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Glossary
Cartelan organization created to regulate
the supply of a good
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(Alan, USA Today Reporter, April 30th, After years of drug wars, murders decline in Mexico, USA
Today, http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/04/30/mexico-drug-war-homicides-decline/26574309/)
Murders in Mexico fell for a third straight year in 2014 the most pronounced declines
occurring along the U.S. border a sign the country is slowly stabilizing after gruesome drug
wars. There were 15,649 people murdered in Mexico in 2014, a 13.8% reduction from the previous year and down from a peak of 22,480 in
2011, according to a report set to be released Thursday by the University of San Diego's Justice in Mexico Project. The reductions were steeper
along the U.S.-Mexican border. Five
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(United Nations Asia and Far East Institute, TOOLS FACILITATING THE INVESTIGATION OF ILLICIT DRUG
TRAFFICKING, Group 1 Phase 2, 119TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE: REPORTS OF THE COURSE,
http://www.unafei.or.jp/english/pdf/RS_No59/No59_44RC_Group1_Phase2.pdf
The use
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(Jilian N., former Analyst for the Department of Defense and current owner of and
lawyer at Blake & Wilson Immigraiton Law, Gang and Cartel Violence: A Reason To Grant Political Asylum from Mexico and Central America,
Yale Journal of International Law Vol. 38, http://www.yjil.org/docs/pub/o-38-blake-gang-and-cartel-violence.pdf)
The resulting level of violence
in Mexico and Central America has been extremely high. According to U.S.
military officials, the conflict in Mexico and Central America has come to rival the conflicts in
Iraq and Afghanistan in terms of the scale of violence, spending and weapons.26 The United Nations reports that
the Northern Triangle (El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala) has the highest murder
rate of any region in the world, and very high rates of other forms of violent crime.27 In Mexico, since Calderns
campaign began in 2006, more than 50,000 people have been killed as a result of drug-related violence.28
III. BASIS FOR PROTECTION FROM GANGS AND CARTELS UNDER U.S. LAW The prevalence of gang violence in the region has been
accompanied in recent year by a steadily growing number of asylum applications in the United States.29 These applicants are individuals
who resist gang demands, including young men who resist recruitment, women who are
victims of sexual violence or intimidation, human rights and church activists, those who
resist extortion, lawenforcement agents, gang members forced to join gangs and trying to
leave, and others.30
These individuals
America might claim refugee, non-refoulement, or Convention Against Torture (CAT) protection in the
United States. The international legal definition of refugee is incorporated into United States law, with minor changes, in the Immigration and
Nationality Act (INA), as amended by the Refugee Act of 1980.31 The
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(___) High tech surveillance in the War on Drugs is vital in busting kingpin cartel
leadersallows police officials to study the cartel hierarchy and has been successful
in the past
Esposito, Senior Producer and Investigator at NBC, 2014
Richard, Feb 24th, U.S. Tracked Drug Lord's Cellphones, Leading to Capture, NBC,
http://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/u-s-tracked-drug-lords-cellphones-leadingcapture-n37226
The U.S. has been supplying information from wiretaps to Mexican officials for many
years. But each time they tracked Guzman to a specific location, and told Mexican authorities
were to look, their quarry escaped. In 2012, the U.S. pinpointed Guzmans address in Los
Cabos, only to watch as he eluded capture yet again. Every time he gets away, they tell us, He
got out the back door, one American official told reporters at the time. The official said that
Americans involved in the manhunt had started to joke that there was no word in Spanish for
surround. But high-tech surveillance soon put them back on Guzmans tail. As U.S. and
Mexican authorities arrested various members of the Sinaloa cartel, which controls drug
trafficking throughout much of Western Mexico, they were able to use each defendants cell
phone to lead them deeper into the cartel hierarchy, and closer to Guzman. By February, said
officials, they were tracking four or five cellphones used by close associates. And by then
Guzman had become "complacent," according to former senior DEA official Mike Vigil. "Once
you become complacent, you become vulnerable," said Vigil. Mexican authorities had also
uncovered a key piece of evidence. Earlier this month, a Sinaloa courier told them during
questioning that Guzman had a series of safe houses in Culiacan with secret steel doors
connected to tunnels and to the city sewer system. With the help of U.S. electronic
surveillance, the Marines were able to determine which of the seven houses Guzman was
using as a hideout, and raided the house on Monday, Feb. 17.
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(___) War on Drugs surveillance is crucial to solve the drug trade domestic
surveillance equipment allows officials to catch on to the cartels latest strategies
and adapt
Andrews, JD from Rogers Williams University School of Law, 2012
T. Michael, JD from Roger Williams University School of Law, Assistant Professor at the
University of Maryland, The Border Challenge: An Insider's Guide to Stopping Drugs at
America's Borders, pg. 48-49
Drug traffickers often alter both the method and timing of their operations in response to
border interdiction activities, so interdiction requires constant vigilance in checking people,
equipment and commerce along the border as well a layered defense. Mobile and fixed
checkpoints on US highways near the Southwest border play complementary roles in a layered
defense against the triple threats of drug smuggling, illegal immigration, and terrorist activities.
Through the use of internal checkpoints, persons who are not checked immediately at the border
can be checked further down the line. In fiscal year 2004, 74 percent of the cocaine seized
nationally by the US Border Patrol was seized at internal checkpoints." In addition to a layered
defense on land, continued deployment of aerial surveillance is needed. Aerial surveillance
includes cameras along border positions and unmanned aerial surveillance aircraft and
drones, as depicted in Photo 5.1. Despite tireless interdiction efforts along the Southwest
border, massive amounts of drugs are still smuggled each year through legitimate crossing
points. Criminal organizations, especially drug traffickers, have exploited the huge volume
of passenger and commercial traffic that enters the United States via Mexican airports and
maritime ports. Consequently, the vast major-ity of interdictions are the result of "cold hits"
which is enforcement jargon for drug detections that were not cued by prior intelligence. One of
the most effective methods of detecting illegal drug trafficked through legitimate ports of entry
(POE) is deployment of K-9 Units. According to one estimate, 60 percent of all drug seizures at
POE result from canine detections.-6
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( ) No other agency can fill in for the NSAs role it is a vital supplier of data to all
other major agencies like the FBI, CIA, and DEA
Kayyali, JD from UC Hastings, 2014
Naddia, May 20th, JD from UC Hastings, Serves on the board of the National Lawyers Guild
S.F. Bay Area, How the NSA is Transforming Law Enforcement, Electronic Frontier
Foundation, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2014/05/how-nsa-transforming-law-enforcement
And its not just the FBI that we should be concerned about. The NSAs role in ordinary
investigations is not new information. But every document that expands on the NSAs
involvement in anything domestic, and not national security related, should ring alarm bells for
everyone in the United States. We know now that: The NSA data is fed to the Drug
Enforcement Agencys Special Operations Division. The DEA in turn uses this information
in ordinary investigations, while cloaking the source even from judges and prosecutors. The
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court authorized the NSA to share unminimized data
with the FBI, as well as the CIA, with the Raw Take order. Prior to this agencies [had] to
'minimize' private information about Americans deleting data that is irrelevant for intelligence
purposes before providing it to others. Information sharing between the FBI, NSA, and CIA
has been routinized through software which would automatically gather a list of tasked PRISM
selectors every two weeks to provide to the FBI and CIA. (slide31.jpg). Similarly, the NSA
sends operational PRISM news and guidance to the FBI and CIA so that their analysts
could task the PRISM system properly, be aware of outages and changes, and optimize
their use of PRISM. And, most recently, we learned that the NSA partners with the DEA
to record nearly all cell phone calls in the Bahamas but not for national security purposes.
This surveillance helps to locate international narcotics traffickers and special-interest
alien smugglerstraditional law-enforcement concerns, but a far cry from derailing
terror plots or intercepting weapons of mass destruction. In fact, a 2004 memo discusses the
NSAs integral role in the war on drugs.
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( ) Dream Act policy enhances the best forms of surveillance it streamlines the
search for criminal illegal immigrants and repeat offenders while creating a
pathway to citizenship for others
Goodwin, National Affairs Reporter, 2011
Liz, June 28th, Napolitano defends ICE immigration memo,
http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/lookout/napolitano-defends-ice-immigration-memo162814031.html
Napolitano testified before the Senate Judiciary committee to push for the passage of the
Dream Act, a 10-year-old bill that would allow young people who were brought into the country
by their parents as children to become citizens if they join the military or go to college. The bill
passed the House but died in the Senate last December. Grassley and GOP Texas Sen. John
Cornyn questioned Napolitano closely over a new memo released by ICE chief John
Morton, which emphasizes that the government's priority is to deport dangerous criminals.
The memo also tells ICE agents to take "particular care and consideration" when illegal
immigrants are veterans, elderly, ill, have been in the country for a long time, or are victims of
crimes. Immigration experts say the memo just re-states ICE's previously articulated priorities,
but immigration hawks and ICE's union leaders have derided the memo as "backdoor amnesty."
"I think he could not be more wrong." Napolitano said of union leader Chris Crane who
criticized ICE's policies as amnesty. "And I don't know where he gets his information, but the
enforcement record of this administration is unparalleled. We have enforced the law. We
have improved the removal of criminal aliens, and we have removed more people from the
country and we've been criticized for that. But it's our belief that enforcement of immigration law
is very important." The Obama administration deported a record-breaking 392,000 illegal
immigrants in fiscal year 2010, half of them with no criminal records. (Over-staying a visa is
considered a civil offense, while crossing the border into the United States without papers is a
misdemeanor crime.) Napolitano also said that ICE is working on developing a system to
"allow us to identify as early as possible people who are caught up in the removal system
who in the end do not fit our removal priorities." A Department of Homeland Security official
told The Lookout Napolitano is referring to their efforts to create a "a streamlined process to
identify individuals who have been entered into removal proceedings and do not match
ICE's removal priorities." It would help ICE focus on removing "criminal aliens, repeat
immigration violators, fugitives and recent illegal border crossers," the official said.
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( ) Drug cartels do not help the Mexican economythey plunged Mexico further
into crises during the recession and scare off legitimate sources of economic growth
Emmott, Senior Correspondent for Reuters, 2009
Robin, April 3rd, Drug war hits Mexican economy in crisis,
http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/04/03/us-mexico-drugs-economy-analysisidUSTRE5325PG20090403
"The issue of security has effected economic growth in Mexico," Finance Minister Agustin
Carstens said recently. "If we could resolve this issue it could give the economy an extra
shine of at least 1 percent," he said. Central bank Governor Guillermo Ortiz blamed the
peso's fall to a 16-year low against the dollar last month on investor alarm even as the Mexican
and U.S. governments and international economists insist Mexico is far from becoming a failed
state. "Evidently the insecurity has had an impact on investors' behavior," Ortiz told a
recent banking conference. Mexico's government says the economy will shrink 2.8 percent
this year, tumbling into recession on a sharp drop in U.S. demand for Mexican exports.
Many economists say the slump could be even more dramatic. The turf war between
Mexican drug cartels has become the biggest test facing President Felipe Calderon, a strongwilled conservative who took power in late 2006. U.S. President Barack Obama will visit
Mexico this month, and is sending high-tech gear and hundreds more agents to the border to
fight the smuggling of drugs, weapons and cash. In Mexico's border states, where violence has
been the most intense, business people say that on top of a collapse in exports to the United
States and falling domestic sales, some are forced to pay protection money to gangs. "They
demand that you pay into a bank account or they'll kill you," said a bar owner in the northern
city of Monterrey who gave his name only as Emmanuel. "Aside from the fear, it's an
economic blow, its like paying taxes twice." Others say some foreign firms are putting off
investments as they see Mexico as too unsafe.
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