A. DEFINITION OF MATRIX
Matrix is a group of numbers which are arrange based on the row and column. The
arrangement will form the shape of rectangle. The length and the width of a matrix are adjusted
by the number of rows and columns. The number which form the rows and columns of matrix
are called elements of matrix are called elements of matrix.
The notation of matrix are A (a ij ) ,i = 1, 2,, m and j = 1, 2,, n
A m n
a 11
a
= 11
M
a
11
a 11 L a 11
a 11 L a 11
= (a 11 )mn
M
M
M
a 11 L a 11
Notation of Matrix
A matrix symbolised with block letter, for exmple A , B or C.
Example :
x
6 8
1. A=
2. B = (4 2 5)
3.C =
y
3 4
3 4 5 2
4 . D = 1 2 3 0
1 3 4 6
10
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
1 is element of row 2 and column 1
6 is element of row 3 and column 4
Column 1
Column 2
Column 3
Column 4
Dimention of Matrix
A matrix with m rows and n columns is called an m-by-n matrix (written m n) and m and n are
called its dimensions
The dimensions of a matrix are always given with the number of rows first, then the number of
columns
Example :
1 0 4
A =
3 2 5
The number of row is 2 and the number of column is 3.
Dimention of matrix A is 2 x 3 and writed A23
B. Kinds of matrices
o Matrix of row is called matrix in 1 n , example
X13 = (2 1 5)
o Matrix of column is called matrix in m 1 , example
3
= 1
6
Y31
H 33
3 1 2
= 4 3 1
5 0 7
o Matrix of triangle is matrix of square in m witch all elements under the main diagonal are
same with zero
3 1 2
A3 = 0 5 4
0 0 6
o Matrix of lower triangle is matrix of square m which all elements above the main diagonal
are same with zero
3 0 0
A3 = 4 5 0
2 1 3
o Matrix of identity is matrix of square in m which all main diagonals elements are same with
one and the other elements are zero.
1 0 0
I3 = 0 1 0
0 0 1
I 33
0 0 0
= 0 0 0
0 0 0
C. Matrix of Transpose
Matrix of Transpose is a new matrix which is gained by writing each row of elements in a
first matrix as a column of vice versa.
A mn = (a ij )mn A nm = (a ij )nm
Example :
1 2 4
1 0 3
T
A = 0 2 5 A = 2 2 7
3 7 3
4 5 3
2 7 1
B =
4 9 0
2 4
B = 7 9
1 0
3 1
, if A = B then the value of x is .
6 2x
answer :
same
3 1 3 1
=
6 8 6 2x
same
8 = 2x
x=4
so the value of x is 2.
For each informations about matrices you can follow this link :
Matrix_(mathematics)
Matrix_2
Exercise 3 . 1
1. Mentioning to the number of line and column from matrices below !
1 3
x
c. P = y
a. A = 5 7
0 9
z
1 2 3 4
d. R = ( 3 5 1 6)
b. B =
5 0 1 9
2. Determine the dimentions of matricesbelow!
1
0
a. A = ( 8 2 0 3
5)
c. M =
3
5
0 5
4 1 0 5
d. N = 2 0
b. B =
0 2 7 8
6 0
1
5
1
4x y
= 1
c.
3x + 2 y 4
2
4. Find the tranpose of matrices below!
2 4 1
a. A =
1 2 0
5 3
6
4
c. C =
0
1
2 8
1
2
b. B =
1
0
d. D = ( 4
0)
x 9
5 3
and Q =
5. Known P =
3 y
9 4
If P T = Q, find the value of x and y!
2
2 1 4
2m 3
6. Known A = 3 0 6 and B = 1 0 n
2 3 1
4 3p 1
T
If B = A , find the value of m , n dan p.
E. Basic Operations
Sum and Reduction of Matrix
Two or more matrices of identical dimensions m and n can be added or reduce, if the
dimenstions are same.
a b
e
and B =
A =
c d
g
a b
+
Then A + B =
c d
e f a +e b+ f
=
g h c + g d + h
a b e f a e b f
=
A B =
c d g h c g d h
Example :
1.
3
If P = 2 and Q =
3
0
2
4
3 0 3
0
then P + Q = 2 + 2 = 0 , Q + P = 2 +
3 4 7
4
3 3
2 = 0
3 7
because P + Q = Q + P comutative
2 1
0 1
, B =
and C =
2. If A =
4 2
2 3
3 7
, then :
8 9
2 1 0 1 3 7
+
+
a. ( A + B ) + C =
4 2 2 3 8 9
2 2 3 7 5 9
+
=
=
6 5 8 9 14 14
2
b. A + (B + C) =
4
2
=
4
1 0 1 3
+
+
2 2 3 8
1 3 8
+
=
2 10 12
9
5 9
14 14
a. P Q =
3 2
3 2
2 1
4 7
+
=
3 2
3 2
2 6
=
0 4
2 1
b. Q P =
3 2
2 1
+
=
3 2
2 6
=
0 4
Exercise 3 . 2
4 7
3 2
4 7
3 2
6 7 4 2 7 6 6 6
+
!
1. Simplefy
4 2 3 6 5 3 4 8
6 3 0
and N =
2. If M =
2 4 3
1 0 2
. Find M + N, N + M, M N and N M!
3 6 4
+ X =
a.
0 2
3 6
3 2 2 1
=
b. X
5 3 7 3
12 16
15 6
X =
c.
10 12
12 10
A =
c d
c d cc cd
example :
3
3 16
8
12
4 2
4 2
then 4 . A = 4 .
=
If A =
20 8
1 5 2
1 5 2 4
Multiplication of two matrices is well-defined only if the number of columns of the left
matrix is the same as the number of rows of the right matrix.
Am x n Bn x k = Cm x k
same
ax + by
a b
x
c d = cx + dy
e f y ex + fy
Example :
5
2 1 0
and Q = 6
If P =
3 4 2
7
5
2 1 0
6
Then P Q =
3 4 2 7
2 .5 + 1 .6 + 0 .7
=
3 .5 + 4 .6 + 2 .7
2
3
1
2
3
2 .1 + 1 .2 + 0 .3
=
15 + 24 + 14 3 + 8 + 6
16 4
=
53 17
Exercise 3 . 3
2 1
, B =
1. known p = 3, A =
3
4
Find : a. p. (A.B)
b. (p.A).B
c. (p.B).A
7 4
5
6
4 7 3
1
3) and C = 0 1 2
5 4 1
3
2. If A = , B = (3
4
7 6
, I =
3. If A =
8 9
1 0
. Find A.I dan I . A !
0 1
1 3
7 4
1 2 3
, B = 7 8 , C = 3 2
4. If A =
2 5 6
6 4
1 0
Find : a. B+C
b. (B+A).A
c. C . A
d. B.A + C.A
F. Determinant of Matrix
1. 2nd order of Matrix
a b
, then determinant of A is det A or A .
If A =
c d
Det A =
a b
c d
= ad bc
a b c
A = d e f
g h i
a11
a12
a13
det A = a 21
a 31
a 22
a32
a 23
a 33
a11
a12
a13
a11
a12
det A = a 21
a 22
a 23
a21
a22
a31
a32
a33
a31
a32
det A = a11 .a 22 .a33 + a12 .a 23 .a31 + a13 .a 21 .a32 a13 .a22 .a31 a11 .a23 .a32 a12 .a 21 .a33
b. Minor kofaktor
det A = (a i1 k i1 ) + (a i2 k i2 ) + K + (a in k in )
det A = (a 1j k 1j ) + (a 2j k 2j ) + K + (a nj k nj )
c. Sarrus Methode
det A = (a e i ) + (b f g ) + (c d h ) (g e c ) (h f a ) (i d b )
A =
1 2
1 3
2 5 3 5 1 0
=
= I
then BA =
1 3 1 2 0 1
3 5 2 5 1 0
=
= I
and A . B =
1 2 1 3 0 1
Thereby, B is inverse from A, and can be written B = A 1. Because BA = I and B = A 1 so
A 1. A = I.
a b
1
then A 1 =
If A =
ab bc
c d
d b
, ad bc 0
c a
Example :
2 1
. M 1 =
M =
4 3
Answer :
D = ad bc = (2)(3) (4)(1) = 6 4 = 2
M 1 =
d b
1
a.d bc c a
1 3 1
2 4 2
3 12
= 2
2 1
Exercise 3.4
1. Investigate whether matrix below having invers? If having inverse, determining the
inverse!
2 3
a. A =
3 4
4 2
c. P =
2 1
2 4
b. B =
1
8 4
d. R =
2
1
2 4
and B =
2. If A =
5 6
a.
4 5
, find :
2 1
( AB )1
b. B 1 A 1
3. Find the determinant of matrix below!
2 3 4
a. K = 1 2 2
2 1 3
2 4 1
b. L = 0 5 7
2 1 1
2
3 + x
is singular matrix, then the value of x is .
4. If A =
4 x
3
2
3 x
is singular matrix, then the value of x is .
5. If B =
4 + x
3
H. Application
If A . B = C, so A = C . B 1 and B = A 1 . C.
ax + by = p
The solution from linear equation system
cx + dy = q
x
a b x p
1 d b p
= and =
1.
y ab bc c a q
c d y q
2. D =
= a.q b. p
p q
Dx =
Dy =
x=
c b
r
= c.q b.r
= a.r c. p
p r
Dx
Dy
and y =
D
D
ax + by + cz = p
x=
D
Dx
D
,y= y ,z= z
D
D
D
p b c
With D x = q
a
With D z = d
e f
h i
p c
With D y = d q f
With D = d
b p
e q
g h r
Example :
2 x + y = 5
Find the solution of
4 x 5 y = 3
Answer :
2 1 x 5
=
5
y 3
2 1 x 5
=
5
y 3
x
1 5 1 5
4
2
y
10
4
3
x
1 28
=
14
y
14
x
2
=
so x = 2 and y = 1
y
1
b p
e f
g h i
Exercise 3.5
2 3
2 4
, B =
and A . M = B, then M is .
1. If A =
0 1
1 3
2. Using matrix formula, find the solution of :
5 x 2 y = 4
7 x 3 y 13 = 0
d.
a.
2x + y = 7
x + 2 y 14 = 0
2x y = 6
b.
3 x + 4 y + 2 = 0
3 x 4 y z = 11
e. 5 x + 2 y + 3 z = 19
2 x 3 y + 4 z = 17
2 x + 3 y = 9
c.
4 x 5 y = 7
2 x + 3 y = 23
f. 2 x 2 z = 6
2 y + z = 13
3. Find matrix X !
12 14
2 3
X =
a.
17 19
3 4
2 5 6 13
=
b. X .
1 3 7 18
5 1
2 1
X =
c.
12 6
3 6
1 2 3
1 2
4. Known R = 5 4 a and S = 5 4
b 7 2c
2a 7
2b 2 3
3a
5. Known P = 5 3c 3 and Q = 5
7 a 1
7
3 , if R = S then c is
3b
3
4b 3 , if P = Q then c is
2 1
2