Indoor Systems Seminar Copy Reduced

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INTRODUCTION
Fabric and foil membranes offer architects unique design opportunities.
The history of architecture depicts a clear effort to lessen the weight of
building materials. From the massive pyramids of Egypt to lighter Gothic
vaulting and eventually the modern architecture of the 20th century, we
now have even more materials than before (Goldsmith, np).
Goldsmith, N.,F.A.I.A.L.E.E.D.A.P. (2016). Textile architecture: Light building skins.Textile World, 166(5), 22-25. Retrieved from
http://uml.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.uml.idm.oclc.org/docview/1829784043?accountid=14569
Figure 1.
Unique textile membrane structure by Knippers Helbig in Shanghai.
SUSTAINABILITY
Major components of a textile building envelope
system may be recycled
Separating textile components from coatings
makes it possible to recycle a wide range of
textiles
Re-use of raw materials to make new products
Steel and aluminum frames have a high recycling
index which enables them to be molten and
re-used
Reduced cost and energy consumption in
transporting
Lower cost in heating and cooling
Figure 2.
Life of a textile building including
production and recycling.
TEXTILE APPLICATIONS IN DESIGN

1.
Textile Architecture
2.
Textile Facades
3.
Sun Shading
4.
Interior Applications
Figure 3.
Textile membrane architecture.
Figure 4.
Textile facade.
Figure 5.
Vertical textile sun shading on a
building facade.
Figure 6.
Textile interior ceiling system.
TEXTILE ARCHITECTURE
Textiles and their use in architectural design and engineering
OVERVIEW/PROCESS
1.
Architectural conceptual design
2.
Engineering
3.
Form-finding
4.
Patterning
5.
Load analysis
6.
implementation
Figure 7.
Experience Textile Architecture by K.TA Kiefer Textile Architektur

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sOhIJSzpBbk&t=6s
METHODS IN CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
Constant collaboration between architect and engineer
Architect identifies the overall body and shape of the mass through drawings
Figure 8.
Process drawing of form.
METHODS IN ENGINEERING
Equilibrium of cables and membranes under load
Curvature
Pretension
Curvature and pretension
Figure 9.
Forms often resulting from the engineering and form
finding processes.
METHODS IN FORM-FINDING
ANALOGUE
NUMERICAL
Figure 10.
Frei Ottos soap bubble studies.
Figure 11.
Digital form finding using advanced programs to
determine form.
hand/physical modelling and

drawing to determine form
deriving forms from natural
physical occurrences
computer/digital method to
finding the form
use of grid
METHODS IN PATTERNING
-
Seams
Flattening
Compensation
Figure 12.
Seams of the form are determined.
Figure 13.
Flattened form ready to be cut on 2D surface, and assembled
to maintain the properties of the 3D surface.
METHODS IN LOAD ANALYSIS

Conducting analysis for major climatic factors such as:
1. wind
2. snow
Has the ability to realize various symptoms, including:
1. membrane deformation
2. maximum membrane stress
3. direction of membrane stresses
4. maximum internal forces in the edge cables
5. forces exerted on supports
ASSEMBLIES
Structures
Connections
Supports
3 BASIC TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ASSEMBLIES
FRAME SUPPORTED MEMBRANES
Figure 16.
CABLE AND STRUT SUPPORTED

MEMBRANES
Figure 17.
AIR SUPPORTED/INFLATED PNEUMATIC

MEMBRANES
Figure 18.
CONNECTIONS
Lacing cords
Membrane corners
Simple corner
Adjustable corner
Membrane corner mast fixing
Non-adjustable edge cables
Simple mast connection
Figure 19.
Examples of membrane connection
products from Birdair.
CONNECTIONS
Lacing
Cords
Simple
Corner
Adjustable
Corner
Membrane
Mast Fixing
Non-Adjusta
ble Edge
Cables
Simple Mast
Connection
- Membrane
- Cord
- Frame
- 2 end cables
- Anchor pole
- 2 edge
cables with
threaded end
pieces
- Twin tubes
- Metal plate
- Anchor pole
- Fixed length
edge cables
- Suspension
plate fixed to
mast
- Metal straps
- 2
non-adjustabl
e cables
- Traction plate
- Fabric strap
- 2 edge cables
with threaded
end pieces
- Metal plate
Non-adjustable
Adjustable
Non-adjustable
Non-adjustable
Adjustable
Type of
Connection
Cord connects
through holes
in membrane
edge to frame
Directly attach
end cables to
pole
Metal corner
plate bolted to
pole
Counter plate
bolted to
membrane fabric
Cables
connected to
traction plate
Membrane
corner to top of
mast
Textile
Reinforcement
Metal
grommets or
plates
Membrane
fabric is bolted
Membrane fabric
is bolted
Fabric sewn
around ring
Double layer of
fabric at outer
edges
Assembly
Make-Up
Adjustable
Figure 20.
Table of connection types, properties, and assemblies. Table information from Motro, R. (2013).
Flexible composite materials : In architecture, construction and interiors. Basel: Birkhauser . 44-48.
SUPPORTS
POLES
CENTRAL SUPPORTING MASTS
Figure 21.
Frei Otto. German Pavilion, Expo 67.
Showing the pole protruding from the
membrane for support.
Figure 22.
TECHNIQUES
prestressing
sail techniques
Figure 23a.
Figure 23b.
CENTURY LOTUS STADIUM (2006)

GMP ARCHITECTS
FOSHAN, CHINA
Figure 24.
spoke-wheel roof construction

folded membrane supported by steel supports
tension is held by triangular abutments
stability is maintained by supporting cables
FABRIGAMI (2016)
UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA
WINNIPEG, MB
Figure 25.
Fabrigami, University of Manitoba
parametric design
digital form finding methods
translated into physical form
inspired by ancient origami
techniques
high tensioned cables and
fabric
water sprayed over fabric to
form stiff temporary structure
COCOON (2011)
LANCELOT COAR, UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA
WINNIPEG, MB
Figure 26.
Cocoon, University of Manitoba
digital form finding and

behavioural modelling
pre-assembled frames put
together onsite
fabric shell sprayed with ice to
form fibre-glass like skin
TEXTILE FACADES
Textile facades and its applications
Architectural Considerations of Textile Envelope
Optimal comfort conditions for end users of the indoor living space
The resistance to static loads self weight, snow and dynamic loads
Fire resistance
The permeability under the combined action of rainwater and wind
The required thermal insulation
The required service life
Reduction of the environmental impact (Motro, R. ,2013)
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1. Second Textile Layer

2. Textile Envelope/ Facade
Second Textile Layer
Breathable, waterproof membrane

Textile layer adhesion with outer insulating layer (Fig. 27)
Second textile layer mechanically fixed to inner wall surface (Fig. 28)
Second Textile layer as solar protection (Fig. 29)
Second textile layer coupled with OLED ( Organic Light-emitting Diode) (Motro, R. ,2013)
Figure 27.
Figure 28.
Figure 29.
Textile Envelope
Two coupled textile layers enclosing an air gap or captivity (Fig. 30)
Two coupled textile layers enclosing a cavity. External surface covered with PV
Cells (Fig. 31)
A two layer pneumatic cushion filled with an insulating material
A three layer pneumatic cushion filled with air (Fig.32) (Motro, R. ,2013)
Figure 30.
Figure 31.
Figure 32.
TEXTILE FACADES
1.
ETFE Second Skin Facade System
2.
PVC Membrane System
3.
TEFLON Membrane System
Ethylene TetraFluoroEthylene (ETFE) Facade
Centre for Gerontology, Bad Tolz, Germany

Facade with prestressed single layer ETFE
membrane with fixing system using lightweight
clamping extrusions.
The fouropolymer-plastic ETFE used
ETFE membrane is self-cleaning due to its
chemical composition and will retain its high
translucency throughout the entirety of its life.
Can be 100% recycled. Additionally, its 1/40
lighter than glass. (Klein, T., Knaack, U, 2010)
Figure 33. Walkway of Centre for Gerontology, Germany.
Ethylene TetraFluoroEthylene (ETFE) Facade
Figure 34.Connection detail of ETFE system
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Membrane System
London 2012 - Olympic Shooting Venues

Pure steel construction. Support loads
transferred to foundation piles in the
ground by cross-shaped steel plates.
Steel pipes were made out of recycled
oil pipes.
Steel rings allow air infiltration and
ventilation.
Translucent membrane allows a
reduction in the amount of artificial
lighting
Materials including membranes, tension
rings and connections were packed and
brought to different venue.
Mobile buildings used in 2014
Commonwealth Games in Glasgow.
Standard trusses returned to
construction company (London 2012 - Olympic
Figure 35.
Shooting Venues. 2012, July 30)
Figure 36.
Section of Finals Range, Diagram
Figure 37.Section Diagram of 2012 London Shooting Venue
Facade Diagram
Figure 38. Metal Ring Detail of 2012 London Shooting Venue Facade
Polytetrafluoroethylene (TEFLON) Membrane

System
King Fahad National Library / Gerber

Architekten/ Saudi Arabia
Curved,white PTFE/glass fabric facade
wraps around the original building.
Provides visual interest and protection
against the extreme temperature of
Riyadh, while maintaining maximum
light penetration.
Each Teflon-coated fiberglass
membrane cloth is attached to a grid of
pre-stressed stainless steel cables and
arranged in a traditional Arabian
pattern.
At night, the building facade is
illuminated with coloured lighting. (King
Fahd National Library Maffeis.it., n.d.).
Figure 39. King Fahad National Library, Saudi Arabia
Polytetrafluoroethylene (TEFLON) Membrane System
Inherently hydrophobic
Laminated and unlaminated
Laminated membranes are made of PTFE laminated to a polypropylene
support for improved durability and easy handling. Chemically compatible
with strong acids. Can also be used to filter aqueous solutions when
prewetted with methanol.
Unlaminated membranes are compatible with stronger acids, aggressive
solvents and high temperatures. Ideal for applications that require hot
temperatures (Magna PTFE (Teflon) Membrane Filters - Thomas Scientific.(n.d.).
Polytetrafluoroethylene (TEFLON) Membrane

System
The design also pays homage

to the regions culture. The
tensile structure references the
local nomadic tradition. The
intricate pattern of the modular
textile units proudly represents
the rich history of geometric
Islamic architectural language.
Figure 40. Building Envelope of King

Fahd Library
Figure 41.Textile Facade Detail Viewed from the Interior
TEXTILE FACADE
Textile Building Envelope Limitations
Textile Building Envelope Limitations
Requires good knowledge of materials science and technology.

Each textile has its own properties, hence it is important to pay attention to
their physical integrity and performance.
Installation must be done by professionals.
Textiles that have low fire resistance must be balanced with high fire resistance
of load-bearing elements.
Textiles may carry additional safety problems when its not reinforced (Motro, R. 2013).
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TEXTILE SUN SHADING

Sun shades are coverings that provide protection
from the sun. Applications include;
Window coverings (interior and exterior)

Exterior solar coverings
Window Covering Applications
Figure 42. Interior light coloured sun

shade
Figure 43. Interior dark coloured sun shade
(Insolroll, n.d.)
Figure 44. Exterior dark coloured sun
Window Covering Applications

Exterior sun shades are the most effective application for protection against solar radiation
because they reflect and absorb most of the heat before it comes in contact with the glazing.
Benefits
Decreases heat gain in the building when closed

Reduces cooling costs
Decreases glare
Blocks most UV rays entering the building
(Insolroll, n.d.)
Figure 45. Exterior sun shade diagram
Exterior Solar Coverings Applications
Canopies
Awnings
Figure 46.
Figure 47.
Shade Sails
Figure 48.
Pergolas with textile coverings

Figure 49.

Advantages
absorb and reflect harmful UV rays

provide ventilation and cooling for a building
provide aesthetic value to a property
Disadvantages
Need to be taken down, retracted, or secured before a storm

Can be a fire hazard if the fabric is not fire retardant
Need adequate support for installation (awnings, canopies, and shade sails)
(Global shade, n.d.)
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Suspended Ceilings
Stretch Ceilings
Acoustic panels
SUSPENDED CEILING SYSTEMS - BENEFITS

Textile Interiors
Available in large, lightweight

panels
Offers excellent acoustic
absorption of low and high
frequencies (Techstyle Suspended Ceiling Systems,
n.d.).
Many sizes, shapes, and colours

available (Techstyle Customizable Ceilings, n.d.).
Long-term durability (Techstyle Suspended
Ceiling Systems, n.d.).
Lighting and diffusers can be

integrated into the system (Techstyle
White, n.d.).
Figure 50. Techstyle ceiling in Kitchener Public Library
SUSPENDED CEILING SYSTEMS - ASSEMBLIES

Textile Interiors
Suspended track system allows for easy installation and maintenance

Various styles of suspension systems accommodate different styles and
shapes of panels (Techstyle White, n.d.).
Figure 51. Swing down Suspension System
Figure 52. Echelon Suspension System
Figure 53. Lay-in Suspension System
SUSPENDED CEILING SYSTEMS - ASSEMBLIES

Textile Interiors
Steps for installation of a square grid system:

1.
2.
3.
ie
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Install perimeter grid

m
Install main and cross tees Asse
s - Installation Instructions, n.d.).
Install squaring brackets m(Techstyle
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SUSPENDED CEILING SYSTEMS - SUSTAINABILITY

Textile Interiors
Greenguard gold certified

Recycled content - 10%
Renewable content - 60%
Low VOC (Environmental Characteristics, n.d.).
STRETCH CEILING SYSTEM - BENEFITS

Textile Interiors
Lightweight
Covers large spans from 10-20m
Provides diffused lighting in large areas (Sefar Lightceiling, n.d.).
Figure 54. King Fahad National Library
STRETCH CEILING SYSTEMS - ASSEMBLIES

Textile Interiors
Figure 55.
Fabric sections are prefabricated, set into aluminum frames, and

tensioned
Frame system is low profile allowing for a seamless look (Lightceiling, n.d.).
STRETCH CEILING SYSTEMS - SUSTAINABILITY

Textile Interiors
Durable, and long lasting, eliminating the need for constant

replacement
Chemically inert and odour free
Materials can be recycled (Technical Information, n.d.).
ACOUSTIC WALL PANELS - BENEFITS

Textile Interiors
Ambient noise reduction

Light diffusion
Durable
Cleanable
Aesthetically pleasing
Available in many shapes and sizes
Flame retardant (Ready for Take-off, n.d.)
ACOUSTIC WALL PANELS - ASSEMBLIES

Textile Interiors
Figure 56. Xorel ArtForm Panel Installation
ACOUSTIC WALL PANELS - SUSTAINABILITY

Textile Interiors
Cradle to Cradle certified Gold

PVC free
Low VOC
85% derived from plant based renewable resources (Products, n.d.).
example is Carnegie Xorel Strie
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Analogue Form Finding: A collaboration with the Architecture Academy. (2008). Retrieved November, 2016, from
http://www.matthewlaws.com/index.php?/projects/analogue-form-finding/
Coar, L. (n.d.). Cocoon. Retrieved November, 2016, from http://lancelotcoar.com/cocoon/
COCOON. (2011). Retrieved November, 2016, from http://www.warminghuts.com/gallery
Construction Textiles and Eco Textiles. (n.d.). Retrieved November 07, 2016, from
http://www.bch.in/construction-textiles.html
Environmental Characteristics. (n.d.). Retrieved November 9, 2016, from
http://hunterdouglasarchitectural.ecoscorecard.com/product/TechCan?base_search=product_category_A1235
Exterior Sun Shades. (n.d.). Retrieved November 5, 2016, from http://insolroll.com/exterior-sun-shades/
FABRIGAMI. (2016). Retrieved November, 2016, from http://www.warminghuts.com/gallery
Goellner, R. (2015, October 31). 5 Fact You Didn't Know About Solar Shades. Retrieved November 06, 2016, from
http://www.halcyonshades.com/sun-shades-2/5-facts-solar-shades/#more-1749
How Solar Sun Shades Work. (n.d.). Retrieved November 5,2016, from
http://insolroll.com/how-solar-screen-shades-work/
Goldsmith, N. (2016, September/October). Textile Architecture: Light Building Skins. Textile World, (166.5), 22-25.
Retrieved November, 2016, from
http://search.proquest.com.uml.idm.oclc.org/docview/1829784043?rfr_id=info:xri/sid:primo
King Fahd National Library Maffeis.it. (n.d.). Retrieved November 9, 2016, from
http://www.maffeis.it/our-projects/container/king-fahd-national-library/
Klein, T., & Knaack, U. (2010). The Future Envelope. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
London 2012 - Olympic Shooting Venues. (2012, July 30). Retrieved November 09, 2016, from
http://www.detail-online.com/article/london-2012-olympic-shooting-venues-16398/
Magna PTFE (Teflon) Membrane Filters - Thomas Scientific. (n.d.). Retrieved November 9, 2016, from
http://www.thomassci.com/Membrane/_/MAGNA-PTFE-TEFLON-MEMBRANE-FILTERS
Onate, E., & Kroplin, B. (2008). Textile composites and inflatable structures II. Dordrecht: Springer.
Products. (n.d.). Retrieved November 09, 2016, from https://carnegiefabrics.com/strie-6423-panels

Ready for Take-off: Xorel Upholstered Walls. (n.d.). Retrieved November 09, 2016, from
https://carnegiefabrics.com/learn/Ready-for-Take-off-Xorel-Upholstered-Walls
Sefar Lightceiling. (n.d.). Retrieved November 5, 2016, from http://www.sefar.us/en/609/Lightceiling.htm?Folder=5792386
Technical Information Environmental Impact - TENARA Fabric. (n.d.). Retrieved November 9, 2016, from
http://www.tenarafabric.com/pdf/Sefar_TENARA_environmental-impact.pdf
Techstyle Installation Instructions. (n.d.). Retrieved November 9, 2016, from
http://assets.hunterdouglasarchitectural.com/documents/ceilings/acousticalsolutions/classic/Installation_Instruct_2008.pdf
Techstyle | Suspended Ceiling Systems. (n.d.). Retrieved November 05, 2016, from
http://www2.hunterdouglascontract.com/en-HU/ceilings/techstyle/index.jsp
Techstyle Customizable Ceilings. (n.d.). Retrieved November 05, 2016, from
http://www.hunterdouglasarchitectural.com/ceilings/acousticalsolutions/index.jsp
Techstyle White. (n.d.). Retrieved November 08, 2016, from
http://www.hunterdouglasarchitectural.com/ceilings/acousticalsolutions/techstyleE/index.jsp
List of Image Figures
Figure 1.
http://www.knippershelbig.com/en/projects/megastructure-expo-2010-shanghai
Figure 29.Motro, R. (2013). Flexible composite materials : In architecture, construction and interiors. Basel: Birkhauser. p.59
Figure 2.
Motro, R. (2013). Flexible composite materials : In architecture, construction and interiors. Basel: Birkhauser. p.
Figure 3.
http://buyadaptil.co/textile-architecture/textile-architecture-tatralan-halls-architecture-kb/
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
http://www.fabricarchitect.com/textile-facades.html
Figure 33.Klein, T., & Knaack, U. (2010). The Future Envelope. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
Figure 6.
http://www2.hunterdouglascontract.com/en-HU/projects/project.jsp?pId=8a81c1134f3f00ec015005093cd2170a
Figure 34.Klein, T., & Knaack, U. (2010). The Future Envelope. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
Figure 7.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sOhIJSzpBbk&t=6s
Figure 35.London 2012 - Olympic Shooting Venues. (2012, July 30). Retrieved November 09, 2016, from
Figure 8.
http://acordacasa.com.br/2015/03/13/frei-otto-leveza-e-forca/
Figure 9.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_structure ; http://mathworld.wolfram.com/HyperbolicParaboloid.html
Figure 10.
http://www.wingswormsandwonder.com/buildings-and-birdskulls/
Figure 11.
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bDWAaG-wSLE/TgnjG_-eXCI/AAAAAAAAAK8/yyYg7UCZbFg/s1600/Hybios+3.0_VIEW.jpg
Figure 12.
http://www.str-ucture.com/uploads/tx_nmstructurereference/hegenheim_3_01.jpg
Figure 13.
https://membranasestructurales.wordpress.com/page/2/
Figure 39.King Fahd National Library Maffeis.it. (n.d.). Retrieved November 9, 2016, from
Figure 16. http://www.archiexpo.com/prod/artech/product-105009-1018093.html

Figure 17.
http://www.archiexpo.com/prod/eide-industries/product-61161-1644266.html
Figure 18.
http://www.grisdainese.it/progetti/pneumatic-architecture-finmeccanica-2/
Figure 19.
http://www.birdair.com/resources/design-details
Figure 42.http://www.batifilms.fr/stores
Figure 20.
Table Information: Motro, R. (2013). Flexible composite materials : In architecture, construction and interiors. Basel: Birkhauser .
44-48.
Figure 43.http://sunshadesamok.blogspot.ca/2015/01/interior-sun-shades.html
Figure 21.
http://www.all-art.org/Architecture/25-23.htm Frei Otto. German Pavillon of Expo 67 in Monreal, 1965-1967
Figure 44.http://www.ersshading.com/
Figure 22.
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/178384835218858907/
Figure 45.http://insolroll.com/exterior-sun-shades/#tab_4
Figure 23a. http://civilengineersforum.com/what-is-prestressed-concrete/
Figure 46.https://palsystems.eu/products/tentes/
Figure 23b. http://www.clcboats.com/forum/clcforum/thread/24140.html
Figure47.http://www.designboom.com/architecture/peoples-architecture-office-pao-tangram-canopy-coart-festival-china01-26-2015/
Figure 24.
http://www.info-stades.fr/stade/621/foshan-century-lotus-stadium
Figure 25.
http://www.warminghuts.com/gallery
Figure 26.
http://lancelotcoar.com/cocoon/
Figure 27
Motro, R. (2013). Flexible composite materials : In architecture, construction and interiors. Basel: Birkhauser. p.59
Figure 48.http://www.technojobs-it.com/category/shopping/
Figure 49.http://www.shadefxcanopies.com/pergola-shade-options/
Figure 50. http://www2.hunterdouglascontract.com/en-HU/projects/project.jsp?pId=8a81c1134f3f00ec015005093cd2170a
Figure 51. http://www.hunterdouglasarchitectural.com/ceilings/acousticalsolutions/techstyleE/index.jsp
Figure 52, http://www.hunterdouglasarchitectural.com/ceilings/acousticalsolutions/techstyleE/index.jsp
Figure 53. http://www.hunterdouglasarchitectural.com/ceilings/acousticalsolutions/techstyleE/index.jsp
Figure 54. http://www.sefar.us/en/609/Lightceiling.htm?Folder=579238
Figure 55. http://www.sefar.com/en/609/SEFAR-LIGHTCEILING.pdf?Folder=5792386
Figure 56. http://www.xorelartform.com/
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Baseboard
Boards placed against the bottom of walls. Conceals the joint between
walls and floors and gives a finished appearance.
http://vrielingwoodworks.com/baseboard/baseboard-installer-in-temecula/
Batt Insulation
Blanket insulation, usually made from glass fibres, usually pink or yellow in colour
with a fluffy cotton ball appearance.
http://vrielingwoodworks.com/baseboard/baseboard-installer-in-temecula/
Batten
A narrow strip of wood used to cover the joint between two vertical pieces of siding.
http://tinytimbers.com/install_sidingboard.htm
Bay Window
A window projecting outward from the face of a wall.
https://www.quanex.com/products-and-solutions/window-and-door-components/window-components/bay-and-bow-window-components/
Beam
A horizontal steel or wood structural member used to support floor or ceiling joists.
http://wonderfulengineering.com/what-is-a-beam/
Bearing Wall
A wall that supports its own weight plus the vertical loads above it.
Bifold Door
A door, often used for closets, that is hinged in the middle so that it requires less
swing area than a standard door.
https://www.directdoors.com/doors/interior-bifold-door-marston-white-primed-bi-fold-/
Blackwater
Wastewater from toilets, which contains concentrated human waste. Also water that
contains industrial waste.
http://www.dewater.com/water_recycling/blackwater.html
Blocking
Small wood pieces used between framing members for bracing and to provide
support for the attachment of drywall, shelving and cabinets.
http://arboronbullmt.blogspot.ca/2011/04/following-lot-8framing.html
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Forced Air Heating

A central heating system where air is warmed at a furnace then circulated in a
network of ducts throughout the building.
https://plus.google.com/photos/102622968718268183517/albums/5683025537529345617
Foundation
The part of the building usually below ground on which a building rests.
http://www.oas.org/cdmp/document/codedraw/sectionb.htm
https://www.angieslist.com/articles/how-do-contractors-pour-solid-concrete-foundations.htm
Framing
The rough timber work of a house, including the flooring, roofing, exterior walls,
interior partitions, ceiling and beams.
Photo by Deanna
Frost Heaving
The upthrust of ground, pavement or other objects in the ground caused by freezing of
moist soil.
https://www.nachi.org/gallery/images/foundation/settlement_and_cracks/
Frost Line
The depth to which frost penetrates the earth.
http://charlesandhudson.com/check_the_frost_line_before_digging_footings/
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/490118371924716261/
Furring Strips (or strapping)

A strip (often wood) applied to a wall, ceiling, floor, or other surface to provide a
means for fastening the finishing materials, or to increase its thickness.
https://habitatgtr.wordpress.com/2012/04/28/furring-strips/
Fuse
Removable devices that melt and break the circuit if an overload or short occurs.
They have been largely replaced with circuit breakers (but are still common in
appliances such as ovens).
http://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/2
5055/slow-blow-vs-fast-acting-fuse
http://www.electrician-wakefield.com/Replacement-Fusebox-W
akefield.htm
Gable
The upper triangular-shaped portion of the end wall of a building. Also, the structural
end wall of a cabinet.
http://rtcinsuranceadvisors.com/blog/2012/06/21/homeowners-insurance-what-is-the-difference
-between-a-hip-vs-a-gable-roof/
http://dswoodscustomcabinets.com/Custom%20Cabinets/Cabinet%20Accessories
Gable Roof
A roof that slopes up from two sides to a peak.
http://www.greenroofs.com/blog/2014/11/26/what-does-your-roof-style-say-about-you-b
y-lisa-preston/
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Rough-In (Plumbing)
The portion of a plumbing installation that includes running the water supply lines
and drain, waste and vent lines to the proposed location of each fixture - before walls
are closed in with drywall or other finishing materials.
http://www.discovercreatelive.com/2013/08/plumbing-rough-in.html/
http://afaeryorchardproject.blogspot.ca/2013/05/toilet-vent-stac
k-diagram.html
Rough Sawn Lumber

Sawn lumber that has not been planed (or dressed). Surfaces are very rough, not
smooth.
https://thekitchenandbathroomblog.wordpress.com/2013/06/10/danzing-withveneer/
http://woodshedlumber.com/products/rough-sawn-lumber
RSI-Value
The metric thermal resistance value of an insulation material to the flow of heat
through that insulating material. RSI 3.5 in walls and RSI 7.0 in roofs, are typical
values.
http://www.tboake.com/heatloss2014.html
R-Value
The imperial thermal resistance value of an insulation material to the flow of heat
through that insulating material. R20 in walls and R50 in roofs are typical values.
https://need-media.smugmug.com/keyword/chemistry;insulation/
Sanitary Pipes
The assorted pipes in a drain, waste and vent system - designed to allow solid waste
material to pass through without clogging.
https://www.olx.ph/services/others/ph-00-manila/#from404
http://www.exportersindia.com/bharatkmar-vanravandas/sanita
ry-pipes-rajkot-india-1285565.htm
Sash
The frame in which the window lights (glass) are set.
http://www.tradeglazeuk.co.uk/windows/
http://www.amalfiwindows.com/reglazing-window-sashes.html
Satin
A soft-sheen finish.
http://www.tedswoodworking.com/new/vsl/
https://laffcopainting.com/services/dining-room-paint/
Scratch Coat
The first coat of plaster or stucco that is rough (or scratched) to form a bond for the
second coat.
http://www.demandproducts.com/EIFs-items/item.php?l2=3,14,2&sku=SR
AKE
https://www.mybuilder.com/profile/view/akm-complete
Service Panel
The main circuit breaker panel (or fuse box) where all the circuits tie into the
incoming electrical supply line from the hydro pole.
http://homerepair.about.com/od/electricalrepair/s
s/anat_elec_pnl.htm
http://www.sterlinghomeinspections.com/sterling
-home-inspection-blog/2013/5/23/whats-so-speci
al-about-my-electrical-panel-
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Moisture Barrier
Any material which is used to
retard the passage of water or
water vapour into walls, floors
and other parts of a building
from the outside in or from the
inside out.
http://imiweb.org/masonry-detailing-series/
Mortar
A structural mixture of cement,
sand and water used in bonding
masonry units such as brick and
concrete block.
http://www.123rf.com/photo_37390342_texture-of-old-brick-wall-masonry-cement-mortar.html
Mullion and Muntin
A vertical or horizontal member that divides adjacent window or door units.
A smaller, secondary member that divides the glass or openings in a sash or door.
The look of a divided light is frequently created with a snap-in muntin grill.
http://www.woodweb.com/knowledge_base/Window_Part_Terminology.html
Net-Zero
The objective of balanced energy use and generation for an individual house or
building. The energy consumed and generated should achieve a net-zero balance on
an annual basis.
https://oregonsustainabilitycenter.wordpress.com/category/design-progress/
Newel Post
A post to which the stair railing or
balustrade is fastened.
http://www.oldhouseweb.com/how-to-advice/flooring-and-stairs/newel-posts.shtml
Nominal Size
The descriptive size of some products, not the actual measured size. A 2x4 is actually
1.5" x 3.5".
http://blog.spib.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Screen-Shot-2015-04-07-at-4.10.18-PM.png
Non Load-Bearing Wall

A wall that supports no load other than its own weight and is used as a divider or
partition only.
https://m.reddit.com/r/HomeImprovement/comments/3tg8en/thin_wall_construction_mods/
Non-combustible Construction
That type of construction in which a degree of fire safety is attained by the use of
non-burnable materials for structural members and other building assemblies.
http://bonestructure.ca/en/technology/

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TEXTILE APPLICATIONS IN DESIGN

Architectural conceptual design

Experience Textile Architecture by K.TA Kiefer Textile Architektur

METHODS IN CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

Constant collaboration between architect and engineer

Equilibrium of cables and membranes under load

Curvature and pretension

hand/physical modelling and

METHODS IN LOAD ANALYSIS

3 BASIC TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ASSEMBLIES

FRAME SUPPORTED MEMBRANES

CABLE AND STRUT SUPPORTED

AIR SUPPORTED/INFLATED PNEUMATIC

CENTRAL SUPPORTING MASTS

CENTURY LOTUS STADIUM (2006)

spoke-wheel roof construction

digital form finding and

Architectural Considerations of Textile Envelope

1. Second Textile Layer

Second Textile Layer

Breathable, waterproof membrane

ETFE Second Skin Facade System

PVC Membrane System

TEFLON Membrane System

Ethylene TetraFluoroEthylene (ETFE) Facade

Centre for Gerontology, Bad Tolz, Germany

Figure 33. Walkway of Centre for Gerontology, Germany.

Ethylene TetraFluoroEthylene (ETFE) Facade

Figure 34.Connection detail of ETFE system

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Membrane System

London 2012 - Olympic Shooting Venues

Shooting Venues. 2012, July 30)

Section of Finals Range, Diagram

Figure 37.Section Diagram of 2012 London Shooting Venue

Polytetrafluoroethylene (TEFLON) Membrane

King Fahad National Library / Gerber

Figure 39. King Fahad National Library, Saudi Arabia

Polytetrafluoroethylene (TEFLON) Membrane System

Polytetrafluoroethylene (TEFLON) Membrane

The design also pays homage

Figure 40. Building Envelope of King

Figure 41.Textile Facade Detail Viewed from the Interior

Textile Building Envelope Limitations

Requires good knowledge of materials science and technology.

TEXTILE SUN SHADING

Window coverings (interior and exterior)

Window Covering Applications

Figure 42. Interior light coloured sun

Figure 43. Interior dark coloured sun shade

Figure 44. Exterior dark coloured sun

Window Covering Applications

Decreases heat gain in the building when closed

Figure 45. Exterior sun shade diagram

Exterior Solar Coverings Applications

Exterior Solar Coverings Applications

Pergolas with textile coverings

Exterior Solar Coverings Applications

absorb and reflect harmful UV rays

Need to be taken down, retracted, or secured before a storm

SUSPENDED CEILING SYSTEMS - BENEFITS

Available in large, lightweight

Many sizes, shapes, and colours