and the financial analyses indicated an excellent potential for using locally produced greenery and
landscape residues as a substitute for expensive imported forages for the local livestock. Continuation of the
collaborative studies between KISR and private entrepreneurs are recommended.
Practical local programs of research are recommended to demonstrate a range of mode feeding systems based
on ensiled residues together with other available feeds. If successful, these developments will deliver low-cost
feed ingredients into the hands of farmers and animal breeders in Kuwait, and also will expand to the
neighboring Gulf Cooperation Council countries of the region.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the Islamic Development Bank for offering a financial grant to the project and to
the House of Development for Agricultural Contracting Company and Al-Ahmad Company for their in-kind
contribution of KD 56,150 and continuous supervision of the experimental site. Total budget was KD 111,238.
FB052C
523
Applications
Completed Project
FB046C; June, 2005 to November, 2007
In Vitro Screening and Development of Salt Tolerant Potato via Plant Cell and
Tissue Culture Technology
*C. Sudhersan, Y. Al-Shayji, S. Jibi, A. Al-Ajeel, J. Ashkanani and S. Al-Mulhem
Introduction
Soil salinity and scarcity of good quality of irrigation water are major constraints that affect potato production
in Kuwait. The available groundwater in the agricultural areas of Kuwait is brackish with 2000 to 10,000 ppm
total dissolved salts (TDS). Development and introduction of salt tolerant potato plants will contribute to the
expansion of potato cultivation in Kuwait. Recent development in plant cell and tissue culture technology
made it possible to easily screen available potato genotypes for salinity tolerance and to develop new salt
tolerant variants, which offer an opportunity to utilize brackish water for the expansion of potato cultivation in
Kuwait and thus to attain self sufficiency. This project focused on the following main objectives; 1) to screen
potato cultivars for salinity tolerance in vitro, 2) to develop new salt tolerant variants through plant cell and
tissue culture technology, and 3) to maintain the salt tolerant potato germplasm in vitro or in vivo at the KISR
Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory.
Methods
Different potato cultivars obtained in the form of certified tubers or in vitro plantlets from British Potato
Council (BPC), International Potato Research Centre (CIP), Peru and Agri Co. Holland were multiplied in
cultures using standardized in vitro techniques. Plantlets were raised in vitro through meristem culture
technique. Virus-free healthy plantlets of 25 potato cultivars were screened in vitro for salinity tolerance
through different concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) in the culture media. Murashige and Skoog (MS)
culture media was used for culture initiation and plant multiplication. All the culture transfer activities were
carried out under a sterile laminar flow hood and all the cultures were maintained in light and temperature
controlled growth rooms.
Findings
x The callus raised from 3 potato cultivars through 100 mg/l 2,4-dichlrophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) for 6
months showed tolerance towards salinity and the callus selected at 10,770 TDS culture media were
multiplied in the same salinity level media.
x Plantlets were regenerated from the salt tolerant callus cultures and the healthy plantlets were multiplied in
vitro.
x The plantlets obtained from the variants were tested for their tolerance towards salinity. All the three
variants showed tolerance to 10,770 ppm TDS culture media and also brackish water having 11,000 ppm
salinity in vitro. The new variants also showed tolerance in vivo under brackish water irrigation and
produced normal micro and mini tubers similar to the fresh water irrigated controls.
524
Conclusion
This study confirmed that majority of the cultivars are sensitive to salinity. Their maximum salinity tolerance
level was 750 ppm. Among the 25 potato cultivars screened for salinity tolerance, eight moderately (up to 3000
ppm) salt tolerant cultivars were identified. Through culture manipulation with high salt content (1000 to 6000
ppm) in the culture media, three new variants were developed during the project period. All the 8 selected
cultivars and the 3 newly developed variants showed salinity tolerance at in vitro conditions respective to their
level of salinity tolerance. Further field trials for reconfirmation are necessary prior to the release of these
cultivars to farmers.
Applications
After field confirmation, these potato cultivars can be multiplied in large numbers through tissue culture
techniques. These salt tolerant potato cultivars can be cultivated in salt affected soils and also can be grown
under brackish water irrigation. Thus potato production in Kuwait can be increased with less utilization of
fresh water irrigation.
Acknowledgements
The financial support of KD 19,380 by Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences is acknowledged.
The authors thank to the International Potato Centre and British Potato Council for providing in vitro plants
and minitubers for the study.
Y. Al-Shayji and C. Sudhersan. (2008). Induction of variant in potato cultivar Spunta for stress tolerance via
tissue culture method. International Conference on Induced Mutation, IAEA, Vienna, August, 2008.
FB046C
525
Completed Project
FB036C; October, 2005 to March, 2008
Assessment of Acrylamide Levels in Heat-Processed Foodstuffs

Consumed by Kuwaitis
*H. Al-Omirah1, S. Al-Zenki1, A. Husain1, W. Sawaya2 N. Al-Hamad3, M. Al-Sumaie3,
H. Al-Amiri1, J. Al-Saqer1 B. Dashti1, J. Al-Otaibi1, N. Ahmad4 and A. Al-Othman5

1
Department of Biotechnology, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Kuwait Institute for
Scientific Research, 2Office of the Senior Advisor, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, 3Nutrition and
Food Administration, Ministry of Health, 4Central Analytical Laboratory, Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research, 5Department of System Development, National Scientific & Technical Information Center,
Introduction
Recent concern over the presence of acrylamide in food with levels up to parts per million (ppm), have stimulated
major international efforts to investigate the principal sources of dietary exposure, assess the associated health
risks and develop risk management strategies. Studies have indicated that presence of acrylamide is not limited to
certain diets but can be produced in any carbohydrate-based food baked or fried at high temperatures. One of the
objectives of this project was to conduct a nationwide food consumption survey to determine the dietary intake
of acrylamide by the Kuwaiti population.
Methods
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) and Ministry of Health (MOH) collaborated to assess the current
dietary intake of acrylamide by the Kuwaiti population and the potential health risk associated with such intake.
KISR also has cooperated with Exponent, Inc. (USA) in conducting the acrylamide dietary exposure assessment
and deriving associated risk for the Kuwaiti population.
A random sample of 1,109 households (5,490 subjects) representative of Kuwait governorates and estimated at
0.7% of the total number of households completed a 160- item food frequency questionnaire (grouped into 13
food categories) between July, 2006 and April, 2007. Additionally, 131 food items anticipated to have high (i.e.
potato chips, potato crisps, bakery products and biscuits) and low (i.e. coffee, nuts, chocolates and baby foods)
acrylamide levels were sampled and analyzed.
Three samples with different brand names per food item were collected (n=393) and analyzed in duplicate
(n=786) using a validated gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method with limits of detection
DQGTXDQWLWDWLRQRIJNJDQGJNJRQWKHEDVLVRIVLJQDO-to-noise ratios of 3:1 and 9:1, respectively.
Using the consumption survey and acrylamide concentration data, deterministic and probabilistic models were
developed to estimate dietary exposure to acrylamide and potential associated risk for the Kuwait population
*omirah@safat.kisr.edu.kw
526
Findings
x The mean and the estimated upper 90th percentile acrylamide intakes for the total Kuwaiti population were
DQG JNJ EZG UHVSHFWLYHO\ XVLQJ WKH GHWHUPLQLVWLFPRGHOH[SRVXUHV DQG DQG JNJ
bw/d respectively, using the probabilistic model exposures.
x In both models, males had slightly higher mean intakes than females, and the young-children age groups had
the highest estimated means.
x Potato chips, mixed dishes, potato crisps and biscuits accumulatively contributed 80% or more to the total
acrylamide intake for the total Kuwaiti population, while the remaining 9 food categories accumulatively
contributed 20% or less to acrylamide intake
Conclusions
The estimated potential upper-bound lifetime risks from acrylamide for the mean and the estimated upper 90th
percentile Kuwaiti consumers were 1/730 and 1/350, respectively, using the deterministic model exposures and
1/630 and 1/320 respectively, using the probabilistic model exposures. Accordingly, the lifetime risk of
contracting cancer for Kuwaitis is approximately 8.5% (males and females combined), which is consistent with
the world estimate of 8.6%
Risk management strategies for the Kuwaiti acrylamide risk estimates were discussed, including, reinforcing
good dietary practices, reducing the consumption of potato chips and potato crisps by children and developing a
specific Code of Practice (COP) to reduce acrylamide formation in processed foods
Applications
The importance of determining the acrylamide intake among the local population from various foods (e.g. cereal
and potato origin), and its relationship to health risk will be useful to health professionals and food regulatory
agencies to identify local foods that contain high amounts of acrylamide and for the development of methods of
processing and cooking methods that will reduce the acrylamide formation to ensure the safety of foods being
consumed by the local population.
Acknowledgements

H. Alomirah, S. Al-Zenki, A. Husain, N. Ahmed and W. Sawaya. Investigation of acrylamide levels in
selected heat-processed carbohydrate-rich foods in the state of Kuwait. Institute of Food Technologists Annual
Meeting on June 69, 2009 in California.
FB036C
527
The authors thank Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences and Ministry of Health for partial
funding and help to execute the project. Total budget was KD 177,898.
Completed Project
FB063C; October, 2006 to December, 2007
Evaluating the Efficacy of Iron Fortificants in Wheat Flour in Women at

Childbearing Age in Kuwait
*S. Al-Hooti1, J. Al-Saqer1, B. Dashti1, R. Biebinger2, N. Al-Hamad3, I. Al-Salem4, T. Zafer5,
Y. Kabir5 and N. Al-Hihma6
1
Department of Biotechnology, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), 2The Human Nutrition
Laboratory, Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, ETH Zurich; 3Ministry of Health, Kuwait (MOH),
4
Kuwait Flour Mills and Bakeries Company (KFM and B Co), 5College for Women, Kuwait University;
6
Sabah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait
Introduction
In spite of the centralized national wheat fortification program with H-reduced iron as of 2001, anemia persists
as a public health problem in Kuwait with no signs of reduction. Twenty three percent of preschool children,
16% of adolescent males and 13% of adolescent females were iron deficient. These figures markedly increased
to 23- IRU DGXOW ZRPHQ DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH )RRG DQG 1XWULWLRQ $GPLQLVWUDWLRQV 02+ .XZDLW 1XWULWLRQ
Surveillance System 2006-2007.
The research objectives were to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia
(IDA) among women of childbearing age; to evaluate the impact of the current iron fortification program in
Kuwait and the efficacy of two innovative iron fortificants.
Methods
A three arm double blinded feeding trial was conducted recruiting Kuwaiti women of childbearing age (18-35
years old) with low body iron stores (serum ferritin < 26g/L). Women were randomly assigned to consume 5
days per week wheat based biscuits: 1) fortified with 20 mg iron as H-reduced iron (NutraFineTM RS) or
2) fortified with 10mg iron as microencapsulated ferrous sulfate and 150 g iodine, or 3) not fortified., Blood
hemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin (SF), transferrin receptor (TfR), urinary iodine (UI) and body iron status were
measured at baseline and at study exit (at 22 weeks). Ethical approval was obtained by ETHZ and the Ministry
of Health in Kuwait.
Findings
x Three hundred and eighty four women of childbearing age were assessed for iron deficiency
x Fifty four percent had SF levels below the cutoff of < 15g/L and mean body iron stores were only 0.9
mg/kg body weight indicating significant iron depletion.
x 7KH)RRG)UHTXHQF\4XHVWLRQQDLUHVVKRZHGWKDWEUHDGSURYLGHGWKHPDMRUVKDUHRISDUWLFLSDQWVWRWDl iron
intake (16 mg/d).
x The high prevalence of anemia in these women indicates that the wheat flour fortification was ineffective.
x Consumption of biscuits fortified with encapsulated ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) caused 88% increase in SF
relative to control (P < 0.001) and an increase in body iron stores from -0.9 to 2.3 mg/kg body weight
*shooti@safat.kisr.edu.kw
528
(p < 0.001). The reduced iron group (H-reduced) did not show any significant increase in SF on body iron
stores relative to control.
x The median urinary iodine significantly increased from 138 to 212 g/L in the treatment group as
compared to control (p < 0.01).
Conclusions
The results obtained in this study clearly explain the lack of impact of the current fortification program with
H-reduced iron used in the State of Kuwait. NutraFineTM RS cannot be recommended as an iron fortificant for
wheat flour, and ferrous sulfate remains a better choice. If storage or transport conditions lead to rancidity,
microcapsules containing ferrous sulfate are a highly promising alternative.
Applications
The efficacy in humans of wheat flour fortification with microencapsulated ferrous sulfate is demonstrated for
the first time in this report. The production of dense iron microcapsules small enough to pass through the
sieves widely-used in the milling industry, is an innovative approach to maintain good iron bioavailability
while causing no sensory changes during storage or baking.
This microencapsulation process has facilitated the inclusion of another micronutrient (KIO3), as fortificant of
wheat flour. This was also tested for the first time by this study and proved to be effective in improving the
iodine status in group consuming encapsulated FeSO4 plus KIO3.
Acknowledgments
The project team is grateful for the financial support from the Kuwaiti Flour Mills and Bakeries Company
(KFM and BCo) and the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. We thank the faculty members and the
college students for their participation in the study and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich for
providing the innovative iron fortificants and collaboration in this study. At IAEA, we thank L. Davidsson for
the support for the study. We thank KFM and BCo for the technical advice and support in producing and
supplying the fortified biscuits. At the Ministry of Health in Kuwait and associated Al-Sabah Hospital, we
thank the dieticians and the technical staff for their help in conducting the laboratory analysis. The total budget
for this project is KD 42,210.
1. R. Biebinger, M. Zimmermann, S. Al-Hooti, N. Al-Hamed, E. Al-Salem, T. Zafar, Y. Kabir, I. Al-Obaid,

N. Petry and R. Hurrell. Efficacy of wheat-based biscuits fortified with microcapsules containing ferrous
sulphate and potassium iodate or a new H-reduced elemental iron: a randomised, double-blind, controlled
trial in Kuwaiti women. (2009). British Journal of Nutrition, May, 2009.
2. S. Al-Hooti, R. Biebinger, N. Al-Hamad, I. Al-Salem, T. Zafer, Y. Kabir, M. Zimmermann, R. Hurrell and
L. Davidsson. Efficacy of wheat flour fortification with iron in women at childbearing age in Kuwait. (2007).
Nutrition and Health Conference, Kuwait 19-21 November, 2007.
FB063C
529
Completed Project
FB055K; September, 2005 to September, 2006
Determination of the Cost Effective Application Rate of Sulfur

Amendment on Crops
*T. Al-Surrayai, R. Al-Daher and M. Balba
Introduction
Desert soils are generally characterized by presence of calcium carbonate, high pH, poor fertility and limited
YHJHWDWLRQ6XOIXUDPHQGPHQWSURGXFWVDUHXVHIXOLQHQKDQFLQJGHVHUW VRLO IHUWLOLW\ %LRSOXV D QRYHO VXOIXU
amendment procedure was developed at Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) from elemental sulfur
and proprietary immobilized S-oxidizing bacterial strains isolate from the local desert soil. The main objective
of this study was to determine the most economic application rate of the sulfur amendment for the growth
enhancement of selected vegetable crops. Two types of sulfur amendment were used with four different
application rates of each sulfur amendment/square meter were tested of selected vegetable crops of tomato,
cucumber yellow and red pepper. The test was conducted in triplicate and included appropriate controls
without the sulfur amendment.
Methods
Soil samples were collected monthly to determine; pH, moisture, minerals and heavy metal content. The plant
growth performance was studied by monitoring the following parameters: chlorophyll density, plant height,
number of flower and fruit per plant, fruit weight per plant and sugar profile. Results were subjected to
statistical analysis.
Soil Preparation and Plantation: The two sulfur amendments included in the test had different sulfur
concentrations. The first contained 50 % Sulfur + 2.5 % Gypsum + 47.5 Sand and the and the second contained
95 % Sulfur + 2.5 % Gypsum + 2.5 Sand. Mixture of desert soil and perlite (1: 1 ratio) was placed in plastic
pots 9 kg soil capacity. The pots were watered and were maintained inside a green house. Sulfur amendment
pellets were applied on the top 2.5 centimeters of the soil to give the appropriate concentration.
Nitrogen, phosphorus pentoxide, potassium oxide fertilizer (NPK fertilizer) was added to the pots equally (140
ml/pot of a solution containing 5gm of NPK/liter), twice a week for comparison purpose. Soil pH measured
before and after the addition of the sulfur amendment. The application rate tested of sulfur amendment were
800kg/Donum (50g S-Amendment/pot), 400kg/Donum (25g S-Amendment/pot), 240kg/Donum (15g
S-Amendment/pot), and 160kg/Donum (10g S-Amendment/pot). The experiments were conducted in triplicate
and included control tests without the application of sulfur amendment.
Soil Analysis and Characterization: Analysis were performed as follows: pH (pH meter), moisture content
(oven-drying), mineral and heavy metal analysis (soil samples from each pot were extracted by acid digestion,
concentrated, filtered and made to standard volume for analysis using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical
Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES).
*tsuraia@kisr.edu.kw
530
Plant Maintenance and Monitoring: Plant growth performance was monitored monthly by examining plant
height, chlorophyll index, sugar profile of fruits (ratio of sucrose, glucose and fructose by HPLC) and total
nitrogen (organic and inorganic by using Elemental analyzer EA 1110C). Mineral and heavy metal contents
were determined in plants divided into root, stem and leaves, and fruits with analysis by the Chemical
Analytical Laboratory (CAL). In addition, overall visual assessment of plant growth performance was more
with number of (i) flowers per plant, and (ii) fruits per plant, and (iii) weight of fruits per plant.
Findings
x The effects of the different application rates of sulfur amendment on growth performance of tomato,
cucumber, red and yellow pepper vegetable crops were tested. For these vegetable crops, evaluation of
soil analysis, plant monitoring and fruit production indicated that 15g S-Amendment (95% S)/pot were
also the best application rate.
x Tomatos obtained from this treatment had the highest sugar level. Nitrogen content, number of flowers,
number of fruits and tomato yields were the highest.
x Cucumber in this treatment had the best plant height, chlorophyll index, nitrogen content; largest fruit
yield and had higher sugar level.
x Yellow pepper obtained from this treatment had the highest sugar level, nitrogen content, number of fruits
and the biggest fruit yield.
x For red pepper, soil analysis, plant monitoring, fruit production and growth evaluation results indicated
that 15g S-Amendment (95% S) was the best rate of application based on the plant height, chlorophyll
index and the total fruit yields. However, 50g S-Amendment (95% S) gave the highest sugar level and
numbers of fruit per plant.
Conclusions
It was concluded that 15g of sulfur amendment (95% S) per pot was the most cost effective rate of sulfur
amendment application for the four tested agricultural crops; this rate is equivalent to 240 kg per Donum.
Sulfur amendment acts by neutralizing soil pH and improving bioavailability of phosphorous and other soil
nutrients, resulting in improved soil fertility.
Two demonstration sites were selected for the application of S-amendment; a total area of 5,000 m2 at Ahmadi
Refinery (KNPC) and 10,000 m2 at Shaab KISR station. Both sites were planted with a wide range of
ornamental and landscape plants. The sulfur amendment improved survival rate and the plant growth of many
species, especially at the early stage of plantation.
Acknowledgements
FB055K
531
Applications
Completed Project
FB058K; April, 2006 to March, 2007
Development of Tissue Culture Propagation Techniques for Argan Tree

*L. Al-Sabah
Introduction
The argan tree (Argania spinosa L.) native to Morocco has been recently introduced and recognized in Kuwait
because of its value in environmental protection and rehabilitation program in the Arid zones, in addition to the
value of its oil for food, medicine and cosmetic. This project is aimed to develop an efficient mass propagation
technology for the large scale argan plant production for the desert greenery development program and argan
oil production in Kuwait.
Methods
Argan seeds were obtained from Morocco. A standard method of cell and tissue culture procedure was used in
this research for the initiation and multiplication of cultures from stem segments. The Murashige and Skoog
(MS) culture medium was used as a basal medium for all the culture experiments. The tissue explants and the
seeds were sterilized using 20-30% commercial Clorox for 15 min. followed by washing 3 times in sterile
distilled water. Explants were inoculated in MS basal medium containing different concentrations of auxin and
cytokinin. All the cultures were maintained in temperature and light controlled growth rooms. Axillary shoots
were produced in large numbers through different hormone treatments for the plant production. Axillary shoot
multiplication, micro shoot isolation, plantlet growth and rooting were achieved, and rooted plantlets were
acclimatized to the greenhouse conditions.
Findings
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Contamination rate was high during the culture initiation of argan from tissue explants.
Higher concentrations of clorox damaged the tissue explants during sterilization procedure.
In vitro seed germination was very slow.
Shoot multiplication rate was high in media with 5 mg/l BA and 0.5 mg/l NAA.
Callusing occurred in media with high concentrations of auxin with low concentration of BA.
Frequent subcultures reduced the tissue browning in vitro.
Plant growth and elongation occurred in media without any growth hormone or with low concentrations of
BA.
x In vitro rooting of argan shoots was found to be very difficult.
Conclusions
An efficient protocol was developed for the mass plantlet production of selected cultivars of argan. Rooting
efficiency of argan shoots in vitro was very poor and needs to be increased through experimentation. Few
acclimatized plants were planted inside the KISR plant tissue culture orchard and maintained for future studies.
*lsabah@kisr.edu.kw
532
Applications
The protocol and culture techniques developed under this project for the propagation of different cultivars of
argan through tissue culture technology could be applied on large scale argan plant production for the desert
greenery program.
Acknowledgments
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research is thanked for financial support of KD 5,970.
L. Al-Sabah and C. Sudhersan. (2008). Seed germination and in vitro studies of argan (Argania spinosa).
KISR Report 8446.
FB058K
533
Completed Project
FB061K; August, 2006 to July, 2007
Field Demonstration of Sulfur Amendment for the Commercial Production of

Agriculture Crops and Fodder Plants in Kuwait
*R. Al-Daher, Y. Al-Shayji, M. Balba, H. Al-Mansour and T. Al-Surrayai
Introduction
The regulations controlling air emissions are becoming stricter, particularly those dealing with air pollution
caused by combustion of fossil fuels, such as crude oil. Upon the combustion of the various fractions of crude
oil, sulfur is released in the form of sulfur dioxides, which cause significant environmental problems.
Therefore, it has become critical to reduce the sulfur content of various oil products, by processes such as
hydrodesulfurization, which produce elemental sulfur as a major by-product.
In Kuwait, based on the current refined oil production rate, utilization and export statistics, it is estimated that
600,000 tons of sulfur could potentially be produced per year from oil desulfurization in the future.
Elemental sulfur can be used to improve desert soil fertility. This study was concerned with the production of a
soil amendment product comprised of elemental sulfur and sulfur-oxidizing microbes.
Methods
Manufacture of S-amendment for Field Demonstration:

The required amount of sulfur-oxidizing bacterial biomass designated Kuwait National Petroleum Company 13
(KNPC 13) for the project, was produced by using Bioengineer fermenter (19l), for inoculum production and B
Braun fermenters (100 l), for the large scale production of Bioplus.
The sulfur-oxidizing KNPC 13 (Biomass) was immobilized on attapaligite, the composition of Bioplus:
BioPlus: BioPlus 95% Sulfur + 2.5% Soil + 2.5% Gypsum + KNPC13. The ingredients were mixed together
with addition of water using the mixing machine. The sulfur-oxidizing bacteria immobilized on attapaligite
were added to the mixture and pelletized by a briquetting machine.
Field Evaluation and Large-Scale Demonstration at a Private Farm in Abdaly:
A large scale field demonstration of bioplus was conducted at a private farm in Abdaly on (1) vegetable crops:
cucumber, tomato, cauliflower and cabbage and (2) fodder plants: barley and alfalfa. Size of each vegetable
plot ranged from 360m2 to 540m2. Bioplus was applied to these plots at the rate of 240Kg/donum. This amount
was distributed evenly in the top 3 cm of the soil. Potassium nitrate was added as the inorganic fertilizer at the
rate of 192kg 230kg/donum.
*rdaher@safat.kisr.edu.kw
534
Findings
x Field demonstration results showed that application of Bioplus to the soil caused a significant
enhancement on the yield of all the six tested crops.
x Application of Bioplus 240kg/donum increased cucumber yield by 130%. The yield of cucumber grown in
the soil treated by Bioplus alone exceeded by 35% than the same yield grown in soil treated by fertilizer.
The results suggest that the use of fertilizers and Bioplus resulted in a synergistic effect on cucumber yield.
x Application of Bioplus resulted in 384% increase in the cauliflower yield compared to the crop yield of
cauliflower grown without Bioplus. Yield of cauliflower grown in the soil treated by Bioplus alone was
double the yield of cauliflower grown in soil treated by fertilizer.
x Application of Bioplus increased cabbage yield by 60%. The yield of cabbage grown in the soil treated by
Bioplus alone exceeded the yield of cabbage grown in soil treated by fertilizer by a difference of 60%.
x Application of Bioplus increased barley yield by 97%. The yield of barley grown in the soil treated by
Bioplus alone exceeded the yield of barley grown in soil treated by fertilizer by 20%. The results suggest
that the use of fertilizers and Bioplus resulted in a synergistic effect on the barley yield.
x Application of Bioplus increased alfalfa yield by 196%. The yield of alfalfa grown in the soil treated by
Bioplus alone exceeded the yield of alfalfa grown in soil treated by fertilizers by a difference of 155%.
The results suggest that the use of fertilizers and Bioplus resulted in a synergistic effect on the Alfalfa
yield.
x An increase of tomato yield of 466% was recorded compared to the yield of tomato grown without the use
of Bioplus. The yield of tomatoes grown in the soil treated by Bioplus alone exceeded the yield of the
tomatoes grown in soil treated by fertilizers by 198%.
Conclusions
The addition of Bioplus with inorganic fertilizer resulted in a synergistic enhancement of the yield of all the
tested plants.
A pilot scale process production unit was developed and used for the production of bioplus for green house and field
testing.
Applications
Preliminary market assessment and technoeconomic assessment suggested that the commercialization of the
product is feasible. KISR is exploring potential opportunities for profitable large scale production and
commercialization of this novel product.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for financial support of KD 87,743.

R. Al-Daher, Y. Al-Shayji, M. Balba, H. Al-Mansour and T. Al-Surrayai. (2008). Field Demonstration of
Sulfur Amendment for the Commercial Production of Agriculture Crops and Fodder Plants in Kuwait. KISR
Report 9122.
FB061K
535
The enhancement effect of bioplus sulfur amendment on desert soil fertility was demonstrated in large scale field trails
at a private farm in Kuwait. The tested plants included cauliflower, cabbage, barley, alfalfa, tomato, and alfalfa and
showed that use of Bioplus gave significant increases (60%-384%) in the yield of the test plants, with tomato
showing the highest increase (384%) and cabbage showing the least response (60%).
Completed Project
FB002S; March, 2004 to February, 2008
Production of Date Palm Plantlets via Tissue Culture Technology

*C. Sudhersan, S. Jibi, J. Ashkanani and S. Al-Mulhem
Introduction
Date palm micropropagation technique was developed at Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) in
1995. Techniques for culture initiation, embryogenesis, embryo multiplication, germination, plantlet
production, in vitro rooting of plantlets and successful acclimatization were developed for commercial scale
production under the project FBO11K. Several thousands of plantlets of different cultivars were also produced
and supplied to farmers for field experiments. A demonstration orchard with 24 different date palm cultivars
was also established inside the KISR campus for field evaluation of tissue culture derived date palm plants.
True-to-type nature of the product was confirmed through DNA fingerprinting and also through the field
evaluation. In 2004, a contract was signed between KISR and a local company Greenfield Co. for the
production and supply of 84,000 date palms to Kuwait Oil Company (KOC), for their landscape maintenance
and associated works. The duration of the contract was four years and the total budget for the 84,000 plants
was KD 252,000.
Methods
Date palm cultivars Barhi, Khlas and Boyer were utilized for the in vitro culture initiation. Offshoots of 3
different date palm cultivars collected from the reliable sources were dissected out and the shoot buds isolated
from the offshoots were utilized for the culture initiation. Callus cultures were raised in vitro using Murashige
and Skoog (MS) culture media containing 2,4-dichloro phenoxy actetic acid (2,4-D) under aseptic conditions.
All the cultures were maintained in temperature and light controlled growth rooms. Somatic embryogenic
callus cultures were produced in large numbers through different culture media for the plant production.
Embryo germination, plantlet growth and rooting were achieved and rooted plantlets were acclimatized to the
greenhouse conditions.
Findings
x Date palm cultivars, Khlas, Barhi and Boyer cultures were initiated and multiplied in MS culture media.
Thousands of somatic embryos were produced for the plantlet production. Plantlet production, rooting and
acclimatization process were carried out continuously, and the plants were acclimatized to the greenhouse
conditions periodically.
x Several thousands of plantlets of Barhi, Khlas and male date palm cultivars were produced during the
service period 2004 to 2008. All 84,000 date palm plantlets were not delivered according to the annual
schedule mentioned in the contract due to physical and biological problems that occurred during the first
two years of the service period. However, the production of a total of 84,000 plantlets was accomplished
by the end of the service period.
536
x Since the contract with the client was terminated prior to the end of the contract period only 25,927 plants
for KD 86,012 were delivered to the client, while the remaining plants were maintained in the greenhouse
and lath-house to be sold to the farmers. The total value of the plants produced under this technical service
amounted to KD 325,154.
Conclusions
Large scale production of plantlets from Barhi and Khlas is feasible under the experimental conditions of the
project (FB002S) after considering the constraints developed during the conduct of the project.
Applications
Through the large scale plant production, commercial scale date palm plantations can be developed and desert
greenery can be enhanced. Date fruit production can also be enhanced to achieve food security in Kuwait.
Acknowledgements
Authors acknowledge funding from GFAC (KD 252,000).
FB002S
537
Completed Project
FB037G; October, 2005 to September, 2006
Investigation of the Red Spider Mite and Insect Pests Attacking Arfaj Plant
and Effects of Locally-isolated Bt Toxins on these Pests
*N. Shaheen and Y. Al-Shayji
Introduction
Rhanterium epapposum (Arfaj) is one of the most important native wild plants in Kuwait. Arfaj has an important
role in soil fixation and enrichment of wild life. In addition, this plant is an invaluable source of useful genes for
genetic improvement of crop plants.
Arfaj dominates the area of Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) Sulaibiya Field Research Station that
was established to protect the wild life in this site. During the last two years, Rhanterium epapposum has been
subjected to a problem of invasion by the red spider mite. Investigation of the Rhanterium dry flowers inside
the laboratory showed another pest inside most of the dry flowers. The study was undertaken with the
objectives of identifying the red spider mite and the unknown insect and studying their biology.
Methods
Samples of plant flowers, leaves and stem and associated insect and red spider mite pests were collected and
transferred to the laboratory for investigation under a binocular microscope. Field observation for the red
spider mite feeding habits and movement were studied. Photographic documents of the infected plants, insect
and red spider mite pests and the damage caused by them were taken. Life cycles of the two pests were studied.
Samples of the two pests were sent for identification to Natural History Museum (NHM), UK.
A number of bacterial strains were isolated from local soil. Isolation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains was
done using the sodium acetate method, which was modified by using lecithovitellin (LV). The isolated
bacterial strains were identified through the MicroSeq microbial identification system (MIDI Labs, Newark,
USA).
Findings
x Preliminary identification indicated that the pest inside most of the dry flowers is a small insect that
belongs to the order Lepidoptera of the family Gelechiidae.
x The red spider mite belongs to Genus Balaustium (Prostigmata: family Erythraeidae). Feeding studies
indicated that plant material, e.g., pollen is taken as an alternative food.
x The insect that was discovered inside the dry flowers belongs to Genus Ptocheuusa Heinemann, 1870,
(order Lepidoptera: family Gelechiidae, subfamily Anomologinae). This insect species is neither
represented in the NHM collections nor in any other collections, thus, indicating that this species could be
a new one.
*nshaheen@safat.kisr.edu.kw
538
x Locally-isolated Bt toxins evaluation indicated that three toxins were found to be effective against the
larvae and adults of the unknown insect. Two of them (A13 and G6) were identified as Bacillus
thuringiensis by MIDI Labs, US and the third (H17) was identified as probably being a Bt sp. by CABI
Bioscience, Switzerland.
Conclusions
The results of this study are important with regard to protecting and preserving Rhanterium epapposum from
insect and other pest attacks. The study identified a new insect species of genus Ptocheuusa Heinemann, 1870,
(Lepidoptera: family Gelechiidae, subfamily Anomologinae) that has not been recorded before in Kuwait, and
also identified the red spider mite as both a predator and a phytophagous pest.
Future studies are required to biocontrol these pests that attack this important plant by using the locallyisolated Bt toxins. There is also the need to study the possibility of using this red spider mite as a predator for
controlling other pests.
Applications
Toxins produced from the three Bacillus thuringiensis strains (A13, G6 and H17) that were isolated from
Kuwait soil were found to be effective against the different stages of the unknown insect that was discovered
inside the Arfaj flowers in the area of KISR Station in Sulaibiya. These toxins could be produced on a largescale and applied as bioinsecticides against this harmful insect.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for financial support (KD 9,281).
FB037G
539
Completed Project
FB038G; January, 2006 to September, 2006
Screening of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Degrading Bacteria in

Kuwait Soil
*Q. Al-Matawah, T. Al-Surrayai and B. Al-Mutairi
Introduction
7KHPDMRUGHVWUXFWLYHHIIHFWRI,UDTVLQYDVLRQRQ.XZDLWVHQYLURQPHQWZDVWKHFRQWDPLQDWLRQRIDKXJHDUHD
RIWKHFRXQWU\VGHVHUWVRLOZLWKFUXGHRLO7KHSUHVHQFHRIVXFKDODUJHDPRXQWRIRLOVSUHDGRYHUDUHODtively
large area, poses a serious environmental hazard to air, land, and groundwater resources as well as to humans.
Due to weathering, a significant increase in the concentrations, of different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs), especially benzo(a)pyrene in the remaining oil was reported, thereby threatening SHRSOHV KHDOWK LQ
the impacted area.
In the intervening period since 1993, little progress has been achieved in dealing with this problem apart from
the recovery of more oil from some of the lakes in the Burgan area. However, heavily contaminated areas (lake
beds) remain untreated and the weathering of the leftover oil has continued. Different treatment strategies are
currently being investigated and assessed although none has been applied at full scale yet. The aim of this
research was to screen and isolate PAH-degrading bacteria from Kuwait soil.
Methods
PAH-degrading bacteria were isolated from soil samples collected from different areas in Kuwait, especially
from areas contaminated with crude oil and chemical wastes by enrichment culture technique. In addition,
liquid medium YNB supplemented with several PAHs was used to examine the ability of PAH-degrading
bacterial strains to utilize these compounds as carbon sources. Some laboratory-scale tests to demonstrate the
potential for bioaugmentation in PAH-contaminated soils have been conducted.
Findings
x Fifty-three pure bacterial cultures were isolated, 36 isolated at 37oC and 17 isolated at 50oC.
x All the isolates were Gram positive and the majority showed rod morphology. Only one isolate (No.17)
gave a reproducible result in growth in the presence of naphthalene; therefore, the ability of this isolate to
degrade selected PAHs was checked.
x The isolate (No.17) was capable of growing on anthracene, chrysene, diphenyl, naphthalene, and
phenanthrene, whereas, Burkholderia cepacia showed the ability to grow only on perylene. The ability of
Burkholderia cepacia to degrade PAHs was rechecked because its ability to degrade PAHs was
documented.
x Biochemical characteristics and activities of the isolate (No.17) were determined by using API 50 CH for
the identification of Bacillus and related genera, as well as Gram-negative rods belonging to the
Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae families; which allows the study of the carbohydrate metabolism of
*qmutawa@kisr.edu.kw
540
microorganisms and API 20E for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae and other non-fastidious, GramQHJDWLYHURGVZDVXVHGDVDFRPSOHPHQWDU\WHVWDFFRUGLQJWR$3,PDQXIDFWXUHUVLQVWUXFWLRQV
x Isolate (No.17) was identified as Bacillus licheniformis with 99.7% identification profile using the
identification software API LAB Plus.
Conclusions
In this study, a PAH-degrading bacterium has been isolated from oil-contaminated soil in Kuwait. The strain
seems promising for PAHs bioremediation since it has the following characteristics: 1) it can grow on more
than one type of PAH with different number of benzene rings; 2) it can grow at high temperature (50oC) with
minimal nutrient requirement which is suitable for the Kuwait environment; and 3) it produces resistant spores
that can persist in soil for a long time. However, more studies are needed for the optimization of this strain for
the use in PAHs bioremediation.
Applications
The bacterium isolated in this project might be applied as a bioaugmentation agent for bioremediation of oilcontaminated areas in Kuwait.
Acknowledgments
Authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for funding the project (KD 10,802).
FB038G
541
Completed Projects
FB039G; March, 2006 to February, 2007
Screening Bacterial Strains Isolated From Kuwait Soil for Activity Against
Red Palm Weevils
Introduction
The red palm weevil (RPW) is the most serious pest found in date palms. The larvae are responsible for
damaging the palm and thus resulting in its death. Intensive chemical treatments have been used to protect the
palms, but the harmful effects of many pesticides on the environment led to the development of new methods
to control these weevils. Biological controls utilizing the naturally occurring bacteria have proven to be a
valuable alternative to conventional insecticides. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible
presence of some bacterial strains in Kuwait soil, which are capable of producing toxins that are effective
against the weevil.
Methods
Adult red palm weevils were collected from infested date palms and reared under laboratory conditions. The
life cycle was studied and the duration of the different developmental stages was recorded.
A number of bacterial strains were isolated from the local soil samples according to previous methods to
reduce the number of non bacillus strains from soil samples modified by using lecithovitellin (LV). Desired
quantity of toxins were produced from these isolated strains.
The toxins produced from these bacterial strains (A10, A11, A14, A16, A17, A18, A20, A26, A31, A33, B1,
B7, D23, E3, E4, E5, E14, E17, E19, E22, F1, F4, F10, F12 and F24) were tested (in vivo and in in-vitro)
against the larvae. The effective strains were sent for identification to MIDI Labs, United States (US).
To evaluate the toxins produced from the isolated bacterial strains against the RPW, a preliminary screening of
these toxins was carried out against the second and fourth instar larvae of the RPW. Constant concentrations
from the toxins (0.6mg/100ml water) were prepared and used in the toxicity screening test. Both in vivo and in
vitro techniques were used for application.
Findings
x Bacterial isolates A14, A31 and A33 were identified locally as Bacillus species. The strains F10 and F12
were identified as different varieties of Bacillus megaterium.
x Toxins from five bacterial strains (A14, A31, A33, F10 and F12) were found to be effective against the
larvae of the RPW. The toxin produced from strain A33 was found to be the most effective against the red
weevil larvae followed by the toxin produced from strain A14.
542
x In all in vivo experiments, the treated larvae were smaller in size than the untreated larvae. This means that
the affected larvae stopped feeding after a short period following toxin exposure, whereas, the untreated
larvae continued feeding, growing and attaining the subsequent stage of development.
x In experiments on fourth instar larvae that were force-fed by injection through the mouthpart with the
toxin solution, results indicated that in all treatments, the affected larvae appeared to be weak and sluggish.
Their body became yellow and later turned brown then black after death
x In the in vitro technique, results indicated that the guts in the treatments with the toxins A14, A31, A33,
F10 and F12 were found to be dissolved and disintegrated, whereas in control treatment that was treated
with water only, the gut was found to be entire. Presumably, when the gut was placed in the toxin solution
and shaken gently, this caused the alkaline content to come out and mix with the toxin solution, thus
activating the toxins which led to the disintegration of the gut.
Conclusions
Bacillus megaterium strain isolated from Kuwait soil was found to be effective against the larvae of Red Palm
Weevil. The findings are encouraging and are expected to open the way for further studies into control of this
insect pest by use of biological toxins.
Applications
These results would encourage developing a new bioinsecticide from bacteria investigated in the present
project to control the red palm weevil after solving the problem of delivering these effective products to the
weevils inside the trunk of the palm.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for financial support (KD 16,708).
FB039G
543
Completed Project
FB040G; July, 2006 to December, 2006
Quality Attributes of Locally Grown Cordia myxa and Genotypic Variation in

Quality Attributes of Dates (Phoenix dactylifera) Picked at the Khalal Stage
*T. Al-Ati
Introduction
This general research activity aimed at studying some of the important physiological maturity and postharvest
attributes of popular fruits that have not been successfully marketed locally or regionally. The fruits are Cordia
myxa and date fruits at Khalal-stage. The overall purpose is to examine the underlying causes that limit the
storage and shelf life, hence the limited markets for these fruits.
There is a lack of information about postharvest conditions that are likely to affect the quality of Cordia myxa
and date fruits at khalal-stage and the changes (e.g., physiological, pathological, etc.) these fruits undergo
while present in the post-harvest channels. The objective of this study was to examine the quality attributes as
pH, total soluble solids concentration (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), firmness and moisture content of Cordia
myxa and the following 12 varieties of date fruits harvested at the khalal stage: Lolwi, Birhi, Khlass, Khnaizi,
Hilaly, Mneefee, Jouzy, Magriby, Anbara, Siwi, Khayara, and Oudy.
Methods
Cordia myxa fruits were collected from houses in Kuwait City and from the Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research (KISR) at Shuwaikh site. Fruits of different maturity stages were carefully collected, cleaned with
water and dried and then examined for color, size and shape before being tested for pH, total soluble solids,
titratable acidity (TA) and moisture content.
Date fruits at the khalal stage of maturity from the Lolwi, Birhi, Khlass, Khnaizi, Hilaly, Mneefee, Jouzy,
Magriby, Anbara, Siwi, Khayara, and Oudy varieties were collected from a local farm in the Sulaibya farming
area. The khalal-stage fruits were carefully collected, cleaned and refrigerated before analysis.
Fifteen fruits of Cordia myxa and 25 fruits of each variety of date fruits at khalal stage free of any visual defect
were chosen and, after being pitted, were homogenized with a blender. Samples of the Cordia myxa and khalal
stage fruit juices were taken to measure the total soluble solid concentration (SSC) with a refractometer
(ATAGO Co., Japan). The pH and TA were determined with a pH meter by removing 2ml of the adjusted juice
aliquot (200 ml of juice collected was too viscous so it was diluted with 50 ml of distilled water) and then
treated with 0.02 N NaOH to an end point of pH 8.1. The percent acidity was based on the milliequivalent
(meq) factor for malic acid (i.e., all stone fruits are assumed to have malic acid as the predominant organic
acid). The textural quality of firmness was determined with a penetrometer (on a scale of 500 g x 5 g and an 8
mm plunger tip; QA Supplies LLC, USA). The moisture content was determined according to the procedures
of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC, 2000). In addition, weight loss over time at room
temperature was monitored.
*taati@kisr.edu.kw
544
Findings
x Two important factors appear to have a detramental affect on the eating quality of Cordia myxa fruits:
textural characteristics and weight loss.
x Firmness as a measure of textural characteristics declines from 1.56 to 0.7Kg over a relatively short time
(10 days).
x Weight loss appears to be more pronounced when the fruit is picked at the yellow stage of maturity
favored by consumers. In addition the visual appeal of the fruit declines relatively rapidly as the color of
fruits changes from bright yellow into light brown, and then on to dark brown with shriveling skin.
x Total SSC shows significant differences among the khalal-stage fruits of the cultivars tested.
x Although the intercultivar differences in pH seem to be minimal, more variability in TA exists among
them. However, textural characteristics do not seem to vary significantly among the cultivars tested. The
delicate balance in taste of the Barhi cultivar which makes it such a popular khalal-stage date cultivar in
the Gulf Countries, can be explained by its medium total SSC (25% oBrix), low TA (2.5ml NaOH), high
pH (6.5), and an intermediate firmness value (2.13Kg) (Khnaizi cultivar is firmer with 2.57kg and Oudy is
the least firm with 1.34kg).
x In addition to its delicate skin and crisp flesh, which are very vulnerable to rough mechanical handling,
dates fruits at the khalal stage can be very astringent (due to their higher tannin content than at the tamar
stage), which makes it less appetizing to consumers (despite its nutritive value). In fact, astringency is a
maturity index for dates (Reid, 2002) and, therefore, declines after further ripening.
Conclusions
Additional research may be needed to reduce the tannin content of khalal-stage date fruit in order to enhance
consumer appeal and acceptance. Khalal-stage fruits have a distinct, refreshing flavor and attractive colors and
therefore consumers would be interested in trying different varieties once the astringency problem is solved.
The popularity and marketing of Cordia myxa is declining. Therefore, more studies are needed to introduce
better postharvest handling that can help to maintain the freshness of the fruit and enhance its competitive
marketing edge. For example, modified atmosphere packaging studies are needed to determine methods to
extend the shelf life of the fruit, and hence, further expand its marketing opportunities. Cordia myxa fruit could
be a successful commercial product, as a whole fruit and/or as an ingredient in a variety of processed food
products.
The author thanks Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for providing financial support (KD 2,816).
FB040G
545
Acknowledgments
Completed Project
FB044G; July, 2006 to April, 2007
Physiological Disorders of Tissue Cultured Date Palms

*C. Sudhersan and Y. Al-Shayji
Introduction
Different date palm cultivars were propagated in large numbers clonally through tissue culture technology at
KISR, Kuwait. A tissue culture date palm orchard was also established inside the KISR campus, Suwaikh
during 2001. Twenty seven date palm cultivars produced by tissue culture technology were planted in this
orchard and maintained for field evaluation, fruit production and germplasm conservation purpose. The growth
and development of the different date palm cultivars in the orchard have been monitored from 2001 to date.
During this period many physiological disorders such as crown bending, v cut, frond malformation and stunted
growth were observed on many palms. Experiments were carried out to study the cause for these disorders in
tissue culture derived date palms and the causes were identified.
Methods
The date palms showing disorders were identified during the project period and many palms were dissected out
for studying the reasons for the physiological disorders. During the study, a few of the palms were removed
from the field and the remaining was studied on the spot. The insect larvae collected from the infected palms
were reared inside the laboratory in order to identify the insect and also to study their mode of infection.
Findings
x The primary cause for disorders was Aphomia sabella insect larvae and secondary infection by fungus.
Similar disorders were noticed in seed and offshoot propagated palms.
x The study confirmed that these date palm disorders commonly occurred both in seed propagated palms and
tissue culture derived palms.
x The infected trees recovered after the treatment with insecticide and fungicide solutions at the right time
prior to the complete damage of the shoot meristem; untreated palms died after a few months.
x These disorders can be prevented by spraying insecticide to control Aphomia sabella insect at the right
time.
Conclusions
The findings of the study could solve the mystery behind the tissue culture derived date palm disorders and
clear doubt over the tissue culture method of date palm propagation as the main reason for these disorders.
546
Applications
The findings of this research activity can be utilized to identify the date palm disorders in date palm plantations
at the initial stages of growth and to control the disorders to avoid severe economic loss.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for financial support (KD 3,473). The technical
assistance provided by Mr. Ronald at the Plant Tissue Culture Unit of the Biotechnology Department is also
acknowledged.
1. C. Sudhersan and Y. Al-Shayji. (2007). A study on physiological disorders of tissue cultured date palms in
Kuwait. KISR Report 8800.
2. Y. Al-Shayji and C. Sudhersan. (2008). Pseudodwarf disorder in tissue cultured date palms. AmericanEurasian Journal of Scientific Research 3: 128-131.
FB044G
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Completed Project
FB041G; September, 2006 to March, 2007
Production and Nutritional Evaluation of Elephant Grass

(Pennisetum purpureum) Silage
*Z. Baroon1, M. Bedair2, K. Ahmad1, A. Pereira1 and M. Jacob2
1
Department of Biotechnology, 2Department of Aridland Agriculture and Geenery,

Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division,
Introduction
Local forage production is sharply limited by harsh climatic conditions. Therefore, storage technologies, such
as silage, are essential to establish a year-round supply of animal feed. The objective of this research activity
was to ensile locally cultivated elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and to evaluate the nutritional quality
of the silage.
Methods
The elephant grass was cultivated in a randomized block design with 3 replications in a factorial arrangement
of 4 additives 4 levels was designed. The block was irrigated with water for four months. The leafy parts of
the grass were cut, and collected for silage making. The silages were prepared in mini-silo plastic bags.
Microbial inoculum and molasses were added at 2% concentration. The bagged silages underwent anaerobic
fermentation for 30 days at room temperature. The nutritional quality and microbiological variables were
evaluated.
Findings
x On opening the bag silos after 30 days the physical texture, color and smell indicated anaerobic
fermentation of the silages. The silages appeared with acceptable wet texture.
x Acceptable pH values were indicated as lack of oxygen in the bags of the ensiled premixes prevented the
growth of yeast and molds, and low pH prevented the growth of undesirable bacteria during the anaerobic
fermentation. The moisture contents were 62.56, 63.23 and 62.46 in silages S1, S2 and S3, respectively on
dry matter basis (DM). In general, the silage is considered to be of good quality with DM content between
25 and 35% and pH values below 4.5.
x The crude protein content of silages were 9.20, 8.89 and 9.12%, in S1, S2 and S3, respectively on DM
basis and the silages were considered palatable.
x The crude fiber contents of the silages were 15.29, 15.32 and 15.30% in S1, S2 and S3, respectively. As
forge matures from the vegetative stage into the reproductive stage, stems and leaves become more
lignified, and the digestibility of these plant components decreases. More carbohydrates are deposited in
the plants such as cellulose, hemicellulose and starch.
x Lactobacillus additive increased the number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and the lactic acid concentration
in the silages. Hence, the inoculum improved silage nutritive value. The crude fat contents of the silages
*zbaroon@safat.kisr.edu.kw
548
x were 1.32, 1.28 and 1.29%, respectively. The fatty acids concentration in the silage was mainly due to the
lipids in the microbial cells.
x Concentrations of organic acids (lactic, acetic, propionic, butyric) were determined. The lactic acid
contents were high in range of 1.38, 1.37 and 1.39% and acetic acid contents were 0.26, 0.25 and 0.27%
S1, S2 and S3, respectively on DM basis. Neither propionic acid nor butyric acid was detected in the
silages during the ensilage.
x The concentrations of water soluble carbohydrates were 5.52, 5.51 and 5.53% in S1, S2 and S3,
respectively on DM basis. LAB utilized fermentable carbohydrates such as fructans, and hexose sugars
present in the plant material during ensilage and it was expected that a higher dose of molasses resulted in
higher residual water soluble carbohydrates that improved silage quality.
x Aerobic bacteria, fungal (yeasts and molds) and LAB populations were counted, and there was no
significant difference (p < 0.05) among the silages after 30 days of ensiling. Inoculation of the silages with
microbial inoculants was found to increase the counts of LAB in the silages up to 108 cfu/g of premix. The
addition of LAB inoculants at ensiling tended to ensure rapid and vigorous fermentation that resulted in a
rapid accumulation of lactic acid and lower pH values in the initial stages of ensiling.
Conclusions
The addition of microbial inoculant at ensiling ensured rapid fermentation and vigorous accumulation of lactic
acid. Fermentation characteristics of the produced silages indicated successful ensilage. Chemical and
microbiological variables of the silage were acceptable. The findings indicated an excellent potential for using
ensiled elephant grass for livestock feeding.
Practical local programs of research are recommended to demonstrate a range of model feeding systems based
on ensiled feeds, together with other traditional feeds. Formulations of the feeding systems will be based on
available plant materials.
Applications
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for funding (KD 9,156). The authors are grateful to
the Al-Ahmad Farm for providing the experimental working site and relevant facilities in Sulaibiya, and for the
House of Development for Agricultural Contracting Company for their in-kind support.
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This study indicated an excellent potential for using locally produced elephant grass silage as a substitute for
the expensive imported forages for the local livestock. Feasible technologies of ensilage of elephant grass will
improve feeds availability. Two points are worth mentioning; first, the proper planning of the feed preparation
depending on the availability of the raw fresh plant materials in sufficient quantities for silage making; and
second, planned animal response trials to investigate the effects of silages fed to ruminants. The feeding trials
are important to investigate the response and palatability of experimental rations of the animals.
Completed Project
FB043G; October, 2006 to April, 2007
Preparation of Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for the 19L Fermenter

*H. Al-Mansour
Introduction
Bioreactors are widely used to produce large amounts of biomass and bioproducts. To operate such
bioreactors, a level of knowledge in associate fields such as microbiology and biochemical engineering is
needed. The technical report contains basic information on topics related to fermentation such as microbiology.
The standard operating procedure (SOP) for a bioengineer 19 L fermenter is explained in detail. This reference
manual will help new employees to become familiar with the capabilities and operation of such fermenters.
Methods
The activity include a reviewed of the most important issues of fermentation technology such as
microorganisms (bacterial), sterilization, agitation, aeration and fermentation processes. The literature reviews
are included in the report that describes the steps involved in the fermentation. Each step of the SOP was
supported by photographs. This gives a photographic guide and operating manual to be used by new staff.
Findings
x The output of the activity was the development of an established SOP for the operation procedure manual
for the 19L bioengineering fermenter, including all precautions required for safe operation.
x All the steps required before operation, sterilization, and operation were described.
x The methodology for the discharge of waste and biomass was explained in detail for three cases:
1) keeping the culture, 2) transfer the culture to another fermenter, and 3) culture disposal.
x The culture disposal has different approaches to ensure a very safe disposal that is not harmful to the
environment; sterilization, thermal treatment and chemical treatment.
Conclusions
A standard operating procedure manual was prepared in a comprehensive report submitted to KISR
(KISR-8848).
Acknowledgments
*hman@safat.kisr.edu.kw
550
Completed Project
FB042G; December, 2006 to November, 2007
Screening Bacillus thuringiensis Strains Isolated from Kuwait Soil for Activity
against Agricultural Insect Pests
*N. Shaheen, Y. Al-Shayji and H. Al-Mansour
Introduction
Various insect pests routinely damage agricultural crops in Kuwait, causing tremendous monetary loss to
farmers. To prevent such losses, chemical pesticides are used extensively. Due to their disadvantages to the
environment, there is a need to develop new safer pesticides. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins have been
proven to be a valuable alternative to conventional insecticides. The aim of the present study was to investigate
the possible presence of some Bt strains in Kuwait's soil capable of producing toxins effective against some
lepidopterous insects such as the cotton leafworm, the beet armyworm and the potato tuberworm.
Methods
Findings
x Three bacterial strains (A13, G6 and H17) were isolated from Kuwait's soil. Two strains were identified as
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) spp. by MIDI Labs, US. The third one was identified as probably being a Bt sp.
by CABI Bioscience, Switzerland.
x The toxins produced from these strains were found to be effective against the larvae of three lepidopterous
insects: the cotton leafworm, the beet armyworm and the potato tuberworm.
x The Bt toxin that was produced from strain A13 was the most effective against the cotton leafworm and
the beet armyworm larvae, whereas the toxin that was produced from strain H17 was the most effective
against the potato tuberworm larvae, followed by the toxin that was produced from strain G6.
x In all of the experiments, affected larvae were smaller in size and appeared to be weak and sluggish
compared to untreated larvae. Their bodies became yellow and later turned brown and then black after
death. This means that the affected larvae stopped feeding a short period of time after the start of the trial,
whereas the untreated larvae continued feeding, growing and attaining the subsequent stage of
development.
551
Samples of cotton leafworm, beet armyworm and potato tuberworm insect larvae were collected from infected
vegetables (eggplant, tomato and cucumber) in Wafra farms and transferred to the laboratory and reared under
laboratory conditions. The life cycles of these insects were studied and the duration of the different
developmental stages were recorded, including photographic documentation. A number of bacterial strains
were isolated from local soil and insect specimens. Toxins produced from these strains were purified and
screened against the larvae of the three target insects. The effective strains were sent for identification to MIDI
Labs, US and CABI Bioscience, Switzerland.
Applications
Toxins produced from three Bacillus thuringiensis strains (A13, G6 and H17) exhibited lethal effects against
the larvae of the three insects: the cotton leafworm, the beet armyworm and the potato tuberworm. These
toxins could be applied as new bioinsecticides against these harmful insects.
Acknowledgments
FB042G
552
Completed Project
FB053G; April, 2007 to March, 2008
Detection, Sequence and Phylogenetic Analyses of H5N1 Virus Isolates

from Kuwait
*A. Al-Azemi, Y. Al-Shayji, S. Al-Amad and S. Al-Zenki
Introduction
On February 13, 2007 the Public Authority for Agriculture and Fisheries of Kuwait reported the initial
outbreak of H5N1 influenza in poultry in the Al Wafrah farm area in southern Kuwait. Subsequently, a total of
131 H5N1 infected poultry were confirmed from 20 farms throughout the country. The disease resulted in high
mortality among infected flocks, especially in the commercial broiler farms in Al-Wafrah and among poultry
raised in privately owned residential homes. Disease control measures were implemented from February 18,
2007, including control of poultry movement, vaccination, and disinfection of infected premises and culling of
approximately 500,000 birds. The final case of H5N1 was detected on April 20, 2007 and all restrictions were
lifted on May 12, 2007. Kuwait was declared free from H5N1 HPAI with effect from July 21, 2007.
The main objective of this study was to detect, sequence and perform phylogenic analysis of H5N1 influenza
viruses that were isolated from Kuwait.
During these disease outbreaks a total of 20 samples were collected from small farms in the Al-Sulaibiya area.
Among those samples, 10 throat and cloacae swabs were taken from chicken showing signs of disease, while
an additional 10 samples from internal organs (liver and spleen) of dead chicken were also collected.
Consideration of biosafety hazards were undertaken during conduct of this study.
Isolation of mRNA Synthesis of cDNA and Real time PCR Analysis:
Viral RNA was extracted with a viral RNA mini kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Reverse-transcription
reactions contained RNA extract, PCR buffer, random hexamer primers, RNase inhibitor, and MuLV reverse
transcriptase. Reverse-transcriptase reactions were performed and the cDNA was then used for the
amplification in real time PCR assays.
Real time PCR was carried out with the 7500 real time PCR system (Applied Biosystems), using the TaqMan
influenza A/H5 detection kit version 1.0 assays that use the reverse transcription to convert viral RNA to
cDNA, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the viral target, TaqMan probes to detect the presence of a
specific influenza strain and internal positive control (IPC) to check for the presence of PCR-inhibitors.
To understand the development of influenza A H5N1 virus in Kuwait all the eight gene segments of the seven
viruses were characterized and phylogenetically analyzed together with the available H5N1 viruses previously
isolated from Africa, Eurasia, Southeast Asia, southern China and reference viruses belonging to each H5N1
*aazmi@safat.kisr.edu.kw
553
Methods
clade. Sequence assembly, editing, multiple sequence alignment, neighbor-joining and Bayesian phylogenetic
analyses were carried out.
Findings
x From swabs and organs using the 7500 real time PCR system (Applied Biosystems), showed high
amplifications of RNA virus, which srongly indicates the presence of H5N1 from both type of samples.
x The complete genomes of seven H5N1 viruses isolated from poultry outbreaks in Kuwait during 2007
were sequenced. All sequences generated have been deposited in GenBank (accession numbers
CY029945-CY030000).
x Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) genes showed that all seven H5N1 isolates were derived
from the Gs/GD-like lineage and clustered together with other Qinghai-like (Clade 2.2) viruses. The
Kuwait H5N1 viruses were most closely related to viruses from Germany and Krasnodar, in southwest
Russia, also isolated in 2007. Those viruses were mostly isolated from wild bird species. This group of
viruses was in turn related to 2006 isolates from diverse geographical areas such as Afghanistan, Mongolia
and Siberian Russia. Phylogenetic analyses of the neuraminidase gene and all internal gene segments show
that all of the viruses belong to H5N1 genotype Z, and maintain phylogenetic relationships similar to the
HA tree.
x Kuwait isolates of all Clade 2.2 H5N1 viruses were characterized. None of the isolates had mutations in
the M2 ion channel or the neuraminidase conferring resistance to amantadine and oseltamivir, respectively.
All isolates possessed lysine at position 627 of the PB2 gene that is associated with increased virulence in
mammals, and which is present in all known Clade 2.2 viruses. Other virulence mutations were not
recognized in any of the viruses characterized in this study.
x Antigenic characterization of a representative virus from Kuwait (Ck/Kuwait/KISR2/07) demonstrated
close antigenic relationship of Ck/Kuwait/KISR2/07 to BHG/Qinghai/1A/05, the prototype clade 2.2 virus
and a vaccine candidate virus that was isolated during the HPAI H5N1 outbreak in wild birds in Qinghai
Lake, China in 2005.
Conclusions
During the influenza outbreaks a total of 20 samples were collected from small farms in the Al-Sulaibiya area.
Among those samples, 10 throat and cloacae swabs were taken from chicken showing signs of disease, while
seven of the 10 internal organ samples tested positive for H5N1 by the TaqMan influenza A/H5 Detection kit
using the 7500 Real-Time PCR system
This study confirms that Clade 2.2 H5N1 HPAI viruses were responsible for the poultry outbreaks recorded in
Kuwait in early 2007. While it remains unclear in which hosts these viruses are maintained, the geographical
distribution of closely related viruses suggest it is likely that migrating birds are acting as a vector. Therefore,
systematic surveillance in poultry and wild bird populations will be an important tool for tracking the evolution
of Clade 2.2 H5N1 viruses in this region.
Applications
Infection of poultry with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (AIV) can be devastating in terms of flock
morbidity, economic loss and social disruption. The causative agent is now confined to certain isolates of
influenza A virus subtypes (H5 and H7). Due to the potential of direct transfer of avian influenza to humans,
continued research into rapid diagnostic tests for avian influenza is therefore necessary.
This study provides experience in use of a highly sensitive and rapid diagnostic test for early detection of the
influenza A/H5 viral infection using real-time reverse transcriptase RT-PCR assay.
Sequencing influenza A/H5N1 viral genome increases the genome knowledge base of avian influenza and help
researchers understand how these viruses evolve, spread and cause disease. It also allows the scientists to
FB053G
554
understand the phylogenetic relationships between different isolated viruses which will be an important tool
for tracking the evolution of any newly isolated H5N1 virus.
Acknowledgements
A. Al-Azemi, J. Bahl, S. Al-Zenki, Y. Al-Shayji, S. Al-Amad, H. Chen, Yi Guan, J. Malik Peiris and Gavin
J.D. Smith. (2007). Avian Influenza A Virus (H5N1) Outbreaks, Kuwait,. Emerging Infectious Diseases,
www.cdc.gov/eid, 14:6.
FB053G
555
Completed Project
FB045G; May, 2007 to January, 2008
Isolation and Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria for Use in the

Development of Probiotics for Sheep Production in Kuwait
*T. Al-Surrayai, R. Al- Daher and M. Balba
Introduction
Sheep mortality in Kuwait is very high and their mortality rate causes loss of approximately KD 6,100,000 per
year for adult sheep and KD 12,960,000 per year for young lambs. The relatively high rate of lamb mortality is
attributed to enterotoxaemia, diarrhea and pasteurella pneumonia. Probiotics are living microorganisms, which
when ingested by humans or livestock animals, can positively affect health by changing the intestinal flora.
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) refer to a large group of beneficial bacteria that have similar properties.
In this study, several fresh samples of parts including sheep gut content and sheep milk were obtained from the
slaughterhouse to isolate potential probiotic lactic acid bacteria. The objectives of this study were to isolate
LAB from there samples and to study their characteristics including determination of antagonistic activity of
LAB using in vitro tests and determination of a LAB tolerance to acidic pH.
Methods
LAB Isolation and Enrichment: Sample Collection. Several fresh samples of parts of sheep gut content were
obtained from the slaughterhouse. Two sheep were selected; one was five months old, the other one year old.
Samples were collected from the reticulum, abomasum, rumen, duodenum, jejunum, caecum, rectum and feces.
In addition, milk sample collected from a one-week ewe breed. These samples were examined for the presence
of LAB.
Enrichment Methods: Gut bacteria other than LAB were eliminated from sheep tissue homogenates and milk
samples by repeated enrichment and transfer processes. The enriched cultures were plated on MRS agar from
24 to 48 h under anaerobic conditions. Different bacterial colonies with different morphology were further
purified.
Characterization and identification of LAB: all the isolates were characterized by using microscopic
examination with gram stain. Carbohydrate fermentation test of selected isolates were conducted using the
relevant API- strips, e.g., 50-CHL api identification kits for lactobacillus spp and Staph api identification kits
for the Staphylococcus spp. Determination of antagonistic activity of LAB using in vitro tests: The antagonistic
activity of LAB was determined by using the agar spot test and the well diffusion assay. Approximately 107
cells of the test pathogen Salmonella enteritidis (strain A), Salmonella isolated from in-house culture
collection (strain B) and Salmonella isolated from sheep feces (strain C) as well as E. Coli , in 15 ml of
nutrient agar media were poured on the plate in which LAB were grown. After incubation for 24 hrs at 37oC, a
clear zone of more than 1 mm around a spot scored as positive.
*tsuraia@safat.kisr.edu.kw
556
Salmonella isolation from sheep feces: Feces were collected from sheep for the microbiological survey. The
animals with ages ranging from young to mature and sick sheep feces were collected from a selected farm.
Salmonella were identified using Salmonella isolation method.
Determination of LAB tolerance to acidic pH: To determine the tolerance of isolated LAB to acidic pH, the
bacteria were grown in MRS broth at 37oC. The tolerance to different pH was investigated by suspending
bacteria in 1/100-PBS dilutions at pH values of: 0.5, 1, 2 and 3. Counts of surviving cells were determined by
plating on MRS agar.
Findings
At the end of this study, four active strains were isolated: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus brevis,
Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus plantarum. These strains can potentially inhibit the growth of some
common pathogen (Salmonella spp. and E. coli) and strongly thus antagonistic action against Salmonella spp.
FROOHFWHGIURPVKHHSIHFHVDQGWROHUDWHWKHDFLGLFFRQGLWLRQLQWKHUXPLQDQWVGLJHVWLYHV\VWHP
Conclusions
In this study, four potential Probiotic LAB strains were isolated Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus
brevis, Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus plantarum. This strain can strongly inhibit the growth of
some effective pathogen (Salmonella spp and E. coli) and tolerate the acidic condition in the UXPLQDQWV
digestive system; abomasum gastric juices, pH range from 2.0 to 2.5.
Applications
Based on the promising results of this preliminary study, more extensive studies to determine the feasibility of
developing commercial probiotics for sheep production in Kuwait are highly recommended. If feasible,
probiotics can provide a cost-effective alternative to antibiotics and reduce mortality in lambs. The use of
probiotics can enhance the quality and food safety of meat products with a positive impact on the meat
industry.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the technical support of Ms. Battla Al-Mutairi for her contribution in the microbial
characterization and identification of the isolated bacteria, Mr. Wajdee Abdulaziz, and Mr. Jad Al-Kareem
Mostaffa for their support in sample collection from the slaughterhouse. The authors thank Kuwait Institute for
Scientific Research for financial support (KD 10,836).
FB045G
557
Completed Project
FB046G; May, 2007 to January, 2008
Isolation of Hydrocarbon Degrading Microorganisms from the

Rhizosphere of Mangrove Plants
*A. Yateem1 and T. Al-Sharrah2
1
Department of Biotechnology, Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division, 2 Central Analytical
Laboratories, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Introduction
Marine sediment contamination with hydrocarbon pollutants has become a significant concern because of the
toxicity and carcinogenicity of some of these pollutants in addition to their ability to bioaccumulate in aquatic
organisms. The potential role of rhizospheric hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms in remediating polluted
environments merits systematic investigation. In the marine environment, hydrocarbon-polluted sediments are
usually persistent. However, a variety of microorganisms can degrade them; many of these have been found to
inhabit the rooted areas of aquatic plants.
Sulaibikhat Bay has coastline severely polluted with hydrocarbons, heavy metals and suspended particles.
Mangroves (Avicennia marina) were introduced in several locations in the intertidal zone of Sulaibikhat Bay
about 10 years ago to improve the coastal environment and enrich marine biodiversity. This study aimed to
assess the potential of mangroves to enhance hydrocarbon degradation, by activity of its rhizospheric microbial
community in the stressed environment of Sulaibikhat Bay.
Methods
The selected site was a mangrove marsh on the Shuwaikh coast near Shuwaikh Port in Sulaibikhat Bay. From
this location, rhizosphere samples were collected from the root zone of selected mangrove plants using a clean
auger or shovel. Additionally, surface sediment samples (3-5 cm in depth) from the near-shore intertidal zone
in the same location but away from the mangrove marsh were similarly collected for comparison.
Samples were analyzed chemically to determine their total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) content, and
microbiologically to determine their total bacterial and fungal counts. Furthermore, the samples were enriched
to facilitate the growth of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms (HDMs) using minimal media
supplemented with 0.1% (v/v) hydrocarbon compound mixture (HC). The HC mixture was formulated using
six selected compounds as representatives of Kuwait crude oil. The selected compounds included alkanes,
cycloalkanes, single-ring aromatics, polycyclic aromatics and oxygen-containing compounds. Isolation of
HDMs was carried out under aerobic conditions at 30oC. The isolated microbial species were purified and then
identified using 16S rDNA gene sequencing. The identification process was conducted in DSMZ laboratories
(Germany).
Hydrocarbon degradation was quantified in a culture-free supernatant using gas chromatography with mass
detector (GC/MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results were statistically
analyzed by applying one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and the significance was identified at
P<0.05 using the Analyze-it through Excel Software Package Version 2.07.
*ayateem@safat.kisr.edu.kw
558
Findings
x Chemical analysis demonstrated that the sampling area was suffering from increased TPH contamination
which was detected in higher concentration in the surface sediment samples (388 ppm) compared to the
rhizosphere samples (295 ppm).
x However, the annual analysis of the bottom sediment in the sampling location does not demonstrate any
persistent hydrocarbon pollution; thus, the pollution in the area was considered to be a freak.
x Quantitative microbiological data revealed that there were no differences in the aerobic bacterial and
fungal counts detected in surface sediments and rhizosphere samples.
x The HDMs isolation process demonstrated the presence of Pseudomonas balearica, Staphylococcus
haemolyticus, Microbacterium barkeri and Gordonia soli in mangroves rhizosphere samples as well as
surface sediment samples.
x Bacillus velezensis and Bacillus subtilis subtilis were isolated only from mangroves rhizosphere. Bacillus
subtilis subtilis, a biosurfactant producing bacteria, was distinguished by high degradation rates of the
tested HC mixture.
Conclusions
Numerous studies have demonstrated the importance of the rhizosphere on the degradation of organic
contaminants in the terrestrial environment. However, much less is known about chronic spill sites in the
marine environment and HDMs associated with the rhizosphere of salt marsh marine plants. In this study, a
number of halophilic HDMs were isolated from the rhizosphere of mangrove plants and the surrounding
sediments. Upon testing the ability of the isolated species in degrading a selected HC mixture, it was noticed
that those associated with mangrove rhizosphere were distinguished by efficient hydrocarbon degradation
capabilities.
For bacteria growing on hydrocarbons, the growth rate can be limited by the interfacial surface area between
water and oil. Thus, when the surface area becomes limiting, bacteria capable of secreting biosurfactant
increase their secretions, which in turn enhance emulsification of water-insoluble hydrocarbons and facilitates
bacterial growth. The degradation of hydrocarbon pollutants in the contaminated marine sediments is enhanced
in the rhizosphere of mangrove plants through activity of its rhizospheric HDMs and planting mangroves in
Sulaibikhat Bay has a positive role in shore protection especially given the risk of acute or point pollution
caused by freak accidents associated with the nearby Shuwaikh Port.
The scientific findings obtained from this study indicated the potential of using mangrove plants for
remediating marine sediments contaminated with hydrocarbons.
Acknowledgments
FB046G
559
Applications
Completed Project
FB048G; August, 2007 to April, 2008
Detection and Monitoring of Legionella spp. in Kuwait Waters

*Q. Al-Matawah, S. Al-Zenki, A. Al-Azemi, A. Hajji and T. Al-Mutairi
Introduction
2XWEUHDNV RI /HJLRQQDLUHV GLVHDVH KDYH EHHQ WUDFHG WR D ZLGH YDULHW\ RI HQYLURQPHQWDO ZDWHU VRXUFHV
including cooling towers, hot tubs, showerheads, whirlpools and spas, and public fountains. These outbreaks
have occurred in homes, offices, hotels, hospitals, and cruise ships, among other locations. Legionella
pneumophila serogroup 1 is responsible for up to 80% of cases. Environmental Legionella monitoring is
recommended in several countries. However, in Kuwait, environmental Legionella is not being monitored by
regulatory agencies. The aim of this research was to detect and monitor Legionella spp. in potable and
nonpotable water collected from various sites in Kuwait.
Methods
Environmental samples comprising swabs from faucets of wash basins and showerheads and water samples
from storage water facilities were collected from different areas in Kuwait. A total of 130 environmental
samples (water 107; swab 23) were collected from different locations of water supply facilities in Kuwait. The
samples included potable and nonpotable water (i.e. seawater and wastewater). All samples were tested by
standard culture and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods for the detection of Legionella
spp.
In the standard culture method, water samples (1L) were examined after concentration in accordance with the
AS/NZS 3896:1998 method. Whereas in RT-PCR methods, TaqMan Pathogen Detection Kits were used for
microbial detection.
Findings
x Of the 130 environmental samples tested, all 23 swab samples were negative for Legionella; however, of
the 107 water samples tested, only 10 samples were positive by standard culture method, whereas 18
samples were positive by RT-PCR method. All samples positively detected using the standard culture
method by RT-PCR.
x Legionella species and serogroups were enumerated and genus, species specific and serogroup specific
tests were performed with the legionella latex kit. The culture detection limit was 10 cfu/l. All positive
samples showed less than 104 CFU per liter which does not represent a potential health risk to humans.
Nine of culture-positive samples were L. pneumophila positive, and one was positive for legionella species
by latex test. Of the nine L. pneumophila positive samples, four were latex positive for L. pneumophila
serotype 1 and five were latex positive for L. pneumophila serotype 2-14.
x Legionella pneumophila detection kit was found to be more sensitive in the detection of Legionella
pneumophila than Legionella spp. detection kit. Only 5 (27.8%) samples from the 18 positive samples
*qmutawa@kisr.edu.kw
560
detected by RT- PCR using the Legionella pneumophila detection kit were detected positive by Legionella
spp. detection kit. Three samples showed concentration more than 104 cells/l, which represented a
potential health risk to humans.
x RT-PCR was found to be more sensitive in the detection of legionella pneumophila in water samples, than
the standard culture method. Approximately 17% of water samples were positively detected by real-time,
whereas only 9% of water samples were positively detected by the standard culture method.
Conclusions
This study confirmed the presence of Legionella pneumophila LQ.XZDLWVHQYLURQPHQW
Applications
Environmental Legionella needs to be monitored in Kuwait, in order to prevent legionellosis outbreaks.
Acknowledgments
Authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for funding the project (KD 14,688).
FB048G
561
Completed Project
FB050G; September, 2007 to May, 2008
Biological Control, Morphological Studies and Micro-Identification of the

Lepidopterous Insect Pest Attacking Arfaj Plant (Rhanterium epapposum) in
.,65V6XODLEL\DResearch Station Area
Introduction
Rhanterium epapposum (Arfaj) is one of the most important wild plants in Kuwait. It dominates the area of
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research's (KISR) Station in Sulaibiya. During the last several years, the plant
KDVEHHQVXEMHFWHGWRLQVHFWSHVWVSUREOHPV,QYHVWLJDWLon of the dry flowers led to the discovery of a dormant
stage of an unknown insect inside these flowers. According to the Natural History Museum (NHM), UK
identification, this insect belongs to Genus Ptocheuusa Heinemann, 1870, (Lepidoptera: family Gelechiidae).
The objective of this research was to study the characteristic morphological features of this insect for microidentification.
Methods
Samples of plant flowers and insect pest were collected and transferred to the laboratory for investigation
under a binocular microscope. Different stages of the insect were removed and reared under laboratory
conditions.
Morphological studies were carried out to clarify the different characteristic features of the insect. The life
cycle of the insect was studied and its different stages (eggs, larvae, pupae and adults) were examined. The
phenomenon of larval diapause was investigated. Photographic documents were taken. Micro-identification of
the insect species was conducted.
Three Bacillus thuringiensis strains (G6, A13 and H17) were isolated from Kuwait soil. Toxins produced by
these strains and the commercial bioinsecticide (Dipel) were evaluated against the larvae and the adults of this
insect under laboratory conditions.
Findings
x $QHZLQVHFWVSHFLHVZDVGLVFRYHUHGLQVLGHWKHIORZHURIDUIDMSODQWLQ.,65V6XODLEL\DVWDWLRQDUHD7KH
same insect was found inside samples of flowers that were collected from different places in the desert.
Identification of this insect indicated that it belongs to order Lepidoptera, family Gelechiidae, subfamily
Anomologinae, genus Ptocheuusa. The species of the insect is neither represented in the NHM, UK
collections nor in any other history collections; hence, classified as a new species. The suggested common
name of this insect is the Arfaj flower moth, and the scientific name is Ptocheuusa kuwaiterium.
x The damage caused by this insect was concentrated in the Arfaj flowers, as it feeds on the pollen and its
other contents.
562
x Toxins isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis strains (G6, A13 and H17) were effective against the larvae of
this insect at different levels. Toxin produced from strain A13 and the commercial bioinsecticide Dipel
were the most effective.
x The effect of the isolated Bt toxins and the commercial bioinsecticide Dipel on adults were parallel to their
effect on larvae but less than them. The calculated LC50 values of the Bt toxin, A13 and Dipel against
larvae and adults of the insect were 4.5, 4.7 and 3.8, 4.0 mg/ml respectively.
x The international units (IU) of the Bt toxin, A13 is 13,511 I.U. /mg, indicating that activity of the Bt toxin,
A13 is equal to 0.8 of that of the standard Dipel.
x A species of a parasitic insect was observed inside some arfaj flowers. Identification of this insect
indicated that it belongs to order Hymenoptera. Further study on this parasite is needed in order to
investigate the possibility of using it in controlling the arfaj flower moth.
Conclusions
Control of this insect pest is important to limit damage to the arfaj plant. Use of chemical insecticides is not
recommended due to their environmental and health hazards; therefore, controlling the newly identified pest by
biological means is preferable. Biocontrol of this lepidopterous insect pest especially the larval stage by using
the isolated Bt toxin, A13 is possible.
Applications
Three Bacillus thuringiensis strains (A13, G6 and H17) isolated from Kuwait soil produced toxins effective
against the different stages of the new insect, Ptocheuusa kuwaiterium that was discovered inside the Arfaj
flowers. These toxins especially A13, can be produced in large-scale and applied as bioinsecticides against this
harmful insect that feeds on the pollen and the contents of the arfaj flowers.
Acknowledgments
FB050G
563
Completed Project
FB052G; October, 2007 to September, 2008
Development of Tissue Culture Techniques for Micropropagation of

Dwarf Date Palm
*C. Sudhersan, S. Jibi and L. Al-Sabah
Introduction
Phoenix pusilla Gaertn, a species closely related to date palm, is commonly known as small date palm and
grows up to 50 cm in height. It grows widely in India at low elevations. It is a shrubby stoloniferous palm with
a very short stem enveloped in the leaf sheaths. It is a dioecious palm similar to the date palm. Male and
female flowers are produced in clusters on separate palms in the leaf axils. The inflorescence is a branched
spadix and is enclosed before maturity in a protecting sheath called spathe. Leaves are 3- to 5- ft long, and the
leaflets usually with an orange-red pulvinus at the junction with the rachis. It is a multipurpose palm used for
ornamental purposes, food, medicine, soil conservation and as a male pollinator to date palms. Recently, this
species has been introduced to Kuwait. The field evaluation showed that this palm species is highly suited to
Kuwait due to its adaptability to arid climate, salinity tolerance, soil conservation properties, and multipurpose
nature. Propagation of this species is only through seeds; vegetative clonal propagation is not possible because
of the lack of off-shoot production. Hence, the possibilities of clonal propagation through tissue culture
technology were explored in detail in this research project.
Methods
Dwarf date palm offshoots collected from the KISR campus were dissected out for the shoot bud isolation and
culture initiation. Callus cultures were raised in vitro using Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture media
containing 2,4-dichloro phenoxy actetic acid (2,4-D) under aseptic conditions. All the cultures were
maintained in temperature and light controlled growth rooms. Somatic embryogenic callus cultures were
produced in large numbers through different culture media for the plant production. Embryo germination,
plantlet growth and rooting were achieved and rooted plantlets were acclimatized to the greenhouse conditions.
Findings
x A plant regeneration protocol and culture media were developed for plant regeneration through somatic
embryogenesis method for the dwarf date palm Phoenix pusilla which has recently been introduced to
Kuwait.
x A preliminary clonal propagation protocol was established for the first time in this species.
Conclusions
Plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis was carried out on dwarf date palm, Phoenix pusilla Gaertn,
since there is no alternative natural method of vegetative propagation available. Most of the difficult stages of
564
tissue culture process in this species were standardized; however, further study is required for the refinement of
technology and protocols for commercial-scale production.
Applications
The protocol developed for the mass clonal propagation of dwarf date palm can be utilized for the commercial
scale propagation of this species for greenery development programs and date palm breeding programs in
Kuwait.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for financial support (KD 4,276). The technical
assistance provided by Mr. Ronald and Mr. Kumar working at the Plant Tissue Culture Unit of the
Biotechnology Department is acknowledged.
FB052G
565
Ongoing Projects
Field Trial to Select Genetic Superiority of Moringa in Kuwait
Project code: FB055G
Budget: KD 3,076
Project leader: S. Al-Mulhim
Email address: smilhm@kisr.edu.kw
MY FOOD
Project code: FB056G

Budget: KD 13,080
Project leader: H. Al-Mazeedi
Email address: mazeedi@kisr.edu.kw
www.kisr.edu.kw
566
Techno-Economics Division
567
Mission
To apply high quality research to address economic problems in relation to national and
international status and employ advanced quantitative methods to promote sustainable
economy for the private and public sectors with an impact on the prosperity of society.
Objectives
x Conduct advanced research in economics, statistics, and quantitative methods
x Undertake practical economic analysis for improving standards of living of the society and make
findings accessible to the decision makers and general public
x Provide studies and plans for utilization and rationalization of available resources
x Develop training programs to promote skills and expertise in the field of economic studies and
quantitative methods and modeling
www.kisr.edu.kw
569
Department of Economic Studies

Mission
Provide economic studies for private and public sectors in the field of health and education
to address present and future developments. To investigate industrial issues with
consideration to national and international economic perspectives with a focus on the fields
of marketing and investment.
Objectives
Undertake studies related to privatization and globalization
Investigate economic issues related to energy and labor
Develop indicators for the health, education, energy and industrial sectors
Develop business plans and market analysis for prospective investment opportunities
www.kisr.edu.kw
571
Staff Members
Department Manager
Dr. Mohammed Al-Anezi

Dr. Nadeem Akhtar Burney
Research Scientists
Dr. Muhammad Ali Al-Ramadhan
Dr. Zafar Mahmood

Dr. Abdulhameed Ali Hussain
Dr. Mohammad Ali Ramadhan

Ms. Salwa Musaed Khalaf Hamada
Ms. Nadia Fahad Al-Musallam
0V:DIDD.KDOLO0RKDPPHG$ZDGK
Ms. Ghadeer Khaled Al-Essa
Research Associates
Mr. Adel Ali Naseeb

Ms. Marwa Jassim Al-Musallam
www.kisr.edu.kw
573
575
In the area of human resources development, two professionals from the department are pursuing Masters
Programs in local universities. In addition, the Department staff offered 14 in-house training courses
during the reporting period.
In the area of infrastructure development, the Department is actively participating in the preparation and
planning of new organizational structure for KISR, which is expected to be introduced in 2010. In this
context, new research programs for the department have been developed and are awaiting managemenWV
approval.
With only four full-time researchers, the ESD is one of the smallest research units in KISR. Despite the
small size, however, it has continued to produce high quality research on economic issues and generated
around KD 230,277 for its research projects during the reporting period. The research studies carried out
by the Department staff have generated better understanding about some economic issues facing Kuwait,
FRQWULEXWHG WR WKH IRXQGDWLRQ IRU LPSURYLQJ .XZDLWV HFRQRP\ DQG KHOSHG PDQ\ SXblic and private
sector organizations in formulating appropriate policies in specific areas of interest. Some of the public
sector organizations that have directly benefitted from ESD research studies are Ministry of Planning,
Ministry of Electricity and Water, Public Authority for Industry, Ministry of Education, Ministry of
Finance, and Council of Ministers.
www.kisr.edu.kw
576

Completed Project
TE037C; November, 2005 to July, 2006
Economic and Industrial Analysis for Industrial Survey for 2005

*S. Hamada1, M. Al-Enezi1, S. Al-Fulaij2, N. Al-Musallam1, W. Awadh1, M. Al-Musallam1,
G. Al-Essa1 and A. Naseeb1
Department of Economic Studies and 2Department of Quantitative Methods and Modeling,
Techno-Economics Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
1
Introduction
The project was implemented on behalf of the Public Authority for Industry (PAI). Its main objectives were to
improve the method of data collection, and systematization and analysis of the data in the PAI; develop
economic and statistical indicators for the manufacturing industries; perform economic and statistical analyses,
and identify problems and obstacles facing the manufacturing industries in Kuwait based on survey and data
and analyses.
Methods
The project adopted a methodology that covered comprehensive assessment of the data collected through the
field survey of the industrial establishments in Kuwait conducted by the PAI in 2005. A computer program
was developed to create a database of the data collected through the survey. A database was complied from a
survey questionnaire, after data checking, verification, and data processing. To examine the structure of the
manufacturing sector and highlight its strengths and weaknesses, the processed data were used to prepare
comparative indicators.
x This study of the manufacturing sector in Kuwait revealed that this sector in 2005 had the highest
percentage with respect to the number of active establishments; there were 113 active establishments
(22.4% of the total industrial establishments).
x In terms of geographical distribution, Subhan Industrial Area had the largest number (31.9%) of industrial
establishments. The total land area on which the industrial establishments are built approximated 6.2
million square meters. The results of the field survey showed that most of the industrial establishments in
Kuwait are relatively new. Only about 40% of the establishments started production in the 1960s and
1970s.
x The average annual (nominal) growth rate of total industrial production between 2002 and 2004 was
estimated to be 11.9%. Most of the industrial establishments used automated technology. The survey data
revealed that the capacity utilization rate in the manufacturing sector was about 41%, implying that a high
proportion of the industrial production capacity (59%) remained under-utilized in 2005.
x An overwhelming majority (96%) of the industrial establishments were owned by private sector, around
66.1% of the total establishments are managed by Kuwaitis; however, only 4% of the industrial workers
were Kuwaitis.
*shamada@safat.kisr.edu.kw
577
Findings
x As a main indicator of the industrial activity in the country, the total investment in the manufacturing
sector in 2005 reached around KD 896.5 million. The distribution of sales of manufacturing output was
66% marketed locally and the rest exported.
x The survey data indicated that the total cost of industrial production was KD one billion, of which 58.9%
was the raw materials cost. The profit margin for the manufacturing sector was estimated to be 27.1%,
whereas the rate of return on capital was 19.7%. The value added by the manufacturing sector reached
KD 795 million.
Conclusions
In order to conduct industrial field surveys in the future, the study strongly recommended support of the
Industrial Planning Division in the PAI by providing sufficient number of qualified national staff. In addition,
the study recommended that the PAI needs to make efforts to create awareness among the industrial
establishments about the importance of field surveys for industrial planning especially through official
communications, and using print and electronic media. The study also recommended that the PAI, represented
by its Industrial Research Department, should build trust and confidence of the industrial establishments
regarding the strict confidentiality of the survey data, regularly update and improve the field survey
questionnaire in order to capture new developments in the local and global economies, recognize the needs of
many different users of data, and update the industrial database periodically based on the industrial field survey
data, and then conduct comprehensive sector studies.
Applications
The outcome of the survey can be implemented in the private sector with an expected impact to improve
industrial business performance and efficiency.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Public Authority for Industry for financial support (KD 20,000). The project team gratefully
acknowledges the support and cooperation of Dr. Ali Al-Modhaf, General Manager PAI and staff of PAI
during the implementation of the project. Authors express sincere thanks to Ms. Ahlam Al-Hajri (Senior
Administrative Assistant) for her help in completing the project.
TE037C
578

Completed Project
TE038C; November, 2005 to July, 2006
Technological Progress and Industrial Productivity Growth in Kuwait

Z. Mahmood, *M. Al-Enezi, G. Al-Essa and M. Musallam
Department of Economic Studies, Techno-Economics Division,
Introduction
This project was commissioned by the Public Authority for Industry (PAI) to Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research (KISR). The project constituted one of the successive steps being taken by PAI towards realization of
.XZDLWVLQGXVWULDOYLVLRQ7KHPDLQobjective of the project was to promote technological progress in Kuwait
in order to transform the manufacturing industries into high productivity and competitive activities. To achieve
the objective, the project developed a technology strategy and policy measures along with an operation plan.
Methods
The project developed an analytical approach that included performing benchmark analysis, reviewed structure
of Kuwait economy and its industrial policy, reviewed the experience of the newly industrialized economies
1,(VZLWKUHVSHFWWRWHFKQRORJ\SROLFLHVDVVHVVHG.XZDLWVWHFKQRORJLFDOFDSDFLWLHVH[DPLQHGIDFWRUVWKDW
are responsible for low industrial productivity, and examined the possibility of replicating the experiences of
NIEs to the Kuwaiti economy. Based on the above analyses, an industry focused technology strategy and
policy measures were developed for the benefit of policymakers.
x At this stage of industrial and technological development, Kuwait may not focus on innovations. Instead in
the short and medium term Kuwait should focus on the development of science and technology
infrastructure required for technology transfer, adaptation and assimilation of technology.
x In the initial stages most of the activities would be of imitative nature and may not require specialized
investment in research and development; basic scientific knowledge and skilled work force would be
required. Kuwait may focus on food technology, textile technology, metallurgical technology, chemical
technology, and metal technology. However, experience all over the world suggests that information
technology, biotechnology, material development, microelectronic technology and nanotechnology are the
future areas; therefore, focus of .XZDLWV WHFKQRORJLFDO GHYHORSPHQW VKRXOG DOVR EH RQ WKHVH QHZ
technologies.
x Technological development takes place not just due to the availability of technical human resources and
research and development institutions, but also due to demand for technology by the manufacturing
industries. Demand for technology would be generated provided there are high levels of investment,
export-oriented industrialization, availability of industrial infrastructure, and legal and regulatory
frameworks that allow the benefits of technological development to be internalized. Incentives for
introducing new products, improvement in quality and standards, reducing production costs, and
establishment of hi-tech industries would also generate demand for technology.
*msalenez@kisr.edu.kw
579
Findings
x The firms should have internal capability to identify nature and source of relevant technology and should
be able to assimilate technology to meet the specific market needs. In the initial stages most of the
technological development would be imitation in nature but it should be noted that even that involves
design copies, creative adaptation, technological leap-frogging and adaptation to other industries, i.e.,
creative imitation. Accessing existing knowledge developed elsewhere is a primary input into development
of local capabilities. Imports of machinery, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows, and technical
agreements would help in technological development.
Conclusions
Necessary ingredients for technological development include the universities that carry out basic research and
provide the manpower for the research and development institutions. Development of skilled manpower
through the establishment of technical and vocational institutions; the research and development institutions
that help the development and assimilation of new technology and innovations; the institutions that help in
acquisition of technology and in dissemination and diffusion of knowledge; and legislation and administration
of intellectual property rights to ensure that the benefits from innovations are internalized.
For science and technology based industrial development, Kuwait would need personnel for running the
LQGXVWULHV ,Q WKLV UHJDUG WKH UHVHDUFK DQG GHYHORSPHQW LQVWLWXWLRQV DQG XQLYHUVLWLHV 0RQR LQVWLWXWHV FDQ
produce graduate and post-graduate engineers to handle different sub-sectors of the industry. There should be
an active collaboration with applied research organizations, recognition and reward for scholarly excellence,
establishment of new research institutes, and identification of specific research projects to be undertaken at
universities. The government may use the system of matching grants and cost sharing for such activities of
private firms, industry and their associations.
Cluster-based industrial development should be encouraged because it has an impact on productivity levels. It
will also help in outsourcing and development of vendors and that will help in transfer of technology. While it
is true that cluster requires large number of rims, considering that Kuwait is to focus on few industries, there is
a possibility to have clusters in the priority areas. This will help Kuwait in becoming a hub of industry and
technology in the Arab World. The National Technology Enterprises Company is already disseminating
information about technology and has developed the incubators.
Applications
Authorities should consider establishing a technology park that should cater for the technology needs of
prioritized industries. While technology must be developed, one should not be too ambitious. Technological
development and industrial policy should be continuously monitored and changed as needed after review.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge financial support of KD 20,000 and appreciate the opportunity provided by the
Public Authority for Industry for Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research to develop, implement and complete
this project. The project team also benefitted from the expertise of Dr. A. R. Kemal, international consultant
for the project.
TE038C
580

Completed Project
TE039C; March, 2006 to November, 2006
.XZDLW0DQXIDFWXUHG3URGXFWV3HQHWUDWLRQLQWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ0DUNHWV
*M. Al-Ramadhan, Z. Mahmood, N. Burney, G. Al-Essa, R. Al-Hajji, M. Al-Musallam,
A. Naseeb and N. Al-Musallam
Department of Economic Studies, Techno-Economics Division,
Introduction
This project was implemented for the Public Authority for Industry (PAI) to study the promotion of exports of
Kuwait-manufactured products to the European Union (EU) markets. The main objectives of the project were
to identify: 1) potential products to service the export market demand and requirements; 2) EU export markets
with the highest potential to import Kuwaiti products; 3) import regulations and product standards in each of
the targeted market; and 4) market structure and distribution networks in each targeted EU market, as well as
to prepare strategic recommendations for export penetration and an operational plan to implement them.
Methods
The analysis started with a comprehensive list of 89 manufactured product categories which were analyzed to
select the most attractive categories for export. At the first level of filtering, criteria like market size and
growth short-listed 31 categories. This list also included potential products which are not currently exported by
Kuwait. The second level of filtering, used profitability, import penetration and import growth as the criteria.
The nine most attractive product categories were selected covering broad product groups: food products,
plastic goods and home ware products. These products were analyzed in depth with respect to market size and
growth data for product segments across geographies, financial viability, buyer groups and consumer trends,
business model, regulations, tariffs and other pre-requisites, such as of supply-side requirements (technology,
raw material, labor, logistics, etc.).
Findings
The main finding for the supply-side highlighted the following key aspects of production capabilities in the
existing Kuwaiti enterprises:
x Inadequate staff training. Most industry groups have largely failed to provide any form of training to their
employees in the past five years.
x Lack of different human resource (HR) skill-sets within enterprises and significant variance in labor costs.
Relatively large share of the workers involved in actual production work. Companies need to establish
greater competencies in the specialized and critical areas of marketing, human resources and finance.
*mrmadhan@kisr.edu.kw
581
The project relied on primary field data as well as secondary published data. Three different questionnaires
were developed to assess the supply-side of manufactured products with potential for exports. The field survey
covered a sample of 61 industries covering eight industrial categories. Demand-side assessment covered
various EU manufacturers, retailers and trade intermediaries. A representative sample of EU parties was
surveyed.
x Weakness in quickly adapting to customer preferences and ensuring stringent quality controls. Enterprises
across several industries are not adequately geared to respond to the dynamic market conditions.
x A myriad of factors have stymied growth in the manufacturing sector. Some industries have cited
competition in domestic markets from foreign countries as one of the key reasons for their inability to
meet production targets.
x There are some encouraging signs, particularly with regard to new product development capabilities.
Most firms are engaged in product development; however, the enterprises are not adequately networked in
terms of technical collaborations and joint ventures.
x There exist significant capacities which can be utilized. Many Kuwaiti establishments are saddled with
extra capacity.
x Little exposure to markets beyond GCC countries. Exporters from Kuwait across the board were
minimally involved in exporting to non-GCC and non-Asian countries.
x On-time delivery performance. Kuwait enterprises have shown fairly high levels of on-time delivery
performance both in the local as well as the export market.
Demand-side assessment was conducted to identify key products and target markets for Kuwaiti manufactured
products.
x Nine most attractive product categories were selected which covered broad product groups: food products,
plastic goods and home-ware products.
x Thirteen countries were also selected as most attractive out of the twenty seven EU member countries at
this stage.
Conclusions
The analysis indicated that the market in EU has substantial potential for Kuwaiti exporters. Apart from the
large economies of Germany and UK, growing economies such as Spain and Ireland also present opportunities.
Product categories such as furnishings, plastics and furniture have witnessed an increase in consumption as
well as a growth in import penetration.
Based on the findings, it was concluded that, exporters in Kuwait have potential to capture a portion of the
import market in EU across the categories that have been selected as part of the demand assessment stage.
However, the export capabilities required and the challenges envisaged in the EU market would vary
depending on the product category selected by an exporter.
Acknowledgments
The project team would like to acknowledge and appreciate the opportunity provided by the Public Authority
for Industry for KISR to develop and implement this project and for financial support of KD 90,000. The total
budget was KD 115,324.
The cooperation of KPMG Safi Al-Mutawa and Partners Kuwait and KPMG Advisory Services Pvt. Ltd.
are also acknowledged.
TE039C
582

Ongoing Project
Demand for Medical Care in Kuwait
Project code: TE013C

Duration: April, 2008 to June, 2009
Budget: KD 87,980
Project leader: N. Burney
Email address: nburney@safat.kisr.edu.kw
www.kisr.edu.kw
583
Department of Quantitative Methods and Modeling

Mission
To develop tools and advanced quantitative models to support economic and mathematical
research investigations, modeling and planning, and resource allocation in public and
private sectors
Objectives
Develop decision support tools to optimize resource allocation in the service and industrial sectors
Develop web-based applications for mathematical and economic models, and provide research and
applied support to the public and private sectors
Conduct feasibility studies, statistical and econometric analysis, experimental design, and
mathematical modeling for research projects
www.kisr.edu.kw
585

Staff Members
Department Manager
Dr. Mahmoud Bu-Shehri

Dr. Tareq Nureddin Issa

Dr. Ali Mohammad Al-Hemoud
Dr. Faten Yousef Al-Jabsheh
Mr. Abdulwahab Nouri Al-Othman

Ms. Sheikha Faisal Al-Fulaij
Ms. Weam Abdulrahman Behbehani
Ms. Shaima Mustafa Al-Shamali
Research Associates
Ms. May Mohamed Al-Asfoor

Ms. Heba Khalil Al-Mufarej
Ms. Noura AbdulMalek AbdulMalek
Ms. Bashayer Ahmed Dashti
Mr. Mohammed Jassem Bu-Hamad
Mr. Ahmed Shareef Al-Awadhi
www.kisr.edu.kw
587
589
The research projects carried out at QMMD guided and empowered many public and private sector
organizations in formulating appropriate policies in specific areas of their interest. Public institutions and
private industrial firms are the major beneficiaries of the research output of QMMD. Implementation of
select policy recommendations, as a result of rigorous research outputs, has helped advance and promote
the standardization of the decision making process for many institutions in Kuwait.
In the reporting period the Department has faced severe constraints in highly skilled manpower with
specific areas of expertise. These constraints have negatively impacted some of the projected plans and
have minimized planned service activities targeted towards particular sectors.
Future plans encourage enhancing support of the different departments within Kuwait Institute for
Scientific Research.
www.kisr.edu.kw
590

Completed Project
TQ005C; June, 2005 to May, 2007
The Impact of Financial Liberalization on the Islamic Banking Industry

*F. Jabsheh, W. Behbehani, S. Al-Shamali and B. Dashti
Department of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Techno-Economics Division,
Introduction
The Islamic financial industry has grown rapidly over the last three decades, especially with the increased
accumulation of wealth amongst Muslims around the world and the surplus in petro-dollars that has built up in
the oil surplus economies of the largely Middle East, where a revival in religious consciousness in the region
and globally, is driving an increased demand for Islamic banking. Analysis of the worldwide practice of
Islamic banking as it is carried out presently, with the provision of a global snapshot and a regionally selective
review of Islamic banking operations, has revealed many of the advantages that this sector enjoys. Many of the
operational and structural challenges that this sector must be addressed and corrected in order to survive and
grow in the prevalent climate of increased competitiveness induced by financial liberalization.
The qualitative analysis focused on studying and analyzing Islamic financial and banking philosophy and the
specific workings, benefits and limitations of this alternative investment system, as an effort to understand the
differences that exist between Islamic and conventional banking. A market strategy was developed as a
conscious effort to improve the posture of Islamic banks in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region. The
impact of financial liberalization on Islamic banking was therefore studied qualitatively, alongside the
quantitative approach that emanated from delineating large scale national survey results. The financial and
banking data used in this study was cross-country bank-level data, compiled from income statements and
balance sheets of 43 Islamic banks in 21 countries, that include the GCC and Kuwait, for each year in the
1994-2001 period. The main data source was BankScope database compiled by IBCA. BankScope converts
data to common international standards to facilitate comparisons. Other data sources included International
0RQHWDU\ )XQGV ,QWHUQDWLRQal Financial Statistics (IFS), World Development Indicator (2001), Global
Development Finance (2001), Central bank and Kuwait Finance House data. In addition, operating efficiency
and profitability measures were used as criteria for performance, whereas capital ratios leverage, overhead,
loan and liquidity ratios were used as proxies for the banks' internal measures, macroeconomic indicators,
taxation, financial structure, and country dummies were used to represent external measures.
Findings
x A systemic analysis of Islamic banking in principle and concept; the performance of a national survey of
Islamic banking products and services in Kuwait revealed that consumer attitudes prevalent in Kuwait are
pro-Islamic banking and that the market is ready for the introduction and development of further
sophisticated products and services in this market. This orientation has also been shown to be
representative of consumer attitudes within the GCC region, at large.
*fjabsheh@kisr.edu.kw
591
Methods
x According to this study, financial challenges in general, have surfaced in this sector worldwide, due to
efficiency and managerial shortcomings. The performance of Islamic banks, from a cost, profit and Xefficiency perspective was also analyzed to evaluate the performance of these banks vis-avis their secular
counterparts.
x The institutional infrastructure of the Islamic banking industry is presented to elucidate the regulatory
imperfections and the environmental constraints that limit the performance of Islamic banks.
Conclusions
Systemic analysis of Islamic banking in this study shows that Islamic banking is not a negligible or merely
temporary phenomenon. Islamic banks are here to stay and there are signs that they will continue to grow and
expand. Even if one does not subscribe to the Islamic injunction against the institution of interest, one may find
in Islamic banking some innovative ideas which could add more variety to the existing financial network.
Applications
Commercial banks and financial institutions may benefit from the content and the findings of this study, as it
elucidates the applied dimension of Islamic banking and suggests creative financial and organizational tools as
a roadway to global horizons for this industry.
Acknowledgements
The project team is grateful for the financial support extended by the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
and the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (KD 23,604). Total budget was KD 90,324.
Special thanks are due to the banks and financial organizations across the GCC that cooperated in providing us
with the data and qualitative input that we required at various stages throughout our research.

1. F. Jabsheh, W. Behbehani and S. Shamali. (2007). Islamic Banking: A Growing or Shrinking Consumer
Market in Kuwait. Journal of the Gulf and Arabia Peninsula Studies. 33 (126).
2. F. Jabsheh and and M. Chemingui. (2005). "Challenges and Opportunities of Liberalization in the GCC
Banking Industry with Special Focus on Kuwait." Journal of Development and Economic Policies. 7 (2).
3. F. Jabsheh, W. Behbehani and S. Al-Shamali. (2007). The Development of a GCC Market Strategy for
Islamic Banks to Achieve Financial Competitiveness and Augment International Markets in preparation
for Financial Liberalization and Foreign Bank Entry. KISR Report 8911.
4. W. Behbehani, S. Al-Shamali and F. Jabsheh. (2007). Market Proliferation of Islamic Financial Products
and Services in Kuwait: A National Survey. KISR Report 8896.
5. F. Jabsheh, W. Behbehani and S. Shamali. ,VODPLF%DQNLQJ$*URZLQJRU6KULQNLQJ&RQVXPHU0DUNHW
LQ .XZDLW (FRQRPLF 5HVHDUFK )RUXP (5) th $QQXDO &RQIHUHQFH &RQIHUHQFH 7KHPH 2LO ,WV
Impact on the Global Economy). Arab Fund for Social and Economic Development (AFSED), Kuwait,
December, 2006.
TQ005C
592

Completed Project
TQ010C; April, 2006 to March, 2007
Developing Quantitative Planning Tools Phase II:

Development and Automation of Macro Economic Models
*M. Hajeeh1, N. Burney2, A. Al-Othman1, S. Al-Fulaij1 and M. Bu-Hamad1
Departments of Quantitative Methods and Modeling1 and Economic Studies2
Introduction
This project was implemented as a follow-XS RI WKH SURMHFW 'HYHORSLQJ 4XDQWLWDWLYH 3ODQQLQJ 7RROV
(TQ003C), and was contracted by the Ministry of Planning (MOP) for developing and automating a model for
energy demand in Kuwait. The objective of the project was to provide technical assistance and support to MOP
staff in running the various planning tools; interpreting the results of the models; and using the various
software packages used for running the models.
Methods
The project developed and estimated an energy demand model for Kuwait. The model consists of sector-cumfuel specific demand functions, which was estimated on the basis of annual time series data covering the
period from 1975 to 2003. The estimated model was used to project expected future demand for energy in
Kuwait. The projections include both baseline forecast and three alternative policy scenarios. The policy
scenarios focused on increasing the prices of different energy sources, particularly electricity. The estimated
energy model was automated and made user friendly in order to enable the MOP staff to use the model for
policy decision making.
The estimated equations of the model explained a very high proportion of the variations in energy demand in
different sectors. Most of the explanatory variables included in the model have anticipated signs and were
statistically significant. Some of the specific results of the model are as follows:
Residential demand of energy (electricity, LPG, and kerosene) is affected by level of income, prices of
energy, and population. However, the responsiveness of demand to changes in income and prices of
energy is relatively low, but that to population is high.
Industrial demand for energy (electricity and natural gas) depends on level of activity in the industrial
sector and prices of energy. However, the demand is inelastic with respect to changes in industrial valueadded and prices of energy.
Demand for energy in the transportation sector (gasoline, diesel oil, and aviation fuel) is affected by level
of income, prices of energy, number of registered cars, and number of passengers traveling by air.
However, the responsiveness of the demand to each of these explanatory variables is relatively low.
Commercial demand for energy (electricity) depends on level of activity in the services producing sectors
and the price of electricity. However, changes in these factors have relatively small impact on energy
consumption in the sector.
*mhajeeh@kisr.edu.kw
593
Findings
Government demand for energy (electricity) depends on size of the public sector and level of population in
the country. The two variables have relatively large impact on energy consumption.
Demand for energy in the mining and quarrying sector (natural gas) depends on the level of activity in the
sector.
Demand for energy in the electricity and water production sector (natural gas, crude oil, and heavy oil)
depends on the amount of electricity generated and seawater desalinated.
If historical trends in the exogenous variables of the model continue (i.e. absence of any policy
intervention from the authorities), then by the year 2015, the total consumption of energy in the country
will reach 129.3 mobe, averaging a growth rate of 4.4% per annum. In addition, the composition of energy
consumed will shift, with the share of electricity in total energy consumed increasing significantly.
Among the different sectors, the growth in consumption of energy in the residential sector will be highest.
Adoption of higher energy prices will lower the growth in energy consumption.
Conclusions
The study indicates that the authorities can use their energy price policy (i.e., electricity tariff) to reduce the
level of energy consumption in the residential sector and save resources that would otherwise be spent on
building new power stations.
In the case of other sectors, the energy price instrument is not likely to be effective in managing the
consumption of energy. This could be due to the fact that energy prices in the country are low and have
remained unchanged for a long time, and that the industrial, commercial, and other business sectors can
potentially shift any increases in costs due to higher energy prices to their consumers, leaving their energy
consumption unaffected. Increases in energy prices alone are not likely to reduce energy consumption in the
country substantially.
The authorities would need to complement the energy tariff policy with effective implementation of energy
conservation and environmental codes for building, air-conditioning equipment, industrial units, and
automobiles. This is particularly important because in the case of electricity, air-conditioning load is the main
driving factor in the growth of electricity consumption in Kuwait.
Applications
These results will directly benefit development of government policies for more efficient energy utilization in
Kuwait.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Ministry of Planning for providing financial support for the project (KD 42,810).

S. Al-Fulaij and M. Hajeeh. (2008). Energy price reforms and demand for energy in Kuwait. Journal of Energy
and Development.
TQ010C
594

Ongoing Projects
Quality Assessment and Waste Reduction in Kuwait Manufacturing Industries
Project code: TQ006C
Budget: KD 56,700
Project leader: T. Issa
Email address: tissa@safat.kisr.edu.kw
A Web-based Compensation Claim Data Management and Analysis System

Duration: September, 2007 to February, 2009
Sponsor(s): Public Authority for Assessment of Compensation for Damages Resulting from Iraqi
Aggression
Budget: KD 61,000
Project leader: A. Al-Othman
Email address: wothman@safat.kisr.edu.kw
A Dynamic Online Questionnaire System

Project code: TQ005G
Budget: KD 7,330
Project leader: M. Bu-Hammad
Email address: mbohamad@safat.kisr.edu.kw

Duration: October, 2008 to April, 2010
Sponsor(s): Public Authority of Agriculture Affairs and Fish Resources
Budget: KD 100,000
Project leader: F. Jabsheh
Email address: fjabsheh@safat.kisr.edu.kw
www.kisr.edu.kw
595
Modeling Agriculture Subsidies in Kuwait
597
Special Projects Office of the Director General
Special Projects (Office of the Director General)

Completed Project
SP002C; August, 2004 to December, 2007
Kuwait Integrated Environmental Information Network (KIEIN): Phase III

*H. El-Gamily1, R. Misak2, S. El-Fulaij3, A. Al-Othman4, N. Tharwat1 and B. Thomas1
1
Geoinformatics Centre, Office of the Deputy Director General for Information,

3
Quantitative Methods and Modeling, 4Department of Systems Development, NSTIC,
2
Introduction
Phase III of the Kuwait Integrated Environmental Information Network project (KIEIN-III) has the aim of
completing the Geo-environmental database that was started earlier in phases I and II of this project. Phase III
included the migration and integration of different geographic information system (GIS) applications from
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) into ArcGIS architecture and adding the socio-economic data
sets to the existing Geo-environmental database to support decision makers and researchers with the needed
Geo-environmental information. This phase of KIEIN also included the development of web-based GIS
application to facilitate the dissemination of the available Geo-environmental information at KISR to decision
makers, planners and researchers for further support of sustainable development efforts in Kuwait.
In addition to the completion of the geoenvironmental database and desktop application, two new major
components were introduced in the current phase of the KIEIN project; i) the socio-economic domain and
related applications, and ii) the KIEIN web-based application. (KIEIN) was implemented over several stages.
The completed stages of KIEIN-III are; user needs assessment, analysis applications, conceptual database
design, detailed database design, implementation, installation, validation, and human resources development
program.
The implementation stages included successful execution of project initiation, identification of KIEIN-III data
and application needs, detailed description of application functionality and interface, identification of database
elements, data structure, data grouping, data organization, data inter-relations, building both desktop and
web-based application, installing and testing developed applications. In addition, standard training, on-the-job
training and awareness workshops were conducted.
Findings
x Central Geodatabase
Before KIEIN-III, the spatial environmental data were distributed inside KISR at different locations, in
different formats and different projections. It was hard to identify data availability and gaps in data; some
data were continuously repeated and other important datasets were missing. Following the implementation
of the KIEIN-III Geo-environmental database, relevant datasets can be easily identified and accessed by
KISR departments and researchers. Data availability can be easily plotted out, gaps in data can be
*hgamily@kisr.edu.kw
599
Methods
identified and completed, and required data can be accessed, analyzed and integrated with other
department-specific datasets.
x Metadata
For all feature classes of the Geo-environmental database, and for all statistical data, the appropriate
metadata was collected, organized and inserted into the metadata catalogue. Metadata elements include
title, abstract, spatial domain, coordinate system definition, scale, keywords, originator/source, publication
date, access constraints, metadata date and metadata contact. It is the first step toward the national
geospatial data standards.
x Socioeconomic Data Domain
In KIEIN-III a new dataset on socio-economic and demographic indicators was developed. This
achievement demanded extensive efforts to identify the objectives, goals and expectations set out by KISR
for the development of such database, the associated problems, challenges and risks, as well as the spatial
analysis levels (country level, regional level and local level).
x Raster Module
It was found that the development and implementation of a raster module became necessary as an interface
between the socio-economic domain and the environmental data. Usually, socio-economic data are
available at districts, governorates or country levels, but most of the environmental applications work at
raster cell levels. An interface was required and developed raster module implemented up to date
algorithms to disaggregate regional data to raster cells by using information on land use as constraints.
Few implementations of such a raster module already exist in developed countries and these not integrated
with the GIS. KIEIN-III is the first implementation of such a tool based on the GIS technology.
x Publication of KIEIN Data over the Internet

Use of Internet and Intranet technology will increase the dissemination of spatial data. The KIEIN
web-based application was built to publish KISR spatial information and datasets over the internet in order
to make them accessible to all the research community stakeholders subject to a required level of
authentication and includes the publication of KISR metadata catalogue, which enables better search and
allocation of the available data. Since the KIEIN-III database is hosted centrally using the latest ArcSDE
technologies, all potential users within KISR can access the database over the KISR intranet without the
need to load, store and manipulate the datasets locally on each desktop.
Applications
x Time-Series Analysis Tool
KIEIN-III witnessed the introduction of two new types of Tables namely, the time-series table (TS), which
was used to store TS data for many variables (or parameters), and the reference time series types (TST)
table, which used as a descriptor for one or several time series tables. There will only be one reference
table per domain.
The Time Series analysis tool answers two questions; the first concerns the required values recorded and
the time of their recording and the second concerns the values recorded at a certain location and the time
of their recording. The new TS tool provides the answers in an animated form on the map. This tool also
interacts strongly with the time series tables, and it became a necessary tool to query and visualize the time
series tables efficiently. The Time Series analysis tool is one of the main innovations in this project.
SP002C
600
x Raster Module
The components of the Raster module include generation of the raster system, rasterisation of land use,
and disaggregating of socio-economic variables such as population density. With these functionalities, the
raster module represents an interface between the socio-economic domain and the environmental data.
Usually, socio-economic indicators are available for administrative level, while many environmental
applications work at raster cell level. For KIEIN-III, it became necessary to develop such interface to link
environmental indicators at raster cell level with socioeconomic data, to be able to answer questions
concerning the number of people living within specific distance of a contaminated site, for example.
The developed raster module includes up to date algorithms to disaggregate regional data (such as
population density) to raster cells by using information of land use as constraints. The raster module is
considered one of the main innovations in this project.
Acknowledgements
SP002C
601
This project was carried out jointly between Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, UNDP and the Supreme
Council for Planning and Development. The authors thank management of KISR for support through partial
funding of this project (KD 190,864). Special thanks are due to the UNDP office in Kuwait and the Supreme
Council for Planning and Development for their partial funding of this project (KD 118,304) and continuous
support and follow up.
Special Projects (Office of the Director General)

Completed Project
SP003K; January, 2006 to January, 2008
Geographic Information System Risk Analysis Application for Avian

Influenza (Bird Flu) Outbreak in Kuwait
H. El-Gamily1, T. Al-Damati2, M. Fayad1, B. Thomas1 and R. Hussain1
1
Geoinformatics Centre, Office of the Deputy Director General for Information,

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, 2Project Consultant, Banha University, Egypt
Introduction
Avian Flu is an infection caused by avian (bird) influenza (flu) viruses. These viruses occur naturally among
birds worldwide. Wild birds carry the viruses in their intestines, but usually do not get sick from them.
However, avian influenza is highly contagious among birds and can cause serious illness and death in some
domesticated birds, including chickens, ducks, and turkeys.
This project aimed to develop Geographic Information System (GIS) risk analysis approach to produce the risk
map of bird flu outbreak at the national level (Kuwait) and to predict potential outbreaks at the international
level. It was based on the integration of Geo-spatial data sets, such as different types of maps, remotely sensed
data, field observations, and available data from different sources.
Methods
The WHO data regarding the H5N1 was converted into attribute database and linked with the political
boundaries Geospatial layer of the world. Population data and poultry information were linked with the same
layer to produce the population and poultry density maps of the world and Gross Domestic Production (GDP)
data was used to classify the world countries into developed, developing and least developed countries. The
GIS risk assessment of the bird flu outbreaks was carried out in the national level. In order to predict H5N1
outbreaks at the global level, the Geostatistical analyst module of ArcGIS 9.1 was utilized to predict the sites at
risk from the potential outbreaks of pandemic diseases such as bird flu.
The geospatial database of this project includes a comprehensive attribute data regarding the outbreaks of bird
flu virus (H5N1) through poultry and animals, in addition to the confirmed human cases and deaths. From
mid-December, 2003 through early February, 2004, poultry infection outbreaks caused by the H5N1 virus
were confirmed in eight Asian countries namely the Republic of Korea, Vietnam, Japan, Thailand, Cambodia,
/DR 3HRSOHV 'HPRFUDWLF 5HSXEOLF ,QGRQHVLD DQG &KLQD 0RVW RI WKHVH FRXQWULHV KDG QHYHU EHIRUH
experienced an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza. During early August, 2004, Malaysia reported
its first outbreak of H5N1 in poultry. Russia reported its first H5N1 outbreak in poultry on late July, 2005,
followed by the outbreaks in adjacent parts of Kazakhstan on early August. Deaths of wild birds from highly
pathogenic H5N1 were confirmed in both countries. Simultaneously, Mongolia confirmed the detection of
H5N1 in dead migratory birds. H5N1 was confirmed in poultry in Turkey and Romania on October, 2005.
Outbreaks of H5N1 virus continued in wild and domestic birds and remain under investigation elsewhere.
Recent outbreaks of the pathogenic H5N1 in Europe have occurred along the migratory flyways during the
autumn migration. The die-off of more than 6000 migratory birds infected by H5N1 virus at the Qinghai lake
*hgamily@kisr.edu.kw
602
nature reserve in central China shed light on the role of migratory birds in this pandemic. There are many
environmental factors that support the outbreaks of H5N1 virus. These factors include bird migratory
pathways, wet habitats, tidal flats, and high bird populations and poultry densities. Overlapping of migratory
routes increase the possibility of spreading the bird flu viruses to other regions of the world.
Findings
x The Geostatistical module of ArcGIS 9.1 was used to analyze human infection with H5N1, and the
Cokriging simple method has been selected to perform prediction and risk analysis at the global level.
x The prediction result indicated the potential for H5N1 infection in Egypt, Turkey and Iraq, based on the
available database. Subsequently human cases of H5N1 infection were confirmed in Turkey and Iraq on
January, 2006, i.e. after about one month from the prediction date. In March, 2006, H5N1 human infection
was confirmed in Egypt about three months later than the prediction date.
x The land use and land cover map (LU/LC) was produced to identify sensitive LU/LC habitats for the bird
flu outbreaks in Kuwait. These were, Sabkha, animal and poultry farms, tidal flats, ports, wetlands, nesting
and resting sites of migratory birds, vegetation cover and urban areas.
x These sensitive layers for the bird flu outbreaks in addition to the bird migration pathways layer were
recoded (based on the risk values) and entered into the risk assessment model to produce the final risk map
of Kuwait. The risk map classified the risks into low (12), moderate (34), high (56) and very high risk
(>6) categories. The very high risk area is located at Kuwait city and its coastal region that includes mud
flats in addition to large green areas inside the urban area. It can be concluded that the GIS and related
technologies are very effective and powerful tools to illustrate the spatial distribution of the H5N1 virus
and predict its expected outbreak.
Applications
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research for funding this project (KD 35,000). Special thanks
are due to Dr. Raafat Missak for his support in reviewing the LU/LC map.
Publications and conference presentations arising from the project

H. El-Gamily and T. El-Damaty. (2006). GIS Risk Assessment for Avian Influenza (Birds Flu) Outbreak, Case
Studies: Global Level and State of Kuwait. Proceedings of the 6th AARSE International Conference on Earth
Observation & Geoinformation Sciences in 6XSSRUW$IULFDV'HYHORSPHQW(J\SW
SP003K
603
The GIS-based risk assessment and the prediction models are considered significant applications to prepare
responsible authorities for any potential epidemic diseases outbreaks. The risk assessment model was verified
with real data after the outbreak of H5N1 in Kuwait. All the infected sites were located in the high and very
high risk regions. The prediction model was used successfully to predict the outbreak of H5N1 with high
accuracy. The Geoinformatics centre at KISR has thus gained experience in utilizing advanced GIS tools to
manage any epidemic disease outbreak and provide decision makers with the information needed to effectively
manage such crises.
605
National Scientific and Technical Information Center
606
607

Mission
To develop and apply advanced information technologies and knowledge solutions to
support and enhance scientific activities and technological programs within the Kuwait
Institute for Scientific Research and at national and regional levels.
Objectives
x Provide scientific consultations and technical services with a focus on Arabic text and developing
content in digital form

x Organize and conduct human resource development programs for information technology and library
professionals
x Provide management information systems for the Institute
x Support and develop scientific and technological infrastructure systems in the form of information
resources, and communications and information technology applications

x Provide and update information regarding scientific and technological progress to interested parties
www.kisr.edu.kw
609
x Promote regional and international cooperation in information science and technology

Staff Members
Division Director
Engr. Nader Marafie
Information Specialist III
Mr. Yousif Al- Khader

Mr. Qusai Al-Shatty
Library Assistant
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611
Mr. Omeed Abdulmajeed

Report of the Division Director
Engr. Nader Marafie
The National Scientific and Technical Information Center (NSTIC) is comprised of four departments
which are Technical Services, Information Services, Systems Development and Computer Technology
and Communications Department.
The National Scientific and Technical Information Center has from its inception, been providing services
that are directed towards preparation of development plans and contributing to their success. The role of
the Center is extended to include government, scientific, commercial and industrial institutions through
providing advice, conducting studies and encouraging progress in the field of information along with
professional consultations in planning and establishing information centers and activities. NSTIC is also
involved in training manpower, designing training programs in computer literacy, establishing national
information database and seeking development of a national strategy to circulate and use information in
Kuwait through application of advanced information technology to provide solutions to various problems.
The Center has developed and enjoyed close relations with regional and international centers.
The Center also produced publications such as Conference Proceedings for Kuwait First International
Conference on The Role of People with Special Needs in Building the Information Society $FFHVVWR
,QIRUPDWLRQ 0D\ DQG 7KHVLV 'LUHFWRU\ RI .XZDLW ,QVWLWXWH IRU 6FLHQWLILF 5HVHDUFK .,65
October, 2007.
Major accomplishments of the Center in the reporting period included; i) E-Government project in which
the Center provided the Kuwait Central Agency for Information Technology (CAIT) with updated
information to be included in the State of Kuwait Information Guide and continues to cooperate with
governmHQWLQVWLWXWLRQVWRGHYHORSWKHRIILFLDOZHEVLWHRIWKH6WDWHRI.XZDLWLL'HYHORSPHQWRI.,65V
Website through support, maintenance and upgrading, iii) Knowledge management project to provide
information that would support decision making and institutional performance and contribute to
re-HQJLQHHULQJ RI .,65V SROLFLHV DQG SURFHGXUHV FROODERUDWLYH VHUYLFHV DQG V\VWHPV DFFHVV
iv) Information services including database and bibliographic support for research projects within and
outside KISR, v) NSTIC continued to update all information resources and make them available to users
in both printed and electronic forms such as; books, periodicals, and reports and continued its support of
scientific cooperation through its participation in the membership of 15 scientific institutions, vi) the
Center continued to follow-up, operate, and update the systems and equipment of the Kuwait Top-Level
www.kisr.edu.kw
613
Within the reporting period, 2006 to 2008, the center managed and organized a number of seminars,
workshops and conferences including NSTIC annual Open Days, Kuwait First International conference
with a focus on the role of people with special needs in information systems (2006), KEIN project
ZRUNVKRS *,6 GD\ .XZDLWV th International Technology Office Systems and
Communications Exhibition, INFOCONNECT & INFOBIZ (2008) and 1 st Regional Conference on
GeoinfRUPDWLFV'LVDVWHU0DQDJHPHQWDQG(DUO\ZDUQLQJ6\VWHPV
Domain Name System, vii) Establishment of the Kuwait Distance Learning Center (KDLC) in
cooperation with the World Bank to make use of modern technologies in developing national skills,
viii) Communications and networks infrastructure support including installation of a communication
network at the new building of Aquaculture and Fisheries Department in Salmiya and coordination for
Internet IPs at Sulaibiya, ix) Designing and maintaining scientific databases in accordance with the
requirements of the divisions within KISR, and x) the Gulf Electronic Scientific Research (GESR)
Database was established and linked to a website.
www.kisr.edu.kw
614
Department of Systems Development

Mission
To provide expertise and support for administrative and scientific systems and information
technology solutions at local and national levels, and encourage local and regional
cooperation.
Develop and support scientific applications and databases for the Department, the Institute and
any other sectors, public and private sector as required while ensuring security of information
$GGUHVVWKH,QVWLWXWHVEXVLQHVVUHTXLUHPHQWVZLWKVXLWDEOHLnformation technology solutions
Develop and support administrative systems with a focus on integrated management information
systems
Develop and support portals and websites to provide web enabling services for the Institute
Supervise and support Document Management System (DMS) for the different units of the
Institute
Support the Kuwait Geographic Information Centre (KGIC)
Provide consultation services related to technical, specific, or general information systems at

institutional and national levels
www.kisr.edu.kw
615
Objectives

Staff members
Manager
Mr. Khalid Al-Faris
Principal Analyst Programmer and Head Administration Application Development
Mr. Faisal Al-Qimlas
Principal Analyst Programmer and Head Scientific Application Development
Ms. Amani Al-Othman
Principal Database Administrator and Head Data Base Administration
Mr. Manik Dey
Geographic Information System Specialist
Mr. Yongping Zhao
Senior Analyst Programmer
Mr. Amer Al-Gharabally
Mr. Hamad Bu Qrais
Database Administrator III

Ms. Nehal Al-Ware
Analyst Programmer II
Ms. Asma Al-Shehab
Mr. Mostafa Kawiani
Analyst Programmer I
Mr. Yaser Al-Suwayyan
Ms. Moneera Al-Mahdi
Ms. Maryam Al-Dihani
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617
Analyst Programmer III

Ms. Mary Jacob
Ms. Hanan Al-Hashash
618
619
In order to keep its staff competent with the state-of-the art technologies, SDD is keen to provide formal
training to its staff members in various IT fields through KISR's Manpower Development Department.
The Department of Systems Development is looking forward to take part in the on-going KISR
transformation requirements.
www.kisr.edu.kw
620

Completed Projects
1. Special Department Projects (2006-2008)
x Maps for Kuwait Voluntary Work Center
Collaborate with Kuwait Voluntary Work Center and Kuwait TV in designing and creating 3D flying
movie models for 17 different places in Kuwait using ArcGIS, Google Earth Pro and ERDAS.
x Kuwait TV Support ()
Assist Kuwait TV () in designing and creating 3D flying movie models for 14 locations and
78 movie files for different locations in Kuwait using ArcGIS, Google Earth Pro and ERDAS.
x Support for Kuwait TV contribution to Kuwait Parliamentary Election
Provide support for design and creation of 3D flying movie models for different locations for Kuwait
Parliamentary Election Programs and 33 movie files for different groups using ArcGIS, Google Earth
Pro and ERDAS.
2. Activities Conducted at Departmental Team Level (2006-2008)

2.a Administration and Web Team
x KISR Web Portal

KISR web portal is a corporate internal site (intranet site) serving KISR employees and managers. KISR
Portal extracts information live from KISR legacy application systems and filters information to
employees and managers accordingly. Managers can view information related to the units they manage.
Employees can view their personal information.
x Personnel Information Systems
Information about recruitment and HPSOR\HHV PDVWHU UHFRUGV LQFOXGLQJ SHUIRUPDQFH HYDOXDWLRQV DQG
contract information.
x Training and Career Information Systems
Information about in-house, local, international and on-job training programs and instructors at KISR.
x Attendance Information System
Addresses employee attendance.
x Stores Information System
Serves the Stores section within the Purchasing Department through tracking stores items and all related
transactions, including inventory tracking.
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621
x KISR Website and Science and Technology Magazine Webpage

The KISR internet site includes integration of non-structured data and structured data which provides
information to the public at large about KISR, its clients, KISR Science and Technology magazine,
research projects published reports, conference announcement, training programs, online public access
catalog, employment (recruitment) news and other information sources.
x Property Information System

Keeps track of all KISR property information and records all related activities.
x Document Management Systems
Captures important KISR documents and stores, categorizes and indexes them according to related
EXVLQHVVXQLWVUHTXHVWV7KHVHFDWHJRULHVDUH'LUHFWRU*HQHUDO&HQWUDO)LOH167,& and KISR Research
Reports, Human Resources Division and Polices and Planning information.
x Project Management Information System
Comprehensive system to manage and deliver information needed in all research activities at KISR.
x Project Proposal Information System
Developed for the preparation of KISR version forms for research projects and implemented, since 1994.
x Proposal Review Evaluation System
Developed for evaluating KISR research proposals through PRM committee meetings, since 1993.
x Lab Request Information System
Designed for KISR Central Analytical Laboratory (CAL) to manage analysis requests received from
outside clients and from within KISR departments.
x Public Relation Information System
Developed for International Relations Department for delivering iQIRUPDWLRQ QHHGV RQ .,65 028V
awards received by KISR employees, KISR scientific agreements and awards received by KISR units.
x Contact Management Information System
Designed for managing contacts and related activities for the Public Relations Division.
x Creative Ideas Committee Website

Innovate Website serves Innovative and Creative Ideas Committee. The system receives innovative and
creative ideas that may lead to solutions for technical or administrative problems.
x Employees Ticket and Missions Information System
Serves ticket affairs of the Public Relations Division.
x Housing Information System
Monitors housing inventory and related activities for the Housing Information Section of General
Service Department.
x Help Desk Information System
Provides technical support for help desk services.
2.b Database Administration Team

x Data and Information Protection by Backup and Recovery
The Team takes care of backup and recovery operations of all databases, applications and servers within
its responsibility on a systematic schedule depending on the criticality and volume of data. Backups are
also kept outside in Gulf Bank vault. These backup systems have proven reliable under different
circumstances.
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622
x Hardware and Software Procurement, License Renewal and Maintenance

During the reporting period, Windows servers were procured (KISR Web, Portal, DMS, GIS, MFD
Fisheries projects) with network printers and software such as SQL Database, Visual Studio, Oracle
Collaboration Suite (OCS), Windows 2003 Enterprise edition, Oracle database (for Food Resources and
Marine Sciences Division). License and maintenance support contracts with Oracle, SAS, GIS Vendor
were reviewed and renewed directly or through annual tendering process. Sun hardware and software
maintenance was undertaken jointly with CTC department with maintenance contracts renewed on 1 or
2 year basis.
x Database Security
All databases are secured according to industry standards and recommendations by respective vendors
by installing security critical patches (CPUs for Oracle) and following standards for physical and other
securities such as regular backups.
x Oracle Collaboration Suite (OCS) Installation, Configuration on Two New Servers
Pilot project for CTC and new license for OCS procured as a proof of concept so thDW.,65VH[LVWLQJ
mail could be replaced by OCS mail successfully accomplished from November, 2007 to May, 2008.
x Oracle Portal New Version (10g Rel2) Installation, Configuration, Implementation and
Migration of Application and Data to the New Version
Most recent upgrade to Oracle 10g Release 2 was accomplished during September, 2008-February, 2009.
x KISR New Web Site Project Implementation
All activities were performed in co-ordination with outside vendor FAPCO from January, 2007 to
December, 2008.
x Implementation of DMS Web Application on a New Server

DMS application was migrated to new version as well as new Oracle DB (Oracle 9i) from MayNovember, 2007. At the same time, DMS web application was developed using an old server. A new
server was procured and the application and the SQL database were migrated to it.
x Relocation of Servers
Shifting of all servers as required by Networking Team to facilitate restructuring of the network. This
task was carried out twice during April, 2008, and December, 2008.
x Changing of IP Addresses of Servers as Required by CTC
Undertaken in different phases from 2006 to 2008, with last batch completed in 2009.
x Division of Food Resources and Marine Sciences (MFD) Database Project
Installation and configuration of new server, installation of Oracle DB. IIS and deployment for fisheries
database.
x MS SQL 2005 Database Installation and Setup
A new installation performed in a test server. The database was created to help develop Visual Studio
applications.
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623
x KIEIN Project Web Site Building on a PC, Procurement of New Server and Migration of the
Site to the New Server
Project undertaken when KIEIN project website was launched for the United Nations Development
Program. The DBA team temporarily built the web server on a PC. Later the application was migrated to
a new server during October-December, 2008.
x Contribution to Training Programs

Training programs included in the reporting period were; Information Security Management, Oracle
Collaboration Suite and Information Security and Oracle Introduction.
x HRMS Project
RFI preparation, vendor evaluation, proposal evaluation, final report preparation undertaken during
April-November, 2008 and a similar exercise on Knowledge Management from January-June, 2007.
x Enterprise Backup Solution including SAN with CTC
The management report was prepared in January, 2008, and the SAN backup evaluation, RFP
preparation undertaken during April, 2008 to February, 2009.
2.c Scientific Team

2.c.(i) Collaboration projects with Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division
x Project FB029C: Stability Assessment of Four Vitamins and Iron Fortified to Wheat Flour
and Baked Products
Providing statistical analysis concerning the concentrations and stability of some vitamins and iron for
different types of flours and baked products.
x Project FA059C: Assessment of Native Flora
Helping to develop an information system for Kuwait Native Flora
x Project FA025C: Evaluation of Different Methods for Reducing Salmonella in Broilers in

Kuwait
Providing statistical analysis regarding different methods and treatments for reducing Salmonella in
broilers in Kuwait.
x Project FA066C: Improve Arabian Chickens Performance in Kuwait by Nutrition and
Feeding Management
Providing statistical analysis concerning different nutrition and feeding methods for improving Arabian
chicken performance.
x Project FB036C: Assessment of Acrylamide in Heat-Processed Foodstuffs Consumed in
Kuwait
Developing a database and information system to handle the Food Consumption Survey data for
different families in Kuwait including family information, different food categories and the quantity of
food consumed in addition to statistical analysis concerning the acrylamide level consumed by different
age groups and genders with production of associated reports.
x Project FA009S: Kuwait Wild Life Database
Designing and developing a database containing comprehensive information about wildlife in Kuwait
and GPS information to indicate the location of data sampling.
x Project FA013C: Seed Bank Database Project
Designing and developing a comprehensive database for seed information.
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624
x Project FM045C: Survey of Demersal Fish Stocks of the Arabian Gulf and Gulf of Oman
Providing technical support in the installation and configuration of Department of Marine and Fisheries
new server, setup the Oracle database, IIS configuration and deploy the web-based application for
fisheries database.
2.c.(ii) Collaboration projects with Environment and Urban Development Division

x Project EC022C: Coastline Evolution of Kuwait Using Remote Sensing Technique
Developing a database to investigate the coastline changed areas and create the changed maps based on
remote sensing, photogrammetry, and GIS technologies. India Remote Sensing (IRS) images and
Kuwait aerial photos were selected for the data analysis. The comprehensive database was converted to
GIS layers and 18 imagery based thematic maps for the coastline-changed areas were produced.
x Project EC032C: Long Term Prediction of Winds for the State of Kuwait
Designing a thematic database to store the related winds information and create the prediction maps
based on a series of the prediction parameters. Wind data collected from five stations were converted to
coordinate format and transferred to ArcINFO format. Then ArcINFO coverage and GIS layers of
annual detailed wind information were registered and stored in a geodatabase. Later they were expressed
in 6 thematic maps.
x Project EU020C: Measurement of the Electric and Magnetic Fields from High Tension
Overhead Power Line and Home Appliances at the Power Frequency Level
Designed a thematic database and created a series of imagery based thematic maps for the research area
followed by integration of the field data to GIS system. Related images were extracted from the stereo
model of the research area, created a mosaicked orthophoto, designed an imagery database, and created
GIS layers for the project. These data were used to create 46 thematic imagery maps.
x Project EU038C: Evaluation of Construction Materials Used in the Manufacture of Concrete

and Locally Available
Developed a database for construction materials including information about cement, fine aggregates
and coarse aggregates.
x Project EU021C: Evaluation of Bahra Clays for Ceramic Industry
This project investigated clays in Bahra to find new resources information for the ceramic industry in
Kuwait. The Team designed and created a series of thematic maps for the sampled locations, integrated
multi-periods locations information to GIS database, designed stereo models for the research area,
extracted orthophotos and put them in mosaic form and created an imagery database for the research
area. The team further designed GIS layers and created 10 imagery maps for the project.
x Project EU040C: The Environmental Impact of the Unsafe Disposal of Oil Based Mud
Cuttings Generated from Oil Well Drilling
The Team gathered and integrated data concerning KOC oil well fields, underground water wells, and
transferred location data of the project to GIS system and stored them in a geodatabase and created the
GIS layers from which 3 thematic maps were generated.
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625
x Project EC058C: Kuwait Air Quality Index System

The aim of the project was to forecast the Air Quality of Kuwait and to publish the Air Quality Index for
different pollutants through the Environment Protection Authority Website. The Scientific Team assisted
in installing and testing the Air Quality Model in the EUD server.
2.c.(iii) Collaboration projects with the Water Resources Division

x Project WM010C: Hydro Geological Data of Kuwait
The project investigated the underground water resources in Kuwait. The Scientific Team designed and
maintained underground water database to supply technical support and data quality control. Team
members further designed a full geodatabase to store all the related datasets of underground water
resources and the related topics by cooperation with consultants. The datasets (90 GIS layers) were
successfully integrated to KISR GIS server and monitored for long term system maintenance and service
requests. The data has been supplied to use by several projects in KISR such as Kuwait Integrated
Environmental Information Network.
x Project WT013C: Development of a Wastewater Quality Database and Assessment of
Effluent for Potential Reuse in Kuwait
Setting up and operation of database software, training data operators in using the database and
providing technical support.
2.c.(iv) Collaboration projects with Petroleum Research and Studies Center
x Project PR001C: Atmospheric Corrosion Map of Kuwait: Phase I and Phase II

This project investigated the atmospheric corrosion level for different metals and different painted
systems in Kuwait. The Team designed thematic mapping models and created corrosion thematic maps
using the collected parameters and established the models. This was followed by integration of geometry
and attributes information of atmospheric corrosion elements and integrated them to KISR GIS database.
Specific models were developed to create corrosion contour line maps for specific elements and 20
thematic maps.
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626

Ongoing Projects
Kuwait Integrated Environmental Information Network

Project code: SP002K
Sponsor(s): National Scientific and Technical Information Centre, Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research
Project Leader(s): H. El-Gamily and A. Al-Othman
Email Address: aothman@kisr.edu.kw
Microbial and Chemical Contaminants Associated with Seafood and its Safe Consumption
in the State of Kuwait
Project code: FB051C
Duration: October, 2006 to June, 2009
Budget: KD 12,208
Project Leader(s): S. Al-Zenki
Email Address: szenki@kisr.edu.kw
National Nutrition Survey for the State of Kuwait
KISR Website and Science and Webpage of Science and Technology Magazine
Project Leader: K. Al-Faris
Email Address: kfares@kisr.edu.kw
KISR Web Portal

Project Leader: F. Al-Qimlas
Email Address: fqimlas@kisr.edu.kw
Personnel Information Systems

Project Leader(s): K. Al-Faris and A. Al-Shehab
Email Address: kfares@kisr.edu.kw, ashehab@kisr.edu.kw
www.kisr.edu.kw
627
Project code: FB059C

Budget: KD 102,562
Project Leader: S. Al-Hooti
Email Address: shooti@kisr.edu.kw
Training and Career Information Systems

Project Leader(s): K. Al-Faris, A. Al-Shehab
Email Address: kfares@kisr.edu.kw, ashehab@kisr.edu.kw
Stores Information System

Property Information System

Project Management Information System

Project Leader: M. Jacob
Email Address: mjacob@kisr.edu.kw
Project Proposal Information System

Proposal Review Evaluation System

Lab Request Information System

Public Relation Information System

Contact Management Information System

www.kisr.edu.kw
628
Document Management Systems

Project Leader: H. Bu Qrais
Email Address: hbuqrais@kisr.edu.kw
Employees Ticket and Missions Information System

Project Leader: A. Al-Shehab
Email Address: ashehab@kisr.edu.kw
Attendance Information System

Housing Information System

Help Disk Information System

Creative Ideas Committee Website
www.kisr.edu.kw
629

Project Leader(s): A. Al-Shehab, and M. Al-Mahdi
Email Address: ashehab@kisr.edu.kw, mmahdi@kisr.edu.kw
Department of Computer Technology and Communications

Mission
To optimize support for technical and research projects at Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research and other national institutions through provision, development and maintenance
of advanced computer facilities, electronic communication systems and planning and
application of advanced Information Technologies and Information Services.
6XSSRUW.,65VLQIRUPDWLRQWHFKQRORJ\LQWKH+HDGTXarters and satellite facilities
Support all networking aspects, physical, and wireless, for local and wide-area networks
Develop and implement information security plans, and protect information resources
Establish technical specifications for information resources such as servers, personal computers,
network devices, and other related equipment
Support Help Desk activities aQGDWWHQGWRXVHUV,7UHTXHVWV
Contribute to computer, Internet and network tenders for local purchase or regular maintenance
Provide Internet services and applications
Support computer operating systems, such as SUN Solaris and Microsoft Windows operating
systems
Operate and supervise video-conferencing facilities and distance-learning
0DQDJHVXSHUYLVHDQGRSHUDWH.XZDLWVWRS-level domain name (KWTLD) system
www.kisr.edu.kw
631
Objectives
Staff Members
Department Manager
Mr. Ahdy Al- Sabej
Principal Systems Programmer
Mr. Youssif Jawad AI-Mesfer
Senior System Programmer
Ms. Sohaila Haji M.Abdulhadi
Mr. Taher AIi Taher AI-Baghli
System Programmer III
Mr. Mousa Mohammed AI-Houti
System Programmer I
Mr. Ali Al-Qallaf
Senior Network Specialist
Mr. Sadeq Habib Hasan
Network Specialist III
Ms. Tahani Hassan Hussain
Network Specialist I
Ms. Amina Al-Khazmi
Mr. Anil Viswanath
Senior Automation Engineer
Mr. Jamal Mahmoud M. Ben-Nakhi
Ms. Khalda Ebrahim Al-Othman
Senior Computer Operator
Mr. Adnan Khalefah AI-Mahasneh
Micro Computer Engineer III
Mr. Jacob George Thomas
Operations Coordinator
Mr. Pedro Rodrigues
Cabling Technician
Mr. Binoy Thomas
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633
Network Specialist II
Mr. Mohamad Dashti
635

Completed Projects
1. Departmental collaboration projects
1.a. Collaboration project with Ministry of Health
Title:
HERMS Gold System at Farwaniya
Authors:
M. Al-Jimaz and T. Hussain
Background:
HERMS Gold System used by Nuclear Medicine Unit at the Farwaniya

Hospital to manage and archive the X-ray images. This system was reviewed
and evaluated to enhance its implementation and operation.
Findings:
The Department technical experts reported the following:

x Change the server hardware to meet the resources needed from the system.
x Update the client systems according to HERMS System requirements.
x Provide training for the users.
Acknowledgements: We would like to acknowledge the management approval and support to

conduct the study for Ministry of Health, Farwaniya Hospital.
1.b. Collaboration projects within KISR
1.b.i. Collaboration projects with Water Resources Division
Providing computing facilities required for training course by Slumberger Water
Services, June, 2008.
x
x
x
x
x
Supporting the repartitioning of the Bubyan backup server.

Networking and installation for BITT SCADA company presentation.
Providing networking system for Kuwait National Seismic Network Station.
Networking assistance for Aspen System.
Internet connection for seminar on project EU050C, November, 2008.
1.b.iii. Collaboration projects with Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division
x Computing DVVLVWDQFHIRUFRQIHUHQFHHQWLWOHG3URWHFWLQJODQGDJDLQVWGHVHUWLILFDWLRQ.
x Networking requirements to connect old and new buildings for Department of
Aquaculture, Fisheries and Marine Environment at Salmiya.
1.b.iv. Collaboration projects with Techno-Economics Division
Develop a survey for Department of Quantitative Methods and Modeling webpage for
inclusion as part of KISR website.
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637
1.b.ii. Collaboration projects with Environment and Urban Development Division
Ongoing Projects
Kuwait Top Level Domain System

Project Leader: Y. Al-Mesfer
Email Address: ymesfer@kisr.edu.kw
Kuwait Distance Learning Centre

Project Leader: S. Hasan
Email Address: shasan@kisr.edu.kw
www.kisr.edu.kw
638
Department of Information Services

Mission
To ensure that managers, researchers and other staff are effective users of scientific
information.
Objectives
x Provide information services related to science and technology resources to support research and
development in the Institute and wider national and regional scientific community
x Promote information literacy and encourage independent use of advanced information systems for
literature searching
x Provide procedures to enable efficient and easy access to information resources
x Support research and development projects and any other related activities while encouraging
knowledge sharing
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639
x Develop NSTIC iPortal content and manage organizational content
Staff Members
Department Manager
Ms. Eiman Al- Awadi

Ms. Fatima Abdul-Hamid
Information Specialist II
Ms. Hanan Ramzi
Ms. Najwa Abu Seedo
Information Specialist I
Mr. Falah Al- Ajmi
Mr. Ahmad Al- Enezi
Mr. Sherif Zaki
Ms. Sherifa Al- Freih
Ms. Wedad Al- Hsainan
Library Assistant II
Mr. Jaber Abdul- Rahman
Professional Technical Trainee
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641
Mr. Waleed Boulus
643
During the reporting period (2006-2008) the Department of Information Services (ISD) has made a
number of technical achievements such as:
i)
Provision of more than 500 e-journals in science and technology and e-books related to major areas of
research. This is in addition to quarterly electronic publication of comprehensive subject guides,
including websites.
ii) In collaboration with Technical Services Department the ISD created and compiled content and
resources for NSTIC iPortal inclXGLQJ QHZ#167,& ZKHUH QHZ DGGLWLRQV RU HQKDQFHPHQWV DUH
announced. These information resources are available to the public unless restricted by regulation or
copyright.
iii) The Department has participated in, or led, major projects in relation to information and data
collection including Oceanographic Database, Kuwait Water Code, Bubyan Island Environmental
$VVHVVPHQWDQGDQHZHGLWLRQRI0\1XWULWLRQERRN
iv) Building bibliographic databases for scientific publications related to KISR and Kuwait at large that
are published internationally such as Kuwait database and Gulf Electronic Scientific Research
(GESR) database and provide access to the databases.
v) The Department is heading a team to coordinate with the Central Agency for Information Technology
(CAIT) to provide information resources and on line services on the Kuwait Government Official
WHEVLWH&XUUHQWO\RQO\WZRVHUYLFHVDUHDYDLODEOHDVNDOLEUDULDQDQG7RS/HYHO'RPDLQ1DPH
VHDUFKLQJ 7ZR PRUH VHUYLFHV DUH XQGHU GHYHORSPHQW FKHPLFDO DQDO\VLV DQG EXLOGLQJ PDWHULDO
WHVWVDQGPD\EHDYDLODEOHGXULQJ
www.kisr.edu.kw
644

Completed Projects
Collaboration projects within KISR
The following are major projects involving Information Services Department:
1.a. Collaboration projects with Division of Food Resources and Marine Sciences
1.a.i. Project title: Bubiyan island environmental assessment and preparation of a master plan
Project leader: W. Roy
Code: EA 017C
Duration: 2003 to 2006
To develop a database for all documentation related to the Bubiyan Island, Kuwait.
The task was accomplished through identification and allocation of resources related to
assessment and rehabilitation of the island initiated by literature search. That was followed
by developing a bibliographic database. The task has included training of staff members of
the Department of Environment and Urban Development for data entry. Finally, a check on
database quality was conducted.
Task leader was the information specialist, Y. Al-6DQHH
To establish information management plan for all Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries and
Marine Environment (MFD) publications in both print and electronic format, to facilitate
access and enhance information sharing and exchange amongst marine research community
at national and international levels.
These tasks were initiated by locating and collecting all publications by MFD researchers
followed by scanning and digitizing print publications and linking of full text documents to
bibliographic list.
Task leader was the information specialist, H. Al-Dahmi.
1.b. Collaboration projects with Water Resources Division

1.b.i. Project Title: Development of Water Code of Practice for Internal Plumbing in Kuwait
Code: WM023C
Project Leaders: E. Azrag and M. Al-Otaibi
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645
1.a.ii. Project Title: Establishment of oceanographic data and information systems at the
Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries and Marine Environment (MFD) at
KISR.
Project leader: K. Al Rifaie
Code: FM 056K
Duration: May, 2006 to July, 2007

To develop a water code of practice for internal plumbing in buildings and public facilities
in Kuwait.
The ISD task was to collect all governmental publications concerning water supply rules and
sanitary connections from authorities, and conduct literature search on countries applying
international plumbing codes, with similar environmental conditions and water scarcity.
This task was initiated by contacting local organizations to identify applied rules and
regulations related to water supply. The organizations were; Ministry of Energy, Ministry of
Public Works, Housing Authority, Kuwait Environment Protection Authority, Municipality
of Kuwait, Chambers of Commerce and Industries and selected architectural firms.
Information was also gathered from selected construction sites and some public facilities
where plumbing networks can be inspected, such as local factories. This was followed by
literature search and collection of information from international organizations. Often, data
collected were regarding identification of consultants and water codes.
Task leader was the information specialist, F. Abdul-Hameed.
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646
Department of Technical Services

Mission
Develop and manage information resources to support research and development activities.
Objectives
x Develop information resources to serve research needs at KISR
x Organize and support information resources and services according to international standards
x Manage operations of library integrated systems
x Develop skilled manpower in the field of library and information sciences
x Cooperate with local, regional and international organizations in the field of library and information
resources
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647
x Provide consultations to local organizations in information sciences
Department of Technical Services
Staff Members
Department Manager
Ms. Ghaneema Nadher

Ms. Shatha Al-Own
Ms. Sameera Al-Khayat
Mr. Waheed Safar
Ms. Laila Jaber
Information Specialist II
Mr. Taleb Al-Khamis
Information Specialist I
Mr. Muhammad Muzaffar
Mr. Waleed Al-Houti
Ms. Fadhela Taqi
Information Specialist Trainee

Ms. Haifa Rashid
Mr. Abdulla Al-Enezi
Library Assistant III
Library Assistant II
Ms. Kala Sony Paul
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649
Mr. Peter Sequeira

Ms. Mariamma Jacob
651
Central Analytical Laboratory
653
Central Analytical Laboratroy
Mission
To provide advanced technologies, analytical and scientific services to support research
programs at Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, government authorities and private
organizations.
Objectives
x &ROODERUDWH ZLWK .,65V UHVHDUFK GLYLVLRQV JRYHUQPHQW DQG SULYDWH RUJDQL]DWLRQV DQG LQGXVWULHV
through provision of analytical support and services
x Develop state of the art analytical technologies and protocols through application of advanced
analytical procedures and equipment
x Upgrade skills through continuing education programs such as on-job, in-house and external
training
x Maintain the highest standards through application of Quality Control and Quality Assurance
procedures and tools to ensure the authenticity and the accuracy of the analyses
x Conduct independent research in analytical sciences to contribute to national and international

advancement of science
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655
Staff Members
Department Manager
Dr. Amel Al-Rashdan
Research Scientist/Specialist
Dr. Fatema Abdullah Haydar Ali
Dr. Paul Andre Stefan Hauser
Associate Research Scientist/Specialist

Dr. Ali Jawad Al-Sayegh
Dr. Murad Izzat Hasan Helaleh
Dr. Tariq Mahmood Khokhar
Ms. Montaha Hassan Awad Behbehani
Assistant Research Scientist
Mr. Nisar Ahmed
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657

Dr. Amel Al-Rashdan
The Central Analytical Laboratory (CAL) has been providing analytical support and services to applied
research programs for Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR) and to many private and
government agencies since it was established in 1977.
The five labs of CAL - Wet Chemistry, Chromatography, Spectroscopy, Physical Chemistry and Trace
Metals, keep their facilities up-to-date to support the research work and development activities and to
introduce new analytical methodologies to KISR research divisions.
To provide accurate analytical data for its clients, all analytical methodologies and analytical systems are
regularly checked for accuracy, precision and reproducibility by the analysis of certified reference
standards and participation in inter-laboratory comparison programs. CAL's analytical services are
controlled through a Quality Control and Quality Assurance unit.
CAL keeps on up-dating its analytical capabilities by adding latest analytical equipment and by upgrading
available instrumentation, in line with technological advancements including software and hardware.
Equipment older than 7 years is replaced with latest models with priority based on analytical requirements.
/LVWRIPDMRUHTXLSPHQWIROORZVWKLV0DQDJHUV5HSRUW
More than 1700 analysis requests, comprising around 12,300 samples and 104,000 determinations were
completed during the reporting period with analysis cost of KD 693,940.
These samples are divided into two categories; i) clients within KISR and ii) external clients.
i) Major KISR collaborative divisions are Water Resources, Bio Technology and Environment. The
analyses performed include cations and anions, metals including rare and toxic metals, organic
contaminants, pesticide residues, hydrocarbons etc. These analyses were carried out on different types
of water samples, food samples and environment monitoring samples. More than 950 analysis requests
comprising around 10,600 samples and 92,200 determinations were completed with analytical cost of
around KD 578,000.
ii) Major external clients were Doosan Heavy Industries and Eco-Environmental Consultants. A more
extensive list of major clients appears after the equipment list. The analyses performed include cations
and anions, metals including rare and toxic metals, organic contaminants, pesticide residues and
hydrocarbons. These analyses were carried out on different types of water samples and environment
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659
&$/ SURYLGHV DQDO\WLFDO VHUYLFHV WR .,65V UHVHDUFK GLYLVLRQV DQG YDULRXV JRYHUQPHQW and private
organizations and industries, in a ratio of ~65% and 35% of the total CAL activities respectively.
monitoring samples. Analysis requests (760) comprising more than 1,700 samples and 12,000
determinations were completed for external clients which generated revenue of approximately
KD 115,000.
As an aim of manpower development, CAL emphasizes improving personnel capabilities and skills
through on-job training, in-house and external local training courses, training courses held abroad, and
postgraduate scholarships. Furthermore, training on analytical instrumentation and analysis applications
DUHSURYLGHGWRWUDLQHHVIURP.,65VUHVHDUFKGLYLVLRQVDQGJRYHUQPHQW and private organizations.
Several one week workshops were conducted by CAL staff in collaboration with the Training Department
of KISR. These included gas chromatography (GC), atomic absorption and inductively coupled argon
plasma atomic emission (ICP-AES) techniques in trace metal analysis, trace organic analysis by GC and
high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry, electroanalytical techniques and Quality Control and Quality Assurance in analytical laboratory.
During the reporting period (2006-2008) CAL published 20 research papers (detail of publications is
included in the reports RI &$/V DQDO\WLFDO VHFWLRQV DQG WHFKQLFDO UHports UHODWHG WR &$/V
independent activities and analytical activities in collaboration with .,65VUHVHDUFKGLYLVLRQV.
The Central Analytical Chemistry is divided into specialized sections:
Physical Chemistry
Spectroscopy
Chromatography
Trace Metals
Wet Chemistry
Quality Control and Quality Assurance
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
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660
General Information Related to Facilities and Service Activities

1. Major Equipment
1.a. Equipment for qualitatitive and quantitative analysis of trace organics
Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometers (GC/MS), Liquid Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometers
(LC/MS). Gas Chromatographic (GC) systems with data processors and various detectors and
High Performance Liquid Chromatographs (HPLC) equipped with UV, fluorescence and
refractive index detectors.
1.b. Equipment for molecular structure elucidation and identification and quantification of
different molecules
300 MHz FT-NMR Spectrometer and a 13C-NMR library with 4,000 spectra. FT-IR
Spectrometer with an IR library of 100,000 spectra. Near infrared (NIR) Spectrometer and
Fluorescence Spectrometer.
1.c. Equipment for analysis of trace elements and toxic metals
Two Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma Optical/Atomic Emission Spectrometers (ICPOES/AES). ICP-MS Spectrometer. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer with Zeeman
electrothermal atomization system and graphite furnace. Atomic Fluorescence
Spectrophotometer with hydride generator and cold trap attachment (for mercury analysis).
Atomic Fluorescence Spectrophotometer (for arsenic analysis). Mercury analyzer for solid
samples and Arsenic analyzer.
1.d. Equipment for determination of elemental composition and mineral analysis
1.e. Other analytical equipment

Thermal analysis system for TGA, DTA and DSC. Liquid Scintillation Counter and GammaRay Spectrometer for the determination of radionuclides in various types of samples.
Autoanalyzer with Spectrophotometer, Polarograph, Coulometer. Potentiographs, Karl Fisher
Titrator, Kjeldahl Nitrogen Analyzer, Elemental Analyzer (C, H, N, S), TOC Analyzer, Infrared
Spectrophotometer, UV/VIS Spectrophotometer, lon-Chromatographs.
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661
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer, X-Ray Diffraction Spectrometer, Carbon-Sulphur analyzer

and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer.
2. Major External Clients for Service Projects
1.
ECO- Environmental Consultants
31. Petra Trading of Manufacturing Co.
2.
3.
Mr. Saud Mohammad Al-Ajmi

Kuwait Dairy Company (KD-Cow)
32. Kuwait Gypsum Manufacturing Co.

33. Geladasi General Trading EST.
4.
Kuwait Public Transport Company
34. Qais Al-Ghanim Group.
5.
K4 General Trading of Contracting Co
35. Kuwait Aluminum and Brass Indus.
6.
A.M. Al-Kharafi W.L.L
36. Gulf Insulating Materials Trading Co.
7.
Alwatani Factory for Fiberglass
37. Isofoam Insulating Materials
8.
Refreshment Trading Co.
38. General Administration of Customs
9.
The Scientific Center Management Co.
39. Sulaiman Al-Qudaibi Co.
10. Rafif General Trading and Contracting Co.

11. United Oil Project Co.
40. Doosan Heavy Ind. and Const.
12. Al-Faysal Bakery of Sweets Co. W.L.L
42. Aljazirah Grease Product
13. National Cleaning Co.
43. Champion Technologies
14. B.P Consultancy Co. W.L.L

15. Environmental Public Authority
44. Ministry of Energy and Water
16. MKM Engineer, Inc

17. Dakheel Al-Jassar Electrical Ind. Co.
18. General Department of Criminal Lab.,
Ministry of Interior
19. Kuwait Industrial Ref. Maintenance
20. Aqua SAN Gulf Shores Co.
21. National Industrial Co.
22. Petrochemical Industries Co.
23. National Chemical of Petroleum Ind.

24. ASPEC Specialties Construction
25. American Matters
26. United Steel Industrial Co.
27. HYUNDAI Heavy Ind. Co
28. Al-Ahliah Switch Gear Co.
29. Musaad Bader Alsayer
30. SKY Logistics General Trading Co.
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662
41. Kuwait Universal Garment Ind.
1. Collaboration Projects within KISR: Completed Projects

1.a. Collaboration Projects with Petroleum Research and Studies Center
Project Code:
Project Date:
Project Name:
PP023C
July, 2004 to May, 2008
Sea Water Quality and Injection Parameter in North Kuwait Oil Field
Project Code:
Project Date:
Project Name:
PP028C
July, 2005 to March, 2007
Establishment of National Competence for Implementation of Interwell
Tracer Technology
Project Code:
Project Date:
Project Name:
PF036C
June, 2006 to June, 2010
A Study of Corrosivity of the Kuwait Crude Oil Phase I: Heavy Crudes
Project Code:
Project Date:
Project Name:
PF038K
May, 2006 to October, 2006
Studies on the Effect of Hydrothermal Treatment on the Properties of
Alumina Support and Hydrop. Catalysts
Project Code:
Project Date:
Project Name:
PF033C
July, 2006 to June, 2009
ARDS Catalyst Section: Validation of Performance Assessment
Methodology
Project Code:
Project Date:
Project Name:
WT014C
October, 2004 to September, 2006
Application of Microfilteration Techniques for Primary and Secondary
Treated Wastewater
Project Code:
Project Date:
Project Name:
WM021C
April, 2006 to September, 2008
Impacts of Oil Refineries on Groundwater Quality and Levels, Kuwait
1.c. Collaboration Projects with Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division
Project Code:
Project Date:
Project Name:
FB049C
November, 2004 to July, 2008
Assessment of Food Control System in the State of Kuwait
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663
1.b. Collaboration Projects with Water Resources Division
Project Code:
Project Date:
Project Name:
FA044K
April, 2004 to September, 2007
A Pilot Scale Production Project, High Quality Broilers and Eggs: A
Demonstration Case
Project Code:
Project Date:
Project Name:
FB036C
October, 2005 to March, 2008
Assessment of Acrylamide Levels in Heat-Processed Foodstuffs Consumed
by Kuwaitis
Project Code:
Project Date:
Project Name:
FB051C
October, 2006 to December, 2008
Microbial and Chemical Contaminants Associated with Sea Food and its
Consumption in the State of Kuwait
1.d. Collaboration Projects with Environment and Urban Development Division

Project Code:
Project Date:
Project Name:
EM018C
July, 2005 to June, 2008
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Persistent Pollutant (POPS) in Coastal
Marine Sediment in the State of Kuwait
Project Code:
Project Date:
Project Name:
EC047K
February, 2006 to January, 2007
A Study of Ambient Concentration of Formaldehyde in Kuwait
Project Code:
Project Date:
Project Name:
EC056C
March, 2007 to February, 2008
Provision of Continuous Monitoring and Reporting Services; Indoor Air
Quality of Oil Sector Complex Building
Project Code:
Project Date:
Project Name:
EC061C
April, 2007 to December, 2008
Assessment of Atmospheric Transport of Radionuclide Relevant to Kuwait
Project Code:
Project Date:
Project Name:
EM029C
November, 2007 to October, 2009
Effect of Crude Oil on Early Life Stages of Native Fish Species of Kuwait
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664
2. Collaboration Projects within KISR: Ongoing Projects

2.a. Collaboration Projects with Petroleum Research and Studies Center
Project Code:
Project Date:
Project Name:
PF031C
June, 2007 to May, 2009
Effect of Severity of Operational Conditions on the Accelerated Aging of
Residue Hydrotreating Catalyst
2.b. Collaboration Projects with Water Resources Division

Project Code:
Project Date:
Project Name:
WM020C
September, 2007 to February, 2009
Evaluation of Groundwater Contamination from Sewage Network in Kuwait
City
Project Code:
Project Date:
Project Name:
WM019C
September, 2007 to August, 2009
Evaluation of Quantity and Quality of Groundwater Seepage to Kuwait Bay
Project Code:
Project Date:
Project Name:
FB059C
October, 2006 to September, 2009
National Nutrition Survey in the State of Kuwait
Project Code:
Project Date:
Project Name:
FM048C
September, 2007 to August, 2009
Culture of Dunaliella Salina for Induction and Extraction of E-Carotene
Project Code:
Project Date:
Project Name:
FA079C
August, 2007 to July, 2010
Optimization and Pilot Scale Production of Organic Greenhouse Vegetables
Project Code:
Project Date:
Project Name:
FA035C
September, 2005 to January, 2010
A Comparative Study on Production Efficiency of Four Strains of Brown and
White Egg Laying Chickens
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665
2.c. Collaboration Projects with Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division
I. Physical Chemistry Section

Report of the Section Manager
Dr. Ali Jawad Al-Sayegh
In the Physical Chemistry Section (PCS), analytical measurements and method development activities are
carried out to provide specialized support to KISR departments as well as external clients. Experimental
methods and techniques are regularly subjected to quality control and quality assurance protocols in order
to ensure high quality standards, accuracy and reliability. An example of a new analytical method is CAL
Method no. KISR/CAL-P13/07: Clay Minerals Analysis by X-ray Diffraction. Furthermore, the Section
was supported with introduction of new equipment for quantitative analysis by X-ray fluorescence (Claisse,
Inc-Fluxy instrument for XRF sample preparation and Bruker Pioneer S4 analytical x-ray system).
In the reporting period (2006-2008) independent development activities included preparation and
introduction of new Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for: Analysis of Clay Minerals by X-Ray
Diffraction (CAL/PHCH/M-;3HUW;-Ray Diffraction (CAL/PHCH/E-01), Determination of Carbon
Black in Polyethylene Products by Thermo-Gravimetric Analyzer (CAL/PHCH/M-03), and Standard
2SHUDWLQJ 3URFHGXUH IRU 7KHUPDO $QDO\VHV ,QVWUXPHQWV &$/3+&+(-03). The PCS expertise was
demonstrated by participation in the IAEA-CU-2006-03 World-Wide open proficiency test on the
determination of gamma emitting radionuclide in which three samples; soil, water and grass were analyzed.
Human resources development was supported through preparation of a lecture and handbook on X-ray
diffraction for an in-house training course.
The activities of the PCS led to a scientific publication; Thermogravimetric Analysis Studies on the
Thermal Stability of Asphaltenes: Pyrolysis Behavior of Heavy Oil Asphaltenes; A. Hauser, D. Bahzad, A.
Stanislaus, and M. Behbehani (2008) Energy & Fuel Journal, 22, 449-454, a conference presentation;
Assessment of Practical Pollution in an Industrial Area in Kuwait (Malta, June 2006), and KISR reports;
Report No. 5-.,65 $ &RPSDUative Study of the Characteristics and Reactivities of Asphaltenes
Present in Atmospheric Residue of Three KuwDLW &UXGHV 3)& -XQH .,65 report 9061
Assessment of the Effects of the Shatt Al-Arab's Altered Discharge Regimes on the Ecology of the
Northern Arabian Gulf-Phase II, December, 2007 and service Project (EU021S) with KISR report 9105.
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667
The PCS collaborated with other KISR units through completion of several Matrix Projects; PF-038K:
Studies on the Effect of Hydrothermal Treatment on the Properties of Alumina Support and
Hydroprocessing Catalysts and EM035C: Environmental Impact Assessment of Um-Al-Rummam Area in
Kuwait, and on a service project; EU021S: Evaluation and Testing of Bahar Clay for Ceramic Industry.
Further collaboration projects were ongoing at the end of the reporting period; EM042C: Measurement
and Assessment of Radionuclide Concentration in the Coastal Marine Environment; and EC061C:
Assessment of Atmospheric Transport of Radionuclides Relevant to Kuwait.
II. Spectroscopy Section

Dr. Fatma Abdullah Ali
The Spectroscopy Section (SS) undertakes analytical measurements and methods development in its
area of responsibility to serve CAL, KISR, and external parties. The specific areas of expertise include
qualitative analysis through structure elucidation by liquid and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR), structure elucidation by infrared spectroscopy (IR), fingerprinting by NMR, IR and ultravioletvisible spectroscopy (UV-VIS) and functional group analysis by IR. In addition, the SS has undertaken
quantitative studies such as; i) those applied to total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in soil, sediments
and fresh, domestic and waste water, and oil and grease in soil, sediments and fresh, domestic and waste
water by IR, ii) phenols in soil and water, and total available carbohydrates in plants and food, by UVVIS, iii) fat, proteins and dry matter in dairy products and nutrition components in animal feed by near
infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and, iv) polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil and water by
fluorescence spectroscopy. SS activities include regular quality control and quality assurance work to
HQVXUHDFFXUDF\RIGDWDDQGVPRRWKRSHUDWLRQRIVHFWLRQVHTXLSPHQWDQGLQVWUXPHQWDWLRQ
In the reporting period (2006-2008), the SS collaborated with other KISR units through completion of
several Matrix Projects; WM005C: Identification and Quantification of Different Hydrocarbon Groups
in the Groundwater of Kuwait; PF025C: Hydroprocessing of Residual Oils of Kuwait Crudes for the
Production of Low-Sulfur Fuel Oil; EA019C: Development of LASER-Induced Fluorescence Cone
Penetrometer System for Site Characterization and Analysis of Subsurface Contaminants. Further
collaboration projects were ongoing at the end of the reporting period; PF031C: Effect of Severity of
Operation Conditions on the Accelerated Aging of Residue Hydrotreating Catalyst, and PF033C:
Atmospheric Residue Desulfurization (ARDS) Catalyst Selection: Validation of Performance
Assessment.
7KH6HFWLRQVDFWLYLWLHVUHVXOWHGLQDWHFKQLFDOUHSRUW$&RPSDUDWLYH6WXG\RIWKH&KDUDFWHULVWLFVDQG
Reactivates of Asphaltenes present in Atmospheric Residue of Three Kuwaiti Crudes by A. Hauser,
D. Bahzad, A. Stanislaus, M. Behbahani, A. Al-Adwani and Z. Al-Jasser in KISR Report 8280, 2006.
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669
Independent development activities included preparation and introduction of new standard operating
procedures (SOP) for new methods or instruments that were not previously applied in the section; CALSP-E 01 FT-IR Instrument vector 22, CAL-SP-G 01 Establishing a Calibration Curve; CAL-SP-G 02
Clean-up and Activation of Silica Gel; CAL-SP-M 01 Determination of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
in Water by Infrared Spectroscopy and CAL/SP/E-02 Standard Operating Procedure for Near Infrared
1,5 ,QVWUXPHQW 03$ 7KH SRRO RI 623V ZDV further extended to include additional protocols:
Saturates, Asphaltenes, Resins, Aromatics (SARA) analysis by Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE),
NIR analysis of dairy products, NIR analysis of nutrients in animal food and Quantitative Near Infrared
Spectroscopic Analysis of Food: Fat, Proteins and Dry Matter in Cheese.
The Spectroscopy Section has a number of scientific publications and conference presentations;
x F. Ali, N. Ghaloum and A. Hauser. Structure representation of asphaltene GPC fractions derived from
Kuwaiti residual oils. Energy & Fuels 20 (2006) 231-238.
x F. Ali, A. Hauser, H. Abdullah and A. Al-Adwani. Accelerated solvent extraction of spent
hydrotreating catalysts: A study on coke and oil fractions. Energy & Fuels 20 (2006) 45-53.
x H. Abdullah, A. Hauser, F. Ali and A. Al-Adwani. Optimal conditions for coke extraction of spent
catalys by accelerated solvent extraction compared to Soxhlet. Energy & Fuels 20 (2006) 320-323.
x A. Marafi, A. Hauser and A. Stanislaus. Atmospheric residue desulfurization process for residual oil
upgrading: An investigation of the effect of catalyst type and operating severity on product oil quality.
Energy & Fuels 20 (2006) 1145-1149.
x M. Marafi, A. Hauser and A. Stanislaus. Deactivation pattern of Mo/Al2O3, Ni-Mo/Al2O3, NiMoP/Al2O3 catalysts in atmospheric residue hydrodesufurization. Catalysis Today 125 (2007) 192-202.
x A. Hauser, D. Bahzad, A. Stanislaus and M. Behbahani. Thermogravimetric Analysis studies on the
thermal stability of asphaltenes: Pyrolysis Behavior of heavy oil asphaltenes. Energy & Fuels 22
(2008) 449-454.
x E. Al-Awadi, M. Quinn, A. Mukhopadhyay, A. Hauser, A. Akber, A. Al-Haddad and M. Al-Rashedi.
Extent and nature of hydrocarbon occurrence in the groundwater of Kuwait. Env. Geology Online
January, 2008.
x A. Hauser, A. Marafi, A. Almutairi, and A. Stanislaus. Comparative Study of Hydrodemetallization
(HDM) Catalyst Aging by Boscan Feed and Kuwait Atmospheric Residue. Energy & Fuels 22 (2008)
2925-2932.
x A. Hauser, A. Marafi and A. Stanislaus. Hydroprocessing of heavy petroleum feeds: Effect of feed
quality on coke and metal deposition. Proceedings of Kuwait/Japan 9th Joint Symposium, January
2008, Kuwait.
x A. Marafi, A. Hauser, A. Stanislaus. Deactivation Pattern on Catalysts Used in Multiple Fixed Reactor
for Oil Upgrading Process. 19th Canadian Symposium on Catalysis, May, 2006, Saskatoon, Canada.
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670
III. Chromatography Section

Mr. Nisar Ahmed
The Chromatography Section (CS) analyzes a wide variety of food, petroleum, water and environment
samples for trace organic compounds. It has special capabilities for analyzing pesticides, polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), fatty acids, cholesterol, hydrocarbons,
organic acids, food colors, acrylamide, vitamins, sugars, volatile-organic compounds (VOCs), amino
acids, dioxins and furans using gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
(GC/MS), gas chromatography mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) and high
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). To ensure accuracy and reliability of analytical results, the
Section participates in all phases of the laboratory quality assurance and quality control QA/QC program,
including mandatory annual proficiency testing (PT and QT) and method development studies.
The Chromatography Section plays an active role in analytical sciences research both independently and
in collaboration with other research groups at KISR. Principal activities in the reporting period were;
i) analysis of pesticides (chlorinated) residues and PCBs in fish tissue samples using gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry, ii) determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in foods,
iii) analysis of fatty acids in egg yolk samples by gas chromatography, iv) determination by HPLC of
carboxylic acids in fermented cardboard prepared as animal feed, and v) analysis of acrylamide in
different types of food samples using GC/MS.
The CS participated in an inter-lab comparison study from the International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA) by analyzing fish tissue, sediment and wheat flour samples for pesticides, PCBs and PAHs.
In the reporting period the CS also succeeded in publishing scientific papers (7), conference paper (1),
and technical reports (10).
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671
In the reporting period (2006-2008), new techniques were introduced such as HPLC, GC/MS, and
GC/MS/MS (utilized to run 10 projects), and advanced methodologies were adopted to run all projects
related to food, water, and environment divisions. 7KH 6HFWLRQV IDFLOLWLHV ZHUH HQKDQFHG WKURXJK
introduction of upgraded computers with Windows-based software attached to HPLC, GC, GC/MS and
LC/MS instruments. Human resources development activities included on-job training on HPLC, GC
and GC/MS instruments for both KISR and external trainees. The CS is proud to have conducted a
training workshop on analysis of PAHs and PCBs in fish tissue samples in collaboration with the
Biotechnology Department (Food Sciences Division).
IV. Trace Metals Section

Dr. Amel Al-Rashdan
Trace Metal Section (TMS) is one of the key sections of Central Analytical Laboratory. It analyses
diverse samples to support research activities in the fields of food, water, environment, agriculture,
petroleum and other vital areas, in order to measure major metals, trace metals, heavy metals and toxic
metals down to the lowest possible levels of detection. The Section also provides analytical services to
external clients including government organizations and the private sector.
In the reporting period (2006-2008), the Section provided extensive analytical services in response to
requests from all research divisions of KISR and from external clients of various government
organizations and the private sector. This resulted in receipt of over 700 analysis requests comprising
around 5,000 samples and 40,000 analytical determinations. The majority of internal analytical requests
were received from; i) Water Resource Divisions (generally related to the analysis of cations, anions and
metallic components in different types of water samples including brackish water, seawater and drinking
water), ii) Food and Agriculture Division (mostly related to the testing of toxic metals in food items and
concentration of various metals in different types of leachate samples), iii) Environment Division
(analysis of metallic contaminants in water and air dust samples) and, iv) the Petroleum Center (analysis
of various metals in crude oil samples and various petroleum fractions).
To support these ongoing activities, the TMS enhanced its equipment through purchase of an automated
analyzer for direct determination of mercury in solid samples in order to overcome problems and errors
due to sample preparation. In addition, one state-of-the-art arsenic analyzer was added to support routine
analysis requirements.
The Section was active in developing human resources through on-job training of staff members
conducted on different equipment and with various analytical applications. In addition, training on
different equipment and analytical applications was provided to students from various Kuwait academic
RUJDQL]DWLRQV DQG WKH 706 SDUWLFLSDWHG LQ ODERUDWRU\ VHVVLRQV RI WZR ZRUNVKRSV RQ 4XDOLW\ &RQWURO
DQG4XDOLW\$VVXUDQFH3UDFWLFHVLQ&KHPLFDO7HVWLQJ/DERUDWRULHVFRQGXFWHGIRU.,65HPSOR\HHVDQG
other participants from Kuwait and abroad.
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673
The TMS is equipped with highly sophisticated instruments, including two Inductively Coupled Plasma
Optical/Atomic Emission Spectrometers, ICP-Mass Spectrometer, Atomic Absorption with Graphite
furnace for lead analysis, Atomic Fluorescence spectrophotometer with cold vapor trap for mercury
analysis and one Atomic Fluorescence Spectrophotometer for arsenic determination. The Section is well
equipped to apply standard analytical methods such as those published by international organizations
(including USEPA, USFDA, MOOPAM, ROPME and AWWA) and Certified Reference Materials
(CRMs) and Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) are routinely used for authentication of analytical
results. In addition, the Section regularly participates in Inter-Laboratory Comparison Exercises
organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), for self-assessment and continuous
improvement in the quality of results.
V. Wet Chemistry Section

Dr. Amel Al-Rashdan
The Wet Chemistry Section (WCS) of Central Analytical Laboratory (CAL) performs fundamental
analyses for various samples including water, soil, food samples, building materials, industrial products
and raw materials.
The WCS is equipped with instruments for classical analysis such as Gravimetry, Spectrophotometry,
Potentiometry and Automated Titrations. It is also strengthened with modern analytical tools including
Simultaneous Ion Chromatograph, Flow Injection Analyzer, Total Organic Carbon Analyzer,
Amperometric Titrator and Elemental Analyzer. In the reporting period, new equipment was acquired
including a modern Ion Chromatograph for simultaneous determination of cations and anions in water
samples, an advanced Total Organic Carbon Analyzer to support routine analytical needs and a Flow
Injection analyzer to provide quick and reliable results for important nutrients such as nitrates, ammonia
phosphates and toxic substances like phenols in drinking, ground and seawater samples.
The analyses are generally performed according to standard analytical methods published by
international organizations such as AWWA, ASTM, USEPA, USFDA, BS, ISO; Certified Reference
Materials (CRMs) and Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) are routinely used for authentication of
results.
The WCS supports KISR research activities by providing analytical services to the Divisions and to
external clients from government organizations and the private sector. In the reporting period (20062008) more than 500 analysis requests comprising around 4,000 samples and 35,000 determinations
were completed.
The majority of the KISR analytical requests were received from Water Resources Division, Food
Resources and Marine Sciences Division, Petroleum Research and Studies Center and Environment and
Urban Development Division. Analysis requests from Water Resource Division were generally related
to the analysis of pH, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, chlorides, cyanide, major cations and
anions, nutrients, biological and chemical oxygen demand, chlorine contents, total residual phenols.
Samples included brackish water, seawater and drinking water.
Analytical requirements from Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division were mostly related to total
organic carbon and total nitrogen in soil and fertilizer samples and to moisture, ash, protein and organic
matter in food samples.
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675
Independent development activities in the WCS included new methods for Beta carotene analysis in
food samples, corrosion inhibitor measurements for water injection in oilfields and development of
facilities for the analysis of Melamine utensils (crockery) with respect to physical and chemical
parameters pertinent to its suitability for domestic use.
Analytical requirements from Petroleum Research and Studies Center were related to elemental analysis
of catalysts used in petroleum refining.
Environment and Urban Development Division analysis requests were mostly related to the analysis of
cations, anions, nutrients, biological and chemical oxygen demand in various types of water samples.
The WCS contributed to human resources development through on job training of the staff members on
different instruments and analytical applications. Training was also provided to students from various
academic organizations of Kuwait. In addition, the Section participated in laboratory sessions of two
ZRUNVKRSV RQ 4XDOLW\ &RQWURO DQG 4XDOLW\ $VVXUDQFH 3UDFWLFHV LQ &KHPLFDO 7HVWLQJ /DERUDWRULHV
conducted for KISR employees and other participants from Kuwait and abroad.
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676
VI. Quality Control and Quality Assurance Section

Dr. Tariq Mahmood Khokhar
The Quality Control and Quality Assurance Section (QCQAS) of Central Analytical Laboratory (CAL)
organizes and coordinates analysis UHTXLUHPHQWV RI .,65V GHSDUWPHQWV DQG H[WHUQDO clients. The
6HFWLRQ FKHFNV WKH UHVXOWV RI DQDO\VHV FDUULHG RXW DW &$/V DQDO\WLFDO VHFWLRQV DQG HQVXUHV WKHLU
authenticity by applying Quality Control (QC) and Quality Assurance (QA) practices. Quality of
analytical results is authenticated through regular use of Certified Reference Materials, Reference
Samples, Quality Control Samples, Spiked Samples and Blanks. Moreover, CAL participated in two
Inter-Laboratory Comparison Exercises organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA),
for self assessment and continuous improvement in the quality of results. The Section has initiated
accreditation with International Standard ISO/IEC 17025 for improvement in all areas of activities. The
Section is using Standard Formats for Analysis Reports that were developed and implemented to provide
appropriate information. Standard Formats for analysis results and for Standard Operating Procedures
(SOPs) were developed and implemented to clearly present information. The QCQAS is in the process
to upgrade the management through installation of Laboratory Management System (LMS) to enhance
working efficiency, accuracy and traceability.
Client service activities were supported with a Requester Feedback Form which is sent with each
analysis report, for comments on quality of results and services. These comments help in self assessment
and improvement of our systems and procedures. Communications within KISR was enhanced through
meetings to improve planning and timely execution of analytical work. Standard Operating Procedures
(SOPs) for QC and QA activities were prepared and implemented for efficient organization and data
control.
For the 2006-2008 reporting period 1,727 analysis requests comprising 12,341 samples and 104,316
determinations were completed. Among these around 760 analysis requests comprising 1,742 samples
and 12,042 determinations were from external clients. In addition, 967 analysis requests comprising
around 10,599 samples and 92,274 determinations were related to various research projects conducted
within KISR.
The QCQAS contributed to human resources development through providing two training workshops on
4XDOLW\ &RQWURO DQG 4XDOLW\ $VVXUDQFH 3UDFWLFHV LQ &KHPLFDO 7HVWLQJ /DERUDWRULHV IRU .,65
employees and other participants from Kuwait and abroad. The workshops included both theoretical
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677
The CAL section on the KISR website was updated with current information and available services
including on-OLQH 5HTXHVW IRU $QDO\VLV WR SURPRWH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ ZLWK FOLHQWV DQG HQDEOH WKHP WR
transmit their queries through the internet. Improved interaction with external clients, timely provision
of required information, and cost of analysis was delivered through the quotation system. A further
communication approach was through CAL Brochure which was updated with current information and
available analytical services.
aspects and practical applications of Quality Control and Quality Assurance Practices. The main
constraints which hinder the activities of the QCQAS were lack of manpower; only one professional
with 50% time allocation is available and an acute shortage of space where a small room was provided
that was insufficient even for the records.
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678
APPENDIX I
Chairpersons of Board of Trustees from 1978 to Date
Mr. Abdul Aziz Hussain
1978 1984
Minister of the State for Cabinet Affairs
Mr. Rashid Abdul Aziz Al-Rashid
1985 1990
Mr. Dhari Al-Othman
1991
Minister of Higher Education
Prof. Ali Abdullah Al-Shamlan
1991 1992
Minister of Education and Minister of

Higher Education
Dr. Ahmed Al-5XEL
1992 1996

Higher Education
Prof. Abdullah Yousef Al-Ghunaim
1996 1998

Higher Education
Dr. Abdul Aziz Al-Ghunaim
1998 1999

Higher Education
Dr. Yousef Hamad Al-Ibraheem
1999 2001

Higher Education
'U0XVDDG5DVKLG$O-Haroon
2001 2004

Higher Education
Dr. Rasheed Hamad Al-Hamad
2004 2006

Higher Education
Dr. Adel Taleb Al-Tabtabaei
2006 2007

Higher Education
Ms. Noriah Al-Sibeeh
2007 2009

Higher Education
Dr. Moodhi Al-Humood
2009
Appendix I
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681
APPENDIX II

Directors General
Mr. Katsuji Tainaka

1971 - 1972
Mr. Mohammed Al-Shamali

1972 - 1975
Dr. Mohammed Khalil Hamed

1975 - 1976
Dr. Adnan Ahmed Shihab Al-Deen

1976 - 1986
Dr. Hmoud Abdullah Al-Rugba

1986 - 1988
Dr. Ahmed Abdullatif Al-Jassar

1988 - 1991
Dr. Adnan Al-Seid Hashim Al-Aqeel

1992 - 1995
Dr. Abdulhadi Sadoun Al-Otaibi

1995 - 2006
Appendix II
Dr. Tuneteru Oinomikado

1967 - 1971
Dr. Naji Mohamed Al-Mutairi

2007 scientificreport@kisr.edu.kw
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683
APPENDIX III

Public and Private Sector Representatives on the Board of Trustees from
1978 to Date
Ministry of Education and Ministry of Higher Education
Mr. Rasheed Al-Hamad
General Supervisor for Science
1981 1982
Director, Al-Jahra Educational District
1983 1992
Assistant Undersecretary for Planning

and Development
1984 1987
'U0VDHDG$O-Haroon
Undersecretary
1993 1994
Dr. Hmood Barghash
Assistant Undersecretary for Planning

and Development
1994 2006
Mr. Jassem Al-Omar
Undersecretary
2006 2007
Mr. Ali Mohammed Saif Al-Barrak

Mr. Tamader Al-Sudairawi
Undersecretary
Assistant Undersecretary
2008 2009
2010
Dr. Abdullah Al-Rifai
Secretary General
1981 1985
Prof. Abdul-Mohsen Al-Abdul Razzaq
Rector
1985 1989
Dr. Najeeb Al-Salem

Prof. Abbas Mohammed Marafi
Vice Rector Academic Affairs

1989 1992
1992 1996
Prof. Hasan Said Al-Alawi
1996 2002
Prof. Abbas Mohammed Marafi
2002 2006
Prof. Abdullah Suliman Al-Fuhaid
Rector
2006
Dr. Nael Al-Naqeeb
Undersecretary
1980 1981
Dr. Nori Al-Kazmi
Director, Department of Public Health

and Planning
1982 1983
Dr. Tareq Al-Abdulgader
Assistant Undersecretary for

Technical Affairs
1983 1984
Dr. Mahmoud Abdul-Rahim
Deputy Director, Environment

Protection Division
1986

Technical Affairs
1986 1991
Kuwait University
The Board of Trustees originally designated as Shared Committee from 1978-1980.
685
Appendix III
Ministry of Health
APPENDIX III
Public and Private Sector Representatives on the Board of Trustees

from 1978 to Date (FRQWLQXHG
Undersecretary
1992 1994
Dr. Sulaiman Al-Ali
Undersecretary
1994 1999
Dr. Abdul-Rahim Al-Zaid

Mr. Eissa Al-Khalifa
Undersecretary
Undersecretary
1999 2005
2006 2007
Mr. Abdul-Karim Jaafar

Legal Affairs
2007 2010
Mr. Abdul-Mohsen Al-Hunaif
Undersecretary
1980 1994
Mr. Mustafa Al-Shamali

Economic Affairs
1994 2006
Mr. Mustafa Al-Shamali
Undersecretary
2006 2007
Mr. Adnan Al-Khodair

Mr. Abdel-Wahab Al-Muzaini
Undersecretary
General Budget
2007 2008
2010
Director of Agriculture
1978 1982
Mr. Fuad Hussein
Undersecretary
1978 1988
Mr. Fuad Hussein
Secretary of the Higher Council of

Planning
1991 1994
Mr. Fuad Hussein
Assistant Undersecretary for the

Development Projects Sector
Undersecretary
Ministry of Finance
Ministry of Public Works

Mr. Salem Al-0DQQDL
Ministry of Planning
Ms. Sara Al-Dowesan
1995 1997
1997 2006
Secretary of the Higher Council of

Planning
2010
0U6RXG$O-Naser
Head of Water Department
1981 1992
0U6RXG$O-Naser
Assistant Undersecretary of
Water Projects
1992 1994
0U6RXG$O-Naser
Undersecretary
1995 2006
Mr. Yousef Al-Hajiri

'U0HVKDDQ$O-Otaibi
Undersecretary
Assistant Undersecretary for Training
and Planning
2006 2007
2010
Dr. Adel Al-Waqyan
Appendix III
Ministry of Electricity and Water
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686
APPENDIX III

Ministry of Commerce and Industry
Mr. Suliman Al-Hamad
Director GeneralShuaiba
Area Authority
1980 1985
Mr. Abdullah Sager Al-Ben Ali

Administrative and Financial Affairs
1991 1997
Mr. Manahi Al-Hadhram
Deputy Director for Administrative

and Financial Affairs
1997 2003
Dr. Nasser Al-Ageel
Director
2003 2006
Dr. Yousef Al-Bahar

Specifications Affairs
Director General
2006 2007
2007 2010
Ms. Nawal Al-Bader

Mr. Eissa Al-Own
Assistant Undersecretary
Undersecretary
1993 2000
2001 2007
Mr. Abbas Ali Naqi
Undersecretary
2007 2008
Ms. Nawal Al-)X]DLD

Economic Affairs
2008
Public Authority for Industry
Dr. Ali Al-Madhaf
Ministry of Oil
Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences

Dr. Adnan Al-Aqeel
Director General
1980 1983
Prof. Ali Al-Shamlan
Director General
1983 1988
Dr. Jasem Abdul-Salam
Director of Research and Projects
1993 2002
Prof. Ali Al-Shamlan
Director General
2002
Mr. Ibrahim Al-Sobah

Mr. Fahad Al-Hasawi
Director General
Director General
1983 1991
1991 1995
Mr. Mohammed Al-5LIDL
Director General
1996 2000
Deputy Chairman and Managing

Director of Planning, Administration
and Finance
1978 1992
Kuwait Petroleum Corporation

Mr. Abdul-Razzaq Hussain
www.kisr.edu.kw
687
Appendix III
Authority of Agriculture Affairs and Fish Resources
APPENDIX III

Private Sector
Mr. ShigoKato
Manager, Kuwait Office, Arabian Oil

Company
1978 1980
Mr. Abdullah Al-Sharhan
Director General, Middle East for

Administrative consultation Company
Chairman and Managing Director,
Technical Investment Company
1981 1983
1983 1985,
1996 1997
1993 1996,
1997 2002,
2003 2007
1980 1985
Chairman, Al-Sharhan Corporation
Mr. Anwar Al-Nori

Industrial Bank of Kuwait
Mr. Yousef Al-6DQHH

1985 1987
Mr. Saleh Al-Yousef

1988 2005
Mr. Abdul-Mohsen Al-Hunaif

2005
Appendix III
www.kisr.edu.kw
688
APPENDIX IV

Actual Project Expenditure and Research Profile During 2006-2008
Table 1.a. Projects and total funding both internal (KISR) and external (government and private sectors)
Department
Contracted Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
Service Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
Total No. of
GRA Projects
Number Budget Projects
(KD)
Total Budget
(KD)
Petroleum Production
06
5,457,386
16
107,364
00
000
22
5,564,750
Petroleum Refining
10
1,503,628
04
13,130
00
000
14
1,516,758
Total Budget in
Relation to the
Number of Projects
16
6,961,014
20
120,494
00
000
36
7,081,508
Table 1.b. Projects and external funding

Contracted Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
Service Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
Total No. of
GRA Projects
Number Budget Projects
(KD)
Total Budget
(KD)
Petroleum Production 06
5,457,386
16
107,364
00
000
22
5,564,750
Petroleum Refining
06
1,432,778
04
13,130
00
000
10
1,445,908
Total Budget in
Relation to the
Number of Projects
12
6,890,164
20
120,494
00
000
32
7,010,658
Note: Some of the projects included in these tables are not presented in the scientific report due to
confidentiality.
www.kisr.edu.kw
689
Appendix IV
Department
APPENDIX IV

Department
Contracted Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
Water Hydrology and 08

Water Resources
Management
Service Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
GRA Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
Total No. of
Projects
Total Budget
(KD)
916,905
23
806,420
05
51,190
36
1,774,515
Water Technology
11
1,125,232
02
118,420
07
31,720
20
1,275,372
Total Budget in
Relation to the
Number of Projects
19
2,042,137
25
924,840
12
82,910
56
3,049,887
Total No. of
Projects
Total Budget

Contracted Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
Service Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
GRA Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
(KD)
Water Hydrology and 07

Water Resources
Management
903,355
23
806,420
00
000
30
1,709,775
Water Technology
06
655,861
02
118,420
00
000
08
774,281
Total Budget in
Relation to the
Number of Projects
13
1,559,216
25
924,840
00
000
38
2,484,056
www.kisr.edu.kw
691
Appendix IV
Department
APPENDIX IV

Environment and Urban Development Division
Department
Contracted Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
Service Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
GRA Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
Total No. of
Projects
Total Budget
(KD)
12
861,610
04
10,820
05
29,390
21
901,820
Coasts and Air Pollution 28
1,709,946
03
56,299
15
145,075
46
1,911,320
Building and Energy

Technologies
12
875,333
08
28,660
01
2,972
21
906,965
Advanced Systems
09
666,297
00
000
03
8,200
12
592,537
Total Budget in
Relation to the
Number of Projects
61
4,113,186
15
95,779
24
185,637
100
4,394,602
Total No. of
Projects
Total Budget

Contracted Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
Service Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
GRA Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
(KD)
09
814,190
04
10,820
00
000
13
825,010
Coasts and Air Pollution 20
1,592,966
03
56,299
00
000
23
1,649,265
Building and Energy

Technologies
11
860,433
08
28,660
00
000
19
889,093
Advanced Systems
06
623,723
00
000
00
000
06
623,723
Total Budget in
Relation to the
Number of Projects
46
3,891,312
15
95,779
00
000
61
3,987,091
www.kisr.edu.kw
693
Appendix IV
Department
APPENDIX IV

Food Resources an Marine Sciences Division
Department
Aridland Agriculture
and Greenery
Contracted Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
Service Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
GRA Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
Total No. of
Projects
Total Budget
(KD)
20
1,392,629
01
415,000
17
76,032
38
1,883,661
Aquaculture, Fisheries
11
and Marine Environment
940,298
01
6,860
11
69,928
23
1,017,086
Biotechnology
11
1,687,129
01
252,000
15
244,284
27
2,183,413
Total Budget in
Relation to the
Number of Projects
42
4,020,056
03
673,860
43
390,244
88
5,084,160
Aridland Agriculture
and Greenery
Contracted Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
Service Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
GRA Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
Total No. of
Projects
Total Budget
(KD)
19
1,238,859
01
415,000
00
000
20
1,653,859
Aquaculture, Fisheries
07
and Marine Environment
888,789
01
6,860
00
000
08
895,649
Biotechnology
08
1,565,108
01
252,000
00
000
09
1,817,108
Total Budget in
Relation to the
Number of Projects
34
3,692,756
03
673,860
00
000
37
4,366,616
www.kisr.edu.kw
695
Appendix IV
Department
APPENDIX IV

Department
Contracted Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
Service Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
GRA Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
Total No. of
Projects
Total Budget
(KD)
Economic Studies
04
230,277
00
000
00
000
04
230,277
Quantitative Methods
and Modeling
03
149,164
00
000
01
3,140
04
152,304
07
379,441
00
000
01
3,140
08
382,581
Total Budget in
Relation to the
Number of Projects

Department
Contracted Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
Service Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
GRA Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
Total No. of
Projects
Total Budget
(KD)
Economic Studies
04
230,277
00
000
00
000
04
230,277
Quantitative Methods
and Modeling
03
149,164
00
000
00
000
03
149,164
07
379,441
00
000
00
000
07
379,441
Appendix IV
Total Budget in
Relation to the
Number of Projects
www.kisr.edu.kw
697
APPENDIX IV
KISR Actual Project Expenditure and Research Profile During 2006-2008

Division
Contracted Projects
Number
Budget
(KD)
Service Projects
Number
Budget
(KD)
Total No. of
GRA Projects
Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
Total Budget
(KD)
Petroleum Research
and Studies Centre
16
6,961,014
20
120,494
00
000
36
7,081,508
Water Resources
19
2,042,137
25
924,840
12
82,910
56
3,049,887
Environment and
Urban Development
61
4,113,186
15
95,779
24
185,637
100
4,394,602
Food Resources
42
4,020,056
03
673,860
43
390,244
88
5,084,160
Techno-Economics
07
379,441
00
000
01
3,140
08
382,581
Special Projects
02
(Director General Office)
153,304
00
000
00
000
02
153,304
17,669,138
63
1,814,973
80
661,931
290
KISR Total
147
20,146,042

Contracted Projects
Number
Budget
(KD)
Service Projects
Number
Budget
(KD)
Total No. of
GRA Projects
Projects
Number Budget
(KD)
Total Budget
(KD)
Petroleum Research
and Studies Centre
12
6,890,164
20
120,494
00
000
32
7,010,658
Water Resources
13
1,559,216
25
924,840
00
000
38
2,484,056
Environment and
Urban Development
46
3,891,312
15
95,779
00
000
61
3,987,091
Food Resources
34
3,692,756
03
673,860
00
000
37
4,366,616
Techno-Economics
07
379,441
00
000
00
000
07
379,441
Special Projects
01
(Director General Office)
118,304
00
000
00
000
01
118,304
16,531,193
63
1,814,973
00
000
176
18,346,166
KISR Total
113
www.kisr.edu.kw
699
Appendix IV
Division
Author Index
442
Abbas, A. ....................................... FA055C

436
522
Abbas, S. ....................................... FA051C , FB052C
428
459
461
Abdal, M. ...................................... FA024C , FA049C , FA050C
181
Abdel Elah, K. ............................... EM007C
277
277
277
Abdel-Fattah, R. ............................ EC017G , EC021G , EC024G
131
Abdel-Jawad, M. ........................... WT014C
137
131
Abdel-Malek, N. ............................ WT009C , WT014C
311
322
324
326
Abdul-Jaleel, A. ............................ EU022C , EU025S , EU026S , EU020G
179
Abdulla, H. .................................... EM025C
522
Abdulmalek, N. ............................. FB052C
434
459
463
518
520
Abo-El-Nil, M. .............................. FA028C , FA049C , FA073C , FB032C , FB030C
452
499
501
Abo-Rezq, H. ................................ FA061C , FA056G , FA044G
63
Absi-Halabi, M. ............................ PF032C
380
Abu-Rezq, T. ................................ FM043C
133
161
139
Abusam, A. ................................... WT007C , WT022G , WT013C
548
Ahmad, K. ..................................... FB041G
181
526
Ahmad, N. ..................................... EM007C , FB036C
467
Ahmed, F. ...................................... FA009S
135
142
144
148
Ahmed, M. .................................... WT019C , WT008K
WT010K , WT017K
99
Ahmed, N. ..................................... WM021C
95
Akber, A. ....................................... WM005C
221
Al Awadhi, L. ............................... EC034C
374
Al Husaini, M. .............................. FM034C
37
Al Mohammed, E. ........................ PP023C
116
Al- Salman, B. .............................. WM004G
341
Al-Abboudi, E. ............................. EA016C
380
Al-Abdul-Elah, K. ........................ FM043C
450
Al-Abdulla, T. .............................. FA043C
185
187
Al-Adwani, K. .............................. EM034C , EM038C
524
Al-Ajeel, A. .................................. FB046C
221
195
Al-Ajmi, D. ................................... EC034C , EM007S
516
553
Al-Amad, S. .................................. FB026C , FB053G
400
407
Al-Ameeri, A. ............................... FM034G , FM039G
526
Al-Amiri, H. ................................. FB036C
314
Al-Arbeid, A. ............................... EU038C
309
316
Alasseri, R. ................................... EU014C , EU047C
544
Al-Ati, T. ...................................... FB040G
43
Al-Attar, F. ................................... PP026C
39
41
Al-Attar, M. .................................. PP024C , PP021C
245
228
Al-Awadhi, L. ............................... EC056C , EC032C
91
95
Al-Awadi, E. ................................. WM004C , WM005C
553
560
Al-Azemi, A. ................................ FB053G , FB048G
177
314
318
Al-Bahar, S. .................................. EM006C , EU038C , EU040C
179
183
185
187
189
Al-Bahloul, M. .............................. EM025C , EM018C , EM034C , EM038C , EM013C
www.kisr.edu.kw
701
448
438
465
430
452
Al-Bahouh, M. .............................. FA062C , FA042C , FA044K , FA025C , FA061C ,

475
487
489
499
501
FA040G , FA045G , FA046G , FA056G , FA044G
516
Al-Baijan, D. ................................. FB026C
224
226
241
248
252
264
Al-Banaa, K. ................................. EC026C , EC022C , EC057C , EC049C , EC070C , EC066K ,
279
283
288
290
266
EC020G , EC023G , EC026G , EC027G , EC067K
110
Al-Bannai, A. ................................ WM016S
60
65
Al-Barood, A. ............................... PF034C , PF027C
372
374
Al-Baz, A. ..................................... FM022C , FM034C
513
530
534
556
Al-Daher, R. .................................. FB040C , FB055K , FB061K , FB045G
389
Al-Dahmi, H. ................................ FM056K
602
Al-Damati, T. ............................... SP003K
314
Al-Dehani, M. .............................. EU038C
60
Al-Dhafeeri, A. ............................. PF034C
65
71
77
Al-Dolama, K. .............................. PF027C , PF038K , PF017S
434
463
428
432
440
Al-Dossery, S. .............................. FA028C , FA073C , FA024C , FA013C , FA054C ,
444
459
497
FA059C , FA049C , FA052G
183
189
193
230
256
Al-Dousari, A. ............................ EM018C , EM013C , EM027K , EC055C , EC041K ,
281
296
219
EC022G , EC032G , EC006C
277
277
277
219
258
Al-Enezi, A. .................................. EC017G , EC021G , EC024G , EC006C , EC043K
185
187
197
Al-Enezi, E. .................................. EM034C , EM038C , EM008S
374
Al-Enezi, K. .................................. FM034C
577
579
369
Al-Enezi, M. .................................. TE037C , TE038C , FM010C
311
Al-Enezi, N. .................................. EU022C
577
579
581
Al-Essa, G. .................................... TE037C , TE038C , TE039C
314
Al-Fadala, S. ................................. EU038C
63
Al-Fadhli, J. .................................. PF032C
106
108
110
114
Al-Fahad, K. .................................. WM004SWM015S , WM017SWM026S , WM016S , WM003G
398
409
411
Al-Foudari, H. ............................... FM033G , FM037G , FM041G
577
Al-Fulaij, S. ................................... TE037C
593
Al-Fulaij, S. ................................... TQ010C
436
Al-Gallaf,W. ................................. FA051C
224
Al-Gamily, H. ............................... EC026C
189
191
Al-Ghadban, A. ............................ EM013C , EM011C
110
Al-Ghaith, F. ................................ WM016S
374
Al-Ghanem, M. ............................ FM034C
382
396
402
Al-Gharabally, H. ......................... FM055C , FM030G , FM038G
316
Alghimlas, F. ................................ EU047C
369
386
404
Al-Ghunaim, A. ............................ FM010C , FM051K , FM035G
346
347
353
354
Al-Ghurair, N. ............................... EA025C , EA029K , EA019G , EA021G
444
Al-Hadad, A. ................................. FA059C
221
Al-Hadbhan, Y. ............................. EC034C
91
95
99
112
116
Al-Haddad, A. ............................... WM004C , WM005C , WM021C , WM002G , WM004G ,
118
139
430
438
454
465
WM005G , WT013C , FA025C , FA042C , FA066C , FA044K
581
Al-Hajji, R. .................................... TE039C
219
235
237
258
Alhajraf, S. .................................... EC006C , EC052C , EC053C , EC043K
526
528
Al-Hamad, N.
FB036C , FB063C
39
Al-Hashem, A.
PP024C
www.kisr.edu.kw
702
Al-Hassan, E.
Al-Hayi, M.
Al-Hebani, K.
Al-Hihma, N.
Al-Hooti, S.
Al-Hulail, F.
Al-Husaini, M.
Al-Hussaini, M.
Ali, A.
Ali, L.
Ali, S.
Al-Jabli, H.
Al-Jandal, N.
Al-Jazzaf, S.
Al-Jeri, F.
Al-Kandari, J.
Al-Kandari, M.
Al-Khabbaz, A.
Al-Khalid, A.
Al-Khalifa, H.
Al-Khamis, M.
Al-Mansor, H.
Al-Mansour, H.
Al-Mansouri, H.
Al-Marzouk, A.
Al-Matar, O.
Al-Matar, S.
Al-Matawah, Q.
Al-Matrouk, H.
Al-Matrouk, K.
Al-Mazeedi, H.
Al-Menaie, H.
Al-Mesri, A.
Al-Mouqati, S.
Al-Moutairi, A.
Al-Mulhem, S.
Al-Mulla, L.
Al-Murad, M.
Al-Musalam, L.
Al-Musallam, M.
Al-Musallam, N.
Al-Mutairi, A.
Al-Mutairi, B.
Al-Mutairi, M.
177
181
183
EM006C , EM007C , EM018C

245
EC056C
497
FA052G
528
FB063C
528
FB063C
241
248
254
288
EC057C , EC049C , EC068C , EC026G
372
FM022C
177
EM006C
217
320
461
EC015C , EU023S , FA050C
179
181
191
EM025C , EM007C , EM011C
239
318
446
448
459
EC030C , EU040C , FA048C , FA062C , FA049C ,
461
FA050C
135
WT019C
177
181
EM006C , EM007C
372
374
FM022C , FM034C
277
277
277
EC017G , EC021G , EC024G
99
103
110
WM021C , WM024C , WM016S
369
387
FM010C , FM053K
179
185
187
189
197
EM025C , EM034C , EM038C , EM013C , EM008S
93
106
108
110
WM012C , WM004SWM015S , WM017SWM026S , WM016S
485
465
440
475
FA038G , FA044K , FA054C , FA040G
436
479
432
FA051C , FA042G , FA013C
245
EC056C
513
534
550
551
FB040C , FB061K , FB043G , FB042G
369
405
FM010C , FM040G
380
382
396
402
FM043C , FM055C , FM030G , FM038G
344
EA021C
391
FM052K
540
560
FB038G , FB048G
351
EA034K
183
187
201
204
EM018C , EM038C , EM030G , EM035G
43
PP026C
233
434
446
463
469
EC051C , FA028C , FA048C , FA073C , FA035G ,
471
477
FA036G , FA039G
135
142
150
153
129
WT019C , WT008K , WT015K , WT005S , WT006C
479
FA042G
197
179
EM008S
EM025C
524
536
FB046C , FB002S
428
440
446
448
459
FA024C , FA054C , FA048C , FA062C , FA049C ,
461
FA050C
99
WM021C
400
FM034G
577
581
461
TE037C , TE039C , FA050C
577
581
TE037C , TE039C
73
185
187
189
PF041K , EM034C , EM038C , EM013C
513
540
FB040C , FB038G
177
217
221
442
EM006C , EC015C , EC034C , FA055C
www.kisr.edu.kw
703
Al-Mutairi, T.
Al-Mutawa, T.
Al-Muzaini, S.
Al-Nafisi, R.
Al-Nakib, D.
Al-Naqi, G.
Al-Naser, H.
Al-Nassar W.
Al-Nasser, A.
Al-Nijada, A.
Al-Nuwaibit, G.
Al-Odwani, A.
Al-Omani, N.
Al-Omani, S.
Al-Omirah, H.
Al-Otaibi, J.
Al-Otaibi, M.
Al-Otaibi, S.
Al-Otaibi, Y.
Al-Othman, A.
Al-Othman, A.
Al-Qahtani, M.
Al-Qallaf, A.
Al-Qallaf, H.
Al-Qallaf, M.
Al-Qattan, A.
Al-Ragam, O.
Al-Rageeb, M.
Al-Ragom, F.
Al-Ragum, A.
Al-Ramadhan, M.
Al-Rashdan, A.
Al-Rashed, A.
Al-Rasheedi, M.
Al-Rasheedi, M.
Al-Rashidi, M.
Al-Rifaie, K.
Al-Roumi, M.
Al-Rughaib, M.
Al-Rusheid, R.
Al-Sabah, L.
Al-Sabbagh, T.
560
FB048G
436
FA051C
206
EM036G
250
EC050C
316
EU047C
346
347
349
353
EA025C , EA029K , EA031K , EA019G ,
131
133
139
WT014C , WT007C , WT013C
235
224
226
237
243
EC052C , EC026C , EC022C , EC053C , EC059C ,
258
264
283
288
EC043K , EC066K , EC023G , EC026G
465
430
438
442
454
FA044K , FA025C , FA042C , FA055C , FA066C ,
475
FA040G
339
EA019C
159
163
WT023G , WT024G
142
153
WT008K , WT005S
206
EM036G
63
67
69
PF032C , PF028K , PF029K
526
FB036C
430
526
FA025C , FB036C
91
97
101
103
WM004C , WM017C , WM023C , WM024C
307
311
318
EU027C , EU022C , EU040C
262
292
EC047K , EC028G
599
226
224
228
314
SP002C , EC022C , EC026C , EC032C , EU038C ,
430
454
444
526
FA025C , FA066C , FA059C , FB036C
593
TQ010C
39
41
PP024C , PP021C
45
PP032C
93
99
110
116
118
WM012C , WM021C , WM016S , WM004G , WM005G ,
191
179
185
187
189
197
EM011C , EM025C , EM034C , EM038C , EM013C , EM008S
341
EA016C
483
485
FA037G
, FA038G
131
WT014C
221
EC034C
224
226
228
241
243
EC026C , EC022C , EC032C , EC057C , EC059C ,
252
264
283
286
EC070C , EC066K , EC023G , EC025G
581
TE039C
177
EM006C
266
EC067K
95
WM005C
339
EA019C
245
EC056C
369
374
387
389
FM010C , FM034C , FM053K , FM056K
382
FM055C
142
148
152
153
WT008K , WT017K , WT004S , WT005S
189
EM013C
518
520
532
564
FB032C , FB030C , FB058K , FB052G
450
FA043C
www.kisr.edu.kw
704
Al-Saffar, A.
Al-Sairafi, A.
Al-Salem, I.
Al-Salem, K.
Al-Salman, B.
Al-Sanad, S.
Al-Saqer J.
Al-Saqer, J.
Al-Sarraf, I.
Al-Sayegh, O.
Al-Senafy, M.
Al-Shaiha, H.
Al-Shamali , S.
Al-Shamali, M.
Al-Shamali, O.
Al-Shammari, M.
Al-Shammari, S.
Al-Shammiri, M.
Al-Shamroukh, D.
Al-Shareedah, A.
Al-Sharrah, T.
Al-Shatti, A.
Al-Shatti, F.
Al-Shayji, Y.
Al-Sheeha, H.
Al-Shimmari, J.
Al-Sowayan, Y.
Al-Subiai, S.
Al-Sudairawi, M.
Al-Sumaie, M.
Al-Surrayai, T.
Al-Suwaidan, M.
Al-Tabtabaei, M.
Al-Wazzan, Y.
Al-Yaagoub, A.
Al-Yamani, F.
Al-Yaqout, A.
Al-Zalzaleh, M.
391
131
135
137
142
FM052K , WT014C , WT019C , WT009C , WT008K ,

150
153
430
438
454
WT015K , WT005S , FA025C , FA042C , FA066C ,
465
481
FA044K , FA043G
131
137
142
163
WT014C , WT009C , WT008K , WT024G
528
FB063C
224
226
228
266
294
EC026C , EC022C , EC032C , EC067K , EC030G
93
99
105
110
WM012C , WM021C , WM026K , WM016S
311
318
EU022C , EU040C
526
FB036C
528
FB063C
60
PF034C
344
355
EA021C , EA022G
97
106
WM017C , WM004SWM015S ,
108
110
WM017SWM026S , WM016S
60
PF034C
591
TQ005C
60
PF034C
372
FM022C
163
WT024G
133
137
139
148
155
WT007C , WT009C , WT013C , WT017K , WT020G ,
152
WT004S
135
144
148
150
WT019C , WT010K , WT017K , WT015K
189
EM013C
206
EM036G
558
FB046G
233
434
463
469
471
EC051C , FA028C , FA073C , FA035G , FA036G ,
477
FA039G
93
314
WM012C , EU038C
524
534
538
542
546
FB046C , FB061K , FB037G , FB039G , FB044G ,
551
553
562
FB042G , FB053G , FB050G
65
67
69
PF027C , PF028K , PF029K
181
199
EM007C , EM011S
314
EU038C
177
EM006C
217
269
269
269
EC015C , EC007S , EC009S , EC010S
526
FB036C
540
530
534
556
FB038G , FB055K , FB061K , FB045G
316
EU047C
129
135
142
153
WT006C , WT019C , WT008K , WT005S
144
150
WT010K , WT015K
179
189
191
197
EM025C , EM013C , EM011C , EM008S
189
369
374
378
EM013C , FM010C , FM034C , FM054C ,
384
387
389
394
FM058C ,FM053K , FM056K , FM012S ,
405
413
415
FM040G , FM042G , FM043G
382
400
407
FM055C , FM034G , FM039G
428
434
448
446
483
FA024C , FA028C , FA062C , FA048C , FA037G ,
459
461
FA049C , FA050C
www.kisr.edu.kw
705
Al-Zenki, S.
Ashkanani, J.
Attallah, M.
Awadh, W.
Azrag, E.
Bahloul, M.
Bahzad, D.
Balba, M.
Bandari, H.
Baroon, Z.
Bedair, M.
Beg, K.
Beg, M.
Behbehani , W.
Behbehani, M.
Bellen, R.
Belt, M.
Bhandary, H.
Bhat, N.
Bhattacharya, K.
Biebinger, R.
Bishop, J.
Bloushi, A.
Boota, A.
Bou-Hamad, S.
Brown, G.
Bu-Hamad, M.
Burney, N.
Burney, N.
Bu-Shaiba, A.
Bushehri, A.
Butt, S.
Carew, J.
Chehadeh, D.
Chen, W.
Christopher, A.
Crasta, R.
Cruz, R.
DCruz, G.
Dashti B.
Dashti, A.
Dashti, B.
Dashti, H.
430
526
553
560
FA025C , FB036C , FB053G , FB048G

524
536
FB046C , FB002S
152
142
WT004S , WT008K
577
TE037C
97
101
103
114
WM017C , WM023C , WM024C , WM003G
191
318
EM011C , EU040C
57
PF025C
513
530
534
556
FB040C , FB055K , FB061K , FB045G
105
WM026K
522
548
FB052C , FB041G
436
522
548
FA051C , FB052C , FB041G
177
189
199
245
EM006C , EM013C , EM011S , EC056C
177
181
189
199
EM006C , EM007C , EM013C , EM011S
591
TQ005C
217
369
EC015C , FM010C
428
440
459
461
FA024C , FA054C , FA049C , FA050C
425
FA038C
99
106
108
WM021C , WM004SWM015S , WM017SWM026S ,
110
112
116
118
WM016S , WM002G , WM004G , WM005G
233
428
434
440
446
EC051C , FA024C , FA028C , FA054C , FA048C ,
448
452
456
459
461
FA062C , FA061C , FA063C , FA049C , FA050C
288
EC026G
528
FB063C
369
372
FM010C , FM022C
191
EM011C
99
WM021C
135
137
142
153
WT019C , WT009C , WT008K , WT005S ,
131
157
165
WT014C , WT021G , WT025G
219
467
473
491
EC006C , FA009S , FA041G , FA047G ,
493
495
FA048G , FA049G
593
TQ010C
593
TQ010C
581
TE039C
203
EM034G
99
110
116
118
WM021C , WM016S , WM004G , WM005G
177
181
199
EM006C , EM007C , EM011S
37
39
45
47
PP023C , PP024C , PP032C , PP033C
341
344
EA016C , EA021C
372
374
FM022C , FM034C
428
440
501
FA024C , FA054C , FA044G
112
116
118
WM002G , WM004G , WM005G ,
428
440
459
461
FA024C , FA054C , FA049C , FA050C
459
428
446
FA049C , FA024C , FA048C
591
TQ005C
60
PF034C
526
528
FB036C , FB063C
39
PP024C
www.kisr.edu.kw
706
Dashti, J.
Dashti, T.
Delima, E.
Dhoulath, K.
Ebrahim, E.
Ebrahim, S.
El-Dakour, S.
El-Fulaij, S.
El-Gamily, H.
El-Hawary, M.
El-Husaini, A.
El-Rouby, S.
El-Sammak, A.
El-Sayed, E.
El-Sherbini, A.
Ennaifer, A.
Fadlemawala, A.
Farouk, M.
Fayad, M.
Geavo,B.
George, J.
George, P.
Ghaffar, A.
Ghloum, E.
Ghoreishi, S.
Grina, R.
H. Qasem,
Hadi, K.
Haider, I.
Hajeeh, M.
Hajiah, A.
Hajji, A.
Halabi, M.
Hamada, S.
Hauser, A.
Hebani, K.
Helaleh, M.
Husain, A.
Husain, H.
Hussain, R.
Hussein, M.
Ismaiel, A.
Ismail, A.
Ismail, W.
442
450
FA055C , FA043C
372
374
177
FM022C , FM034C , EM006C
219
430
440
442
467
EC006C , FA025C , FA054C , FA055C , FA009S ,
483
485
FA037G , FA038G
185
187
197
221
EM034C , EM038C , EM008S , EC034C
467
473
491
493
FA009S , FA041G , FA047G , FA048G
337
EA014C
380
FM043C
599
SP002C
599
602
SP002C , SP003K
311
324
EU022C , EU026S
450
FA043C
179
197
EM025C , EM008S
179
185
187
189
197
EM025C , EM034C , EM038C , EM013C , EM008S ,
221
243
EC034C , EC059C
129
135
144
150
WT006C , WT019C , WT010K , WT015K ,
309
EU014C
237
EC053C
120
93
97
105
WM006G , WM012C , WM017C , WM026K
197
EM008S
602
SP003K
177
183
189
245
EM006C , EM018C , EM013C , EC056C ,
318
191
EU040C , EM011C
428
440
FA024C , FA054C
446
459
461
448
FA048C , FA049C , FA050C , FA062C
382
FM055C
39
41
PP024C , PP021C
337
EA014C
428
456
FA024C , FA063C
346
EA025C
93
97
110
425
WM012C , WM017C , WM016S , FA038C
516
FB026C
593
TQ010C
309
316
EU014C , EU047C
560
FB048G
57
PF025C
577
TE037C
95
WM005C
432
444
FA013C , FA059C
183
EM018C
372
526
FM022C , FB036C
374
FM034C
602
SP003K
228
EC032C
337
EA014C
339
EA019C
369
405
413
415
FM010C , FM040G , FM042G , FM043G
www.kisr.edu.kw
707
Jabsheh, F.
Jabsheh, F.
Jacob, M.
Jacob, S.
Jakes, J.
Jassem, F.
Jibi, S.
Johnson, S.
Jose, K.
Juma, M.
Juraidan, M.
Kabir, Y.
Kam, E.
Kamal, H.
Karam, H.
Karam, Q.
Katrib, A.
Kaushik, B.
Kawyani, M.
Khalaifa, H.
Khalil, F.
Khalil, M.
Khan, A.
Kitto, M.
Lababidi, H.
Lahalih, S.
Lennox, A.
Lewis, M.
Ljubic, J.
M. Shahalam, A.
Maheshwari, G.
Mahmood, Z.
Malhas, R.
Marafi, A.
Marafie, M.
Maruyama, F.
Marzouk, F.
Mashaly, M.
Mataqi, A.
Mathkory, S.
Matrouk, K.
Mehrotra, S.
Melhas, R.
Mirza, Y.
Misak, R.
Mukherjee, T.
Mukhopadhyay, A.
142
WT008K
591
TQ005C
548
FB041G
459
461
FA049C , FA050C
337
EA014C
63
PF032C
518
520
524
536
564
FB032C , FB030C , FB046C , FB002S , FB052G
405
FM040G
467
FA009S
344
EA021C
341
EA016C
528
FB063C
60
PF034C
307
324
322
326
EU027C , EU026S , EU025S , EU020G
372
FM022C
181
201
EM007C , EM030G
63
PF032C
279
290
EC020G , EC027G
314
EU038C
442
454
FA055C , FA066C
430
465
475
487
489
FA025C , FA044K , FA040G , FA045G , FA046G
456
FA063C
233
245
EC051C , EC056C
181
199
EM007C , EM011S
341
EA016C
39
41
239
PP024C , PP021C , EC030C
369
FM010C
110
WM016S
279
283
288
290
EC020G , EC023G , EC026G , EC027G
133
WT007C
258
309
EC043K , EU014C
579
581
TE038C , TE039C
179
EM025C
73
PF041K
67
69
PF028K , PF029K
57
PF025C
99
106
110
108
WM021C , WM004SWM015S , WM016S , WM017SWM026S
430
438
465
475
FA025C , FA042C , FA044K , FA040G
39
PP024C
217
EC015C
191
EM011C
197
185
187
221
EM008S , EM034C , EM038C , EC034C
191
EM011C
60
PF034C
599
SP002C
314
EU038C
91
95
120
WM004C , WM005C , WM006G
www.kisr.edu.kw
708
Musallam, M.
Mutairi, A.
Naseeb, A.
Naseeb, H.
Neelamani, S.
Olalde, C.
Omar, S.
Padmesh, S.
Parkinson, D.
Pearson, D.
Pereira, A.
Polikarpov, I.
Qabazard, A.
Qasem, H.
Quinn, M.
Quinn, M.
R. Grina,
Ragheb, G.
Rahman, A.
Rajab, S.
Rakha, K.
Ramadan, A.
Ramos, P.
Rashid, T.
Ravindranath, K.
Razzaque, M.
Ridha, M.
Rouby, S.
Saburova, M.
Sadek, A.
Safar, H.
Safar, M.
Saheb, A.
Saifudain, I.
Saleem, M.
Salman, M.
Sawaya W.
Sebastian, J.
Sebzali, M.
Shaban, N.
Shahalam, A.
Shaheen, N.
579
TE038C
191
EM011C
577
581
TE037C , TE039C
105
WM026K
183
224
226
228
241
EM018C , EC026C , EC022C , EC032C , EC057C ,
248
254
252
264
271
EC049C , EC068C , EC070C , EC066K , EC015G ,
279
294
EC020G , EC030G
283
286
288
290
EC023G , EC025G , EC026G , EC027G ,
237
EC053C
425
432
456
FA038C , FA013C , FA063C
432
444
497
FA013C , FA059C , FA052G
425
FA038C
103
WM024C
548
FB041G
369
378
389
394
FM010C , FM054C , FM056K , FM012S
344,
339
EA021C
EA019C
347
349
354
EA029K , EA031K , EA021G
95
337
WM005C , EA014C
339
EA019C
425
FA038C
465
475
487
489
FA044K , FA040G , FA045G , FA046G
391
FM052K
374
FM034C
224
226
241
243
248
252
EC026C , EC022C , EC057C , EC059C , EC049C , EC070C ,
264
266
283
294
EC066K , EC067K , EC023G , EC030G
233
235
237
239
245
250
EC051C , EC052C , EC053C , EC030C , EC056C , EC050C ,
260
273
275
EC046K , EC016G , EC018G
473
467
FA041G , FA009S
99
110
112
118
91
WM021C , WM016S , WM002G , WM005G , WM004C
75
76
PF014S , PF016S
436
522
FA051C , FB052C
376
FM042C
191
EM011C
378
FM054C
324
326
320
322
EU026S , EU020G , EU023S , EU025S
139
161
WT013C , WT022G
135
142
144
150
WT019C , WT008K , WT010K , WT015K
382
396
402
FM055C , FM030G , FM038G
99
WM021C
516
FB026C
39
PP024C
526
FB036C
382
FM055C
316
EU047C
258
EC043K
146
139
WT016K , WT013C
538
542
551
562
FB037G , FB039G , FB042G , FB050G
www.kisr.edu.kw
709
Shalaby, H.
Shamroukh, D.
Shehab, A.
Shirshikar, F.
Skryabin, V.
Sudhersan, C.
Sulaiman, F.
Suleiman, M.
Surrayai, T.
Taha, M.
Tang, H.
Tanoli, N.
Taqui, A.
Tawfiq, H.
Tharwat, N.
Thomas, B.
Thomas, G.
Thomas, R.
Thomas, T.
Uddin, S.
W. Mousa,
Yamani, F.
Yamar, E.
Yaseen, S.
Yateem, A.
Yousf, A.
Zafar, J.
Zafer, T.
Zaman, S.
Zhao, Y.
75
76
PF014S , PF016S
179
191
EM025C , EM011C
110
WM016S
177
EM006C
369
FM010C
518
520
524
536
546
FB032C , FB030C , FB046C , FB002S , FB044G ,
564
FB052G
110
WM016S
428
440
446
448
459
FA024C , FA054C , FA048C , FA062C , FA049C ,
461
FA050C
513
FB040C
320
322
324
326
EU023S , EU025S , EU026S , EU020G
217
269
269
269
EC015C , EC007S , EC009S , EC010S
76
43
PF016S , PP026C
372
374
FM022C , FM034C
432
444
497
FA013C , FA059C , FA052G
599
SP002C
448
452
499
501
599
FA062C , FA061C , FA056G , FA044G , SP002C ,
602
SP003K
405
FM040G
459
461
FA049C , FA050C
467
473
495
FA009S , FA041G , FA049G
179
183
189
193
226
EM025C , EM018C , EM013C , EM027K , EC022C
237
EC053C
191
EM011C
349
EA031K
382
FM055C
513
522
558
FB040C , FB052C , FB046G
391
FM052K
177
183
191
EM006C , EM018C , EM011C
528
FB063C
432
440
444
497
FA013C , FA054C , FA059C , FA052G
226
228
EC022C , EC032C
www.kisr.edu.kw
710

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978-999-06-95-05-2 Techno Economic

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Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research

All rights reserved.

Scientific Report 2006 - 2008

This Report is a production of the Office of the Director General, KISR

Scientific Report Committee

Scientific Report 2006 - 2008

Identification of Research Project Codes .... i

KISR Mission and Objectives ....... iii

Historical Summary ...... v

Organization Chart ... xiii

Board of Trustees ...... xv

Report of the Director General .. 3

Reports of Deputy Directors General

Reports of Division Directors

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research

9.1.b. Department of Petroleum Refining

9.2. Water Resources Division

Scientific Report 2006 - 2008

9.2.b. Department of Water Technologies

9.3. Environment and Urban Development Division

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research

9.3.a. Department of Environmental Sciences

9.3.b. Department of Coasts and Air Pollution

Scientific Report 2006 - 2008

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research

9.3.c. Department of Building and Energy Technologies

9.3.d. Department of Advanced Systems

9.4. Food Resources and Marine Sciences Division

Scientific Report 2006 - 2008

9.4.a. Department of Aquaculture, Fisheries and Marine Environment

9.4.b. Department of Aridland Agriculture and Greenery

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research

Scientific Report 2006 - 2008

Effect of Different Dietary Protein Levels on the Production Performance

9.4.c. Department of Biotechnology

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research

Physiological Disorders of Tissue Cultured Date Palms.. 546

9.5. Techno-Economics Division

9.5.b. Department of Quantitative Methods and Modeling

10. Special Projects (Office of the Director General)

Scientific Report 2006 - 2008

11. Shared Facilities

11.2. Central Analytical Laboratory

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research

11.2.d. Trace Metals Section

12.III. Public and Private Sectors Representatives on the Board of Trustees

13. Author Index.......... 701

Scientific Report 2006 - 2008

Identification of Research Project Codes

Petroleum Research and Studies Center

Environment and Urban Development

Food Resources and Marine Sciences

Hydrology and Water Resources Management

Coasts and Air Pollution

Building and Energy Technologies

Aquaculture, Fisheries and Marine Environment

Quantitative Methods and Modeling

The letter at the end of each research project code indicates:

Scientific Report 2006 - 2008

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research

Scientific Report 2006 - 2008

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research

Identification of Research Project Codes .... i

KISR Mission and Objectives ....... iii

Historical Summary ...... v

Organization Chart ... xiii

Board of Trustees ...... xv

Report of the Director General .. 3

Physiological Disorders of Tissue Cultured Date Palms.. 546