Mathematics

1.

2.

25. ( ) =

, many solutions. (non-homogeneous)

26. (sin ) =

If = , trivial solution, if < ,then ( ) linearly

27. (cos ) =

independent solutions. (Many solutions) and if < , then many

28. (sinh ) =

solutions.

29. (cosh ) =

( + ) = () + () +

4.

If 2 > 0 and < 0 (, ) have maximum, if 2 >

0 and > 0 (, ) have minimum at(, ) and if 2 <
0, then saddle point. If 2 = 0, investigation is
required to decide.

2!

5.

( + ) = (

6.

. = . (Stokes)

7.

. = (Gauss)

8.
9.

() +

3.

3!

() +

) (Greens)

()

34. {0 ()} =

38.

39.

is an

40.

be a function of x only = () say then () is an

41.

integrating factor

integrating factor

12. If

42.

be a function of y only = () say then () is an

integrating factor.

44.

13. = + terms of N not containing x dy = c

14. . . =

1
()

1
()

(2 )
2)

17. . =

()

45.

() 0, if () = 0, . . =

1
(2 )

(2 ) 0,

if

= 0,

1
(2 )

()
1

()
1

(2 ) 0

sin( + ),

1
(+)

= ,

1
2
2

()

[(), ]

22. {()} = 0 ()
23. (1) =

1
2

(1 )(2 )( )

49. = () = (

50. ( )

51. ( )

3
3

= , = ,

= D(D 1)(D 2)

(, ) +

[(), ]

!
+1

(0 )(2 )( )

1 0 )(1 2 )(1 )

1 +

( )
( )

= [ + + + 4 + ]

52. +1 =
53. 0
0

0 + (

= [0 0 + 3 0 4 0 + ]
3

(Newton-Raphson)

() = [0 + + 2(1 + 2 + . . +1 )]
2

(Trapezoidal)
+

54. 0
0

() = [(0 + ) + 4(1 + 3 + 1 ) + 2(2 +

3

4 + 2 )] (Simpsons)

24. ( ) =

(Normal distribution)

0 )(1 )(1 )

(Poissons

47. = + , = + , = + 2
48. = + + 2 , = + . + . 2, = +
2 = 2 + . 3 + 4
. 2 + 3 ,

55. =

1 2
(
)

+ (

= ( 1),
()

: = : =
distribution)

+ 1

(() (, )) = ()

(1 )(2 )(1 )

= [()]1 ,

+ 1 1

()

(1) . [ (s)]

(s)

=1 cos +

0 1 )(0 2 )(0 )

18. (1 + ) = 1 + 2
19. (1 )1 = 1 + + 2 +
20.

46. () =

sin( + ) =

then . . =
16. . . =

, () 0

15. . =
(

43.

+
=1 sin
2
+2
1 +2
0 =
(), =
() cos , =

1 +2
() sin

() = 0 +
=1 cos + =1 sin
2
1 +2
1 +2

0 =
(), =
() cos
, =

1 +2

() sin

() = =1 sin
, where = 0 () sin

2
() =
+

cos
where,

=
()
,

=1
0
2

0
2

= 0 () cos

= ( ) = ()
2

2 = ( ) ( ) 2 = ( )2 ()
2

37. () =

an integrating factor

2 2

31. ( + ) = () then {()} = 0

1
32. { ()} = ( ) (0)
33. { ()} = () 1 (0) 2 (0) . . 1 (0)

2 2

30. { ()} = ( )

equation + = 0 be of this type then

11. If

2 +2

36. { ()} =

10. If the equation of the type 1 () + 2 () = 0. If the

2 +2

35. { ()} =

=
+
If + = 0 be a homogeneous equation in and , then
+

21.

If , no solution, if = = , unique solution if = <

56. =

12

180

2 () = (2 ) (Trapezoidal)
4 () = (4 ) (Simpsons)

57. +1 = + . ( , ) where

= (, )

(Eulers)

Strength of material

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

13. =

16. 1 =

3(12)

17. 3 =

+
2

2
.

20. =

= [ + 2 + 2 ]
2

(Leaf spring)

cos 2 + sin 2

) sin 2 + cos 2

+ (

) + 2

) + 2

(hinged and hinged)) , =

2
42

19. =

(Helical spring)

18. =

Ib

4
+

15. = (

and =

2 2
643

14. =

2(1+)

VQ

= =

12. =

(Fixed and fixed) , =

where =

1+( )

(fixed and free)

4 2
22
2

is Rankines constant

11. = 2 + 2

Structural analysis
1.

=
= 2 (Point load)

and
2

3.

4.

=
=

(3 ) and
(3 )
2
2

5.

6.

= 1.2 0

7.
8.

30

=
and

2.

12
2

=
and

12
2
20

+
=

(2 +

) , right support sinks by

11. 1 + 2 (1 + 2 ) + 2 =

and =

12. =

(clockwise moment)

), right support sinks by

61 1
1

62 2
2

13. =

(2 +

(uvl from left to right increase)

+ 0
0 0

and =

+)

+ 0
0 0

14. = ,
=

(two hinged arch)

(cable with udl) and Length of cable = +

10.

(rectangular beam)

+
0
2
0
2

+
=

(udl)

, = 0
2

H=

9.

15. Far end fixed, Transverse displacement, =

8 2
3

3
12
3

16. Far end hinged, Transverse displacement, =

and =

12

and =

3
3
3

RCC
1.

= + 1.65

21. ( )

2.

= 5000 and = 0.7

3.

= 0.002 +

4.

= 2 105 , =

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

=
0
0
+4

0
+4

12

280

0.87 .
0.36

for isolated L-beams.

and

0.0035
0.87
0.0055+

10. = 0.87 . ( 0.42 ) for ,max

11. = 0.36 . . , ( 0.42 , )
12.

0.87
0.36

,
100

13. = 0.87 (

, multiply value with 1.6 for deformed bars and 1.25

+ 0 and 1.3

24. =

, ,

0.87

25. =
26.

+ 0 (If confinement exists)

= + tan

0.4

(minimum shear reinforcement)

0.87

27. 0.75 300 for vertical stirrups.

28. = + 1.6
29.

for bars in compression.

23.

for isolated T-beams.

22. =

+ + 3 for L-beams.

0.50

=7 for cantilever, 20 for SS and 26 for continuous beams.

If span is more than 10 m, multiply above values with 10/span for

SS and continuous beams.

0.87

+ + 6 for T-beams.

6
0

and = +

30. 2 = 0.25 , = 0.5 + 1.0 and =

> 0.2

31. , =

500

30

32.

33. = 0.4 + 0.67

0.85

(minimum tension reinforcement)

18. , = 0.12 % of for -415 and 0.15 % of for -250.

(slabs)
19. , = 4% (Beams) ,, = 4% (Beams)

20. ( )

=( )

34.

, =

500

0.36 (

35. = 1.25

30

, 20 whichever is greater.

16. = , + 0.87 . ( , ) ( )

35 for ss and 40 for continuous slabs for Fe-250. For Fe-415

15. 0.87 ( , ) = ( 0.447 ).

(1 + )

multiply above values with 0.8

14. = 0.15 + 0.65 when

17.

1.7

, 20 whichever is greater.

1)

, = 2 and =

48
1

36. , = 0.45

,1<

2 , 1 =Largest frustum of a

pyramid with side slopes 1 in 2, 2 =loaded area of column base

Geotechnical Engineering
1 2

37. = ( ) + ( )
(Skemptons pore pressure
parameters)
38. = + is stress path equation where = tan1 and =
/ cos

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
6.
7.
8.

= 0.73 ( 20)
=
=

9.

10. =

log10 2 /1

60
10

1
2

16. =

42.

44. =

where is clay fraction (Activity)

45. =

1/, 1/

tan 1
3

1+

2 2 1
1 1 +2 2

48. =
49. =

(Permeability in unconfined aquifer)

50. =

(Permeability in confined aquifer)

51. =

(effective horizontal permeability in stratified

1 +2

soils)
+2
1

(effective vertical permeability in stratified soils)

+ 2
2

19. =

(falling head permeability test)

(constant head permeability test)

22. =

(seepage discharge)

23. =

3 1

24. =

2 2

5
2

(Boussinesqs formula)
2)

1+()

2 2

3
2

2 +( )

12

2 ) where =
22

(Wesrwegaards

formula)
2

25. =

1+( )

(line load)

of strip load of width 2 )

( strip eccentric point)

28. = (1 cos 3 ) where = tan1

(stress

under centre of circular load)

30. sin =

1 3

(for cohesion less soils)

1 +3
(1 3 )/2

cot +(1 +3 )/2

32. tan =

33. = 2 ( + )

(if both top and bottom surfaces

contributes)

2
12

12

34. = 2 ( +
35. =

+0.3

36. = (

+0.3

settlement)

) (if only bottom surface contribute)

(immediate settlement )
2

58. =

log10

1+0

1+0

log 10

0 +

02 2
2

(Terzaghis strip)
(Terzaghis square)
(Terzaghis circle)

(ENR) where

=
2.54 0.254

(Hiley)

+2

1 = 9.05

(settlement of footing based on plate

with dolley and 1 = 1.77 without dolley and

2 = 0.657

3 = 3.55

=
= = 0.1
= 2

(shear box test for cohesion less soils)

1+0

when > 0.6

0 +

log10

55. = (1 + 0.3 ) + + (1 0.2 ) 0.5 (Terzaghis

(for cohesive soils)

31. 1 = 2 tan + 3 tan2 where = 45 +

where = 1 + 2 + 3
(stress under centre

27. = (2 + sin 2 sin 2) where 2 = 1 2 2 = 1 +

29. sin =

52. = + + 0.5
53. = 1.3 + + 0.4
54. = 1.3 + + 0.3

59. =

26. = (2 + sin 2) where = tan1

rectangle)
56. = + + 0.5
(Meyerhof)
= 2 and = 2
57. = (Skempton)

= 5 (1 + 0.2 ) (1 + 0.2 )

Limiting value of / 2.5

(effective permeability)

ln

(absolute permeability)

22 12
ln(2 /1 )

47. = 0.933 log10 (1 ) 0.085

ln(2 /1 )

46. = 2 when 0.6

1/,1/,

(non homogeneous)

tan 2

18. = 11

21. =

17. =

20. =

1+0

43. =

13. =

15. =

40. = 0.009 ( 10) (for normally consolidated soil)

41. = 0.007 ( 10) (for over consolidated soil)

14. =

+
log10 0
0

60 10

11. =
12.

39. =

2
30

60. =

+ 2
+
+ 2
+

when >
(

2
+

) when <

(Danish) 0 =

+ 20

61. = + (clays)
62. = + ( + 2) (clays)
63. = + tan (sands)
15
64. = ( + ) or = ( + ) (Group)
65. = 2 +
66. = + 2 +
67. =

1sin
1+sin

and =

1+sin
1sin

68. =

and unsupported vertical cut = 2

71. =

sin2 (+)

69. =

sin(+) sin()

cos +cos2 cos2

and =

2
2

cos

(Inclined backfill)

sin2 sin() (1+sin() sin(+))

cos +cos2 cos2

72. =

(Coulombs active )
70. =

cos cos2 cos2

cos cos2 cos2

and =

2
2

cos

(Inclined backfill)

sin2 ()

2
sin(+) sin(+)
sin2 sin(+) (1sin(+) sin(+))

73. = 15 + ( 15) > 15 =

2

15 (dilatancy)

(Coulombs passive )

74. =

1
1+

(Quick sand condition)

Hydrology
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.

A tropical cyclone is a zone of low pressure with anticlockwise

winds in the northern hemisphere.
Anticyclones cause clockwise wind circulations in the northern
hemisphere.
2

= ( ) , =

2
2

1001

+ +

)2

1 (

and 1 =

] (Normal ratio method)

+ ++
= 1 1 2 2
(Thiessen-mean method)

11. = + (0 ) (Hortons equation)

12. : It is the average rainfall above which the rainfall volume
is equal to the runoff volume.
13. : =

14. = 0.6 and =

16. = 2.778

75% dependable annual rainfall is annual rainfall with probability

= 0.75, i.e. =

+1

1
0.75

9. The chemical used as evaporation inhibitor is cetyl alcohol.

10. Evapotranspiration can be measured by Lysimeters.
21. =

ln

1
2

(recuperation test)

, (Equilibrium discharge) A in 2 and D in h. in

/
17.

(Isohyetal method)

0.2 +0.8

15. 1 + 0 = ( + )2 (Dilution technique)

1 +2 ++

+
+

+
1 ( 1 2 2 )+2 ( 2 2 3 )++1 ( 12 )
=

, = and 1 = 1

(1 2 ) = 1 2 and = (. ln

1
1

) (Gumbels)

18. , = 1 = 1 (1 ) = 1 (1 )
19. 2 = 0 2 + 1 1 + 2 1 , 0 =
2 =

0.5
+0.5

20. + =

+0.5
+0.5

, 1 + 2 + 3 = 1

, 1 =

+0.5
+0.5

and

Fluid mechanics
1.
2.
3.

26. =

= .

( ) +

( ) + ( ) = 0 (continuity equation)
2 1

1 2 =

5.

= ( + )[( + ) ] = ( + )
moving with velocity)

6.
7.
8.
9.

12

11. =

. (

64

2
2

22
2

15.
16.
17.
18.

38. =
3

5 +

35

(Compound pipe)
+

0.5 2

2
2

and =

2
2

1.5 2
2

(Siphon)

44.

24. =

11.6
/
IG

25. = x +

Ax

2
2

11.6

0.664

=1

+ .

+ .
+ .

+ .
+ .
+ .

= ( )
2

= 0 =

47.

. 2

H3/4
3

, Ns =

( is with plate)

NP
H5/4

46. 3 =

(Laminar sub layer)

and = +

2
NQ

212 22

45. =

1.729

and = ,

23. Drag force=

39. Vorticity = 2
40. Circulation =
41. = 2

43. Ns =

21. Momentum thickness =

0.664

42. Q1 = [1 + cos ] Q 2 = [1 cos ]

19. Blassius boundary layer thickness

20. Displacement thickness

= 0 (1 )

= 0 (1 )

2
= 0 (1 2 )

37. = .

(Turbulent)

and = ( 1)

. 2gh

36. = .

2
1
2

22. , =

= and

= and

35. = .

2
5 +

34. ( ) =

128

2
2

2
64

33. ( ) =

1 2
1 2 2 2

30. = 1 2

32.

5
2

29. = Cd
31.

+ 2

12. = . (1 )

14.

(Jet propulsion

1
7

13. =

= (2 1 )

) . ( 2 2 ) = . [1 ( ) ]

32

10. 1 2 =

and =

and

+ 1 =

. 2. tan /2

28. =

4.

8
15

+ . =0 (continuity equation)
2 1

27. Q=

, =

1.328

1 +2

and =

12 +1 2 +22
1 +2

2
1 3

48. 1+1 = 2 + 2 (specific force=pressure force+momentum per

sec)
49.

2
1

2 2

13

[1 + 2 ] =

50. =

(2 1 )3
41 2

(sequent depths for rectangular channel)

(Energy loss in jump)

Irrigation Engineering

1.

= log (

2.

30. = 19

4.

= 8.64

5.

31. =

++
++
+
2

32. =

7.

8.

9.

= 1 , = and

=
10. =
11. = +
(1.8 + 32)

( )

6 , is in meters

16. 0 = 0.55 0.64

17. = [

40.

20. = 4.75
5

3
1

33406
1
3

23. = 10.8 3
24. = 2 ( + cot ), = 2( + cot ) for Lined
Triangular section.
25. = + 2 ( + cot ), = + 2( + cot ) for Lined
Trapezoidal section.
26. Launching apron scour depth,

= , = 0.47 ( )

>

1
3

<

, where

cos 1 ( 2 )

and =

and 2 =

1+12 1+22
2

2 =

/
/

. , =discharge in outlet and

, hyper proportional outlet.

, sub proportional outlet.
/
/

48. =

/
/

49. =

( +1)

and =

, where

43. Aqueduct: Canal over drainage with clear gap.

44. Syphon Aqueduct: Canal over drainage with syphonic
action.
45. Super passage: Drain over canal with clear gap.
46. Canal Syphon: Drain over canal with syphonic action.
47. Principal stress in dam
= sec 2 tan2
where = and = water
pressure of tail water and
=

27. Length of launching apron = 5

) , =

) , 1 =

42. Sensitivity, =

2
3

and = cos1 (

and =

2 1

41.

22. = 1.35 ( )

1+12 +1+22

39. Setting =

19. = ( )

29. =

140
5 2

21. =

1+1+ 2

38. Proportionality: = 1

1
0.00155
+(23+
)

0.00155
1+(23+
)

1
2 6

18. = (

28. =

,=

= discharge in channel, =outlet index and

=channel index. =working head of outlet and =
depth of water in channel.

1
24

37. Flexibility =

14. =
15. =

], = =

34. Non-modular modules: Drowned pipe outlet, masonry

sluice and wooden shoots.
35. Semi modules or flexible modules: Pipe outlet, venturi
flume or Kennedy, open flume and orifice semi module.
36. Rigid modules: Gibbs module, Kannas rigid module and
foote module.

13. =

cos 1 (

, 1 =

40

1
2
cos 1 ( )

1
1 2 +1

6.

33. = cos

12. =

3.

50. 1.85 = 2 0.85

( +1)

Environmental Engineering
1.

= 0 + , where =average of population

increase (Arithmetic increase method)

2.

= 0 (1 +

100

) , where = (1 2 ) (Geometric increase

23. PH range for alum: 6.5 to 8.3.

24. is most destructive disinfectant.
25. Quick lime required in softening =Carbonate hardness in / as
3 56/100 + ++

method)
(+1)

3.

= 0 + +

4.

increase
Carbonate hardness=Total hardness or Alkalinity whichever is
lesser.

5.

Non-carbonate hardness = Total hardness carbonate hardness

6.

Total hardness = ++ in mg/l

mg/l

7.
8.
9.

10.
11.
12.
13.

50
20

+++ in mg/l

50
12

+3+ in

in mg/l

50
30

in mg/l

50
61

+ in

50

100

14. =

18

( 1)

15. Percentage particle removal:

100

(If < 0 )

16. Chemical used in coagulation: Alum (Aluminium sulphate),

Copperas (Ferrous sulphate), Chlorinated copperas, Sodium
aluminates.
17. Al2 (SO4 )3 18H2 O + 3 Ca(HCO3 )2
3CaSO4 +2Al(OH)3+6CO2 +18H2 O
18. Alkalinity requirement =

300
666

/ as 3 per 1/ of Alum

19. Permanent hardness due to alum =

408
666

/ as 3 per

1/ of Alum
20. Sludge production =
21. 2 release =

1
2

264
666

156
666

44

100

100

1+RI

where =

1+0.0044u/F
(1+0.1RI)2
V volume of Aeration tank

32. HRT = =

Rate of sewage flow.

33. Volumetric BOD loading = organic loading =

Mass of BOD applied per day to Aeration tank
volume of aeration tank.

34.

F
M

38. C =
39. (

V Xt
V.Xt
Qw.XR +(QQw )XE .

36. Sludge volume index (SVI) =

QR

QY0

Q Yo

35. =

37.

Xt

30

XRXt

= 106 t
SvI

Xt

Vs Qs + VR QR

40. =
41. =

Qs + QR
1

= {1 ( 1) 0 }
0

0
1

. [{1 ( 1) 0 } ]
0

(10 10 ) + 0 10

42. Primary pollutants: CO, 2 , , hydrocarbons and particulate

matter are primary air pollutants.
43. Secondary pollutants: Ozone, PAN (Peroxy acetyl nitrate),
photochemical mog, Aerosols and mists.
44. < : Sub adiabatic and stable.
45. > : Super adiabatic and unstable
46. =20 log10

where = 20

10

47. =10log =1 10
48. Addition of sound levels:
1

= 10 log10 [1010 + 1010 + + 1010 ]

49. Averaging of Sound Pressure Levels:

/ as 3 per 1/ of Alum

as 3 per 1/ of Alum

22. = ( ) where P is in Watts

56

1+0.0044u

17

+2

where =organic loading kg/ha-m/day

Ammonia nitrogen and organic nitrogen is called Kjedahl nitrogen.

Colour: 5 Hazen units (max), PH: 6.5-8.5, Turbidity: 1 NTU (max),
TDS: 500 mg/l (max), Chloride: 250 mg/l (max), Sulphate: 200 mg/l
(max), Nitrate: 45 mg/l (max), fluoride : 1mg/l (max), Total
alkalinity: 200 mg/l (max), Total hardness: 200 mg/l (max),
Magnesium: 30 mg/l (max), Calcium: 75 mg/l (max), Zinc: 5 mg/l
(max), Iron: 0.3 mg/l (max), Free residual chlorine: 0.2 mg/l (min).
Toxic substances: Cadmium, Cyanide, lead, Mercury, Nickel,
Arsenic, chromium.
E-coli shall not be detectable in any 100 ml sample of drinking
water.
Standard sample of MPN: 10ml, 1 ml and 0.1 ml
MPN/100 ml, by Thomas
=

30. % =
31. % =

24

26. Soda required in softening =Non-carbonate hardness in / as

3 106/100
27. = (1 10 )
28. , = ,20 (1.047)20
29. = 1 (0.794)20 and = 1 (0.630)37

50

Akalinity =
mg/l

, where =average of incremental

56

= 20 log10 { (1020 + 1020 + + 10 20 )}

50. 2 = 1 20 10 ( 2 )
1

Transportation Engineering
2 2

37. : interpolate load for depth from line joining (, log )

1.

2.

= +

3.

= 1 + 2 + 3 , 1 = , 2 = 2 + , 3 = ,

(parabolic camber)

and (2, log 2).

, = 2

2()

= 4/
4.

=+
3

2
2

9.5

40. =

5.

6.

= ( + ) (rotated about inner edge)

(comfort condition)

7.

= 2.7

8.

mountainous terrain.
IRC recommends Spiral as transition curve.

9.

for plain and rolling terrain, =

41. =

for steep and

1.18

1.5

( is rigid plate radius)

( is flexible plate radius)

43. =

2
(2+2)

15. = 2

sin , = (Single lane, < )

30+

or

75

when > (Summit curve for SSD), =

(2+2)

(2+2)

17. = 2

when < (Summit curve for SSD),

when > (Summit curve for OSD), = 1.2

(2+2)

2+2 tan
2+2 tan

, < (valley curve), = 0.75 = 1

1
3 2

) (valley curve comfort condition)

47.

4
()
!

52. =

0.6

100

23. =
1.8

24. Angularity number= 67

100

100( )

, C is weight water in the

cylinder, W is weight of aggregate packed in the cylinder.

25. Penetration test unit is 1/10th mm. Weight used 100 grams.
Temperature 25.

and =

and = +

53. =

55. =

+
+

, =

30. Flow value units 1/4 mm

] and = (1 + )

32. = 0.75 0.4 (single

carriageway)
33. LDF=0.75 for two lanes and 0.60 for three lane and 0.45 for four
lane (dual carriageway)
4

34. = ( ) , where P is in kN

36. 5 =

/2

70
/2
105

1370

2055

1 +2 ++

10

(1+ )(1 )

(1+ )

63. , = 15

6.5
1000

64. Temperature correction = 1% 1

65. Gradient correction = 20% 1% .
66. =
67. =

2
125
0.388 2

where = 6 +

1720

71. =
72. =

2
8
2
127

73. Theoretical cant = +

74. Widening of gauge in cm, =

13(+)2

0.022 +

where B is wheel base in

m, lap of flange in m, =
, h is depth of wheel
flange below rail top level, D dia of wheel in cm.

80

35. 2.5 =

1.5+5

61. = +

th

30

56. Safe speed limit is 85th percentile speed

57. Geometric design is based on 98th percentile speed.
58. Road side facilities are based on 30th highest hourly volume.

70. =

31. = 365 [

or =

68. Turning radius for subsonic aircraft is 120 m and for supersonic it
is 180 m
69. Grade compensation for BG is 0.04%, for MG is 0.03% and for NG
is 0.02% per degree of curve.

, =

(1+) 1

1000

62. = 7 % 300

+ 2+ 3

4 15
1 +2 ++

60. = 280

22. =

75+

26. = 1

(Poisson distribution)

50. = (1 ) and = (1 )

59. 0 =

80

1 +2 +3

(length of tie bar)

49. ( ) =

, < (Summit curve for OSD), = 1.2

when > (valley curve), = 0.75 = 1

19. = 2

54. =

29. =

(below 7 /2 contact

51. = and =

48. () =

whichever is less

= 0.15 = 1.2

28. =

46. = (tie bar area of steel per meter)

0.15 = 1.2

27. =

13. Grade compensation =

21. =

(modulus of subgrade reaction)

42. 1 1 = 2 2

45.

12. Curve resistance = (1 cos )

20. = 2 (

)
2

24

11. = (1 cos ) +

18. =

0.125

pressure is more)

10. = (1 cos ), = / (single lane, > )

16. =

1
4

44. = (expansion joint)

14. =

12(12 )

39. =

38. Radius of relative stiffness = [

75. = 3.28
76. =

3
6

(Transition curve)

(Transition curve)

77. Usually adopted transition curve for railways is cubic parabola.