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Exercise 3
First, determine the type of proposition (A, E, I, O) and opposition
(Contradiction, Contrariety, Subcontrariety or Subalternation); then
determine whether the inference is correct or wrong based on the rules of
oppositional inference.
Example:
a. It is true that Public servants must serve the people honestly. Hence,
Public servants need not serve the people honestly is also true.
answer: a. A, O; Contradictory; Wrong
1. It is true that every organization experiences problems. Thus, it is false
that no organization experiences problems.
2. That no therapist has his/her family members as his/her client is true.
Then some therapists do not have their family members as their clients is
false.
3. It is true that some great learning is attained through the experience of
mistakes. Ergo, it is false that no great learning is attained through the
experience of mistakes.
4. That all HR practitioners are graduates of psychology is false.
Consequently, it is true that some HR practitioners are graduates of
psychology.
5. It is true that neurotics need to undergo psychotherapy. Ergo, neurotics
can undergo psychotherapy is also true.
6. It is true that students always enjoy holidays. It follows that students
sometimes enjoy holidays is true.
7. It is true that the statutes of the country are in no case absolute. Ergo, the
statutes of the country are sometimes not absolute is also true.
8. It is true that sometimes, loneliness is felt by a psychologically healthy
person. Therefore, it is false that loneliness is felt always by a psychologically
healthy person.
9. To say that a friend is in no way perfect is true. Therefore, a friend is in
some ways perfect is false.
10. It is false that any private employee is a member of SSS. Hence, it can be
false that no private employee is a member of SSS.
11. That Psychology graduates are literates is true. Hence, it is false that
psychology graduates are not literates.
12. It is false that it is impossible for a psychologist to empathize with a
client. Hence it can be true that it is necessary for a psychologist to
empathize with a client.
13. It is false that not every Filipino is a citizen of the Republic of the
Philippines. Then, it is true that some Filipinos are citizens of the Republic of
the Philippines.
14. It is false that many young adults are enthusiastic about joining criminal
gangs. Therefore, it is necessarily true that not all young adults are
enthusiastic about joining criminal gangs.

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15. It is true that an artist does not always produce a potboiler. Hence, it can
be true that an artist never produces a potboiler.