Barack Obama

12/12/2016
BarackObamaWikipediabahasaIndonesia,ensiklopediabebas
BarackObama
DariWikipediabahasaIndonesia,ensiklopediabebas
"Obama"beralihkehalamanini.Untukkegunaanlain,lihatObama(disambiguasi).
UntukayahPresidenObama,ekonomKenya,lihatBarackObama,Sr.
BarackHusseinObamaII(
i
/brkhusenobm/lahir4Agustus1961
umur55tahun)adalahPresidenAmerikaSerikatke
44yangsaatinisedangmenjabat.Iamerupakanorang
AfrikaAmerikapertamayangmenempatijabatan
tersebut.
BarackObama
LahirdiHonolulu,Hawaii,Obamamerupakanlulusan
UniversitasColumbiadanHarvardLawSchool,
tempatiamenjadipresidenHarvardLawReview.Ia
dulunyaseorangpenggerakmasyarakatdiChicago
sebelummendapatgelarhukumnya.Iabekerja
sebagaijaksahakhaksipildiChicagodanmengajar
hukumkonstitusidiUniversityofChicagoLaw
Schoolsejak1992sampai2004.Iatigakalimewakili
Distrikke13diSenatIllinoismulaitahun1997
hingga2004,namuntidaklolosketahapDewan
PerwakilanRakyatAmerikaSerikattahun2000.
Padatahun2004,Obamamendapatperhatiannasional
saatberkampanyemewakiliIllionisdiSenatAmerika
Serikatmelaluikemenangannyapadapemilu
pendahuluanPartaiDemokratbulanMaret,pidatonya
diKonvensiNasionalDemokratbulanJuli,dan
pemilihannyasebagaiSenatpadabulanNovember.Ia
memulaikampanyepresidennyatahun2007,danpada
tahun2008,setelahkampanyependahuluanmelawan
HillaryRodhamClinton,Obamamemenangkan
mayoritassuaradelegasidalampemilupendahuluan
partaiDemokratuntukdijadikancalonpresiden.Ia
kemudianmengalahkancalondariPartaiRepublik
JohnMcCaindalampemilihanumumpresidentahun
2008,dandilantiksebagaipresidenpadatanggal20
Januari2009.Sembilanbulankemudian,Obama
dinyatakansebagaipemenangHadiahNobel
Perdamaian2009.Iaterpilihlagisebagaipresiden
padaNovember2012,mengalahkanMittRomneydari
PartaiRepublik,dandilantikuntukkeduakalinya
padatanggal20Januari2013.[4]
Padamasajabatanpertamanya,Obamamengesahkan
undangundangstimulusekonomisebagaitanggapan
terhadapresesi20072009diAmerikaSerikatdalam
bentukAmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentActof
2009danTaxRelief,UnemploymentInsurance
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama
PresidenAmerikaSerikatke44
Petahana
Mulaimenjabat
20Januari2009
WakilPresiden JoeBiden
Didahuluioleh GeorgeW.Bush
SenatorAmerikaSerikat
dariIllinois
Masajabatan
3Januari200516November2008
Didahuluioleh PeterFitzgerald
Digantikanoleh RolandBurris
AnggotaSenatIllinois
dariDistrikke13
Masajabatan
8Januari19974November2004
Didahuluioleh AlicePalmer
Digantikanoleh KwameRaoul
Informasipribadi
Lahir
BarackHusseinObamaII
4Agustus1961 [1]
Honolulu,Hawaii,A.S. [2]
Partaipolitik
Demokrat
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12/12/2016
Reauthorization,andJobCreationActof2010.
Inisiatifbesardalamnegerilainnyapadamasa
pemerintahannyaadalahPatientProtectionand
AffordableCareActDoddFrankWallStreet
ReformandConsumerProtectionActDon'tAsk,
Don'tTellRepealActof2010BudgetControlActof
2011danAmericanTaxpayerReliefActof2012.Di
bidangkebijakanluarnegeri,Obamamengakhiri
keterlibatanmiliterA.S.dalamPerangIrak,
menambahjumlahtentaradiAfganistan,
menandatanganiperjanjianpengendaliansenjataNew
STARTbersamaRusia,memerintahkanintervensi
militerA.S.diLibya,danmelaksanakanoperasi
militeryangberujungpadakematianOsamabin
Laden.Padabulanmei2012,iamenjadipresidenA.S.
pertamayangmendukungpengesahanpernikahan
sesamajenissecaraterbuka.
Suami/istri
MichelleRobinson (3Oktober1992
sekarang)
Anak
Malia (l.1998)
Sasha (l.2001)
Tempattinggal WhiteHouse (Resmi)

Chicago,Illinois (Pribadi)
Almamater
OccidentalCollege
UniversitasColumbia (B.A.)
HarvardLawSchool (J.D.)
Profesi
Pengacara
Profesorhukumkonstitusi
Penggerakmasyarakat
Penulis
Agama
Kristen[3]
Penghargaan
HadiahNobelPerdamaian
Tandatangan
Daftarisi
Mediasosial
1 Kehidupanawaldankarier
1.1 PenggerakmasyarakatChicagodan
HarvardLawSchool
1.2 UniversityofChicagoLawSchool
danjaksahaksipil
2 Karierlegislatif:19972008
2.1 Senatornegarabagian:19972004
2.2 KampanyeSenatA.S.
2.3 SenatorA.S.:20052008
2.3.1 Undangundang
Situsweb
www.barackobama.com(http://w
ww.barackobama.com/)
Artikeliniadalahbagiandariseri
tentang
BarackObama
LatarbelakangSenatIllinoisSenatAS
PosisipolitikCitrapublikKeluarga
Pendahuluan2008KampanyeObamaBiden
TransisiPelantikanke1
SejarahpemilihanumumKepresidenan
(Gariswaktu'09'10'11'12'13)
100haripertamaHadiahNobelPerdamaian
KampanyekeduaPelantikanke2
2.3.2 Komite
3 Kampanyepresiden
3.1 Kampanyepresiden2008
3.2 Kampanyepresiden2012
4 Pemerintahan
4.1 Hariharipertama
4.2 Kebijakandalamnegeri
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4.2 Kebijakandalamnegeri
4.2.1 Kebijakanekonomi
4.2.2 Reformasilayanan
kesehatan
4.2.3 KebocoranminyakTeluk
Meksiko
4.2.4 Pengendaliansenjataapi
4.3 Pemilihanpertengahan2010
4.4 Kebijakanluarnegeri
4.4.1 PerangIrak
4.4.2 PerangdiAfghanistan
4.4.3 Israel
4.4.4 PerangdiLibya
4.4.5 OsamabinLaden
5 Citrabudayadanpolitik
6 Keluargadankehidupanpribadi
6.1 Pandanganagama
7 Catatankaki
8 Referensi
9 Bacaanlanjutan
10 Pranalaluar
10.1 Resmi
10.2 Lainnya
Kehidupanawaldankarier
Obamalahirpadatanggal4Agustus1961diKapiolaniMaternity&GynecologicalHospital(sekarang
KapiolaniMedicalCenterforWomenandChildren)diHonolulu,Hawaii,[2][5][6]danmenjadiPresiden
pertamayanglahirdiHawaii.[7]Ibunya,StanleyAnnDunham,lahirdiWichita,Kansas,danmerupakan
keturunanbangsaInggris.[8]Ayahnya,BarackObama,Sr.,adalahseoranganggotasukuLuodari
NyangomaKogelo,Kenya.OrangtuaObamabertemupadatahun1960dikelasbahasaRusiadi
UniversityofHawaiiatMnoa,tempatayahnyakuliahsebagaipenerimabeasiswaasing.[9][10]
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UniversityofHawaiiatMnoa,tempatayahnyakuliahsebagaipenerimabeasiswaasing.[9][10]
KeduanyamenikahdiWailuku,Maui,padatanggal2Februari1961,[11][12]danterpisahketikaibu
ObamapindahbersamaputranyayangbarulahirkeSeattle,Washington,padaakhirAgustus1961agar
bisaberkuliahdiUniversityofWashingtonselamasatutahun.Sementaraitu,Obama,Sr.menyelesaikan
programS1ekonominyadiHawaiipadaJuni1962,kemudianmengikutiprogramS2diHarvard
Universitydenganbeasiswa.OrangtuaObamaberceraipadabulanMaret1964.[13]ObamaSr.pulang
keKenyatahun1964,lalumenikahkembaliiahanyasekalimenjengukBarackdiHawaii,yaitupada
tahun1971.[14]Iameninggalduniaakibatkecelakaanlalulintastahun1982.[15]
Padatahun1963,DunhambertemuLoloSoetoro,seorangmahasiswaEastWestCenterasalIndonesia
yangmengambilprogramS2dalambidanggeografidiUniversityofHawaii.Merekamenikahdi
Molokaipadatanggal15Maret1965.[16]SetelahduatahunperpanjanganvisaJ1nya,Lolopulangke
Indonesiatahun1966,diikutiistridanputratirinya16bulankemudianpadatahun1967.Mereka
awalnyamenetapdiMentengDalam,Tebet,JakartaSelatan,kemudianpindahkepermukimanelitdi
Menteng,JakartaPusat,padatahun1970.[17]Sejakusia6sampai10tahun,Obamabersekolahdi
SekolahKatolikSt.FransiskusdariAssisiselamaduatahundanSekolahDasarBesukiselamasatu
setengahtahun,ditambahpendidikanrumahandenganbantuanCalvertSchool.[18]
Obamabersamaseparuhadiknya,Maya
SoetoroNg,ibunya,AnnDunhamdan
kakeknya,StanleyDunham,diHonolulu,
Hawaii
kankerovariumdankankerrahim.[22]
Padatahun1971,ObamakembalikeHonoluluuntuktinggal
bersamaorangtuaibunya,MadelyndanStanleyDunham,
dandenganbantuanbeasiswaiamengenyampendidikandi
PunahouSchool,sebuahsekolahpersiapanperguruantinggi,
mulaikelaslimasampailulustahun1979.[19]Obamatinggal
denganibudanadiknyadiHawaiiselamatigatahunmulai
1972sampai1975,sementaraibunyamenjalaniprogramS2
antropologidiUniversityofHawaii.[20]Ibudanadiknya
pulangkeIndonesiatahun1975untukmelaksanakankerja
lapanganantropologi,sementaraObamamemilihuntuk
tetaptinggaldiHawaiibersamakakekneneknyaagarbisa
bersekolahdiPunahou.[21]Ibunyamenghabiskanhampir
duadasawarsadiIndonesia,berceraidenganLolotahun
1980danmendapatkangelarPhDtahun1992,sebelum
meninggalduniatahun1995diHawaiipascapengobatan
Tentangmasakecilnya,Obamamengingatkembali,"Bahwaayahkutidaksepertiorangorangdi
sekitarkuiahitambagaikanter,ibukuputihbagaikansusunyaristidakterpikirkanolehku."[10]Ia
menjelaskanperjuangannyasebagaisosokpemudadewasayanginginmenyatukanberbagaisudut
pandangsosialterhadapwarisanmultirasialnya.[23]MerenungkanmasakecilnyadiHonolulu,Obama
menulis:"KesempatanyangHawaiitawarkanuntukmenyaksikanberbagaimacambudayadengan
suasanayangsalingmenghargaimenjadibagiantakterpisahkandaripandanganduniaku,sekaligus
menjadidasarnilainilaiyangakupegangerat."[24]Obamajugamenulisdanberbicaratentang
pemakaianalkohol,ganja,dankokainsaatiamasihmudauntuk"menyingkirkanpertanyaansiapaaku
daripikiransaya".[25]Obamasempatmenjadianggota"choomgang",sebuahkelompokpertemanan
yangmenghabiskanwaktubersamasamadanseringmenghirupmarijuana.[26][27]PadaacaraCivil
ForumonthePresidencytahun2008,Obamamenyatakanpenyesalannyakarenapernahmengonsumsi
obatobatanterlarangsaatSMA.[28]
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SetelahSMA,ObamapindahkeLosAngelestahun1979untukmenuntutilmudiOccidentalCollege.
PadabulanFebruari1981,iaberpidatodihadapanpublikuntukpertamakalinya,memintaOccidental
melakukandivestasidariAfrikaSelatansebagairesponterhadapkebijakanapartheiddisana.[29]Pada
pertengahan1981,ObamaberkunjungkeIndonesiauntukmenemuiibudanadiknya,Maya,kemudian
menemuikeluargatemantemankuliahnyadiPakistandanIndiaselamatigaminggu.[29]Kemudianpada
1981,iapindahkeColumbiaUniversitydiNewYorkCitydanmendapatkangelardalamilmupolitik
dengankekhususanhubunganinternasional[30]danlulusdengangelarBachelorofArtspadatahun
1983.IabekerjaselamasatutahundiBusinessInternationalCorporation,[31]kemudiandiNewYork
PublicInterestResearchGroup.[32][33]
PenggerakmasyarakatChicagodanHarvardLawSchool
Duatahunsetelahlulus,ObamabekerjasebagaidirekturDevelopingCommunitiesProject(DCP),
sebuahorganisasimasyarakatberbasisgerejayangawalnyaterdiridari8parokiKatoliRoseland,West
Pullman,danRiverdalediSouthSide,Chicago.Iabekerjadisanasebagaipenggerakmasyarakatpada
bulanJuni1985sampaiMei1988.[33][34]Iamembantumembuatprogrampelatihankerja,program
tutorialpersiapanmasukperguruantinggi,danorganisasihakhakpenyewadiAltgeldGardens.[35]
ObamajugabekerjasebagaikonsultandaninstrukturuntukGamalielFoundation,sebuahinstitut
penggerakmasyarakat.[36]Padapertengahan1988,untukpertamakalinyaiaberkunjungkeEropa
selamatigaminggu,lalulimaminggudiKenyauntukbertemudengansaudarasaudaraayahnya.[37][38]
IakembaliberkunjungkeKenyapadatahun1992bersamatunangannya,Michelle,danadiknya,
Auma.[37][39]ObamadatanglagikeKenyapadaAgustus2006untukmengunjungitempatkelahiran
ayahnya,yaitusebuahdesadekatKisumudipedesaanbaratKenya.[40]
Padaakhir1988,ObamamasukHarvardLawSchool.IaterpilihsebagaieditorHarvardLawReview
padaakhirtahunpertamanya,[41]danpresidenjurnalpadatahunkedua.[35][42]Sepanjangmusimpanas,
iapulangkeChicago,lalubekerjasebagaijaksadifirmahukumSidleyAustintahun1989danHopkins
&Suttertahun1990.[43]SetelahlulusdengangelarJ.D.secaramagnacumlaude[44]dariHarvartahun
1991,iapulangkeChicago.[41]PemilihanObamasebagaipresidenHarvardLawReviewberkulithitam
pertamamenjadiperhatianmedianasional[35][42]danberujungpadaditandatanganinyakontrak
penerbitanbukukaryaObamatentanghubunganantarras,[45]yangberubahmenjadimemoarpribadi.
BukukaryaObamatersebutditerbitkanpadapertengahan1995denganjudulDreamsfromMy
Father.[45]
UniversityofChicagoLawSchooldanjaksahaksipil
Padatahun1991,ObamamenjabatsebagaiDosenTamuHukumdanPemerintahandiUniversityof
ChicagoLawSchoolselamaduatahunsambilmenyelesaikanbukupertamanya.[45][46]Iakemudian
mengajardiUniversityofChicagoLawSchoolselama12tahun(sebagaiDosenpada1992sampai1996
danDosenSeniorpada1996sampai2004),mengajarkanhukumkonstitusi.[47]
MulaibulanAprilsampaiOktober1992,ObamamemimpinProjectVotediIllinois,yaitukampanye
registrasipemilihdengansepuluhstafdan700pendaftarsukarelaproyekiniberhasilmendaftarkan
150.000dari400.000wargaAfrikaAmerikatakterdaftardinegarabagianIllinoissampaisampai
Crain'sChicagoBusinessmemasukkanObamadalamdaftar"40underForty"padatahun1993.[48]
Tahun1993,iabergabungdenganDavis,Miner,Barnhill&Galland,sebuahfirmahukum13jaksayang
bergerakdibidanglitigasihakhaksipildanpembangunanekonomimasyarakat.Obamamenjadijaksa
pembantudisanapadatahun1993sampai1996,kemudianofcounseltahun1996sampai2004.Lisensi
hukumnyatidakaktiflagipadatahun2007.[49][50]
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hukumnyatidakaktiflagipadatahun2007.[49][50]
Sejak1994hingga2002,ObamamenjabatsebagaianggotadewandirekturWoodsFundofChicago,
yangpada1985menjadiyayasanpertamayangmendanaiDevelopingCommunitiesProjectdandewan
direkturJoyceFoundation.[33]IamenjabatsebagaianggotadewandirekturChicagoAnnenberg
Challengemulaitahun1995sampai2002,kemudiansebagaipresidenpendiridanketuadewandirektur
mulaitahun1995sampai1999.[33]
Karierlegislatif:19972008
Senatornegarabagian:19972004
ObamaterpilihsebagaianggotaSenatIllinoispadatahun1996,menggantikanAlicePalmersebagai
SenatordariDistrikke13IllinoisyangpadawaktuitumencakuppermukimanSouthSideChicagodari
HydeParkKenwoodkeselatanhinggaSouthShoredanbarathinggaChicagoLawn.[51]Setelah
terpilih,Obamamendapatdukungandarikeduapartaiuntukundangundangreformasihukumetikadan
pelayanankesehatan.[52]Iamemperkenalkanhukumpenambahankreditpajakuntukpekerja
berpenghasilanrendah,menegosiasikanreformasikesejahteraan,danmempromosikanpeningkatan
subsidiperawatananak.[53]Tahun2001,selakuketuabersamaJointCommitteeonAdministrative
Rules,Obamamendukungperaturanpinjamanupahdanpemberianpinjamangadaipredatorusulan
GubernurRyandariPartaiRepublikyangbertujuanmenghindaripenyitaanrumah.[54]
ObamaterpilihkembalisebagaiSenatorIllinoispadatahun1998,mengalahkanYesseYehudahdari
PartaiRepublik,laluterpilihlagipadatahun2002.[55]Tahun2000,iakalahdalampemilupendahuluan
Demokratuntukdistrikkongreske1IllinoisdiDewanPerwakilanRakyatAmerikaSerikat.Pemilu
tersebutdimenangkanolehpetahanaBobbyRushyangsudahmenjabatempatkalidenganmarginsuara
duabandingsatu.[56]
PadaJanuari2003,ObamamenjadiketuaKomitePelayananKesehatandanMasyarakatSenatIllinois
setelahDemokratmerebutkembalisuaramayoritaspascamenjadiminoritasselamasatudasawarsa.[57]
Iamemperkenalkandanmemimpinpengesahanundangundangdwipartaiyangmengawasipemrofilan
rasdenganmemintapolisimencatatraspengemudiyangmerekatahan,sertaundangundangyang
menjadikanIllinoisnegarabagianpertamayangmewajibkaninterogasipelakupembunuhan
direkam.[53][58]SelamakampanyepemiluSenatA.S.2004,perwakilanpolisimemujiObamaatas
keterlibatanaktifnyabersamaorganisasipolisidenganmenerapkanreformasihukumanmati.[59]Obama
mengundurkandiridariSenatIllinoispadabulannovember2004setelahterpilihmenjadianggotaSenat
AmerikaSerikat.[60]
KampanyeSenatA.S.
BulanMei2002,ObamamengadakanpemungutansuarauntukmenilaiprospeknyapadapemiluSenat
A.S.2004iamembuatpanitiakampanye,menggalangdana,danbekerjasamadengankonsultanmedia
politikDavidAxelrodpadaAgustus2002.ObamasecararesmimencalonkandiripadabulanJanuari
2003.[61]
ObamaadalahsalahseorangpenentangpertamainvasiIrak2003yangdicanangkanolehpemerintahan
GeorgeW.Bush.[62]Padatanggal2Oktober2002,saatPresidenBushdanKongresmenyetujuiresolusi
bersamayangmengizinkandilancarkannyaPerangIrak,[63]ObamamengadakankampanyeantiPerang
IrakpertamadiChicagodanberpidatodisana.[64][65]Ia
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IrakpertamadiChicagodanberpidatodisana.[64][65]Ia
mengadakankampanyeantiperanglainnyapadabulan
Maret2003danberkatabahwa"belumterlambat"untuk
menghentikanperang.[66]
KeputusanpetahanadariPartaiRepublikPeterFitzgerald
danpendahulunyadariPartaiDemokratCarolMoseley
Braununtuktidakberpartisipasidalampemilihanumum
berujungpadapersainganpemilihanpendahluanDemokrat
danRepubliksecaraterbukayangmelibatkan15orang
kandidat.[67]PadapemilihanpendahuluanMaret2004,
Obamamenangdenganselisihyangtidakdidugaduga
yangmenjadikannyabintangsatumalamdiPartaiDemokrat
nasional,sehinggamemunculkanspekulasitentangmasa
depannyasebagaipresidensertapenerbitanulang
memoarnya,DreamsfromMyFather.[68]PadaJuli2004,
ObamamenyampaikanpidatonyadiKonvensiNasional
Demokrat2004[69]yangditontonoleh9,1jutaorang.
Pidatonyadisambuthangatdanmenaikkanstatusnyadi
PartaiDemokrat.[70]
CalonpesaingObamapadapemilihanumum,yaitu
pemenangpemilihanpendahuluandariPartaiRepublikJack
Ryan,keluarpadabulanJuni2004.[71]Enamminggu
kemudian,AlanKeyesmenerimapencalonanRepublik
untukmenggantikanRyan.[72]Padapemilihanumum
November2004,Obamamemenangkan70persensuara.[73]
HasilpemiluSenatA.S.2004tingkat
countydiIllinois.Countyberwarnabiru
dimenangkanolehObama.
SenatorA.S.:20052008
Obamadisumpahsebagaiseorangsenatorpadatanggal3
Januari2005,[74]danmenjadisatusatunyaanggotaSenat
dariCongressionalBlackCaucus.[75]CQWeekly
menyebutnyasebagaiseorang"Demokratsetia"berdasarkan
analisisseluruhsuaraSenattahun20052007.Pada13
November2008,Obamamengumumkanakan
mengundurkandiridarijabatanSenatnyaterhitung16
November2008,sebelumdimulainyasesilameduck,untuk
berfokuspadamasatransisinyasebagaipresiden.[76]
Undangundang
PotretresmiObamasebagaianggotaSenat
AmerikaSerikat
ObamaturutmensponsoriSecureAmericaandOrderly
ImmigrationAct.[77]Iamemperkenalkanduainisiatifyang
diberinamadirinya:LugarObama,yangmemperluas
konseppenguranganrisikobersamaNunnLugarmenjadi
senjataapikonvensional[78]danFederalFunding
AccountabilityandTransparencyActof2006,yang
mengizinkanpembuatanUSAspending.gov,mesinpencari
anggaranfederaldiInternet.[79]Tanggal3Juni2008,
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SenatorObamabersamaSenatorTomCarper,TomCoburn,danJohnMcCainmemperkenalkan
RUUkelanjutannya,yaituStrengtheningTransparencyandAccountabilityinFederalSpendingActof
2008.[80]
ObamamensponsoriRUUyangmewajibkanpemilikPLTNmemberitahukebocoranradioaktifkepada
otoritasnegarabagiandanwilayahsetempat,namungagaldisahkansecarabulatsetelahdiubahbesar
besaranolehkomite.[81]Mengenaireformasikerugian,ObamamemberisuaranyauntukClassAction
FairnessActof2005danFISAAmendmentsActof2008,yangmemberikanimunitaskewajibansipil
kepadaperusahaanperusahaantelekomunikasiyangmematuhioperasipenyadapantanpasuratperintah
NSA.[82]
ObamadanSen.A.S.RichardLugar(R
IN)mengunjungisebuahfasilitas
perombakanrudalbergerakdiRusia
(Agustus2005). [83]
PadabulanDesember2006,PresidenBushmengesahkan
UndangUndangPemulihan,Keamanan,danPengenalan
DemokrasiRepublikDemokratikKongo,yangmenandai
UUfederalpertamayangdisahkandandisponsori
Obama.[84]BulanJanuari2007,ObamadanSenator
Feingoldmemperkenalkanperaturanjetperusahaandalam
HonestLeadershipandOpenGovernmentActyang
disahkanbulanSeptember2007.[85]Obamajuga
memperkenalkanDeceptivePracticesandVoter
IntimidationPreventionAct,sebuahRUUyang
mengkriminalisasipraktikpenipuandalampemilihanumum
federal,[86]danIraqWarDeEscalationActof2007.[87]
Tidaksatupunyangdisahkan.
Kemudianpadatahun2007,Obamamemperkenalkan
amendementerhadapDefenseAuthorizationActyangyang
berisitentangpenambahanperlindunganbagipensiunanmiliteryangmenderitagangguan
kepribadian.[88]AmanddemeninidisahkanSenatdengansuarabulatpadamusimsemi2008.[89]Ia
memperkenalkanpulaIranSanctionsEnablingActyangmendukungdivestasidanapensiunnegaradari
industriminyakdangasIran,yangtidakdisahkankomitesertamensponsoribersamaUUpengurangan
risikoterorismenuklir.[90]ObamajugamensponsoriamendemenSenatterhadapStateChildren'sHealth
InsuranceProgramyangmemberikanperlindungankerjaselamasatutahununtukparaanggotakeluarga
yangmerawattentaratentaraterlukaakibatpertempuran.[91]
Komite
ObamamengembantugasdiKomiteSenatuntukHubunganLuarNegeri,LingkungandanPekerjaan
UmumdanUrusanVeteransepanjangDesember2006.[92]PadaJanuari2007,iakeluardarikomite
LingkungandanPekerjaanUmumdanmelaksanakantugastambahandiKomiteKesehatan,Pendidikan,
Buruh,danPensiundanKeamananDalamNegeridanUrusanPemerintahan.[93]IajugamenjadiKetua
subkomiteSenatuntukUrusanEropa.[94]SelakuanggotaKomiteHubunganLuarNegeriSenat,Obama
melakukanserangkaiankunjunganresmikeEropaTimur,TimurTengah,AsiaTengah,danAfrika.Ia
bertemudenganMahmoudAbbassebelummenjadiPresidenOtoritasNasionalPalestinadanberpidato
diUniversitasNairobisambilmengutukkorupsiditubuhpemerintahanKenya.[95]
Kampanyepresiden
Kampanyepresiden2008
8/51
12/12/2016
Padatanggal10Februari2007,Obamamenyatakan
pencalonannyasebagaiPresidenAmerikaSerikatdidepan
gedungOldStateCapitoldiSpringfield,Illinois.[96][97]
Pemilihantempatpengumumanitudianggapsimbolis
karenadisituAbrahamLincolnmenyampaikanpidato
bersejarahnyayangberjudul"HouseDivided"tahun
1858.[96][98]ObamamenekankanisupengakhiranPerang
Iraksecepatmungkin,meningkatkankebebasanenergi,dan
menyediakanlayanankesehatanuniversal,[99]dalam
kampanyeyangmengusungtema"harapan"dan
"perubahan".[100]
Banyakkandidatyangikutbertarungdalampemilihan
pendahuluanpresidenPartaiDemokrat.Persainganbesarini
berakhirdenganduelantaraObamadanSenatorHillary
RodhamClintondanberlangsungketatsepanjangproses
pemilihanpendahuluan.Akantetapi,Obamatetapunggul
dalamjumlahdelegasikarenaperencanaanjangkapanjang
yangbaik,penggalangandanakelasatas,dominasidi
negaranegarabagiankaukus,sertapemanfaatanperaturan
alokasidelegasiyangsangatrapi.[101]Pada7Juni2008,
Clintonmengakhirikampanyenyadanmendukung
Obama.[102]
Tanggal23Agustus,Obamamengumumkanpenunjukan
SenatorDelawareJoeBidensebagaipasangankampanye
sekaliguscalonwakilpresidennya.[103]Bidendipilihdari
sejumlahcalonyangmeliputimantanGubernurIndianadan
SenatorEvanBayhdanGubernurVirginiaTimKaine.[104]
PadaKonvensiNasionalDemokrat2008diDenver,
Colorado,HillaryClintonmemintaparapendukungnya
memilihObamadaniasertaBilClintonmenyampaikan
pidatodukunganuntukObama.[105]Obamamenyampaikan
pidatopenerimaanpencalonannya,bukanditengaharena
KonvensiNasionalDemokrat,tetapidiInvescoFieldatMile
Highdihadapansekitar75.000orangpidatotersebut
ditontonolehlebihdari38jutaorangdiseluruh
dunia.[106][107]
SenatorBarackObamadiAustin,Texas,
2007.
Obamaberdiridipanggungbersamaistri
danputrinyasesaatsebelummenyatakan
pencalonannyasebagaipresidendi
Springfield,Illinois,10Februari2007
PresidenGeorgeW.Bushbertemu
Selamaprosespemilihanpendahuluandanpemilihanumum,
PresidenterpilihObamadiOvalOffice
kampanyeObamamencetaksejumlahrekorpenggalangan
padatanggal10November2008
dana,terutamadalamjumlahsumbangankecil.[108]Pada19
Juni2008,Obamamenjadikandidatpresidenpartaibesar
pertamayangmenolakpendanaanpublikdalampemilusejaksistemtersebutdicetuskantahun1976.[109]
JohnMcCaindicalonkansebagaikandidatdariPartaiRepublikdankeduanyamengikutitigadebat
presidenpadabulanSeptemberdanOktober2008.[110]Tanggal4November,Obamamemenangkan
pemiludengan365suaraelektoraldibandingkandengan173suarayangdiperolehMcCain.[111]Obama
memenangkan52,9%suararakyatdibandingkandengan45,7%yangditerimaMcCain.[112]Iamenjadi9/51
12/12/2016
memenangkan52,9%suararakyatdibandingkandengan45,7%yangditerimaMcCain.[112]Iamenjadi
orangAfrikaAmerikapertamayangmendudukijabatanpresiden.[113]Obamamenyampaikanpidato
kemenangannyadihadapanratusanribupendukungnyadiGrantPark,Chicago.[114]
Kampanyepresiden2012
Padatanggal4
April2011,
Obama
mengumumkan
kampanye
pemilihannya
kembaliuntuk
pemilu2012
dalamsebuah
videoberjudul
MittRomneydanPresidenObama
EmpireStateBuildingdibanjiricahaya
"ItBeginswith
bersalamandiOvalOfficetanggal29
birusetelahCNNmenyatakanObama
Us"disitus
November2012,setelahpertemuan
sebagaipemenangpemilu2012jika
webnyadan
pertamamerekasejakpemilihankembali
Romneymenangcahayanyaberwarna
mengirimberkas
PresidenObama.
merah. [115]
pemiluke
FederalElection
[116][117][118]
Commission.
Sebagaipresidenpetahana,iasecaravirtualtidakpunyasainganpada
pemilihanpendahuluanpresidenPartaiDemokrat,[119]danpada3April2012,Obamaberhasilmendapat
dukungandari2778delegasikonvensiyangdibutuhkanuntukmemenangkanpencalonanDemokrat.[120]
PadaKonvensiNasionalDemokrat2012diCharlotte,NorthCarolina,mantanPresidenBillClinton
secararesmimencalonkanObamadanJoeBidensebagaikandidatdariPartaiDemokratuntukmenjadi
presidendanwakilpresidenpadapemilihanumummendatang,melawanMittRomney,mantangubernur
Massachusetts,danAnggotaDPRPaulRyandariWisconsindariPartaiRepublik.[121]
Padatanggal6November2012,Obamamemeroleh332suaraelektoral,melebihibatasminimal270
yangdibutuhkanagarbisaterpilihlagisebagaipresiden.[122][123][124]Dengan51%suararakyat,Obama
menjadipresidenDemokratpertamasejakFranklinD.Rooseveltyangduakalimendapatkanmayoritas
suararakyat.[125][126]PresidenObamaberpidatodihadapanparapendukungdanrelawannyadi
McCormickPlace,Chicago,setelahpemilihannyakembalidanberkata:"Malaminikalianmemilih
tindakan,bukanpolitiksepertibiasanya.Kalianmemilihkamiuntukberfokuspadapekerjaankalian,
bukankami.Dandalambeberapaminggudanbulanselanjutnya,sayaberusahamenghubungidan
bekerjasamadenganparapemimpindarikeduapartai."[127]
Pemerintahan
Hariharipertama
PelantikanBarackObamasebagaiPresidenke44dilaksanakanpadatanggal20Januari2009.Padahari
haripertamanyamenjabat,Obamamengeluarkansejumlahperintaheksekutifdanmemorandum
presidenyangditujukanpadamiliterA.S.untukmenyusunrencanapenarikantentaradariIrak.[128]Ia
memerintahkanpenutupankamppenahananTelukGuantanamo,[129]tetapiKongresmencegahnya
denganmenolakpencairandanayangdiperlukan.[130][131][132]Obamamengurangitingkatkerahasiaan
[133]
catatanpresiden.
Iajugamencabutpenerapankembali
10/51
12/12/2016
catatanpresiden.[133]Iajugamencabutpenerapankembali
MexicoCityPolicyeraPresidenRonaldReaganoleh
PresidenGeorgeW.Bushyangmelarangbantuanfederal
untukorganisasiperencanaankeluargainternasionalyang
melakukanataumemberibantuankonselingtentang
aborsi.[134]
Kebijakandalamnegeri
Rancanganundangundangpertamayangdisahkanoleh
BarackObamamengambilsumpahjabatan
ObamaadalahLillyLedbetterFairPayActof2009yang
dibantuKetuaHakimJohnG.Roberts,Jr.
memperlonggarpersyaratanbatasantuntutanhukumupah
[135]
ditheCapitol,20Januari2009
setara.
Limaharikemudian,iamenandatangani
perizinankembaliStateChildren'sHealthInsurance
Program(SCHIP)untukmengasuransikansekitar4jutaanak.[136]PadabulanMaret2009,Obama
menghapuskebijakaneraBushyangmembatasipendanaanpenelitianselbatangembrionikdanberjanji
membuat"panduanketat"mengenaipenelitiantersebut.[137]
Obamamenyampaikanpidatosidang
gabunganKongresbersamaWakilPresiden
JoeBidendanKetuaDPRNancyPelosi
padatanggal24Februari2009
ObamamenunjukduawanitauntukmenjabatdiMahkamah
Agungpadaduatahunpertamamasapemerintahannya.
SoniaSotomayor,yangdicalonkanObamatanggal26Mei
2009untukmenggantikanHakimPembantuDavidSouter,
resmimenjabatpada6Agustus2009[138]danmenjadi
HakimMahkamahAgungHispanikpertama.[139]Elena
Kagan,yangdicalonkanObamatanggal10Mei2010untuk
menggantikanHakimPembantuJohnPaulStevens,resmi
menjabatpada5Agustus2010sehinggauntukpertama
kalinyasepanjangsejarahAmerikaSerikatpejabatwanitadi
MahkamahAgungberjumlahtigaorang.[140]
Padatanggal30September2009,pemerintahanObama
mengusulkanperaturanbarukhususpembangkitlistrik,
pabrik,danpenyulinganminyakuntukmembatasiemisigasrumahkacadanmemperlambatpemanasan
global.[141][142]
Tanggal8Oktober2009,ObamamenandatanganiMatthewShepardandJamesByrd,Jr.HateCrimes
PreventionAct,sebuahperaturanyangmemperluashukumkebencianfederalAmerikaSerikat1969
agarmencakupjugakejahatanyangdilakukankarenajeniskelamin,orientasiseksual,identitasgender,
ataukecacatankorbanbaikyangdipersepsikanmaupunyangbenarbenardialami.[143][144]
Pada30Maret2010,ObamamenandatanganiHealthCareandEducationReconciliationAct,sebuah
rancanganundangundangrekonsiliasiyangmengakhiriprosespemberiansubsidiolehpemerintah
federalkepadabankbankswastauntukmenghapuspinjamanyangdijaminpemerintah,menambah
pemberianbeasiswaPellGrant,danmengubahPatientProtectionandAffordableCareAct.[145][146]
PadapidatokebijakanantariksabulanApril2010,Obamamengumumkanrencanaperubahanarahdi
NASA,badanantariksaAmerikaSerikat.Iamengakhirirencanapeluncurankembalipenerbangan
antariksamanusiakeBulandanpengembanganroketAresI,AresVdanprogramConstellation,agar
bisamendanaiproyekproyekilmuBumi,jenisroketbaru,danpenelitiandanpengembanganmisi
berawakkeMars,sertamisiyangsedangberlangsungkeStasiunLuarAngkasaInternasional.[147]
11/51
12/12/2016
Tanggal22Desember2010,ObamamengesahkanDon't
Ask,Don'tTellRepealActof2010yangmemenuhijanji
kampanyepresidenObamapadatahun2008[148][149]untuk
mengakhirikebijakanDon'task,don'ttelltahun1993yang
mencegahkaumgaydanlesbianberdinassecarabebasdi
AngkatanBersenjataAmerikaSerikat.[150]
2011StateoftheUnionAddressyangdisampaikanPresiden
Obamaberfokuspadapendidikandaninovasi,menekankan
pentingnyaekonomiinovasisupayaAmerikaSerikat
ObamabersidangdenganKabinetnya,23
semakinbersaingdipanggungdunia.Iamembicarakan
November2009.
kebuntuanpengeluarandalamnegeriselamalimatahun,
penghapusanpengecualianpajakbagiperusahaanminyak
danmembatalkanpotonganpajakbagiorangorangkayaA.S.,melarangearmark,danmengurangibiaya
layanankesehatan.IaberjanjibahwaAmerikaSerikatakanmempunyaisatujugakendaraanlistrikpada
tahun2015dan80%nyaakanbergantungpadalistrik"bersih".[151][152]
SelakukandidatsenatorIllinois,Obamapernahberkatapadatahun1996bahwaiainginmelegalisasi
pernikahansesamajenis[153]namunsaatberkampanyeuntukmenjadisenatorA.S.tahun2004,ia
menyatakanmeskiiamendukungpersatuansipildanhubunganserumahuntukkaumpenyukasesama
jenis,karenaalasanstrategisiamenentangpernikahansesamajenis.[154]Padatanggal9Mei2012,
sesaatsetelahpeluncuranresmikampanyenyauntukpemilihankembalisebagaipresiiden,Obama
mengatakanpandangannyatelahberubahdaniasecaraterbukamendukunglegalisasipernikahansesama
jenis.IamenjadipresidenmenjabatA.S.pertamayangmelakukanhaltersebut.[155][156]
Kebijakanekonomi
Padatanggal7Februari2009,Obamamengesahkan
AmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentActof2009,sebuah
paketstimulusekonomisenilai$787miliaruntukmembantu
pemulihanekonomiakibatmemburuknyaresesiglobal.[157]
Undangundanginimencakuppeningkatanpengeluaran
pemerintahuntuklayanankesehatan,infrastruktur,
pendidikan,berbagaipengecualiandaninsentifpajak,dan
bantuanlangsungindividu,[158]yangdilaksanakandalam
kurunbeberapatahun.
Putarmedia
Obamamenyampaikanpidatomingguan
pertamanyasebagaiPresidenAmerika
Serikatpada24Januari2009yang
membahasAmericanRecoveryand
ReinvestmentActof2009
PadabulanMaret,MenteriKeuanganObama,Timothy
Geithner,mengambilsejumlahkeputusanuntukmenangani
krisiskeuangan,termasukmemperkenalkanPublicPrivate
InvestmentProgramforLegacyAssetsyangberisiperaturan
bataspembelianasetrealestatterbengkalaisampai
$2triliun.[159]Obamamengintervensiindustriotomotif
bermasalah[160]padaMaret2009,memperbaruipinjamanuntukGeneralMotorsdanChryslersupaya
terusberoperasisambilmelakukanreorganisasi.Padabulanbulanselanjutnya,GedungPutih
menetapkanpersyaratanuntukkebangkrutanyangdialamikeduaperusahaantersebut,termasuk
penjualanChryslerkepabrikmobilItaliaFiat[161]danreorganisasiGMyangmemberikanpemerintah
A.S.sahamsementarasebesar60%diperusahaantersebutdan12%untukpemerintahKanada.[162]
12/51
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BulanJuni2009,tidakpuasdengankemajuanstimulusekonomi,Obamamemintakabinetnya
mempercepatinvestasi.[163]IamengesahkanCarAllowanceRebateSystem,dikenaldengansebutan
"CashforClunkers",yangberhasilmempercepatekonomiuntuksementara.[164][165][166]
MeskijaminanpengeluarandanpinjamandariFederalReservedanDepartemenKeuanganyang
diizinkanpemerintahanBushdanObamasenilai$11,5triliun,hanya$3triliunyangdikeluarkanpada
akhirNovember2009.[167]Akantetapi,ObamadanCongressionalBudgetOfficememperkirakan
bahwadefisitanggaran2010akanmencapai$1,5triliunatau10,6%dariprodukdomestikbruto
AmerikaSerikatdibandingkandengandefisitsebesar$1,4triliunatau9,9%dariPDBpadatahun
2009.[168][169]Untuktahun2011,pemerintahanObamamemperkirakandefisitakansedikitturun
hingga$1,34triliun,sementaradefisit10tahunakannaikhingga$8,53triliunatau90%dariPDB.[170]
KenaikanbatasutangA.S.terbarusebesar$16,4triliundisahkanpadatanggal26Januari2012.[171]
Padatanggal2Agustus2011,setelahKongrespanjanglebarmembicarakanperlunyamenaikkanbatas
utangAmerikaSerikat,ObamamengesahkanRUUdwipartaiBudgetControlActof2011.UUini
memberlakukanbatasanpengeluaranrahasiasampai2021,menetapkanprosedurpenaikanbatasutang,
membentukCongressionalJointSelectCommitteeonDeficitReductionuntukmerencanakan
pengurangandefisitlebihlanjutdengantujuanmencapaipenghematananggaransebesar$1,5triliun
dalamkurun10tahun,danmenetapkanprosedurotomatisuntukmengurangipengeluaransampai
$1,2triliunjikaUUyangberawaldengankomitegabunganpilihanbarutersebutgagalmencapai
penghematanyangditetapkan.[172]DenganmengesahkanUUini,Kongresmampumencegahgagal
bayarobligasiolehpemerintahA.S..[173]
Seperti2008,tingkat
penganggurannaikpada
tahun2009danmencapai
puncaknyapadabulan
Oktoberdilevel10,0%dan
ratarata10,0%padakuartal
keempat.Setelahmenurun
hingga9,7%padakuartal
pertama2010,tingkat
pengangguranturunsampai
9,6%padakuartalkeduadan
tetapstabilsampaiakhir
tahun.[176]AntaraFebruari
danDesember2010,jumlah
lapangankerjanaik0,8%,
Statistiklapangankerja(perubahantingkatpenganggurandanlapangankerja
kurangdariratarata1,9%
perbulan)selamamasapemerintahanObama[174][175]
padamasamasa
perbandingandalamempat
[177]
pemulihanlapangankerjasebelumnya.
PerNovember2012,tingkatpengangguranturunhingga
[178]
7,7%.
PertumbuhanPDBkembalinaikpadakuartalketiga2009hingga1,6%,diikutipeningkatan
sebesar5,0%padakuartalkeempat.[179]Pertumbuhanberlanjutpadatahun2010denganpeningkatan
sebesar3,7%padakuartalpertamadengansedikitperbedaanhinggaakhirtahun.[179]PadaJuli2010,
FederalReservemenyatakanbahwameskiaktivitasekonomiterusmeningkat,kemajuannyamelambat,
danKetuaFederalReserveBenBernankemengatakanbahwamasadepanekonomi"malahtidak
jelas."[180]Secarakeseluruhan,ekonominasionalmengalamikenaikansebesar2,9%padatahun
2010.[181]
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CongressionalBudgetOfficedansejumlahekonommemujirencanastimulusObamauntuk
pertumbuhanekonomi.[182][183]CBOmerilislaporanyangmenyatakanRUUstimulusinimenaikkan
jumlahlapangankerjahingga12,1jutaorang,[183][184][185][186]sambilmengakuibahwa"Mustahil
mengetahuiberapabanyaklapangankerjayangterciptajikapaketstimulustidakada."[182]Meskidalam
surveianggotaNationalAssociationforBusinessEconomicsbulanApril2010menunjukkankenaikan
jumlahlapangankerja(terhadapsurveiyangsamapadabulanJanuari)untukpertamakalinyadalamdua
tahun,73%dari68respondenpercayabahwaRUUstimulustersebuttidakberdampakapapunterhadap
lapangankerja.[187]
Satubulansetelahpemilupertengahan2010,ObamamengumumkanpersetujuandenganfraksiRepulik
diKongresberupaperpanjangansementaranilaipajakpenghasilan2001dan2003selamaduatahun,
penguranganpajakgajiselamasatutahun,kelanjutantunjanganpengangguran,danjumlahnilaidan
pengecualianbaruuntukpajakproperti.[188]Persetujuaniniditentangolehsejumlahpihakdarikedua
kubupartaidanTaxRelief,UnemploymentInsuranceReauthorization,andJobCreationActof2010
senilai$858miliardisetujuidengansuaramayoritasdikeduapartaisebelumdisahkanObamapada17
Desember2010.[189]
Reformasilayanankesehatan
ObamamemintaKongresmengesahkanUUyang
mereformasilayanankesehatandiAmerikaSerikat,salah
satujanjikampanyedantujuanlegislatifutamanya.[190]Ia
merencanakanperluasancakupanasuransikesehatanhingga
orangorangyangbelumterasuransikan,membatasi
kenaikanpremi,danmengizinkanmasyarakatmemeroleh
kembalijaminanmerekasaatkeluarataugantipekerjaan.
Rencananyaadalahmenganggarkan$900miliarselama10
tahundanmembuatrencanaasuransipemerintahyang
disebutopsipublikuntukbersaingdengansektorasuransi
ObamamenandatanganiPatientProtection
perusahaansebagaikomponenutamamenekanbiayadan
andAffordableCareActdiGedungPutih,
memperbaikikualitaslayanankesehatan.Pengasuransijuga
23Maret2010
dilarangmenolakorangsakitataupunmenolak
mengasuransikanmerekaataskondisitidakjelas,dan
mewajibkansetiapwargaAmerikaSerikatmemilikiasuransikesehatan.Rencanainijugameliputi
pemotonganpengeluarankesehatandanpembebananpajakkepadaperusahaanperusahaanasuransi
yangmenawarkanrencanaasuransiyangmahal.[191][192]
Tanggal14Juli2009,fraksiDemokratdiDPRmemperkenalkanrencana1.017halamanuntuk
merombaksistemlayanankesehatanA.S.yangObamaharapkandisetujuiKongrespadaakhir2009.[190]
Setelahbanyakdibicarakanmasyarakatketikaresesmusimpanas2009,Obamamenyampaikanpidatodi
sidanggabunganKongrespadatanggal9Septemberyangberisikekhawatirannyatentangrencana
tersebut.[193]PadaMaret2009,Obamamencabutlaranganpemakaiandanafederaluntukpenelitiansel
batang.[194]
Tanggal7November2009,sebuahRUUlayanankesehatanyangberisiopsipublikdisetujuioleh
DPR.[195][196]Tanggal24Desember2009,SenatmenyetujuiRUUnyasendiritanpaopsipublik
dengansuarapartai6039.[197]Tanggal21Maret2010,PatientProtectionandAffordableCareAct
yangdisetujuiSenatpadabulanDesemberdisetujuiolehDPRdengansuara219banding212.[198]
ObamamengesahkanRUUinipadatanggal23Maret2010.[199]
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PatientProtectionandAffordableCareActberisi
peraturankesehatanyangharusdilaksanakandalam
kurunempattahun,termasukperluasancakupan
Medicaidhinggaorangorangberpendapatan133%
daritingkatkemiskinanfederal(FPL)terhitung
tahun2014,[200]menyubsidipremiuntukorang
orangberpendapatan400%dariFPL($88.000untuk
keluargaempatorangpadatahun2010)sehingga
pembayaran"diluarkantung"maksimaluntukpremi
tahunanakannaikdari2menjadi9,5%dari
pendapatanmereka,[201][202]memberikaninsentif
untukpengusahaagarmenyediakantunjangan
layanankesehatan,melarangpenolakanasuransidan
PremiSampinganMaksimumdalambentuk
penolakanklaimberdasarkankondisiyangsudah
PersentasePendapatanKeluargadantingkat
ada,membentukpertukaranasuransikesehatan,
kemiskinanfederalsesuaiPatientProtectionand
melarangbatasasuransitahunan,danmendukung
AffordableCareAct,berlakutahun2014.(Sumber:
penelitianmedis.MenurutlaporanGedungPutihdan
CRS)
CongressionalBudgetOffice,pangsamaksimum
pendapatanyangharusdibayarkanpelanggan
asuransiakanbervariasitergantungpendapatanmerekayangrelatifterhadaptingkatkemiskinan
federal.[201][203]
Biayapelaksanaanperaturaniniditutupiolehpajak,retribusi,danpenghematanbiaya,sepertipajak
Medicarebaruuntukorangorangberpendapatantinggi,pajakjemurdalamruangan,pemotongan
anggaranprogramMedicareAdvantageuntukdialihkankeMedicarebiasa,danpembebanantarifuntuk
peralatanmedisdanperusahaanobatobatan[204]adapulapenaltipajakuntukorangorangyangtidak
memilikiasuransikesehatan,kecualimerekadikecualikanakibatpendapatanrendahataualasan
lain.[205]PadaMaret2010,CongressionalBudgetOfficememperkirakanbahwadampakbersihdari
keduahukumtersebutberupapengurangandefisitfederalsebesar$143miliarpadaperiodedasawarsa
pertama.[206]
Hukuminidisambutsejumlahtuntutanhukumyangkebanyakandidasarkanpadapendapatbahwa
keputusanseseorangyangmewajibkanwargaAmerikaSerikatmembeliasuransikesehatanbersifat
tidakkonstitusional.Padatanggal28Juni2012,MahkamahAgungmemutuskandengansuara54di
sidangNationalFederationofIndependentBusinessv.SebeliusbahwaCommerceClausetidak
mengizinkanpemerintahmewajibkanmasyarakatmembeliasuransikesehatan,tetapikeputusantersebut
bersifatkonstitusionalsesuaiperizinanperpajakanKongresAmerikaSerikat.[207]
KebocoranminyakTelukMeksiko
Pada20April2010,sebuahledakanmenghancurkaninstalasipengeboranlepaspantaidiProspek
MacondodiTelukMeksikodanmengakibatkankebocoranminyakluarbiasa.Operatorpengeboran
lepaspantaiini,BP,melaksanakanrencanapembendungandanpembersihandanmulaimengebordua
sumurpembantuuntukmenghentikanalirantersebut.ObamamengunjungikawasanTelukMeksiko
padatanggal2Mei,28Mei,dan4Junibersamasejumlahanggotakabinetnya.Tanggal22Mei,ia
menyatakandimulainyainvestigasifederaldanmembentukkomisidwipartaiuntukmerekomendasikan
standarkeselamatanbarusetelahdilakukantinjauanolehMenteriDalamNegeriKenSalazardansidang
Kongres.Tanggal27Mei,iamengumumkanmoratoriumizindansewapengeboranlautdalambaru
selama6bulansambilmenungguhasiltinjauanperaturan.[208]SetelahberbagaiupayaBPgagal,
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sejumlahpihakdimediadanpublikmengungkapkanketidakjelasansekaliguskritikatasberagamaspek
kecelakaanini,sertamenginginkanObamadanpemerintahfederalterlibatlebihjauhdalam
penanganannya.[209]
Pengendaliansenjataapi
Padatanggal16Januari2013,satubulansetelahpenembakanSekolahDasarSandyHook,Presiden
Obamamengusulkanserangkaianrencanapengendaliansenjataapisecaracepat,memintaKongres
mengesahkankembalilarangansenjataapi"bergayamiliter"sepertiyangdipakaidibeberapakasus
penembakanmassalterakhir,menerapkanpembatasanmagasinpelurumenjadi10butir,melaksanakan
pemeriksaanlatarbelakangsemuapembelisenjataapi,melarangkepemilikandanpenjualanpeluru
tembusrompiantipeluru,menerapkanhukumanberatbagipenyelundupsenjata,khususnyapenjualtak
berlisensiyangmembelisenjataapiuntukpelakukriminaldanmenyetujuipenunjukankepalabadan
federalBureauofAlcohol,Tobacco,FirearmsandExplosivesuntukpertamakalinyasejak2006.[210]
Pemilihanpertengahan2010
Obamamenyebutpemilu2November2010yangberakhirdenganPartaiDemokratkehilangan63kursi
yangdidudukinyasekaliguskendalimayoritasdiDPR[211]sebagaihalyang"memalukan"dan
"merugikan".[212]IamengatakanhasilnyasepertiitukarenabelumbanyakwargaAmerikaSerikatyang
sudahmerasakandampakpemulihanekonomi.[213]
Kebijakanluarnegeri
PadabulanFebruaridanMaret,WakilPresidenJoeBidendanMenteriLuarNegeriHillaryRodham
Clintonmelakukanserangkaianperjalananterpisahkeluarnegeriuntukmengumumkan"erabaru"
dalamhubunganluarnegeriA.S.denganRusiadanEropa.Merekamemakaikata"break"dan"reset"
untukmenyebutperubahanbesardarikebijakanerapemerintahansebelumnya.[214]Obamaberusaha
berkomunikasidenganparapemimpinArabdenganmengadakanwawancarapertamanyadengan
jaringantelevisiArab,AlArabiya.[215]
Tanggal19Maret,ObamamelanjutkanpendekatannyadenganumatMuslimdenganmerilisvideo
ucapanSelamatTahunBaruuntukrakyatdanpemerintahIran.[216]Upayainitidakdigubrisoleh
pemerintahIran.[217]PadabulanApril,ObamaberpidatodiAnkara,Turki,dandisambuthangatoleh
sejumlahpemerintahdikawasanArab.[218]Tanggal4Juni2009,Obamamenyampikanpidatodi
UniversitasKairo,Mesir,yangberisitentangdimulainya"awalbaru"dalamhubunganantaradunia
IslamdanAmerikaSerikatdanmempromosikanperdamaiandiTimurTengah.[219]
Tanggal26Juni2009,menanggapitindakanpemerintahIranterhadappengunjukrasapascapemilu
presidenIran2009,Obamamengatakan,"Kekerasanyangdilakukanterhadapmerekasangatbiadab.
Kamimengetahuinyadankamimengutuknya."[220]Tanggal7Juli,saatdiMoskwa,iamenjawab
komentarWakilPresidenBidententangkemungkinanseranganmiliterIsraelkeIran,"Kamitelah
berkatalangsungkepadapemerintahIsraelbahwapentingsekaliuntukmencobadanmenyelesaikan
masalahinisecarabersamasamasehinggatidakmenciptakankonflikbesardiTimurTengah."[221]
Tanggal24September2009,ObamamenjadipresidenmenjabatA.S.pertamayangmenghadiri
pertemuanDewanKeamananPerserikatanBangsaBangsa.[222]
16/51
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Padabulan
Maret2010,
Obama
menentang
secaraterbuka
rencana
pemerintahan
PerdanaMenteri
IsraelBenjamin
Netanyahu
untukterus
melaksanakan
proyek
perumahan
Yahudidi
permukiman
permukiman
Arabdi
Yerusalem
Timur.[223][224]
Padabulanitu
juga,Obama
membuat
Obamamenyampaikanpidatoberjudul"A
perjanjian
NewBeginning"diUniversitasKairopada
dengan
tanggal4Juni2009
pemerintahan
PresidenRusia
DmitryMedvedevuntukmenggantiPerjanjianPengurangan
SenjataStrategis1991denganpaktabaruyangmengurangi
jumlahsenjatanuklirjarakjauhmerekasebesarsepertiga
daritotalpersediaannya.[225]PerjanjianNewSTART
tersebutditandatanganiolehObamadanMedvedevpada
April2010dandisahkanolehSenatA.S.bulanDesember
2010.[226]
Tanggal6Desember2011,iamenginstruksikansemua
badanpemerintahanmempertimbangkanhakhakLGBT
saatmengeluarkanbantuankeuangankenegaraasing.[227]
ObamadanPresidenMeksikoFelipe
Caldern,2009
ObamadanPresidenArgentinaCristina
FernndezdeKirchner,2011.
ObamabertemuPerdanaMenteriBritania
RayaDavidCameronpadapertemuanG
20Toronto2010
PerangIrak
Padatanggal27Februari2009,ObamamengumumanbahwaoperasipertempurandiIrakakanberakhir
dalam18bulan.PernyataannyaditujukankepadasekelompokMariniryanghendakditempatkandi
Afghanistan.Obamamengatakan,"Sayakatakandenganjelas:pada31Agustus2010,misipertempuran
kitadiIrakakanberakhir."[228]PemerintahanObamamemperkirakanpenarikanpasukantempurakan
rampungpadaAgustus2010,mengurangijumlahtentaradari142.000orangmenjadisatupasukan
transisiberkekuatan50.000orangdiIraksampaiakhir2011.Pada19Agustus2010,brigadetempurAS
terakhirkeluardariIrak.Tentarayangtersisadialihkandarioperasipertempurankekontraterorisme
danpelatihan,perlengkapan,danpendidikanpasukankeamananIrak.[229][230]Tanggal31Agustus
2010,ObamamenyatakanbahwamisitempurAmerikaSerikatdiIraktelahberakhir.[231]Tanggal21 17/51
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2010,ObamamenyatakanbahwamisitempurAmerikaSerikatdiIraktelahberakhir.[231]Tanggal21
Oktober2011,PresidenObamamengumumkanbahwaseluruhtentaraA.S.akankeluardariIraktepat
padawaktunyasupayabisa"pulangsaatmusimliburan".[232]
PerangdiAfghanistan
Padaawalmasapemerintahannya,ObamaberupayamemperkuatkeberadaanpasukanA.S.di
Afghanistan.[233]IamenyetujuipenambahanjumlahtentaraA.S.menjadi17.000orangpadaFebruari
2009untuk"menstabilkansituasiyangmemburukdiAfghanistan",sebuahdaerahyangkatanyabelum
menerima"perhatian,arahan,dansumberdayastrategisyangmerekasangatperlukan".[234]Ia
menggantikomandanmiliterdiAfghanistan,JenderalDavidD.McKiernan,denganmantankomandan
PasukanKhususLetnanJenderalStanleyA.McChrystalpadaMei2009,menandakanbahwa
pengalamanPasukanKhususMcChrystalbisamembantupenerapantaktiktaktikkontrapenyergapan
dalamperang.[235]Tanggal1Desember2009,Obamamengumumkanpenempatan30.000personel
militertambahandiAfghanistan.[236]Iajugaberencanamulaimenariktentara18bulanterhitungsejak
tanggaltersebut.[237]McChrystaldigantikanolehDavidPetraeuspadabulanJuni2010setelahstaf
McChrystalmengkritikpersonelGedungPutihdalamsebuahartikelmajalah.[238]
Israel
ObamaberkatabahwaAmerikaSerikatdanIsraelmemiliki
hubunganyang"takterpisahkan."[239]Padatahuntahun
pertamapemerintahanObama,AmerikaSerikat
meningkatkankerjasamamiliternyadenganIsrael,termasuk
menambahbantuanmiliter,membentukkembaliU.S.Israeli
JointPoliticalMilitaryGroupdanDefensePolicyAdvisory
Group,sertameningkatkanjumlahkunjunganpetinggi
militerantarkeduanegara.[240]PemerintahanObama
memintaKongresmengalokasikananggaranuntuk
mendanaiprogramKubahBesisebagairesponterhadap
seranganroketPalestinadiIsrael.[241]
ObamabertemudenganPresidenIsrael
ShimonPeres,2009
Padatahun2011,AmerikaSerikatmemvetosebuahresolusi
DewanKeamananPBByangmengutukpembangunanpermukimanIsraeldanhanyaAmerikaSerikat
yangmelakukanaksiini.[242]ObamamendukungsolusiduanegaraterhadapkonflikArabIsraelsesuai
perbatasantahun1967dengancarapertukarantanah.[243]
PerangdiLibya
PadaMaret2011,ketikapasukanyangsetiapadaMuammarGaddafimemerangipihakpemberontakdi
seluruhLibya,permintaandibentuknyazonalaranganterbangdatangdariseluruhdunia,termasuk
Eropa,LigaArab,dansebuahresolusi[244]yangdisahkansecarabulatolehSenatA.S.[245]Menanggapi
pengesahanResolusiDewanKeamananPerserikatanBangsaBangsa1973secarabulatpadatanggal17
Maret,Gaddafiyangsebelumnyaberjanji"tidakadaampun"bagipemberontakBenghazi[246]
mengumumkanpenghentiansemuaaktivitasmiliter,[247]namunsejumlahlaporanmenyebutkanbahwa
pasukannyaterusmembombardirMisrata.keesokanharinya,atasperintahObama,militerA.S.
memainkanperanutamadalamseranganudarauntukmenghancurkankemampuanpertahananudara
pemerintahLibyademimelindungiwargasipildanmenciptakanzonalaranganterbang,[248]termasuk
memakairudalTomahawk,B2Spirit,danjettempur.[249][250][251]Enamharikemudian,padatanggal
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25Maret,denganpersetujuanke28anggotanya,NATOmemimpinupayaintervensiyangdiberinama
OperationUnifiedProtector.[252]SejumlahanggotaDPR[253]mempertanyakanapakahObamapunya
kewenangankonstitusionaluntukmemerintahkanaksimiliterselainbiaya,struktur,dan
dampaknya.[254][255]
OsamabinLaden
BerawaldenganinformasiyangditerimabulanJuli2010,
aktivitasmatamataCIApadabulanbulanselanjutnya
menyimpulkanbahwasebuahbangunanperlindunganbesar
diAbbottabad,kawasanpinggiran35mildariIslamabad,
Pakistan,sebagaitempatbersembunyiOsamabin
Laden.[256]KepalaCIALeonPanettamelaporkanhasil
intelijeninikePresidenObamapadabulanMaret2011.[256]
Bertemudenganpenasihatkeamanannasionalnyaselama
enammingguberikutnya,Obamamenolakrencana
pengebomanbangunantersebutdanmemerintahkan
PresidenBarackObamabersamaanggota
"seranganmendadak"olehSEALAngkatanLautAmerika
timkeamanannasionalnyamendapatkan
Serikat.[256]Operasiinidilaksanakantanggal1Mei2011
beritabarutentangOperasiNeptune's
yangberujungdengankematianOsamabinLadendan
SpeardiWhiteHouseSituationRoom,1
penyitaansejumlahberkas,drivekomputerdanCDdari
Mei2011.Lihatpula:TheSituationRoom
tempatperlindungannya.[257][258]JenazahbinLaden
(foto)
diidentifikasimelaluipengujianDNA[259]dandikuburkan
dilautbeberapajamkemudian.[260]Dalamhitunganmenit
setelahpengumumanPresidendariWashington,DC,pada1Meimalam,munculberbagaiperayaan
spontandiseluruhAmerikaSerikat,termasukkerumunandiluarGedungPutih,GroundZero,dan
TimesSquare.[257][261]Pengumumantersebutdisambutpositifolehseluruhjajaranpartai,termasuk
mantanPresidenBillClintondanGeorgeW.Bush,[262]dansejumlahnegaralaindiseluruhdunia.[263]
Citrabudayadanpolitik
Sejarahkeluarga,popularitas,danpendidikanIvyLeagueObamajauhberbedadibandingkandengan
parapolitikusAfrikaAmerikayangmemulaikariernyadenganikutsertadalamgerakanhakhaksipil
padatahun1960an.[265]Menyatakanketerkejutannyaatassejumlahorangyangmempertanyakan
apakahia"cukuphitam",padapertemuanNationalAssociationofBlackJournalistsbulanAgustus2007
Obamamengatakanbahwa"kitamasihterjebakdalampemikiranbahwajikaAndamenarikperhatian
orangkulitputih,pastiadayangsalah".[266]Obamamengakuicitrapemudanyadalampidatokampanye
bulanOktober2007,"Sayatidakakanberdiridisinijikaoborbelumdiserahkankegenerasiyang
baru."[267]
Obamaseringdijulukisebagaisosokoratoryangkemampuannyatidakdiragukanlagi.[268]Padamasa
transisiprapelantikanhinggamasapemerintahannya,Obamamenyampaikansejumlahpidatomingguan
melaluivideodiInternet.[269]
MenurutsurveitheGallupOrganization,Obamamemulaimasapemerintahannyadenganpersetujuan
rakyatsebesar68%,[270]lalumenurunperlahanhingga41%padaAgustus2010,[271]sebuahtrenyang
jugadialamiRonaldReagandanBillClintonsaatmenjabatpadatahunpertama.[272]Popularitasnya
sempatnaiksedikitsetelahkematianOsamabinLadendanbertahansampaiJuni2011ketika
popularitasnyaanjloklagikelevelsebelumoperasipenyerbuandimulai.[273][274][275]Jajakpendapatdi
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negaralain
menunjukkan
adanya
dukungankuat
untuk
Obama,[276]dan
sebelumterpilih
sebagaiPresiden
iasempat
Obamamengadakanwawancaravirtual
bertemudengan
pertamadariGedungPutihpadatahun
sejumlahtokoh
2012[264]
asingternama
sepertiPerdana
MenteriBritaniaRayaTonyBlair,[277]ketuaPartai
DemokratItaliadanWaliKotaRomaWalterVeltroni,[278]
danPresidenPerancisNicolasSarkozy.[279]
PotretresmipresidenObama(2009)
DalamjajakpendapatHarrisInteractiveuntukFrance24
danInternationalHeraldTribunediEropaBaratdanA.S.
padaFebruari2009,Obamamerupakanpemimpindunia
yangpalingdihormatidanberpengaruh.[280]Dalamjajak
pendapatolehHarrisbulanMei2009,Obamamerupakan
pemimpinduniapalingterkenal,sekaligussosokyang
sangatdiharapkanmasyarakatmampumembawadunia
keluardarikrisisekonomi.[281][282]
ObamamemenangkanGrammyAwarddalamkategoriBest
SpokenWordAlbumuntukversibukusuaraDreamsfrom
MyFatherpadabulanFebruari2006danTheAudacityof
HopepadaFebruari2008.[283]Pidatokonsesinyasetelah
ObamadanparapemimpinG8menonton
kampanyependahuluandiNewHampshirediubahmenjadi
pertandinganBayernMunichvs.Chelsea
lagu"YesWeCan"olehsejumlahartisindependendan
F.C.padafinalUEFAChampionsLeague
ditontonsebanyak10jutakalidiYouTubedalamkurunsatu
bulanMei2012
bulan[284]danmemenangkanDaytimeEmmyAward.[285]
BulanDesember2008,majalahTimemenobatkanObama
sebagaiPersonoftheYearataspencalonandanpemilihannyayangbersejarahyangdigambarkan
sebagai"peraihansuatupencapaianyangtampakmustahil".[286]IalagilagidinobatkansebagaiPerson
oftheYeartahun2012.[287]
Padatanggal9Oktober2009,KomiteNobelNorwegiamengumumkanbahwaObamaadalahpemenang
HadiahNobelPerdamaian2009"atasupayanyayangluarbiasadalammemperkuatdiplomasi
internasionaldankerjasamaantarmasyarakat".[288]ObamamenerimahadiahinidiOslo,Norwegia
tanggal10Desember2009dengan"rasaterimakasihmendalamdankehormatanluarbiasa."[289]
Pemberianhadiahinidisambutberbagaipujiandankritikdarisejumlahpemimpinduniadantokoh
media.[290][291]ObamaadalahpresidenA.S.keempatyangmemenangkanHadiahNobelPerdamaian
danketigayangmemenangkanHadiahNobelsaatsedangmenjabat.
Keluargadankehidupanpribadi
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Dalamsebuahwawancaratahun2006,Obama
menggarisbawahikeragamankeluarganyayangluas:
"RasanyasepertiPerserikatanBangsaBangsaberukuran
mini...SayapunyakerabatyangmiripdenganBernieMac.
SayajugapunyakerabatyangmiripdenganMargaret
Thatcher."[292]Obamamemilikiadikiparyangjuga
dibesarkanbersamadirinya(MayaSoetoroNg,putridari
ibunyadansuamikeduanyayangberasaldariIndonesia)dan
tujuhsaudaraipardarikeluargaayahnyayangberasaldari
Kenyaenamdiantaranyamasihhidup.[293]NenekObama
ObamaberposediGreenRoom,Gedung
daripihakibunya,MadelynDunham,[294]meninggaldunia
Putih,bersamaistrinyaMichelledankedua
padatanggal2November2008,[295]duaharisebelum
putrinyaSashadanMalia,2009
ObamaterpilihmenjadiPresiden.Obamajugamemiliki
hubungankekerabatandenganbangsaIrlandiaiabertemu
sepupunyadiMoneygallpadabulanMei2011.[296]DalambukuDreamsfromMyFather,Obama
mengaitkansejarahkeluargaibunyadengankemungkinannenekmoyangPribumiAmerikadan
hubungankekerabatanjauhdenganJeffersonDavis,PresidenKonfederasiAmerikapadaPerang
SaudaraAmerika.[297]
Obamadipanggil"Barry"saatmasihmuda,kemudianmemintaagardipanggildengannamaaslinya
setelahdudukdibangkuperguruantinggi.[298]SelainbahasaInggris,Obamajugabisamempertuturkan
sedikitbahasaIndonesiasetelahmempelajarinyaselamaempattahunketikabersekolahdi
Jakarta.[299][300]IagemarbermainbasketdanpernahberpartisipasidalamtimbasketSMAnya.[301]Ia
jugasosokyangbertangankidal.[302]
ObamaadalahpendukungChicagoWhiteSoxdania
melakukanlemparanpertamadi2005ALCSsaatmasih
menjabatsebagaisenator.[303]Padatahun2009,ia
melakukanlemparanpertamadi2009MajorLeague
BaseballAllStarGamedenganmengenakanjaketWhite
Sox.[304]IajugamerupakanpenggemarberatChicagoBears
diNFL,namunsaatmasihkecildanremajaiaadalah
penggemarPittsburghSteelers,danberhentimenjelang
kemenanganmerekadiSuperBowlXLIII12harisetelah
menjabatsebagaiPresiden.[305]Padatahun2011,Obama
mengundangtimChicagoBearstahun1985keGedung
PutihtimtersebutbelumpernahmasukGedungPutihsejak
menangdiSuperBowltahun1986akibatbencanaWahana
AntariksaChallenger.[306]
PadabulanJuni1989,ObamabertemuMichelleRobinson
saatbekerjasebagaipengacarapembantudifirmahukum
SidleyAustin,Chicago.[307]Ditugaskansebagaipenasihat
Obamaselamatigabulan,Robinsonbekerjasamadengan
Obamadisejumlahacarasosial,namunmenolakpermintaan
kencanpertamanya.[308]Merekamulaiberkencanpada
Obamamelemparkanbolapada
musimpanas,bertunangantahun1991,danmenikahtanggal
pertandingandilapanganbasketGedung
[309]
3Oktober1992.
Putripertamamereka,MaliaAnn,lahir
Putih,2009
[310]
tanggal4Juli1998,
diikutiputrikedua,Natasha
("Sasha"),padatanggal10Juni2001.[311]KeduaputriObamabersekolahdiUniversityofChicago
21/51
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LaboratorySchools.SetelahpindahkeWashington,D.C.bulanJanuari2009,merekamulaibersekolah
diSidwellFriendsSchool.[312]KeluargaObamamemilikiseekoranjingairPortugalbernamaBoyang
dihadiahkanolehSenatorTedKennedy.[313]
Setelahmembuatpersetujuanpenerbitanbuku,padatahun2005keluargainipindahdarikondominium
diHydePark,Chicagokesebuahrumahsenilai$1,6jutadiKenwood,Chicago.[314]Pembeliantanahdi
sampingnyadanpenjualanseparuhlahannyakeObamaolehistripengembang,donorkampanye,dan
sahabatnyaTonyRezkomenarikperhatianmediasetelahRezkodiadilidanditahanakibattuduhan
korupsipolitikyangtidakadahubungannyadenganObama.[315]
PadabulanDesember2007,MoneymemperkirakankekayaanbersihkeluargaObamasebesar
$1,3juta.[316]Formulirpajakmerekatahun2009mencantumkanpendapatanrumahtanggasenilai
$5,5jutanaikdari$4,2jutatahun2007dan$1,6jutatahun2005yangkebanyakanmerupakanhasil
penjualanbukubukunya.[317][318]Daripendapatannyasebesar$1,7jutapadatahun2010,ia
memberikan14%nyakeorganisasinirlaba,termasuk$131.000keFisherHouseFoundation,badan
amalyangmembantukeluargaveteranterlukadanmengizinkanmerekatinggaldekattempatveteran
tersebutdirawat.[319][320]Dalaminformasikeuangannyayangdilepaskankepubliktahun2012,
kekayaanObamabisamencapai$10juta.[321]
Obamasempatmencobaberhentimerokokbeberapakali,kadangdenganterapipenggantinikotin,dan
padaawal2010MichelleObamamengatakanbahwaiaberhasilberhentimerokok.[322][323]
Pandanganagama
ObamaadalahseorangKristenProtestanyangpandanganagamanyamulaiterbentuksetelahberanjak
dewasa.DiTheAudacityofHope,iamenulisbahwaia"tidakdibesarkandikeluargayangagamis".Ia
menggambarkanibunyayangdibesarkanolehkeluarganonreligius(yangObamasebutsebagai
"MetodisdanBaptistidaktaat")sebagaisosokyangterlepasdariagama,namunjuga"sosokyang
pandanganspiritualnyapalingterbukayangpernahakukenal".Iamenggambarkanayahnyasebagai
"ateismutlak"padasaatorangtuanyabertemu,danayahtirinyasebagai"orangyangmemandangagama
sebagaisesuatuyangtidakterlalubermanfaat."Obamamenjelaskanbagaimanaiamemahami"kekuatan
tradisiagamaAfrikaAmerikadalammenciptakanperubahansosial"setelahbekerjasebagaipenggerak
masyarakatdigerejagerejahitamsaatberusia20tahunan.[324]
DalamsebuahwawancaradenganperiodikevangelisChristianityToday,Obamamenyatakan:"Saya
seorangKristendansayaseorangKristenyangtaat.Sayapercayadenganpenebusandankebangkitan
YesusKristus.Sayapercayabahwaagamamemberikanjalanpembersihandaridosadankehidupan
yangabadi."[325]Padatanggal27September2010,Obamamerilispernyataanyangmengomentari
pandanganagamanya,"AkuKristenkarenapilihan.Keluargakutidaksejujurnya,merekabukanorang
orangyangrajinkegerejasetiapminggu.Danibukuadalahorangpalingspiritualyangpernahaku
kenal,tetapidiatidakmembesarkankudigereja.JadiakumemelukagamaKristensetelahdewasa,dan
inikarenapetunjukYesusKristusberbicarakepadakudalambentukkehidupanyanginginakupimpin
menjadipelindungsaudarasaudaraku,memperlakukanoranglainsebagaimanamereka
memperlakukanku."[326][327]
ObamabertemuTrinityUnitedChurchofChristPdt.JeremiahWrightpadabulanOktober1987dan
menjadianggotaTrinitytahun1992.[328]IakeluardariTrinitybulanMei2008saatkampanyepresiden
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293.^Fornek,Scott(September9,2007)."HalfSiblings:'AComplicatedFamily'"(http://www.webcitation.org/5
msGZ6sKn).ChicagoSunTimes.Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/
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s/cds/special/family_tree.html).ChicagoSunTimes.September9,2007.Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://w
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294.^Fornek,Scott(September9,2007)."MadelynPayneDunham:'ATrailblazer'"(http://www.webcitation.org/
5gm7oJqn9).ChicagoSunTimes.Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/
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295.^"Obama'sgrandmotherdiesafterbattlewithcancer"(http://web.archive.org/web/20081103235343/http://ww
w.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/obama.grandma/index.html).CNN.November3,2008.Archivedfromthe
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DavidHarryMerritt(March2,2007)."ANewTwisttoanIntriguingFamilyHistory"(http://web.archive.or
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027.story).BaltimoreSun.Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politi
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310.^Martin,Jonathan(July4,2008)."Bornonthe4thofJuly"(http://web.archive.org/web/20080710073536/htt
p://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html).Politico.Archivedfrom
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312.^"ObamaschooseprivateSidwellFriendsSchool"(http://web.archive.org/web/20090129194323/http://www.i
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315.^Slevin,Peter(December17,2006)."Obamasaysheregretslanddealwithfundraiser"(http://www.washingt
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0080607025656/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24973282/).AssociatedPress.msnbc.com.Archived
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316.^Harris,Marlys(December7,2007)."Obama'sMoney"(http://web.archive.org/web/20080424113420/http://
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g/5.html)onApril24,2008.RetrievedApril28,2008.
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ingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2007/03/24/AR2007032400305.html).TheWashingtonPost.Retrieved
April28,2008.
317.^Zeleny,Jeff(April17,2008)."BookSalesLiftedObamas'Incomein2007toaTotalof$4.2Million"(htt
p://web.archive.org/web/20080420191354/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html?).
TheNewYorkTimes.Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.ht
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318.^Shear,MichaelD.Hilzenrath,DavidS.(April16,2010)."Obamasreport$5.5millioninincomeon2009
taxreturn"(http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2010/04/15/AR2010041504485.html).The
WashingtonPost.RetrievedDecember22,2010.
319.^Solman,Paul(April18,2011)."HowMuchDidPresidentObamaMakein2010?"(http://www.pbs.org/new
shour/businessdesk/2011/04/howmuchdidpresidentobamam.html).PBSNewsHour.RetrievedJanuary27,
2012.
320.^Solman,Paul(April27,2011)."TheObamasGave$131,000toFisherHouseFoundationin2010WhatIs
It?"(http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2011/04/theobamasgave131000tothefisherhousefoundation
lastyearwhatisit.html).PBSNewsHour.RetrievedJanuary27,2012.
321.^Wolf,Richard(May16,2012)."Obamaworthasmuchas$10million"(http://content.usatoday.com/comm
unities/theoval/post/2012/05/obamaworthasmuchas10million/1).USAToday.RetrievedJune16,2012.
322.Êlsner,Alan(December7,2008).Obamasayshewon'tbesmokinginWhiteHouse"(http://www.reuters.c
om/article/2008/12/07/ususaobamasmokingidUSTRE4B61GF20081207).Reuters.RetrievedFebruary28,
2010.
323.^Zengerle,Patricia(February8,2011)."Yes,hedid:firstladysaysObamaquitsmoking"(http://www.reuter
s.com/article/2011/02/08/usobamasmokingidUSTRE7176EL20110208).Reuters.RetrievedMay9,2011.
324.Ôbama(2006),pp.202208.Portionsexcerptedin:Obama,Barack(October16,2006)."MySpiritual
Journey"(http://web.archive.org/web/20080430051154/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,154
6579,00.html).Time.Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1546579,
00.html)onApril30,2008.RetrievedApril28,2008.
Obama,Barack(June28,2006)."'CalltoRenewal'KeynoteAddress"(http://web.archive.org/web/200
90104231501/http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628call_to_renewal/).BarackObama:U.S.Senator
forIllinois.Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628call_to_renewal/)on
January4,2009.RetrievedJune16,2008.
325.^Pulliam,SarahOlsen,Ted(January23,2008)."Q&A:BarackObama"(http://www.christianitytoday.com/c
t/2008/januarywebonly/10432.0.html?start=2).ChristianityToday.DiaksestanggalJanuary4,2013.
326.Ôbama'ChristianByChoice':PresidentRespondsToQuestioner(http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/
28/obamachristianbychoice_n_742124.html?view=print)byCharlesBabingtonandDarleneSuperville,
AssociatedPress,September28,2010
327.^VideoPresidentObama:"IamaChristianByChoice"(http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2010/09/
presidentobamaiamachristianbychoicethepreceptsofjesusspoketome.html)byABCNews,
September29,2010.
328.^Garrett,MajorObama,Barack(March14,2008)."ObamatalkstoMajorGarretton'Hannity&Colmes'"
(http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/03/obama_talks_to_major_garrett_o.html).RealClearPolitics.
RetrievedNovember10,2012."MajorGarrett,FoxNewscorrespondent:Sothefirstquestion,howlonghave
youbeenamemberingoodstandingofthatchurch?Sen.BarackObama(DIL),presidentialcandidate:You
know,I'vebeenamembersince1991or'92.AndbutIhaveknownTrinityevenbeforethenwhenIwasa
communityorganizerontheSouthSide,helpingsteelworkersfindjobs...Garrett:Asamemberingood
standing,wereyouaregularattendeeofSundayservices?Obama:Youknow,Iwon'tsaythatIwasaperfect
attendee.Iwasregularinspurts,becausetherewastimeswhen,forexample,ourchildhadjustbeenborn,our
firstchild.Andsowedidn'tgoasregularlythen."
AssociatedPress(April29,2008)."Obamadenouncesformerpastor"(http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/
24371827/).MSNBC.com.RetrievedNovember10,2012."IhavebeenamemberofTrinityUnited
ChurchofChristsince1992,andhaveknownReverendWrightfor20years,"Obamasaid."The
personIsawyesterdaywasnotthepersonthatImet20yearsago."
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Miller,Lisa(July11,2008)."Findinghisfaith"(http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/11/
findinghisfaith.html).Newsweek.RetrievedNovember10,2012."HeisnowaChristian,havingbeen
baptizedintheearly1990satTrinityUnitedChurchofChristinChicago."
Remnick,David(2010).TheBridge:TheLifeandRiseofBarackObama.NewYork:AlfredA.
Knopf.p.177(http://books.google.com/books?id=F6HAasv2v4C&pg=PA177).ISBN97814000
43606."InlateOctober1987,histhirdyearasanorganizer,ObamawentwithKellmantoa
conferenceontheblackchurchandsocialjusticeattheHarvardDivinitySchool."
Maraniss(2012),p.557(http://books.google.com/books?id=Wnna9CLtblAC&pg=PT887):Itwould
taketimeforObamatojoinandbecomefullyengagedinWright'schurch,aplacewherehewouldbe
baptizedandmarriedthatwouldnothappenuntillater,duringhissecondtimearoundinChicago,but
theprocessstartedthen,inOctober1987...JerryKellman:"Hewasn'tamemberofthechurchduring
thosefirstthreeyears,buthewasdrawntoit,hewasdrawntoJeremiah."
329.ÂssociatedPress(November17,2008)."Obama'schurchchoicelikelytobescrutinized"(http://www.msnb
c.msn.com/id/27775757/).MSNBC.com.RetrievedJanuary20,2009.
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m/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1908437,00.html).Time.RetrievedDecember14,2009.
Referensi
Jacobs,SallyH.(2011).TheOtherBarack:TheBoldandRecklessLifeofPresidentObama's
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Obama,Barack(1995,2004).DreamsfromMyFather:AStoryofRaceandInheritance.New
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Obama,Barack(2006).TheAudacityofHope:ThoughtsonReclaimingtheAmericanDream.
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Pranalaluar
49/51
12/12/2016
Resmi
PresidenBarackObamadisituswebresmiGedungPutih(http://www.whitehouse.gov/administrat
ion/president_obama/)
SituswebresmikampanyeBarackObama(http://www.barackobama.com/)
Lainnya
Latardanberita(http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/gJQAugUh6W_topic.html)diThe
WashingtonPost
Biografi(http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=o000167)diBiographical
DirectoryoftheUnitedStatesCongress
Catatansuara(http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/members/o000167)dikelolaolehThe
WashingtonPost
Biografi(http://www.votesmart.org/candidate/9490),catatansuara(http://www.votesmart.org/can
didate/keyvotes/9490),danpenilaiankelompokkepentingan(http://www.votesmart.org/candidat
e/evaluations/9490)diProjectVoteSmart
Profilkongrese(http://www.govtrack.us/congress/person.xpd?id=400629)diGovTrack
Posisiisudankutipan(http://www.ontheissues.org/Barack_Obama.htm)diOntheIssues
Informasikeuangan(http://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/summary.php?CID=N00009638)di
OpenSecrets.org
Gaji,perjalanan,dankeuanganpribadistaf(http://www.legistorm.com/member/76/Sen_Barack_O
bama.html)diLegiStorm.com
Laporandandatakeuangankampanye(http://herndon1.sdrdc.com/cgibin/can_detail/S4IL00180)
diFederalElectionCommission
Kontribusikampanye(http://www.followthemoney.org/database/uniquecandidate.phtml?uc=1767
7)diNationalInstituteforMoneyinStatePolitics
Kemunculan(http://www.cspanvideo.org/barackobama)diCSPAN
Kemunculan(http://www.charlierose.com/guest/view/233)diCharlieRose
Kemunculan(http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1682433)diInternetMovieDatabase
Beritadankomentar(http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/o/barack_obama/
index.html)diTheNewYorkTimes
Beritadankomentar(http://topics.wsj.com/person/person/O/barackobama/4328)diTheWall
StreetJournal
Beritadankomentar(http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/barackobama)diTheGuardian
KaryaolehBarackObama(http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccnn94112934)diperpustakaan
(katalogWorldCat)
Collectednewsandcommentary(http://articles.chicagotribune.com/keyword/barackobama)at
theChicagoTribune
Collectednewsandcommentary(http://web.archive.org/web/20081006221648/http://www.spring
fieldma.gov/COS/control_board.0.html)attheAnnenbergPublicPolicyCenter'sFactCheck.org
Collectednewsandcommentary(http://www.politifact.com/personalities/barackobama/)atthe
TampaBayTimes'sPolitiFact.com
Collectednewsandcommentary(http://www.washingtonpost.com/2011/02/25/ABjfuEJ_category.
html?blogId=factchecker&tag=barack%20obama)atTheWashingtonPost'sFactCheckerblog
Diperolehdari"https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barack_Obama&oldid=12029133"
Kategori: Oranghidupberusia55 Tanggalkelahiran4Agustus Kelahiran1961
ArtikelWikipediayangmemerlukanpemutakhiransejakJuly2012
SemuaartikelWikipediayangmemerlukanpemutakhiran ACdenganelemen16
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PresidenAmerikaSerikat BarackObama PersonoftheYear AfrikaAmerika

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TekstersediadibawahLisensiAtribusiBerbagiSerupaCreativeCommonsketentuantambahan
mungkinberlaku.LihatKetentuanPenggunaanuntuklebihjelasnya.
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