ALGEBRA
APPLY ALGEBRAIC PROCEDURES
IN SOLVING EQUATIONS
4 CREDITS (91027)
EXPANDING TWO
BRACKETS: FOIL
p7
FACTORISING QUADRATICS
p 13
EXPANDING BRACKETS p 5
SIMPLIFYING ALGEBRAIC
FRACTIONS
p9
1. Simplify the number fraction
2. To simplify the x values, subtract
the smaller power from the larger
power and remove the x value with
the small power.
p 11
SIMPLIFYING FRACTIONS
WITH QUADRATICS
p 15
1. Factorise the top
2. Factorise the bottom
3. Cancel the common factors
PAGE 1
SOLVING LINEAR
EQUATIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
p 17
SOLVING EXPONENTS p 23
SUBSTITUTION
p 28
REARRANGING
p 28
WORD QUESTIONS
SOLVING QUADRATICS p 19
1.
2.
3.
4.
SOLVING FRACTIONS
WITH QUADRATICS
1.
2.
3.
4.
p 21
SOLVING INEQUALITIES p 25
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
SIMULTANEOUS
EQUATIONS
p 32
p 35
1. Give each variable a letter, the letter will ALWAYS represent a number.
2. If calculations are needed, put the values from the question into the equations
3. There is now enough info. to either solve the problem or explain your answer
PAGE 2
ALGEBRA
SIMPLIFYING ALGEBRAIC
EQUATIONS
STEPS:
EXAMPLE: 9 x 2 y 4 xy 2 + 2 x 2 y + xy 2 x
1. Identify terms
which are common
2. Put common terms
together
9 x 2 y 4xy 2 + 2 x 2 y + xy 2 x
11x 2 y 3xy 2 x
For a complete tutorial on this topic visit www.learncoach.co.nz
1. 4ab 2 + 3a 2b a 2b
2. 3 xy 2 + 2 x 2 y xy 2
3. 3ab 2 + 2a 2b ab 2
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Simplify the following equations:
4. 5 x + 3 6 + 8 x
5. 6a 3b 9a + 11b
6. 3w 8e 19 w + 15e
7. 7 a 9a + 11
8. 3 x 12 11x 66
9. 4 x 2 + 3 y + 5 + 6 x 2 y
10. 2a + 4b 3c 6b a
11. 4 xy 2 2 y + 4 7 xy 2 + 6
12. 3a 3 + 6a 2 + 12 3a 2 + 5a 3
13. 5b + 6c 4a + 3b + 6c a
PAGE 3
ANSWERS
NCEA
2
2
2
1. 4ab + 3a b a b
4ab 2 + 2a 2b
(Achieved)
3. 3ab 2 + 2a 2b ab 2
2ab 2 + 2a 2b
(Achieved)
2. 3 xy 2 + 2 x 2 y xy 2
2 xy 2 + 2 x 2 y
(Achieved)
5. 6a 3b 9a + 11b
3a + 8b
(Achieved)
7. 7a 9a + 11
2a + 11
(Achieved)
(Achieved)
(Achieved)
13. 5b + 6c 4a + 3b + 6c a
8b + 12c 5a
(Achieved)
PRACTICE
4. 5x + 3 6 + 8x
13 x 3
6. 3w 8e 19 w + 15e
16 w + 7e
8. 3x 12 11x 66
8 x 78
10. 2a + 4b 3c 6b a
a 2b 3c
(Achieved)
(Achieved)
(Achieved)
(Achieved)
3
2
2
3
12. 3a + 6a + 12 3a + 5a
(Achieved)
2a 3 + 3a 2 + 12
2
2
9. 4x + 3 y + 5 + 6x y
10 x 2 + 2 y + 5
Study Tip:
PAGE 4
ALGEBRA
EXPANDING BRACKETS
STEPS:
EXAMPLE: 5 x(2 x)
5x 2 5x x
10 x 5 x
2. Simplify
1. 2 x(3 x)
2. 2( x 7)
3. 2( x 2)
4. 5( x 3)
5. 2( x 1) 3( x + 2)
6. 3( x + 4) 2( x + 5)
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Expand the following equations:
7. 4( y + 3) + 2( x 2)
8. 6( x + 11) 4( x + 3)
9. 8( x + 9)
10. 3 x( x 15)
12. 6(7 5 x)
13. 7(12 n)
15. 2( x 3) + 2(4 x)
16. 3 x(9 4 x)
PAGE 5
ANSWERS
NCEA
1. 2 x(3 x)
2x 3 2x x
6 x 2 x2
3. 2( x 2)
2 x + 2 2
2x 4
(Achieved)
(Achieved)
5. 2( x 1) 3( x + 2)
2 x + 2 1 3 x 3 2
2 x 2 3x 6
(Achieved)
x 8
2. 2( x 7)
2 x + 2 7
2 x 14
(Achieved)
4. 5( x 3)
5 x + 5 3
5 x 15
(Achieved)
6. 3( x + 4) 2( x + 5)
3 x + 3 4 2 x 2 5
3 x + 12 2 x 10
x+2
(Achieved)
8. 6( x + 11) 4( x + 3)
6 x + 6 11 4 x 4 3
6 x + 66 4 x 12
2 x + 54
(Achieved)
10. 3 x( x 15)
3 x x + 3 x 15
3 x 2 45 x
(Achieved)
12. 6(7 5 x)
6 7 + 6 5 x
42 30 x
(Achieved)
PRACTICE
7. 4( y + 3) + 2( x 2)
4 y + 4 3 + 2 x + 2 2
4 y + 12 + 2 x 4
(Achieved)
4 y + 2x + 8
9. 8( x + 9)
8 x + 89
8 x + 72
11. 4(t + 12)
4 t + 4 12
4t + 48
13. 7(12 n)
7 12 + 7 n
84 7 n
(Achieved)
(Achieved)
(Achieved)
15. 2( x 3) + 2(4 x)
2 x + 2 3 + 2 4 + 2 x
2x 6 + 8 2x
(Achieved)
2
PAGE 6
(Achieved)
ALGEBRA
EXPANDING TWO
BRACKETS
STEPS: FOIL
(3 x 4)( x + 2) 3 x
(3 x 4)( x + 2) 6 x
(3 x 4)( x + 2) 4 x
(3x 4)( x + 2) 8
3x + 6 x 4 x 8
2
3x + 2 x 8
2
1. (2 x + 5)( x 2)
2. (2 x + 3)( x 4)
3. ( x + 5)( x 7)
4. (1 2 x)( x + 3)
5. (2 x 1)( x + 3)
6. (4 x 5)( x + 2)
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Expand the following equations:
7. (3 j + 7)(9 j )
8. (4n + 1) 2
9. (4 x + 3)( x 4)
10. ( x + 8)( x 9)
11. ( x + 8) 2
12. (6 x 7)( x 2)
13. (2 x + 9)(4 x 7)
14. ( x + 4)( x 4)
15. (3 x + 2)( x + 1)
16. ( x 7)(3 + x)
PAGE 7
ANSWERS
NCEA
F 2. (2 x + 3)( x 4) 2 x 2 F 3. ( x + 5)( x 7) x 2 F
( x + 5)( x 7) 7 x O
(2 x + 5)( x 2) -4 x O
(2 x + 3)( x 4) 8 x O
( x + 5)( x 7) 5 x I
I
I
(2 x + 5)( x 2) 5 x
(2 x + 3)( x 4) 3 x
( x + 5)( x 7) 35 L
(2 x + 5)( x 2) 10 L
(2 x + 3)( x 4) 12 L
x 2 7 x + 5 x 35
2 x 2 4 x + 5 x 10
2 x 2 8 x + 3 x 12
(Achieved)
x 2 2 x 35
(Achieved)
(Achieved)
2 x 2 + x 10
2 x 2 5 x 12
1. (2 x + 5)( x 2) 2 x 2
F
5. (2 x 1)( x + 3) 2 x 2 F 6. (4 x 5)( x + 2) 4 x 2 F
(1 2 x)( x + 3) 3
O
(4 x 5)( x + 2) 8 x O
(2 x 1)( x + 3) 6 x O
2
(4 x 5)( x + 2) 5 x I
(1 2 x )( x + 3) 2 x I
(2 x 1)( x + 3) x I
(4 x 5)( x + 2) 10 L
(1 2 x )( x + 3) 6 x L
(2 x 1)( x + 3) 3 L
2
2
4 x 2 + 8 x 5 x 10
x + 3 2x 6x
2x + 6x x 3
(Achieved)
4 x 2 + 3 x 10
(Achieved)
(Achieved)
3 5x 2 x2
2 x2 + 5x 3
4. (1 2 x)( x + 3) x
PRACTICE
7. (3 j + 7)(9 j ) 27 j
9. (4 x + 3)( x 4) 4 x 2
10. ( x + 8)( x 9) x 2
11. ( x + 8)( x + 8) x 2
12. (6 x 7)( x 2) 6 x 2
13. (2 x + 9)(4 x 7) 8 x 2
14. ( x + 4)( x 4) x 2
15. (3 x + 2)( x + 1) 3 x 2
(3 j + 7)(9 j ) 3 j 2
(3 j + 7)(9 j ) 63
(3 j + 7)(9 j ) 7 j
27 j 3 j 2 + 63 7 j
(Achieved)
20 j 3 j 2 + 63
( x + 8)( x 9) -9 x
( x + 8)( x 9) 8 x
( x + 8)( x 9) -72
x 2 9 x + 8 x 72
(Achieved)
x 2 x 72
(2 x + 9)(4 x 7) 14 x
(2 x + 9)(4 x 7) 36 x
(2 x + 9)(4 x 7) 63
8 x 2 14 x + 36 x 63
(Achieved)
8 x 2 + 22 x 63
16. ( x 7)(3 + x) 3 x
( x 7)(3 + x ) x 2
( x 7)(3 + x) 21
( x 7)(3 + x ) 7 x
3 x + x 2 21 7 x
x 2 4 x 21
(Achieved)
PAGE 8
(4n + 1)(4n + 1) 4n
(4n + 1)(4n + 1) 4n
(4n + 1)(4n + 1) 1
16n 2 + 4n + 4n + 1
(Achieved)
16n 2 + 8n + 1
( x + 8)( x + 8) 8 x
( x + 8)( x + 8) 8 x
( x + 8)( x + 8) 64
x 2 + 8 x + 8 x + 64
(Achieved)
x 2 + 16 x + 64
( x + 4)( x 4) 4 x
( x + 4)( x 4) 4 x
( x + 4)( x 4) 16
x 2 4 x + 4 x 16
(Achieved)
x 2 16
(4 x + 3)( x 4) 16 x
(4 x + 3)( x 4) 3 x
(4 x + 3)( x 4) 12
4 x 2 16 x + 3 x 12
(Achieved)
4 x 2 13 x 12
(6 x 7)( x 2) 12 x
(6 x 7)( x 2) 7 x
(6 x 7)( x 2) 14
6 x 2 12 x 7 x + 14
(Achieved)
6 x 2 19 x + 14
(3 x + 2)( x + 1) 3 x
(3 x + 2)( x + 1) 2 x
(3 x + 2)( x + 1) 2
3x 2 + 3x + 2 x + 2
(Achieved)
3x 2 + 5 x + 2
ALGEBRA
SIMPLIFYING ALGEBRAIC
FRACTIONS
EXAMPLE:
STEPS:
4x
x
8x
2x
4x
4
=
x
x
2
5 2
8x2
1.
4x
3.
10a 2
2a
12a 2
2.
3a
4.
9 x5
12 x3
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Simplify the following fractions:
5.
4a 7
7a3
11x9
6.
x4
12 x8
7.
4 x3
8.
9 x4
9.
3x7
12 x3
10.
6 x2
24 x 7
11.
4 x4
5 x3
12.
10 x 4
13.
2 x5
8x4
14.
3e6
6e5
12 x9
4 x9
PAGE 9
ANSWERS
NCEA
8x2 2 x2
=
= 2 x 21 = 2 x
1.
4x
x
(Achieved)
12a 2 4a 2
=
= 4a 21 = 4a
2.
3a
a
(Achieved)
10a 2 5a 2
=
= 5a 21 = 5a
3.
2a
a
(Achieved)
9 x 5 3 x 5 3 x 53 3 x 2
=
=
=
4.
12 x3 4 x3
4
4
(Achieved)
(Achieved)
11x9 11x9
= 4 = 11x94 = 11x5
6.
4
x
x
(Achieved)
PRACTICE
5.
4 a 7 4 a 7 4 a 7 3 4 4
=
=
= a
7a3 7a3
7
7
3e6 e6 e65 e
=
=
=
6e5 2e5
2
2
12 x8 3 x8
= 3 = 3 x 83 = 3 x 5
7.
3
4x
x
(Achieved)
8.
9 x 4 3x 4
3
3
= 7 = 74 = 3
9.
7
3x
x
x
x
(Achieved)
12 x3 2 x3
= 2 = 2 x 32 = 2 x
10.
2
6x
x
(Achieved)
24 x 7 6 x 7
= 4 = 6 x 74 = 6 x3
11.
4
4x
x
(Achieved)
5 x3
x3
1
1
=
=
=
12.
10 x 4 2 x 4 2 x 43 2 x
(Achieved)
(Achieved)
12 x9 3 x9
= 9 = 3 x 9 9 = 3
14.
9
4x
x
(Achieved)
x 5 4 x
2 x5
x5
=
=
=
13.
8x4 4 x4
4
4
(Achieved)
Study Tip:
PAGE 10
ALGEBRA
EXAMPLE: 2 xy 2 8 x 2 y
(
2(
2xy(
2 xy ( 2 x y 2 8 (4) x 2 y )
2 xy ( y 4 x)
For a complete tutorial on this topic visit www.learncoach.co.nz
1. ab 2 + a 2b
2. 2ab 2 + 2a 2b
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Factorise the following equations:
3. 3n3 n
4. 6 x 2 18 x
5. 7 x 49 x 2
6. 8d 7 2d 3
7. 6 x5 y 3 9 x3 y 6
8. 3ab 2 + 6b 2
9. 24 g 18 g 3
10. x3 y 2 + 3 xy 4
12. 3 xy 3 4 x3 y 2
PAGE 11
ANSWERS
NCEA
1. ab 2 + a 2b
ab(
)
2
ab( a b + a 2 b )
ab(b + a )
2. 2ab 2 + 2a 2b
)
2ab(
2
2ab( 2a b + 2 a 2 b )
2ab(b + a )
(Achieved)
4. 6 x 2 18 x
6 x(
)
2
6 x( 6 x 18 (3) x )
6 x( x 3)
(Achieved)
6. 8d 7 2d 3
2d 3 (
)
3
2d 3 ( 8 (4)d 7 ( 4 ) 2d )
(Achieved)
2d 3 (4d 4 1)
7. 6 x5 y 3 9 x3 y 6
8. 3ab 2 + 6b 2
)
)
3x3 y 3 (
3b 2 (
3
3 6 ( 3)
2
2
3 3
5 ( 2)
2
3 x y ( 6 ( 2) x
y 9 (3) x y )
3b ( 3 a b + 6 (2) b )
(Achieved)
h
(Achieved)
3x3 y 3 (2 x 2 3 y 3 )
3b 2 (a + 2)
10. x3 y 2 + 3 xy 4
xy 2 (
)
2
xy 2 ( x 3 ( 2 ) y + 3 x y 4 ( 2 ) )
(Achieved)
xy 2 ( x 2 + 3 y 2 )
12. 3 xy 3 4 x3 y 2
)
xy 2 (
2
xy 2 (3 x y 3 4 x 3 ( 2 ) y )
(Achieved)
xy 2 (3 y 4 x 2 )
(Achieved)
PRACTICE
3
3. 3n n
n(
)
3 ( 2)
n(3n
n)
2
n(3n 1)
5. 7 x 49 x 2
7 x(
)
7 x( 7 x 49 (7) x 2 )
7 x(1 7 x)
(Achieved)
(Achieved)
9. 24 g 18 g 3
6g(
)
6 g ( 24 (4) g 18 (3) g 3 ( 2 ) )
6 g (4 3g 2 )
(Achieved)
2 3
5
11. 15a b 10ab
5ab3 (
)
3
5ab3 ( 15 (3)a 2 b 10 (2) a b 5 ( 2 ) )
(Achieved)
5ab3 (3a 2b 2 )
PAGE 12
ALGEBRA
FACTORISING QUADRATICS
STEPS:
EXAMPLE: x 2 3x 10
10 1 and 5 2
10 and 1 cannot make -3, 25 does make
-3 so 2 and -5 are the numbers
(x
)( x
( x + 2)( x 5)
2
2. x 6 x 7
2
3. x 4 x 5
2
4. x + 7 x + 10
2
5. x 8 x + 12
2
6. x + 7 x 60
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Factorise the following equations:
2
7. x 5 x 14
2
8. x 18 x + 32
2
9. x + 8 x 9
2
10. x 2 x 8
2
11. x + 7 x 8
2
12. x + 7 x + 6
2
13. x 4
2
14. x + 2 x 8
2
15. x 5 x 6
2
16. x + 9 x + 18
PAGE 13
ANSWERS
NCEA
2
1. x 2 x 3
1 3 (1 3 = -2)
( x + 1)( x 3)
3. x 2 4 x 5
1 5 (1 5 = -4)
( x + 1)( x 5)
(Achieved)
(Achieved)
2. x 2 6 x 7
1 7 (1 - 7 = 6)
( x + 1)( x 7)
(Achieved)
4. x 2 + 7 x + 10
1 10, 2 5 (2 + 5 = 7)
( x + 2)( x + 5)
(Achieved)
6. x 2 + 7 x 60
1 60, 2 30, 3 20, 4 15,
5 12, 6 10 (12 5 = 7)
(Achieved)
( x + 12)( x 5)
8. x 2 18 x + 32
1 32, 2 16, 4 8 (-2 - 16 = -18)
(Achieved)
( x 2)( x 16)
10. x 2 2 x 8
1 8, 2 4 (2 4 = -2)
( x + 2)( x 4)
(Achieved)
12. x 2 + 7 x + 6
1 6, 2 3 (6 + 1 = 7)
( x + 6)( x + 1)
(Achieved)
14. x 2 + 2 x 8
1 8, 2 4 (4 2 = 2)
( x + 4)( x 2)
(Achieved)
16. x 2 + 9 x + 18
1 18, 2 9, 3 6 (3 + 6 = 9)
(Achieved)
( x + 3)( x + 6)
5. x 2 8 x + 12
1 12, 2 6, 3 4 (-2 6 = -8)
( x 2)( x 6)
(Achieved)
PRACTICE
7. x 2 5 x 14
1 14, 2 7 (2 7 = -5)
( x + 2)( x 7)
9. x 2 + 8 x 9
1 9, 3 3 (9 1 = 8)
( x + 9)( x 1)
11. x 2 + 7 x 8
1 8, 2 4 (8 1 = 7)
( x + 8)( x 1)
13. x 2 4 = x 2 + 0 x 4
1 4, 2 2 (2 2 = 0)
( x + 2)( x 2)
(Achieved)
(Achieved)
(Achieved)
(Achieved)
15. x 2 5 x 6
1 6, 2 3 (1 6 = -5)
*It is not -2 and -3 as they
do not multiply to -6
(Achieved)
( x + 1)( x 6)
PAGE 14
ALGEBRA
SIMPLIFY FRACTIONS
WITH QUADRATICS
x 2 + 8 x + 12
EXAMPLE:
x2 + 6x
( x + 2)( x + 6)
x2 + 6x
( x + 2)( x + 6)
x ( x + 6)
STEPS:
1. Factorise the top
( x + 2) ( x + 6)
x ( x + 6)
x+2
x
1.
x2 4 x 5
x2 + 6 x + 5
3.
x2 2 x 3
x 2 7 x + 12
2.
x2 6 x 7
x2 + 5x + 4
4.
x 2 + 7 x + 10
x2 + 2 x
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
5.
x2 x 6
x2 + 6 x + 8
7.
x2 + 2 x 8
3 x 2 + 12 x
9.
x2 + 2 x + 1
x2 + 5x + 4
6.
x2 9
x 2 8 x + 15
x 2 + x 12
8.
x2 2 x 3
4 x 16
10. 2
x 2x 8
x 2 14 x 32
11.
2 x 2 32 x
x 2 x 30
12. 2
x 14 x + 48
x2 4 x 5
13. 2
x + x 30
x2 7 x
14. 2
x 3 x 28
PAGE 15
ANSWERS
NCEA
x2 4 x 5
x2 6 x 7
x2 2 x 3
x 2 + 7 x + 10
1. 2
2. 2
3. 2
4.
x2 + 2 x
x + 5x + 4
x 7 x + 12
x + 6x + 5
( x + 1)( x 7)
( x + 1)( x 3)
( x + 1)( x 5)
( x + 2)( x + 5)
2
2
2
x2 + 2 x
x + 5x + 4
x 7 x + 12
x + 6x + 5
( x + 1)( x 5)
( x + 1)( x 7)
( x + 1)( x 3)
( x + 2)( x + 5)
( x + 1)( x + 5)
( x + 1)( x + 4)
( x 3)( x 4)
x ( x + 2)
x7
x5
x +1
x+5
(Merit)
(Merit)
(Merit)
(Merit)
x+5
x+4
x4
x
PRACTICE
x2 x 6
x2 9
x2 + 2 x 8
x 2 + x 12
5. 2
6. 2
7.
8. 2
3 x 2 + 12 x
x + 6x + 8
x 8 x + 15
x 2x 3
( x 2)( x + 4)
( x + 2)( x 3)
( x + 3)( x 3)
( x 3)( x + 4)
2
2
2
x + 6x + 8
x 8 x + 15
3 x + 12 x
x2 2 x 3
( x + 2)( x 3)
( x + 3)( x 3)
( x 2)( x + 4)
( x 3)( x + 4)
( x + 2)( x + 4)
( x 3)( x 5)
( x + 1)( x 3)
3 x ( x + 4)
x2
x3
x+3
x+4
(Merit)
(Merit)
(Merit)
(Merit)
x+4
x5
3x
x +1
4 x 16
x 2 x 30
x 2 14 x 32
x2 + 2 x + 1
12.
10. 2
11.
9. x 2 + 5 x + 4
x 2x 8
x 2 14 x + 48
2 x 2 32 x
4( x 4)
( x + 5)( x 6)
( x 16)( x + 2)
( x + 1) 2
2
2
x 2x 8
x 2 14 x + 48
2 x 32 x
x2 + 5x + 4
4( x 4)
( x + 5)( x 6)
( x 16)( x + 2)
( x + 1) 2
( x + 2)( x 4)
( x 6)( x 8)
2 x( x 16)
( x + 1)( x + 4)
x+5
4
x+2
(Merit)
x +1
(Merit)
(Merit)
(Merit)
x
8
2
x
+
2x
x+4
x2 4 x 5
x2 7 x
13. 2
14. 2
x 3 x 28
x + x 30
x ( x 7)
( x + 1)( x 5)
x 2 3 x 28
x 2 + x 30
x ( x 7)
( x + 1)( x 5)
( x + 6)( x 5)
( x + 4)( x 7)
x +1
x
(Merit)
(Merit)
x+6
x+4
PAGE 16
ALGEBRA
SOLVING LINEAR
EQUATIONS
STEPS:
EXAMPLE: 5 x + 7 = x 2
These are all of the steps, you will ever need to perform all in one question. So
skip the steps which are not applicable:
1. Multiply away any fractions
(none) skip
(none) skip
5x + 7 x = x 2 x
5 x + 7 x 7 = 2 7
4 x = 9
9
x=
4
5. Simplify
6. Divide by the last number
1. 5 x 2 = 7 x + 10
3.
2 5x
=3
4
5. 6 x 2 = 8 x + 6
2. 2( x 7) = 20
4.
3 4x
=7
5
6. 2( x 2) = 24
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
7. 8 x 9 = 27
9.
5x
7 = 13
3
11. 9 x 1 = 4 x + 7
13.
4 x 13
=
5
2
15. 6(1 e) = 7
8. 6 x + 8 = x 3
10.
7x + 2
=9
8
12. 4 x + 6 = x 9
14.
4x
2 = 14
3
16. 7 x 3 = 3 x + 9
PAGE 17
ANSWERS
NCEA
1. 5 x 2 = 7 x + 10
2. 2( x 7) = 20
3. 2 5 x
4. 3 4 x
5. 6 x 2 = 8 x + 6
6. 2( x 2) = 24
8. 6 x + 8 = x 3
9. 5 x 7 = 13
5 x 2 7 x = 7 x + 10 7 x
2 x 2 + 2 = 10 + 2
2 x = 12
12
(Achieved)
x=
= 6
2
=7
5
3 4x = 7 5
3 4 x 3 = 35 3
4 x = 32
32
(Achieved)
= 8
x=
4
2 x 2 7 = 20
2 x 14 + 14 = 20 + 14
2 x = 34
34
(Achieved)
= 17
x=
2
6 x 2 8 x = 8x + 6 8 x
2 x 2 + 2 = 6 + 2
2 x = 8
8
(Achieved)
= 4
x=
2
=3
4
2 5x = 3 4
2 5 x 2 = 12 2
5 x = 10
10
(Achieved)
= 2
x=
5
2 x 2 2 = 24
2 x 4 + 4 = 24 + 4
2 x = 28
28
(Achieved)
= 14
x=
2
PRACTICE
7. 8 x 9 = 27
8 x 9 + 9 = 27 + 9
8 x = 36
36 9
(Achieved)
=
x=
8 2
10. 7 x + 2
=9
8
7x + 2 = 98
7 x + 2 2 = 72 2
7 x = 70
70
(Achieved)
= 10
x=
7
13. 4 x = 13
5
2
4 x 2 = 5 13
8 x = 65
65
x=
8
16. 7 x 3 = 3x + 9
(Achieved)
7 x 3 3 x = 3x + 9 3 x
4x 3 + 3 = 9 + 3
4 x = 12
12
(Achieved)
x=
=3
4
PAGE 18
6x + 8 x = x 3 x
5 x + 8 8 = 3 8
5 x = 11
11
(Achieved)
x=
5
3
5 x 7 3 = 13 3
5 x 21 + 21 = 39 + 21
5 x = 60
60
(Achieved)
= 12
x=
5
11. 9 x 1 = 4 x + 7
12. 4 x + 6 = x 9
14. 4 x
15. 6(1 e) = 7
9x 1 4 x = 4x + 7 4 x
5x 1 + 1 = 7 + 1
5x = 8
8
x=
(Achieved)
5
2 = 14
3
4 x 2 3 = 14 3
4 x 6 + 6 = 42 + 6
4 x = 48
48
(Achieved)
= 12
x=
4
4x + 6 x = x 9 x
3 x + 6 6 = 9 6
3 x = 15
15
(Achieved)
x=
= 5
3
6 6e = 7
6 6e 6 = 7 6
6e = 1
1
(Achieved)
e=
6
ALGEBRA
SOLVING QUADRATICS
STEPS:
EXAMPLE: x 2 3x = 10
x 2 3 x 10 = 0
( x + 2)( x 5) = 0
x + 2 = 0 and x 5 = 0
=
x -2=
and x 5
1. x 2 2 x 3 = 0
2. x 2 6 x 7 = 0
3. x 2 4 x 5 = 0
4. x 2 7 x + 6 = 0
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Solve the following equations:
5. ( x 8)( x + 5) = 0
6. 4 x( x 8) = 0
7. x 2 4 x 12 = 0
8. x 2 13 x = -42
9. 5 x(2 x 7) = 0
10. (7 x + 9)(2 x + 7) = 0
11. x 2 + 12 x + 35 = 0
12. x 2 8 x + 7 = 0
13. x 2 52 x + 100 = 0
14. x 2 + 13 x + 78 = 36
PAGE 19
ANSWERS
NCEA
1. x 2 2 x 3 = 0
( x + 1)( x 3) = 0
x + 1 = 0 and x 3 = 0
x = -1 and x = 3
3. x 2 4 x 5 = 0
( x 5)( x + 1) = 0
x 5 = 0 and x + 1 = 0
x = 5 and x = -1
(Merit)
2. x 2 6 x 7 = 0
( x 7)( x + 1) = 0
x 7 = 0 and x + 1 = 0
x = 7 and x = -1
(Merit)
(Merit)
4. x 2 7 x + 6 = 0
( x 6)( x 1) = 0
x 6 = 0 and x 1 = 0
x = 6 and x = 1
(Merit)
(Merit)
6. 4 x( x 8) = 0
4 x = 0 and x 8 = 0
x = 0 and x = 8
(Merit)
8. x 2 13 x = -42
x 2 13 x + 42 = 0
( x 6)( x 7) = 0
x 6 = 0 and x 7 = 0
x = 6 and x = 7
(Merit)
PRACTICE
5. ( x 8)( x + 5) = 0
x 8 = 0 and x + 5 = 0
x = 8 and x = -5
7. x 2 4 x 12 = 0
( x 6)( x + 2) = 0
x 6 = 0 and x + 2 = 0
x = 6 and x = -2
9. 5 x(2 x 7) = 0
5 x = 0 and 2 x 7 = 0
7
x = 0 and x =
2
11. x 2 + 12 x + 35 = 0
( x + 5)( x + 7) = 0
x + 5 = 0 and x + 7 = 0
x = -5 and x = -7
13. x 2 52 x + 100 = 0
( x 50)( x 2) = 0
x 50 = 0 and x 2 = 0
x = 50 and x = 2
PAGE 20
(Merit)
(Merit)
(Merit)
(Merit)
10. (7 x + 9)(2 x + 7) = 0
7 x + 9 = 0 and 2 x + 7 = 0
9
7
x = - and x = 7
2
(Merit)
12. x 2 8 x + 7 = 0
( x 7)( x 1) = 0
x 7 = 0 and x 1 = 0
x = 7 and x = 1
(Merit)
14. x 2 + 13 x + 78 = 36
x 2 + 13 x + 42 = 0
( x + 6)( x + 7) = 0
x + 6 = 0 and x + 7 = 0
x = -6 and x = -7
(Merit)
ALGEBRA
SOLVING FRACTIONS
WITH QUADRATICS
STEPS:
1. Factorise top and bottom
x 2 + 8 x + 12
=2
EXAMPLE: 2
x + 6x
( x + 2)( x + 6)
=2
x ( x + 6)
x+2
=2
x
x + 2 = 2x
x + 2 x = 2x x
2=x
1.
x2 4 x 5
=2
x2 + 6 x + 5
3.
x2 2 x 3
=2
x 2 7 x + 12
2.
x2 6 x 7
=2
x2 + 5x + 4
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
4.
x 2 + x 12
=1
6 x 18
5.
x2 + 2 x
=2
x2 x 6
6.
x 2 + x 42
=2
x 2 14 x + 48
7.
x 2 + 9 x + 20
= 10
x 2 25
9.
x 2 x 12
=2
x2 2 x 8
8.
x2 6 x 7
=5
x2 7 x
x 2 + 3x 4
=3
10. 2
x + 5x + 4
x2 + x 6
=3
11. 2
x 6x + 8
x2 + 2 x 3
=4
12. 2
x 3 x + 18
x 2 7 x + 10
=3
13.
x2 + x 6
PAGE 21
ANSWERS
NCEA
x2 4 x 5
=2
1. 2
x + 6x + 5
( x + 1)( x 5)
=2
( x + 1)( x + 5)
x5
=2
x+5
x 5 = 2( x + 5)
x 5 = 2 x + 10
-15 = x
(Excellence)
x2 6x 7
=2
2. 2
x + 5x + 4
( x + 1)( x 7)
=2
( x + 1)( x + 4)
x7
=2
x+4
x 7 = 2( x + 4 )
x 7 = 2x + 8
15 = x
(Excellence)
x2 2x 3
=2
3. 2
( x 7 x + 12
( x + 1)( x 3)
=2
( x 3)( x 4)
x +1
=2
x4
x + 1 = 2( x 4)
x +1 = 2x 8
9=x
(Excellence)
PRACTICE
4.
x2 + 2x
x 2 + x 42
x 2 + 9 x + 20
x 2 + x 12
= 2 7.
=2
= 10
5. 2
6. 2
=1
x x6
x 14 x + 48
x 2 25
6 x 18
( x + 7)( x 6)
( x + 5)( x + 4)
x ( x + 2)
( x + 4)( x 3)
=2
=2
= 10
=1
( x + 5)( x 5)
( x + 2)( x 3)
( x 6)( x 8)
6( x 3)
x
x+7
x+4
x+4
=2
= 10
=2
=1
x 3
x 8
x5
6
x = 2( x 3)
x + 7 = 2( x 8)
x + 4 = 10( x 5)
x+4=6
(Excellence)
x = 2x 6
x + 7 = 2 x 16
54 = 9 x
x=2
(Excellence)
(Excellence)
6=x
23 = x (Excellence)
6=x
x 2 x 12
x 2 + 3x 4
x2 + x 6
x2 6x 7
11.
=
2
=
=3
3
10.
=
5
9.
8.
x2 2x 8
x2 + 5x + 4
x2 6x + 8
x2 7 x
( x + 3)( x 4)
( x 1)( x + 4)
( x + 3)( x 2)
( x + 1)( x 7)
=2
=3
=3
=5
( x + 2)( x 4)
( x + 4)( x + 1)
( x 2)( x 4)
x ( x 7)
x+3
x 1
x+3
x +1
=2
=3
=3
=5
x+2
x +1
x4
x
x + 3 = 2( x + 2)
x 1 = 3( x + 1)
x + 3 = 3( x 4)
x + 1 = 5x
x + 3 = 2x + 4
x 1 = 3x + 3
x + 3 = 3 x 12
1 = 4x
1 = x (Excellence)
4 = 2 x
15 = 2 x
1
= x (Excellence)
-2 = x (Excellence)
15
4
= x (Excellence)
2
x2 + 2x 3
x 2 7 x + 10
=
=3
4
13.
12. 2
x 3 x + 18
x2 + x 6
( x + 3)( x 1)
( x 5)( x 2)
=4
=3
( x + 3)( x 6)
( x + 3)( x 2)
x 1
x5
=4
=3
x6
x+3
x 1 = 4( x 6)
x 5 = 3( x + 3)
x 1 = 4 x 24
x 5 = 3x + 9
-14 = 2 x
23 = 3 x
-7 = x (Excellence)
23
= x (Excellence)
3
PAGE 22
ALGEBRA
SOLVING EXPONENTS
STEPS:
EXAMPLE: ( y 2 )2 = 81
y 4 = 81
y y y y = 81
3. Trial with 3
2 2 2 2 81 No
3 3 3 3 = 81 Yes!
4. Trial with 4
Etc.
Unnecessary.
2. Trial with 2
y = +3 and -3 as there is an
1. (c 2 )3 = 64
4
2. x = 81
3. ( x3 ) 2 = 64
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
4. x3 = 64
5. x5 = 32
6. ( x 4 )( x 2 ) = 64
7. ( x 2 ) 2 = 81
8. x3 = 125
9. x3 = 27
10. x( x5 ) = 64
11. ( x3 )( x 2 ) = 32
PAGE 23
ANSWERS
NCEA
2 3
1. (c ) = 64
c 6 = 64
2 2 2 2 2 2 = 64 Yes
c = 2 and -2
(Excellence)
3 2
3. ( x ) = 64
x 6 = 64
2 2 2 2 2 2 = 64 Yes
x = 2 and -2
(Excellence)
2. x 4 = 81
2 2 2 2 81 No
3 3 3 3 = 81 Yes
x = 3 and -3
(Excellence)
5. x5 = 32
2 2 2 2 2 = 32 Yes
x=2
(Merit)
PRACTICE
4. x3 = 64
2 2 2 64 No
3 3 3 64 No
4 4 4 = 64 Yes
x=4
(Merit)
4
2
6. ( x )( x ) = 64
7. ( x 2 ) 2 = 81
x 6 = 64
x 4 = 81
2 2 2 2 2 2 = 64 Yes
2 2 2 2 81 No
(Excellence)
x = 2 and -2
3 3 3 3 = 81 Yes
x = 3 and -3
3
8. x = 125
2 2 2 125 No
3 3 3 125 No
4 4 4 125 No
5 5 5 = 125 Yes
x=5
5
10. x( x ) = 64
x 6 = 64
2 2 2 2 2 2 Yes
x = 2 and -2
PAGE 24
(Merit)
(Excellence)
9. x3 = 27
2 2 2 27 No
3 3 3 = 27 Yes
x=3
(Merit)
3
2
11. ( x )( x ) = 32
x5 = 32
2 2 2 2 2 = 32 Yes
x=2
(Merit)
(Excellence)
ALGEBRA
SOLVING INEQUALITIES
2( x 2)
>3
EXAMPLE:
4
2( x 2) > 3 4
STEPS:
1. Multiply away any fractions
2 x 4 > 12
(none) skip
2 x 4 + 4 > 12 + 4
2 x > 16
x >8
1.
4 2x
>8
3
3.
3 4x
>7
5
2.
2 5x
>3
4
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
4.
3x 1
>5
4
5.
4( x + 6)
< 2x
5
6. 3 x + 7 > 4 x
7.
8. 6( x 3) < 2
9. 14 4 x < 6
2 x
>3
4
10.
5x 8
> 7x
3
12.
2(3 2 x)
>6
3
13. 5 x + 7 < 2 x + 3
PAGE 25
ANSWERS
NCEA
1.
4 2x
2. 2 5 x > 3
3. 3 4 x > 7
>8
3
5
4
2 5x > 3 4
4 2x > 8 3
3 4x > 7 5
2 5 x 2 > 12 2
4 2 x 4 > 24 4
3 4 x 3 > 35 3
2 x > 20
5 x > 10
4 x > 32
(Merit)
(Merit)
(Merit)
x < 10
x < 2
x < 8
PRACTICE
6. 3 x + 7 > 4 x
5. 4( x + 6)
4. 3 x 1
< 2x
>5
3x + 7 3 x > 4 x 3 x
5
4
(Merit)
3x 1 > 5 4
4 x + 4 6 < 5 2x
7>x
3 x 1 + 1 > 20 + 1
4 x + 24 4 x < 10 x 4 x
3 x > 21
24 < 6 x
(Merit)
(Merit)
x>7
4< x
7.
9. 14 4 x < 6
8. 6( x 3) < 2
2 x
>3
14 4 x 14 < 6 14
6 x 63 < 2
4
4 x < 8
6 x 18 + 18 < 2 + 18
2 x > 3 4
(Merit)
x>2
6 x < 20
2 x 2 > 12 2
20
10
x > 10
(Merit)
x<
or
(Merit)
x < 10
6
3
PAGE 26
ALGEBRA
Study Tip:
Repetition
To burn information into your brain:
Dont study the same topic for a long period
of time
Do learn the information then go over it again:
Within 24 hours (retention goes from 20% to 80%)
Again after a week (retention goes up to 90%)
Again after a month (long term retention)
PAGE 27
SUBSTITUTION AND
REARRANGING
EXAMPLE:
STEPS:
Substitution: If l is 90 and g is 10. Give
T in terms of .
1. Put the numbers in place of the
letters
T = 2
l
g
90
10
T = 2
T = 2 9
T = 2 3
T = 6
T
=
2p
l
g
T
l
=
g
2 2p
T
g
=l
p
2
g=
l
T
1.
w
A=
g
2.
2
r h
3
PAGE 28
ALGEBRA
3.
3n 2 2n + 1
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
4.
( x + 8)
9.
10.
11.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Rearrange
subject.
4l = 7(h 10)
2 K + 3H = 450 to make
4m 90
H the
the formula: J =
where m is in
centimetres.
6
a. Rearrange to make m the subject of the
formula.
b. What size jeans should Henry order, if his waist
measurement is 71cm?
B=
n(n + 1)
2
Study Tip:
Retrieving Information
Dont just put information into your brain.
Do practice getting the information out of your brain.
Retrieving the stored information in your brain by answering lots
of questions is more effective than reading or taking notes and
makes us stronger in exams.
PAGE 29
ANSWERS
NCEA
1.
a. A =
A=
b. A =
4. ( x + 8 )2 x 2 = 640
25
w
=
16
g
25 5
=
16 4
w
g
w
A
=
g
2.
PRACTICE
(Merit)
A
=
w
g
2
A
g = w
a. V =
(Merit)
/ 3r 2 h
3
3V
= r2
h
3V
r=
h
(Merit)
r h = R2 H
3
3
r 2h = R2 H
R 2 H R 2 2h
r2 =
=
= 2R2
h
h
2
(Excellence)
r = 2R = 2R
3.
x 2 + 16 x + 64 x 2 = 640
16 x + 64 = 640
16 x = 640 64
576
x=
= 36 cm
16
5. G = 2 j + 2s
2 j = G 2s
G
j = s
2
6. 4l = 7 ( h 10 )
4l = 7 h 70
7 h = 4l + 70
4
h
= l + 10
7
7. 2 K + 3H = 450
3H = 450 2 K
2
H = 150 K
3
6
6 J = 4m 90
4m = 6 J + 90
3
45
m
= J+
2
2
4
m
90
b. J =
6
4 71 90
J=
= 32.33
6
3n 2 + 4n + 2 ( 3n 2 2n + 1)
= 3n 2 + 4n + 2 3n 2 + 2n 1
(Excellence)
= 6n + 1
(Merit)
(Merit)
(Merit)
9.
p = 3w + 0.15d
p = 3 8 + 0.15 1572
p = $259.80
(Merit)
10. T = 1.5HF
T = 1.5 1.5 8
T = 18
11.
PAGE 30
(Merit)
8. a.
4m 90
J=
(Merit)
n(n + 1)
2
10(10 + 1)
B=
= 55
2
(Merit)
B=
(Merit)
ALGEBRA
Study Tip:
Time Management
This is the key to successful study.
You need to:
Decide how to best use the hours you have each day, week,
and term
Schedule study times and free time!
Stick to your schedule
After each study session, write down the next session time and
what you plan to study
PAGE 31
SIMULTANEOUS
EQUATIONS
STEPS:
4 x + 3 y = 46
x + 3 y = 16
4 x + 3 y = 46
x + 3 y = 16
EXAMPLE:
x = 16 3 y
4(16 3 y ) + 3 y = 46
64 12 y + 3 y = 46
9 y = 18
y=2
x = 16 3 y
x = 16 3 2
x = 10
1.
2.
PAGE 32
3.
4.
ALGEBRA
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
5.
10.
11.
x + y = 370
8 x + 5 y = 2330
6.
7.
20 B + 35T = 24000
B + T = 800
x + y = 10
7 x + 8 y = 200
8.
9.
12.
80 H + 64C = 480000
H = C + 1500
2 s + 4 x = 39.70
3s + x = 39.80
Study Tip:
Quizzing
Being quizzed by a person is easier and more fun than learning
from a textbook.
But remember, if you are doing it with a friend, stay on task!
PAGE 33
ANSWERS
NCEA
1.
2.
3.
4.
7.
R = 4 B and 2 R + B = 45
Sub: 2 ( 4 B ) + B = 45
9 B = 45
B=5
He bought 5 Blues CDs.
(Excellence)
(Excellence)
1
A 2 = B + 2 and B 2 = ( A + 2 )
2
or 2 ( B 2 ) = A + 2
A= B+4
Sub: 2 B 4 = ( B + 4 ) + 2
2B 4 = B + 6
B = 10
A= B+4
= 10 + 4 = 14
Total number of students is 24.
(Excellence)
d = drink and c = packet of chips
d = c + 2.5 and 2d + 4c = 17
sub: 2(c + 2.5) + 4c = 17
2c + 5 + 4c = 17
6c = 12
c = $2
d
= 2 + 2.5 = $4.50
8.
9.
10.
11.
(Excellence)
PRACTICE
5.
6.
(Excellence)
(Excellence)
s = seconds, x = export
2 s + 4 x = 39.70 and 3s + x = 39.80
x = 39.80 3s
sub: 2s + 4 ( 39.80 3s ) = 39.70
10 s = 119.50
s = 11.95
x
= 39.8 3 11.95 = 3.95
(Excellence)
(Excellence)
12.
(Excellence)
PAGE 34
x + y = 10 and 7 x + 8 y = 200
x = 10 y
sub: 7 (10 y ) + 8 y = 200
70 7 y + 8 y = 200
y = 130
x = 10
130 = 120
(Excellence)
ALGEBRA
WORD QUESTIONS
STEPS:
1. Give each variable a letter, the letter will ALWAYS represent a number.
E.g. R will represent the number of Rock CDs.
2. If a calculation is required, substitute the numbers given in the question into
your equations.
E.g. h is the height of the ball. The question tell you the ball is on the ground so
substitute 0 in for h (height is zero).
3. You now have enough information to either solve the problem or explain your
answer.
1.
2.
3.
PAGE 35
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
4.
7.
8.
9.
h = 180 5t 2
5.
6.
Study Tip:
Challenge Yourself
Dont: practice questions that are too easy your brain
discounts the information as not important.
Do: Challenge yourself the information is more likely to stick
(and you learn how to solve difficult problems!)
PAGE 36
ALGEBRA
ANSWERS
NCEA
1.
2.
5.
6.
(10 + x ) ( 6 + x ) = 896
when h = 0 so
solve:
t 2 + 2t + 8 = 0
t 2 2t 8 = 0
(t + 2)(t 4) = 0
t = 2 or 4
8.
2 + 4
b. The highest point is at t =
= 1 . This
2
2
= 2 x + 3x 2 + 6 x 2 x 2
= x2 + 8x
x2 + 8x = 9 m2
x2 + 8x 9 = 0
( x 1)( x + 9) = 0
x 1 = 0 and x + 9 = 0
x = 1 and x = 9
PRACTICE
4.
180 5t 2 = 0
36 t 2 = 0
t 2 = 36
t = 6 seconds
(10 + x ) ( 6 + x ) = 896
x 2 + 10 x + 6 x + 60 = 896
x 2 + 16 x 836 = 0
( x + 38) ( x 22 ) = 0
x = 38 or x = 22
3. Area = 2 x + 3x x + (6 2 x) x
9.
c
= 3x
x
x + 10 = s
3375
= 3 ( 3x ) = 9 x
s
3375
= 9x
x + 10
3375 = 9 x ( x + 10 )
3375 = 9 x 2 + 90 x
9 x 2 + 90 x 3375 = 0
x 2 + 10 x 375 = 0
( x 15) ( x + 25) = 0
x = 15 or x = 25
(Merit)
PAGE 37